Nitrogen Removal and Lipid Production from Secondary

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Nitrogen Removal and Lipid Production from Secondary Nitrogen Removal and Lipid Production from Secondary Wastewater Using Green Alga Chlorella vulgaris By Zhouyang Liu B.S., Harbin Institute of Technology, 2007 Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering in the Engineering & Applied Science College of the University of Cincinnati, 2012 Committee Members: Dr. Joo-Youp Lee (chair) Dr. Tim Keener Dr. Mingming Lu Abstract Increasing nitrogen discharges into natural water systems have caused more frequent eutrophication and other water quality issues. Microalgae are fast growing photosynthetic microorganisms that can assimilate nitrogen and phosphorus from water. Also, lipid content of certain strains of microalgae could reach over 60%, making microalgae excellent feedstock for biodiesel production. Green alga Chlorella vulgaris was tested for nitrogen removal and lipids production using secondary wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Around 60% of NH3-Nitrogen was removed after 48 hour, and removal rate was further increased to 75% when carbon dioxide gas was added periodically to control pH. When more active algae seeds were used, NH3-Nigrogen removal rate of 97.1% was achieved. Chlorella vulgaris was also very effective for removing low concentration of phosphate from secondary wastewater. When growing at normal conditions, Chlorella vulgaris contained more polar lipid than neutral lipid. Total lipid content of Chlorella vulgaris ranged from 10.6% to 14%, and fatty acids were mainly C16 and C18, making it good biodiesel stock. A freshwater microalgae survey in southwest Ohio was also conducted to provide useful information for future outdoor algae cultivation. 24 genera of cyanobacteria and 49 genera of eukaryotic algae were identified, with Synechococcus sp. and Cryptomonas sp. being the predominant prokaryotic and eukaryotic microalgae, respectively. ii iii Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Joo-Youp Lee for his guidance and support throughout this study. I would like to thank Dr. Tim Keener and Dr. Mingming Lu for their helpful suggestions and feedbacks. I would also like to thank Dr. Daniel Oerther and Dr. Mau-Yi Wu for assisting and teaching me molecular biology techniques, and all the members in the lab especially Jinsoo Kim for their help with my experiments. Lastly, I want to thank my mother who never lost faith in me, and Zhen who was there with me when I was at the lowest point of my life, for which I am forever grateful. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Nutrients Removal Techniques ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Nutrients Removal Using Microalgae .................................................................................. 3 1.4 Biofuels from Microalgae ..................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Objective of This Study ........................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2: Molecular Survey of Freshwater Microalgae in Southwest Ohio Area ........................ 7 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Sites Description and Sampling ..................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Genomic DNA Extraction .............................................................................................11 2.2.3 PCR Amplification ........................................................................................................11 2.2.4 Cloning of rRNA Gene Fragments .............................................................................. 12 2.2.5 Sequence Analysis of Clones ....................................................................................... 13 2.3 Results and Discussions ...................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Cyanobacteria .............................................................................................................. 14 2.3.2 Eukaryotic Algae .......................................................................................................... 15 2.3.4 Comparison between Autumn and Winter Samples ..................................................... 18 2.4 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 22 v Chapter 3. Methods and Materials ................................................................................................ 24 3.1 Algae Cultivation ................................................................................................................ 24 3.2 Gravimetric Analysis of Lipids ........................................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Collection of Algae Biomass ....................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Solvent Extraction of Total Lipids ............................................................................... 25 3.2.3 Silica Gel Purification .................................................................................................. 