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Summer 2016 Gems & Gemology

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Summer 2016 Gems & Gemology SUMMER 2016 VOLUME LII THE UARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Canada’s Diavik Mine Fabergé Imperial Bodyguards Responsible Sourcing, Production of Colored Stones Journey to the Chivor Emerald Mine Summer 2016 VOLUME 52, No. 2 EDITORIAL 103 Responsible Mining, a Trek to Chivor, and a Dash of Fabergé Duncan Pay FEATURE ARTICLES 104 Mining Diamonds in the Canadian Arctic: The Diavik Mine James E. Shigley, Russell Shor, Pedro Padua, Christopher M. Breeding, pg. 109 Steven B. Shirey, and Douglas Ashbury Located near the Arctic Circle, Diavik is one of the world’s richest diamond deposits and a leader in sustainable mining. 132 Fabergé Cossack Figures Created from Russian Gemstones Timothy Adams and Christel Ludewig McCanless Hardstone figures of two Russian imperial bodyguards, commissioned in 1912 by Nicholas II, demonstrate the House of Fabergé’s meticulous detail and craftsmanship. 144 The Color of Responsibility: Ethical Issues and Solutions in Colored Gemstones Jennifer-Lynn Archuleta Examines the challenges of ethical sourcing and production of colored stones, and what some pg. 133 industry leaders are doing to address the situation. NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES 162 The Challenges of Cutting a Large Gem Opal Rough Theodore Grussing A first-person account of cutting a 3,019 ct piece of white opal to create a 1,040 ct gem with pg. 163 play-of-color across the surface. FIELD REPORTS 168 In Rainier’s Footsteps: Journey to the Chivor Emerald Mine Robert Weldon, Jose Guillermo Ortiz, and Terri Ottaway Chronicles the famed emerald source through the adventures of Peter W. Rainier, who directed the mine from 1926 to 1931 and restored its former glory. pg. 168 REGULAR FEATURES 161 Thank You, Donors 188 Lab Notes Largest Canadian diamond • Type IIa diamond with bright red fluorescence • Separation of black diamond from NPD synthetic diamond • Drilled emerald • Natural blisters with pg. 212 partially filled areas • Yellowish green natural spinel • Large blue and colorless HPHT-grown synthetic diamonds • Yellow synthetic diamond with nickel-related green fluorescence 198 G&G Micro-World Aurora iris agate • Inclusions in Burmese amber • Chalcedony with quartz windows • “Pond Life” orbicular chalcedony • Garnet inclusion illusion • Iridescent Spondylus pearl • Metal sulfide in pyrope • Inclusions in industrial by-product ruby • Quarterly crystal: Triplite in topaz 206 Gem News International Kämmererite from India • Spectral characteristics of two pearl oyster species • Macedonian ruby • Fluid inclusions in Russian sapphire • Unusual tremolite and diopside bead • Synthetic moissanite imitating synthetic colored diamonds • Steam-dyed amber • Polymer-coated serpentine • Almandine in graphite schist • Australian opal beads with blue play-of-color • Honduran and Turkish opal • African rhodochrosite and Colombian quartz with trapiche patterns • The art of Angela Conty • Robotic colored stone cutting machines • Erratum Editorial Staff Editor-in-Chief Editors, Lab Notes Contributing Editors Duncan Pay Thomas M. Moses James E. Shigley gia.edu/gems-gemology [email protected] Shane F. McClure Andy Lucas Donna Beaton Subscriptions Managing Editor Editors, Micro-World Copies of the current issue may be purchased for Stuart D. Overlin Nathan Renfro Editor-in-Chief Emeritus $29.95 plus shipping. Subscriptions are $79.99 for one [email protected] Elise A. Skalwold Alice S. Keller year (4 issues) in the U.S. and $99.99 elsewhere. Cana- John I. Koivula dian subscribers should add GST. Discounts are avail- Editor Customer Service able for group subscriptions, GIA alumni, and current Jennifer-Lynn Archuleta Editors, Gem News Martha Erickson GIA students. To purchase print subscriptions, visit [email protected] (760) 603-4502 store.gia.edu or contact Customer Service. For insti- Emmanuel Fritsch tutional rates, contact Customer Service. [email protected] Technical Editors Gagan Choudhary Tao Z. Hsu Christopher M. Breeding Database Coverage Gems & Gemology’s impact factor is 0.778, accord- [email protected] Editorial Assistants ing to the 2013 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Jennifer Stone-Sundberg Brooke Goedert Reports (issued July 2014). G&G is abstracted in Erin Hogarth Thomson Reuters products (Current Contents: Phys- ical, Chemical & Earth Sciences and Science Cita- tion Index—Expanded, including the Web of Knowledge) and other databases. For a complete list Production Staff of sources abstracting G&G, go to gia.edu/gems- Creative Director Photographer Production Specialist gemology, and click on “Publication Information.” Faizah Bhatti Robert Weldon Juan Zanahuria Kevin Schumacher Manuscript Submissions Image Specialist Multimedia Specialist Gems & Gemology, a peer-reviewed journal, welcomes