Beta Bloqueadores

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Beta Bloqueadores Beta bloqueadores Benjam In Casiaiieda C. * Walter Castaiieda A. ** Generalidades dia plasmatica y par su capacidad de bloquear recep- tares alfa (a) adrenergicos, Los beta blaqueadares son farrnacos capaces de neutralizar los efectas de los aganistas beta adrener- gicos al campetir par los receptares beta, a los que se Clasificaci6n unen en forma reversible. Como en la mayoria de 1. No seleciiuos: bloquean recepiores ~-1 y ~-2 farrnacos, sus efectas no. son unicos, toda vez que Propranolol Pronetalol presentan otros efectas adicianales como: estabiliza- Bupranolol Oxprenolol cion de membranas (efecta semejante al de la quini- Alprenolol Pindolol dina), actividad simpatico. mimetica intrfnseca (AS I) Sotalol Nadolol (algunas beta bloqueadores, a los que se cansidera Tirnolol Labetalol como aganistas parciales) y selectividad relativa para alguncssub tipos de receptores (1, 2, 5, 8, 9). Desde 2. ~-1 Selectivos (cnrdioselectivos) el punto de vista quimico, los beta bloqueadores son Acbutolol Parnatolol farmacos de arigen sintetico cuya estructura recuerda Metoprolol Practolol a la del isoproterenol (3); casi todos paseen un anillo Atenolol Betaxolol arornatico y un carbono asimetrico en posicion beta Esmolol Celiprolol en la cadena lateral, impartante para la propiedad 3. ~-2 sclcctiuos beta blaqueante que es exclusiva de los isomeros Butoxarnina levogiros, ya que los dextrogiros sola poseen propie- 4. Biooucadores bctn-alia (~-a) dad estabilizadora de las membranas, y son farmacos Labetalol Adimolol de gran liposolubilidad (1, 8). Prizidolol Bucindolol Powell y Slater (8) en 1958 descubrieron el pri- mer farrnaco de la serie, un derivado del isoprotere- Cada una de los grupas puede ser subdividido nol, el dicloroisoproteranol (DCI), que par paseer una en: can y sin actividad simpatico-mimetica extrfnseca gran actividad intrfnseca no. alcanzo a tener irn- (Cuadro 1) partancia clfnica. Posteriorrnente Stephensan sinteti- zo el pronetalol, que fue retirado del mercado par su capacidad carcinogenica en ratanes. Black, Duncan y Farmacocinetica Shanks introdujeron, en 1965, el propranolol, que si La cinetica de los beta-bloqueadores, como la to- alcanzo gran difusion clinica y que canstituye el pro- talidad de farrnacos, depende de su solubilidad: algu- totipo de los beta bloqueadares. Posteriorrnente han nos de ell os son muy liposolubles: propranolol, alpre- sido introducidos gran cantidad de farmacos can ac- nolol, metoprolol, oxprenolol: otros son paca lipo- tividad selectiva sabre diferentes receptares beta y solubles: atenolol, pindolol, practolol y otros altarnen- aun se sigue buscando el farmaco ideal. te hidrosolubles: acebutolol, sotalol, timolol, talarno- Los diferentes antaganistas ~-adrenergicas se di- 10.1 (10). ferencian par su selectividad sabre receptares ~, su Los betabloqueadores muy liposolubles se carac- actividad simpatico. mimetica intrinseca, par su acti- terizan par ser facilmente absorbidos en el tracto gas- vidad estabilizadara de la membrana, par su liposo- trointestinal, de lenta metabolizacion hepatica, can lubilidad, par su biodisponibilidad, par su vida me- gran capacidad de ligarse alas proteinas plasmaticas y de arnplia distribucion en el organismo: asimismo • Profcsor Principal de Farmacologfa U5MP. tienen una vida media plasmatica corta. A su vez los •• Rcsidente de Cirugfa U5MP. betabloqueadores hidrosolubles se caracterizan par: 72 Casiaiieda C. Y Casiaiieda A. - Beta bloqueadores Cuadro 1 CARACTERisTICAS FARMACOLOGICAS DE LOS ANTAGONISTAS P-ADRENERGICOS Actividad Actividad Solubilidad Biodisponibilidad Vida media slmpatlcomlmetlca estabilizadora en Ij'pidos oral en plasma, Compuesto lntrfnseca de la membrana log Kp* % horas** I. Antagonistas 13(13+1321 )adrenerqicos no selectivos Propranolol 0 ++ 3,65 -25 3-5 Nadolol 0 0 0,7 -35 10-20 Timolol 0 0 2,1 ,..50 3-5 Pindolol ++ ± 1,75 -75 3-4 Labetalol ± -20 4-6 11.Antagonistas 131-adrenergicos Metoprolol 0 ± 2,15 -40 3-4 Atenolol 0 0 0,23 -50 5-8 Esmolol 0 0 0,13 Acebutolol + + 1,9 -40 2-4 * Kp es el coeficiente de particion de octanol y agua; propanolol y atenolol seencuentran en los extremos lipofilico e hidrofilico, respectivamente. La duracion del efecto, en general, es mas prolongada de 10que se deduclra de la t 1/2 plasrnatica, *** El labelalol es Iambi en un antagonista Ilradrenergico potente. Fuente: Drauer (1987), McDevitt (1987) y otras referencias citadas en el texto. poca absorcion en el tracto digestivo, escasa 0 nula adrenergicos existentes en 105 diferentes tejidos, asf metabolizacion hepatica (bajo efecto de primer paso como de la actividad de 105 nervios simpaticos que hepatico), mayor eliminacion renal, baja capacidad de 105 inervan. De esta forma podemos explicarnos, por ligarse alas protefnas