26 3.2.4 Esterification ................................................................................................................ 26 3.3 GC Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 26 3.4 Algae Cell Density Measurement ....................................................................................... 29 3.5 Ammonia Nitrogen and Phosphorus Analysis .................................................................... 29 3.5.1 Ammonia Nitrogen Measurement ................................................................................ 29 3.5.2 Orthophosphate Measurement ..................................................................................... 30 3.6 Total Inorganic Carbon Measurement ................................................................................. 30 Chapter 4. Ammonia Removal Using Chlorella vulgaris ............................................................. 31 4.1 Wastewater Properties ......................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Growth of Chlorella vulgaris in Closed Reactors .............................................................. 33 4.3 Nitrogen Removal Using Chlorella vulgaris ...................................................................... 36 4.3.1 Preparation of Algae Seeds .......................................................................................... 36 4.3.2 Experiment Set-up ....................................................................................................... 36 4.3.3 Nitrogen Removal Without Using CO2 ........................................................................ 37 vi 4.3.4 Nitrogen Removal with CO2 ........................................................................................ 41 Chapter 5. Lipid Analysis ............................................................................................................. 45 5.1 Lipids in Microalgae ........................................................................................................... 45 5.3 Lipid Extraction from Algae ............................................................................................... 47 5.2 Neutral and Total Lipids in Chlorella vulgaris ................................................................... 48 5.3 Polar Lipids in Chlorella vulgaris ...................................................................................... 52 Chapter 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 56 References ..................................................................................................................................... 58 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 65 vii Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution Increasing nitrogen and phosphorus discharge into natural water systems poses great threat to water quality and human health. Excessive nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in aquatic systems lead to more frequent eutrophication, which is a worldwide problem affecting both fresh and coastal marine water resources. In the US, point sources are responsible for more than 50% of the nutrients in rivers and streams in urban areas (Carpenter et al., 1998). Research shows that municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) account for about 75 percent of the nutrients from point sources (USGS, 1994; EEA 2005). Nitrogen and phosphorus are the main causes of surface water eutrophication. Freshwater eutrophication leads to excessive growth of phytoplankton, depletion of dissolved
Recommended publications
  • High Abundance of Plagioselmis Cf. Prolonga in the Krka River Estuary (Eastern Adriatic Sea)
    SCIENTIA MARINA 78(3) September 2014, 329-338, Barcelona (Spain) ISSN-L: 0214-8358 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03998.28C Cryptophyte bloom in a Mediterranean estuary: High abundance of Plagioselmis cf. prolonga in the Krka River estuary (eastern Adriatic Sea) Luka Šupraha 1, 2, Sunčica Bosak 1, Zrinka Ljubešić 1, Hrvoje Mihanović 3, Goran Olujić 3, Iva Mikac 4, Damir Viličić 1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. 2 Present address: Department of Earth Sciences, Paleobiology Programme, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia, Zrinsko-Frankopanska 161, 21000 Split, Croatia. 4 Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Summary: During the June 2010 survey of phytoplankton and physicochemical parameters in the Krka River estuary (east- ern Adriatic Sea), a cryptophyte bloom was observed. High abundance of cryptophytes (maximum 7.9×106 cells l–1) and high concentrations of the class-specific biomarker pigment alloxanthine (maximum 2312 ng l–1) were detected in the surface layer and at the halocline in the lower reach of the estuary. Taxonomical analysis revealed that the blooming species was Plagioselmis cf. prolonga. Analysis of the environmental parameters in the estuary suggested that the bloom was supported by the slower river flow as well as the increased orthophosphate and ammonium concentrations. The first record of a crypto- phyte bloom in the Krka River estuary may indicate that large-scale changes are taking place in the phytoplankton commu- nity.
