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Latin American Heroes of Chemistry with limited resources. He continued doing research The eloquent prose and vivid poetry of many repre- on a daily basis until his death in 1987. The renamed sentatives of the so-called Latin American Boom of Fundación Instituto Leloir remains today a preeminent the 1960s and 1970s brought well-deserved recogni- center for the study of the biochemistry of neurode- tion to the subcontinent’s literature. As a matter of generative diseases. fact, Gabriel García Márquez and Mario Vargas Llosa, two of my favorite writers, are among the six Latin American novelists or poets who have been honored with the Nobel Prize in Literature since the end of World War II. In contrast, only two Latin American scientists have ever been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Luis Leloir (1970) and Mario Molina (1995). Their careers and scientific accomplishments, a source of pride and inspiration for many fellow Latin Americans, are highlighted in this note.

In turn, Mario J. Molina was born in Mexico City in 1943 and graduated with a degree in chemical engi- neering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1965. He moved to the United States for graduate studies in 1968 and obtained a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1972. In October of the following year, as a new postdoctoral fellow in the research group of F. Sherwood Rowland at the University of California, Irvine, he started investigating the environmental fate of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a family of com- pounds widely used as propellants and refriger- ants at the time. Within months, they developed a model that explained the progressive destruction of Luis F. Leloir was born in Paris in 1906 but lived in ozone by CFCs present in the atmosphere, pioneer- Argentina since the age of two. He studied medicine ing work that eventually led to the 1995 Nobel Prize at the University of Buenos Aires and started his scien- in Chemistry they shared with Paul J. Crutzen. Since tific career in 1932 at the Institute of Physiology, where 2004, Molina splits his time between atmospheric future Nobel Laureate Bernardo Houssay (Physiology chemistry research at the University of California, San or Medicine ’47) introduced him to biochemical Diego, and the promotion of collaborative research research and became a lifelong mentor, collaborator, and public policy changes in air quality and sustain- and friend. In 1947, he was appointed founding direc- ability at the Center for Energy and the Environment, tor of the Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas a think tank he established in Mexico City in 2005. (IIB), a new biochemical research laboratory privately funded by the Fundación Campomar. Significantly, For a short autobiography of Leloir, see: Leloir, L.F. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1983, all the work that Leloir and his coworkers carried out 52, 1-15. In turn, a biographical sketch of Molina has recently been published in: that led to his Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1970)—for the Tollefson, J. Nature 2010, 467, 902-905. discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in carbo- hydrate biosynthesis—was performed at the IIB, often Written by Daniel Rabinovich .

16 CHEMISTRY International May-June 2013