plasmaticas, volumen de distri- ejemplo, la poca accion de los J3-bloquedores en bucion bajo y vidas medias plasmaticas largas. La pacientes en reposo con corazon normal y la gran absorcion de los betabloqueadores administrados por respuesta en sujetos con control simpatico aurnenta- via oral es 10 suficientemente buena como para consi- do, como sucede durante el ejercicio 0 el estres (2, 5, derarla como la de eleccion, se ligan a protefnas 6,9). "plasmaticas y se distribuyen en todos 105 tejidos, al- Aparato Cardiooascular> Los principales beneficios canzando concentraciones mayores en pulmones y terapeuticos de 105 l3-bloqueadores se presentan en el corazon: la capacidad de penetracion en et LCR aparato cardiovascular en el que podemos considerar guarda relacion directa con la liposolubilidad del las siguientes acciones: producto, los liposolubles atraviesan la barrera hema- Antiarritmicas toencefalica con mayor facilidad y se metabolizan en Accion inotropa negativa mayor porcentaje antes de eliminarse. Es importante Disminucion del gasto cardfaco recordar que tanto el alprenolol como el propranolol Hipotension arterial poseen metabolitos activos de importancia terapeu- Accion cardioprotectora tica (8). Accion Antiarritmica. Como las catecolaminas po- seen acciones cronotropas e inotropas positivas (efec- Farmacodinamia to 13-1adrenergico), la administracion de P-bloquea- dores disminuye la frecuencia cardiaca y la fuerza de El prototipo de los betabloqueadores es, induda- contraccion del corazon. Mayor sera el efecto mien- blemente, et propranolol. Es et mas estudiado y cons- tras mayor sea la actividad simpatica. tituye el patron de comparacion de este amplio Los antagonistas (l-adrenergicos poseen efectos gropo de farmacos. Las propiedades farmacologicas importantes sobre el ritmo y el automatismo cardia- de 10s betabloqueadores pueden ser explicadas, casi cos; reducen el ritmo sinusal, disminuyen el ritmo en su totalidad, en base a los conocimientos de los espontaneo de despolarizacion de los focos ectopicos, efectos producidos por activacion de los receptores disminuyen la velocidad de conduccion auricular y Casiaiieda C. Y Casiaiieda A. - Beta bloqueadores Efectos metab61icos de la acomodaci6n. Es importante la acci6n analgesi- ca de 105 betabloqueadores adrenergicos, sobre todo Los beta bloqueadores adrenergicos alteran el en el tratamiento de la migrana. metabolismo de 105 carbohidratos y lipid os al modifi- car la actividad de las catecolaminas que promueven la glucogenolisis y movilizan a la glucosa como res- Indicaciones puesta a la hipoglicemia. Los beta bloqueadores no Los antagonistas beta adrenergicos son arnplia- selectivos pueden impedir la recuperaci6n de la hi- mente utilizados en el tratamiento de la hipertensi6n poglicemia en 105 diabeticos insulinodependientes, arterial, la angina de pecho y las arritmias supraven- potenciando, de esta manera, la duraci6n de la hipo- triculares y ventriculares (1,2,3, 6, 9, 10). Tienen gran glicemia insulinica. Debe tenerse muchisimo cuidado in teres en el tratamiento del infarto agudo del mio- de emplear beta bloqueadores en pacientes portado- cardio, para prevenir las recidivas y reducir el area res de diabetes labil: en caso de ser necesario es pre- de necrosis en pacientes que sobreviven un primer ferible indicar un ~-1 selective. que son 105 farmacos ataque; se ha demostrado que la administraci6n in- que menos in flu yen en la recuperaci6n de la hipogli- travenosa de beta bloqueadores en fases tempranas cemia. TodOG 105 beta bloqueadores enmascaran la del infarto agudo, disminuye la mortalidad en casi el taquicardia que se produce como respuesta fisiol6gi- 10%, se han descrito efectos beneficiosos en el trata- ca a la hipoglicemia, dificultando el diagn6stico de miento de algunas formas de insuficiencia cardiaca, esta contingencia (1,2,5,9, 10). Rara vez los betablo- como es el ca so de la insuficiencia cardiaca idiopati- queadores adrenergicos afectan significativamente la ca, dandose como posibles mecanismos la estabiliza- producci6n de insulina, aunque los agonistas beta ci6n de la actividad simpatico y la neutralizaci6n de adrenergicos favorecen la liberaci6n de la misrna. la sobrecarga de Ca (3, 7, 11). Los beta bloqueadores La estimulaci6n de receptores beta adrenergicos se emplean, a menudo, en el tratamaiento del aneu- activa la lipasa, sensible alas hormonas, en las celu- risma agudo disecante de la aorta; la acci6n benefi- las grasas, dando como resultado el incremento de ciosa probablemente se deba a la disminuci6n de la acidos grasos lib res en la circulaci6n. El incremento fuerza de contracci6n cardiaca. Ademas, estos farrna- de acidos grasos constituye una fuente importante de cos estan indicados en el manejo farmacol6gico del energfa para 105 musculos en ejercicio;
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