    [Show full text]
  • This Report Is Also Available in Adobe
    U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Water Quality of Rob Roy Reservoir and Lake Owen, Albany County, and Granite Springs and Crystal Lake Reservoirs, Laramie County, Wyoming, 1997-98 By Kathy Muller Ogle1, David A. Peterson1, Bud Spillman2, and Rosie Padilla2 Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4220 Prepared in cooperation with the Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities 1U.S. Geological Survey 2Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities Cheyenne, Wyoming 1999 U.S. Department of the Interior Bruce Babbitt, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey, WRD 2617 E. Lincolnway, Suite B Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001-5662 Copies of this report can be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Information regarding the programs of the Wyoming District is available on the Internet via the World Wide Web. You may connect to the Wyoming District Home Page using the Universal Resource Locator (URL): http://wy.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrative Approach Sheds New Light Onto the Systematics
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN An integrative approach sheds new light onto the systematics and ecology of the widespread ciliate genus Coleps (Ciliophora, Prostomatea) Thomas Pröschold1*, Daniel Rieser1, Tatyana Darienko2, Laura Nachbaur1, Barbara Kammerlander1, Kuimei Qian1,3, Gianna Pitsch4, Estelle Patricia Bruni4,5, Zhishuai Qu6, Dominik Forster6, Cecilia Rad‑Menendez7, Thomas Posch4, Thorsten Stoeck6 & Bettina Sonntag1 Species of the genus Coleps are one of the most common planktonic ciliates in lake ecosystems. The study aimed to identify the phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability of diferent Coleps isolates from various water bodies and from culture collections. We used an integrative approach to study the strains by (i) cultivation in a suitable culture medium, (ii) screening of the morphological variability including the presence/absence of algal endosymbionts of living cells by light microscopy, (iii) sequencing of the SSU and ITS rDNA including secondary structures, (iv) assessment of their seasonal and spatial occurrence in two lakes over a one‑year cycle both from morphospecies counts and high‑ throughput sequencing (HTS), and, (v) proof of the co‑occurrence of Coleps and their endosymbiotic algae from HTS‑based network analyses in the two lakes. The Coleps strains showed a high phenotypic plasticity and low genetic variability. The algal endosymbiont in all studied strains was Micractinium conductrix and the mutualistic relationship turned out as facultative. Coleps is common in both lakes over the whole year in diferent depths and HTS has revealed that only one genotype respectively one species, C. viridis, was present in both lakes despite the diferent lifestyles (mixotrophic with green algal endosymbionts or heterotrophic without algae).
    [Show full text]
  • The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool: a Digital Tool to Increase The
    Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-171 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 21 July 2021 Science c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool: A digital tool to increase the discoverability and usability of plankton time-series data Clare Ostle1*, Kevin Paxman1, Carolyn A. Graves2, Mathew Arnold1, Felipe Artigas3, Angus Atkinson4, Anaïs Aubert5, Malcolm Baptie6, Beth Bear7, Jacob Bedford8, Michael Best9, Eileen 5 Bresnan10, Rachel Brittain1, Derek Broughton1, Alexandre Budria5,11, Kathryn Cook12, Michelle Devlin7, George Graham1, Nick Halliday1, Pierre Hélaouët1, Marie Johansen13, David G. Johns1, Dan Lear1, Margarita Machairopoulou10, April McKinney14, Adam Mellor14, Alex Milligan7, Sophie Pitois7, Isabelle Rombouts5, Cordula Scherer15, Paul Tett16, Claire Widdicombe4, and Abigail McQuatters-Gollop8 1 10 The Marine Biological Association (MBA), The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK. 2 Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquacu∑lture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, UK. 3 Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences, Wimereux, France. 4 Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK. 5 15 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CRESCO, 38 UMS Patrinat, Dinard, France. 6 Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, Maxim 6, Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire ML1 4WQ, UK. 7 Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK. 8 Marine Conservation Research Group, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK. 9 20 The Environment Agency, Kingfisher House, Goldhay Way, Peterborough, PE4 6HL, UK. 10 Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science
    MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D.