Eric Welch Video Production Lynn Nguyen the submission of articles on all aspects of the field. Please see the Author Guidelines at gia.edu/gems- Pedro Padua gemology or contact the Managing Editor. Letters on Illustrator Nancy Powers Peter Johnston articles published in G&G are also welcome. Please Betsy Winans note that Field Reports, Lab Notes, Gem News Inter- national, and Micro-World entries are not peer-reviewed sections but do undergo technical and editorial review. Editorial Review Board Copyright and Reprint Permission Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Li- Ahmadjan Abduriyim A.J.A. (Bram) Janse Benjamin Rondeau braries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits Tokyo, Japan Perth, Australia Nantes, France of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons. In- Timothy Adams E. Alan Jobbins George R. Rossman structors are permitted to reproduce isolated articles San Diego, California Caterham, UK Pasadena, California and photographs/images owned by G&G for noncom- mercial classroom use without fee. Use of photo- Edward W. Boehm Mary L. Johnson Kenneth Scarratt graphs/images under copyright by external parties is Chattanooga, Tennessee San Diego, California Bangkok, Thailand prohibited without the express permission of the pho- James E. Butler Anthony R. Kampf Andy Shen tographer or owner of the image, as listed in the cred- its. For other copying, reprint, or republication Washington, DC Los Angeles, California Wuhan, China permission, please contact the Managing Editor. Alan T. Collins Robert E. Kane Guanghai Shi Gems & Gemology is published quarterly by the London, UK Helena, Montana Beijing, China Gemological Institute of America, a nonprofit educa- John L. Emmett Stefanos Karampelas James E. Shigley tional organization for the gem and jewelry industry. Brush Prairie, Washington Basel, Switzerland Carlsbad, California Postmaster: Return undeliverable copies of Gems & Emmanuel Fritsch Lore Kiefert Elisabeth Strack Gemology to GIA, The Robert Mouawad Campus, 5345 Armada Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008. Nantes, France Lucerne, Switzerland Hamburg, Germany Our Canadian goods and service registration number Eloïse Gaillou Ren Lu Wuyi Wang is 126142892RT. Paris, France Wuhan, China New York, New York Any opinions expressed in signed articles are under- Gaston Giuliani Thomas M. Moses Christopher M. Welbourn stood to be opinions of the authors and not of the Nancy, France New York, New York Reading, UK publisher. Jaroslav Hyršl Nathan Renfro Prague, Czech Republic Carlsbad, California About the Cover The lead article in this issue examines the discovery and geology of the Diavik diamond mine, as well as the na- ture of the operations at this remote site in Canada’s Northwest Territories, just 220 km south of the Arctic Circle. The aerial photo on the cover, taken in the summer of 2014, captures Diavik’s isolation and the extent of its opera- tions. Photo by Dave Brosha, courtesy of Diavik Diamond Mine. Printing is by L+L Printers, Carlsbad, CA. GIA World Headquarters The Robert Mouawad Campus 5345 Armada Drive Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA © 2016 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved. ISSN 0016-626X Responsible Mining, a Trek to Chivor, and a Dash of Fabergé The quest for gem-quality natural diamonds is a multi-billion-dollar enterprise—and a stern test of human ingenuity. Any investment in a large, modern mine is by necessity strategic, and made all the more complex when the location is remote and subarctic. Thus it is with the Diavik mine, which sits on a small island on pristine Lac de Gras in Canada’s Northwest Territories. Replete with engineering challenges, and the need to accommo- date the concerns of the area’s indigenous people, Diavik’s transition to an active mine in 2003 is a landmark development in the fascinating story of Canadian diamonds. Our lead article, by Jim Shigley, Russ Shor, Pedro Padua, Mike Breeding, Steve Shirey, and Doug Ashbury, offers a review of this mine’s discovery, development, and operations and looks to its planned closure in 2024, when the site will be restored to nearly its original condition. Besides its “A landmark development in the fascinating value as a premier gem diamond source—100 million carats and counting—Diavik is a tantalizing window story of Canadian diamonds…” for geologists into the depths beneath the Canadian Shield. Knowledge acquired from the kimberlites at Diavik allows geoscientists to reconstruct the early history of the North American continent and underscore the supreme value natural diamonds hold for science, beyond their monetary worth as gems. In addition to Diavik, we offer articles on a pair of exquisite Fabergé figures, the current state of the colored gem industry’s supply chain in terms of corporate social responsibility, the fashioning of an exceptional
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