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International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM) ISSN : 2454-9150 Vol-04, Issue-11, Feb 2019 Appraisal of water quality and hydrogeochemistry of groundwater quality classification for drinking and irrigation in and around Sandur Taluka, Bellary District, India M. Thotappaiah, Department of Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary, Karnataka, India, [email protected] T. Suresh, Department of Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary, Karnataka, India, [email protected] Manjappa S, Department of Chemistry, University BDT College of Engineering, Davangere, Karnataka, India, [email protected] Suresh B, Department of Civil Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India, [email protected] Abstract Declining in the groundwater quality and increasing in the anthropogenic activities at an alarming rate in parts of the Karnataka, especially in Bellary district Sandur area. A limited work has been carried out on groundwater quality classification for drinking and irrigation in selected locations. In the present paper highlights the groundwater quality and compares its suitability for drinking and irrigation purpose in Sandur area Bellary region, a north part of Karnataka. Fifty ground water samples representing underground sources were collected and analyzed for almost all major cations, anions and other physicochemical parameters. Analytical results of physicochemical analysis showed majority of the samples above the permissible limits of the Indian standards. Various irrigation water quality diagrams and parameters such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na %), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) and Kelley’s ratio revealed that most of the water samples are suitable for irrigation. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) values suggest that the water is slightly corrosive and non-scale forming in nature. Piper plot indicates the chemical composition of water, chiefly con- trolled by dissolution and mixing of irrigation return flow. This work thus concludes that groundwater in the study area is chemically unsuitable for domestic and agricultural uses. It is recommended to carry out a continuous water quality monitoring program and development of effective management practices for utilization of water resources. Keywords — irrigation, magnesium ratio, percentage of Na, piper, SAR. I. INTRODUCTION Water is a fundamental resource for most of the living things, epically ground water is for human community for Water, one of the most vital resources, is essential to both drinking and irrigation. The quality of groundwater is sustain life. Based on the fundamental quality, water is used as important as its quantity because it is the major factor in in different sectors viz. domestic, agriculture, power and determining its suitability for drinking, domestic, irrigation industry. Therefore, one should have some basic and industrial purposes. The concentration of chemical information on quantity and quality of water resources for constituents which is greatly inclined by geological its proper usage and management. In the surface of the formations and anthropogenic activities determine the water Earth water covers about 70%, all the living organism are quality. Both the agricultural and anthropogenic activities depending upon the resource for the natural a biotic have resulted in deterioration of water quality rendering resources. Water is the basis of life; it makes up to 75-95% serious threats to human beings [13]. of the total weight of any functioning living cell. However, due to rapid industrialization and increasing human Once contamination of groundwater in aquifers occurs by population, the stress on natural resources is increasing and means of industrial activities and urban development, it their conservation is one of the major challenges for persists for hundreds of years because of very slow mankind [14]. movement of water in them [3] and prompts investigations 419 | IJREAMV04I1147077 DOI : 10.18231/2454-9150.2019.0071 © 2019, IJREAM All Rights Reserved. International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM) ISSN : 2454-9150 Vol-04, Issue-11, Feb 2019 on their quality. The quality of groundwater cannot be March 2015 to February 2017. Before collecting the ground restored once it is contaminated. Cations and anions occur water samples, the ground water was pumped out from bore naturally in groundwater and gives the composition of wells for about 15minutes to remove stagnant groundwater. minerals present in water. Especially, the urban aquifers are All the ground water samples were transported to laboratory the only natural resource for drinking water supply, they are and kept for 40C until used for further analysis. The often professed as of minor relevance for the drinking water physicochemical parameters have been analyzed by supply, leading to crisis in terms of drinking water scarcity, volumetric like total hardness, calcium and chloride [1]. becoming increasingly polluted thereby decreasing their Cation and anions are measured as per the methodology permissibility [16]. The knowledge of ionic (cations and available in the literature and followed the guidelines and anion) composition is important to understand the ground methodology. water quality in any region in which the ground water is ESULTS AND ISCUSSION used for both irrigation and drinking needs [11]. III. R D The quality of ground water depends on the nature of the Assessment of chemical and ionic characteristics of soil and the rock masses present along the pathway of ground water is essential for the suitability of water for groundwater saturation zone [2]. Assessment of ground drinking, agricultural, industrial and household uses. The water quality determines the subsurface geological summary of the analytical results and the mathematical environment in which the water present also called ground variables such as minimum, maximum, mean and standard water layer in earth crust. The conventional techniques such deviation is given in Table 2 for March 2015 and February as trilinear plots, statistical techniques are widely accepted 2017. Standards have been laid down by various agencies methods to determine the quality of water. In the present (BIS, 1992) for drinking water quality and agricultural study, an attempt is made towards to evaluate the chemical purposes. The results of the chemical and ionic variables of and ionic composition characteristics of ground water ground water samples are shown in table 2. quality and major parts of Sandur area, Bellary region with In the present study reveals that, the soil texture in the dense human activities like agricultural and mining study area was predominantly calcareous which may be the activities. The analytical and interpreted results of the study possible reason of hardness in water. The occurrence the will be useful in the sustainable management of major cations and anions in winter, summer and rainy groundwater resources in the region. seasons is depicted in Figure 2. Kumar, et al., [5] worked on sodium as the most dominant cation in the Muktsar district II. MATERIALS AND METHODS of Punjab, India. In the present study, the average sodium Study area content got third rank (8.2%) during winter season and in other two seasons summer (26.04%) and Rainy (22.24%) The present study is carried out at Sandur area of got second rank and was found to be 150.01mg/L, Bellary district, Karnataka which is geographically 106.3mg/L in summer and rainy seasons ground water bounded by 15° 10' and 15°50' north latitude and 76° 55' samples which was more as compared to winter samples and 76° 61' east longitude covering an area of above 565 with an average value of 45.89 mg/L. Present study reveals meters (Figure 1). Sandur and its surrounding village’s that, the agricultural activities may be the key indication of places of natural beauty with lush green mountains, valleys, increasing potassium content in groundwater [10]. deep gorges and most of the villages are depending upon the ground water for their daily needs. The Sandur town Both sodium and potassium does not have any prescribed located to the south of Hosapete. It located on the southern limits for drinking water but the high levels of sodium in edge of the original Vijayanagara metropolitan area. drinking water makes it salty in nature. During summer and Sanduru Taluk has deposits of manganese ore winter seasons, 95 % of ground water samples were found and hematite (iron ore), and is home to several mines and to exceed the permissible limit of Ca2+ for drinking water steel plants in and around the taluka. Study area receives (200 mg/L). In rainy season, the average value of calcium 750mm of elevation but has seen more than 1000mm of ion was 333.6 mg/L with maximum value of 1024.0 mg/L rainfall. As per 2011 census the population of the study area observed in sample S18 (S-Basapura, near bus stand). The is 37,431. The details longitude and latitude of the selected average value of magnesium was 65.47 mg/L and 78.21 ground water locations are given in Table 1. mg/L during summer season respectively, which were more as compared to the mean value (36.57 mg/L) in rainy. Methodology Average calcium cation found in our study were higher than To study the quality in and around the Sandur region, those reported previously in Muktsar groundwater by total number of 50 groundwater samples