    [Show full text]
  • Heterotrophic ¯ Agellates (Protista) from Marine Sediments of Botany Bay, Australia
    Journal of Natural History, 2000, 34, 483± 562 Heterotrophic ¯ agellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia WON JE LEE and DAVID J. PATTERSON School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] (Accepted 19 April 1999) Heterotrophic¯ agellates (protozoa) occurring in the marine sediments at Botany Bay, Australia are reported. Among the 87 species from 43 genera encountered in this survey are 13 new taxa: Cercomonas granulatus n. sp., Clautriavia cavus n. sp., Heteronema larseni n. sp., Notosolenus adamas n. sp., Notosolenus brothernis n. sp., Notosolenus hemicircularis n. sp., Notosolenus lashue n. sp., Notosolenus pyriforme n. sp., Petalomonas intortus n. sp., Petalomonas iugosus n. sp., Petalomonas labrum n. sp., Petalomonas planus n. sp. and Petalomonas virgatus n. sp.; and seven new combinations, Carpediemonas bialata n. comb., Dinema platysomum n. comb., Petalomonas calycimonoides nom. nov., Petalomonas chris- teni nom. nov., Petalomonas physaloides n. comb., Petalomonas quinquecarinata n. comb. and Petalomonas spinifera n. comb. Most ¯ agellates described here appear to be cosmopolitan.We are unable to assess if the new species are endemic because of the lack of intensive studies elsewhere. Keywords: Biogeography, endemic biota, heterotrophic ¯ agellates, taxonomy, protists. Introduction Marine heterotrophic protists are predators on bacteria and small phytoplankton, are prey for larger zooplankton, and facilitate remineralization and recycling of elements essential for phytoplankton and microbial growth (Azam et al., 1983; Porter et al., 1985; Sherr and Sherr, 1988; JuÈ rgens and GuÈ de, 1990; Kirchman, 1994; Pace and Vaque , 1994). Consequently, the role of heterotrophic protists in planktonic microbial food webs of marine environments has received increasing attention.
    [Show full text]
  • Fig.S1. the Pairwise Aligments of High Scoring Pairs of Recognizable Pseudogenes
    LysR transcriptional regulator Identities = 57/164 (35%), Positives = 82/164 (50%), Gaps = 13/164 (8%) 70530- SNQAIKTYLMPK*LRLLRQK*SPVEFQLQVHLIKKIRLNIVIRDINLTIIEN-TPVKLKI -70354 ++Q TYLMP+ + L RQK V QLQVH ++I ++ INL II P++LK 86251- ASQTTGTYLMPRLIGLFRQKYPQVAVQLQVHSTRRIAWSVANGHINLAIIGGEVPIELKN -86072 70353- FYTLLRMKERI*H*YCLGFL------FQFLIAYKKKNLYGLRLIKVDIPFPIRGIMNNP* -70192 + E L + F L + +K++LY LR I +D IR +++ 86071- MLQVTSYAED-----ELALILPKSHPFSMLRSIQKEDLYRLRFIALDRQSTIRKVIDKVL -85907 70191- IKTELIPRNLN-EMELSLFKPIKNAV*PGLNVTLIFVSAIAKEL -70063 + + EMEL+ + IKNAV GL + VSAIAKEL 85906- NQNGIDSTRFKIEMELNSVEAIKNAVQSGLGAAFVSVSAIAKEL -85775 ycf3 Photosystem I assembly protein Identities = 25/59 (42%), Positives = 39/59 (66%), Gaps = 3/59 (5%) 19162- NRSYML-SIQCM-PNNSDYVNTLKHCR*ALDLSSKL-LAIRNVTISYYCQDIIFSEKKD -19329 +RSY+L +I + +N +YV L++ ALDL+S+L AI N+ + Y+ Q + SEKKD 19583- DRSYILYNIGLIYASNGEYVKALEYYHQALDLNSRLPPAINNIAVIYHYQGVKASEKKD -19759 Fig.S1. The pairwise aligments of high scoring pairs of recognizable pseudogenes. The upper amino acid sequences indicates Cryptomonas sp. SAG977-2f. The lower sequences are corresponding amino acid sequences of homologs in C. curvata CCAP979/52. Table S1. Presence/absence of protein genes in the plastid genomes of Cryptomonas and representative species of Cryptomonadales. Note; y indicates pseudogenes. Photosynthetic Non-Photosynthetic Guillardia Rhodomonas Cryptomonas C. C. curvata C. curvata parameciu Guillardia Rhodomonas FBCC300 CCAP979/ SAG977 CCAC1634 m theta salina -2f B 012D 52 CCAP977/2 a rps2 + + + +
    [Show full text]
  • Biovolumes and Size-Classes of Phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea
    Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No.106 Biovolumes and Size-Classes of Phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea Helsinki Commission Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 106 Biovolumes and size-classes of phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea Helsinki Commission Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Authors: Irina Olenina, Centre of Marine Research, Taikos str 26, LT-91149, Klaipeda, Lithuania Susanna Hajdu, Dept. of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Lars Edler, SMHI, Ocean. Services, Nya Varvet 31, SE-426 71 V. Frölunda, Sweden Agneta Andersson, Dept of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, SE-910 20 Hörnefors, Sweden Norbert Wasmund, Baltic Sea Research Institute, Seestr. 15, D-18119 Warnemünde, Germany Susanne Busch, Baltic Sea Research Institute, Seestr. 15, D-18119 Warnemünde, Germany Jeanette Göbel, Environmental Protection Agency (LANU), Hamburger Chaussee 25, D-24220 Flintbek, Germany Slawomira Gromisz, Sea Fisheries Institute, Kollataja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland Siv Huseby, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, SE-910 20 Hörnefors, Sweden Maija Huttunen, Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Lyypekinkuja 3A, P.O. Box 33, FIN-00931 Helsinki, Finland Andres Jaanus, Estonian Marine Institute, Mäealuse 10 a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia Pirkko Kokkonen, Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland Iveta Ledaine, Inst. of Aquatic Ecology, Marine Monitoring Center, University of Latvia, Daugavgrivas str. 8, Latvia Elzbieta Niemkiewicz, Maritime Institute in Gdansk, Laboratory of Ecology, Dlugi Targ 41/42, 80-830, Gdansk, Poland All photographs by Finnish Institute of Marine Research (FIMR) Cover photo: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited to as: Olenina, I., Hajdu, S., Edler, L., Andersson, A., Wasmund, N., Busch, S., Göbel, J., Gromisz, S., Huseby, S., Huttunen, M., Jaanus, A., Kokkonen, P., Ledaine, I.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Carbon Fixation Pathways Through a Quantitative Lens
    Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 2325–2342, 2012 doi:10.1093/jxb/err417 Advance Access publication 26 December, 2011 REVIEW PAPER A survey of carbon fixation pathways through a quantitative lens Arren Bar-Even, Elad Noor and Ron Milo* Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Received 15 August 2011; Revised 4 November 2011; Accepted 8 November 2011 Downloaded from Abstract While the reductive pentose phosphate cycle is responsible for the fixation of most of the carbon in the biosphere, it http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/ has several natural substitutes. In fact, due to the characterization of three new carbon fixation pathways in the last decade, the diversity of known metabolic solutions for autotrophic growth has doubled. In this review, the different pathways are analysed and compared according to various criteria, trying to connect each of the different metabolic alternatives to suitable environments or metabolic goals. The different roles of carbon fixation are discussed; in addition to sustaining autotrophic growth it can also be used for energy conservation and as an electron sink for the recycling of reduced electron carriers. Our main focus in this review is on thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, including thermodynamically challenging reactions, the ATP requirement of each pathway, energetic constraints on carbon fixation, and factors that are expected to limit the rate of the pathways. Finally, possible metabolic structures at Weizmann Institute of Science on July 3, 2016 of yet unknown carbon fixation pathways are suggested and discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Lateral Gene Transfer of Anion-Conducting Channelrhodopsins Between Green Algae and Giant Viruses
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.042127; this version posted April 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 5 Lateral gene transfer of anion-conducting channelrhodopsins between green algae and giant viruses Andrey Rozenberg 1,5, Johannes Oppermann 2,5, Jonas Wietek 2,3, Rodrigo Gaston Fernandez Lahore 2, Ruth-Anne Sandaa 4, Gunnar Bratbak 4, Peter Hegemann 2,6, and Oded 10 Béjà 1,6 1Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. 2Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, Berlin 10115, Germany. 3Present address: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann 15 Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel. 4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. 5These authors contributed equally: Andrey Rozenberg, Johannes Oppermann. 6These authors jointly supervised this work: Peter Hegemann, Oded Béjà. e-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] 20 ABSTRACT Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are algal light-gated ion channels widely used as optogenetic tools for manipulating neuronal activity 1,2. Four ChR families are currently known. Green algal 3–5 and cryptophyte 6 cation-conducting ChRs (CCRs), cryptophyte anion-conducting ChRs (ACRs) 7, and the MerMAID ChRs 8. Here we 25 report the discovery of a new family of phylogenetically distinct ChRs encoded by marine giant viruses and acquired from their unicellular green algal prasinophyte hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroplast Structure of the Cryptophyceae
    CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE OF THE CRYPTOPHYCEAE Evidence for Phycobiliproteins within Intrathylakoidal Spaces E . GANTT, M . R . EDWARDS, and L . PROVASOLI From the Radiation Biology Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution, Rockville, Maryland 20852, the Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, and the Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 ABSTRACT Selective extraction and morphological evidence indicate that the phycobiliproteins in three Cryptophyceaen algae (Chroomonas, Rhodomonas, and Cryptomonas) are contained within intrathylakoidal spaces and are not on the stromal side of the lamellae as in the red and blue-green algae . Furthermore, no discrete phycobilisome-type aggregates have thus far been observed in the Cryptophyceae . Structurally, although not necessarily functionally, this is a radical difference . The width of the intrathylakoidal spaces can vary but is gen- erally about 200-300 A . While the thylakoid membranes are usually closely aligned, grana- type fusions do not occur. In Chroomonas these membranes evidence an extensive periodic display with a spacing on the order of 140-160 A . This periodicity is restricted to the mem- branes and has not been observed in the electron-opaque intrathylakoidal matrix . INTRODUCTION The varied characteristics of the cryptomonads (3), Greenwood in Kirk and Tilney-Bassett (10), are responsible for their indefinite taxonomic and Lucas (13) . The thylakoids have a tendency position (17), but at the same time they enhance to be arranged in pairs, that is, for two of them to their status in evolutionary schemes (1, 4) . Their be closely associated with a 30-50 A space between chloroplast structure is distinct from that of every them .
    [Show full text]
  • Phytoref: a Reference Database of the Plastidial 16S Rrna Gene of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes with Curated Taxonomy
    Molecular Ecology Resources (2015) 15, 1435–1445 doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12401 PhytoREF: a reference database of the plastidial 16S rRNA gene of photosynthetic eukaryotes with curated taxonomy JOHAN DECELLE,*† SARAH ROMAC,*† ROWENA F. STERN,‡ EL MAHDI BENDIF,§ ADRIANA ZINGONE,¶ STEPHANE AUDIC,*† MICHAEL D. GUIRY,** LAURE GUILLOU,*† DESIRE TESSIER,††‡‡ FLORENCE LE GALL,*† PRISCILLIA GOURVIL,*† ADRIANA L. DOS SANTOS,*† IAN PROBERT,*† DANIEL VAULOT,*† COLOMBAN DE VARGAS*† and RICHARD CHRISTEN††‡‡ *UMR 7144 - Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680, France, †CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680, France, ‡Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK, §Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK, ¶Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples 80121, Italy, **The AlgaeBase Foundation, c/o Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway Ireland, ††CNRS, UMR 7138, Systematique Adaptation Evolution, Parc Valrose, BP71, Nice F06108, France, ‡‡Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7138, Systematique Adaptation Evolution, Parc Valrose, BP71, Nice F06108, France Abstract Photosynthetic eukaryotes have a critical role as the main producers in most ecosystems of the biosphere. The ongo- ing environmental metabarcoding revolution opens the perspective for holistic ecosystems biological studies of these organisms, in particular the unicellular microalgae that
    [Show full text]