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Successful Treatment of Persistent Bleeding from Gingival Ulcers in An ISSN: 2469-5734 Masui et al. Int J Oral Dent Health 2018, 4:071 DOI: 10.23937/2469-5734/1510071 Volume 4 | Issue 2 International Journal of Open Access Oral and Dental Health CASE REPORT Successful Treatment of Persistent Bleeding from Gingival Ulcers in an Adolescent Patient with Irsogladine Maleate Atsushi Masui, Yoshihiro Morita, Takaki Iwagami, Masakazu Hamada, Hidetaka Shimizu * and Yoshiaki Yura Check for updates Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan *Corresponding author: Yoshiaki Yura, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan docrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, traumatic Abstract lesions, and gingival pigmentation. Persistent gingival Background: Gingival ulcer is often accompanied by se- bleeding occurs when the gingival mucosa becomes vere pain and bleeding and prevents the practicing of appro- priate oral hygiene. Most inflammatory and immune-mediat- fragile due to an inflammatory and immune-mediated ed gingival ulcers can be successfully treated with topical gingival disease and forms ulcers by a frictional proce- corticosteroids, but those refractory to corticosteroids are dure such as brushing [2-5]. Under these circumstances, difficult to treat. it is difficult to maintain oral hygiene, and so secondary Case description: An 18-year-old female visited our clinic dental biofilm-induced gingival diseases will be also in- with a complaint of gingival bleeding. Since topical cortico- duced. Most inflammatory and immune-mediated gin- steroids and oral antibiotic were not effective for gingival ul- gival diseases can be successfully treated with topical cers of the patient, an anti-gastric ulcer agent, irsogladine maleate, was used. Oral administration of irsogladine male- corticosteroids [3-5]. Antibiotics are effective for dental ate reduced gingival bleeding. The patient became able to biofilm-induced gingival diseases [6]. However, there perform tooth brushing, and the bleeding from the gingivae are cases that are refractory to these treatments and was markedly improved. difficult to treat. Conclusions: Oral administration of irsogladine maleate may be useful to improve persistent bleeding from gingival Irsogladine maleate is a drug for peptic ulcer and gas- ulcers caused by inflammatory and immune-mediated gingi- tritis. It has been shown to promote gap-junction-medi- val disease with minimal adverse effects. ated intracellular communication through an increase Keywords in cAMP production via the inhibition of phosphodi- esterase [7,8] and improve aphthous stomatitis and Gingival ulcers, Bleeding, Inflammatory and immune-medi- ated gingival disease, Irsogladine maleate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric and small-intestinal injuries [8-11]. We report an adolescent case in which persistent bleeding from Introduction gingival ulcers was successfully treated with irsogladine Gingivitis is classified as a dental biofilm-induced or maleate. non-dental biofilm-induced gingival disease, according Case Report to the international classification of periodontal and peri-implant disease and conditions determined in the An 18-year-old female patient visited our clinic with 2017 World Workshop [1]. The latter includes genetic/ a complaint of gingival bleeding that had persisted for developmental, specific infections, inflammatory and more than 2 months. She had no reported medical immune-mediated, reactive processes, neoplasms, en- and dental problems. There was no remarkable family Citation: Masui A, Morita Y, Iwagami T, Hamada M, Shimizu H, et al. (2018) Successful Treatment of Persistent Bleeding from Gingival Ulcers in an Adolescent Patient with Irsogladine Maleate. Int J Oral Dent Health 4:071. doi.org/10.23937/2469-5734/1510071 Accepted: November 15, 2018: Published: November 17, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Masui A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Masui et al. Int J Oral Dent Health 2018, 4:071 • Page 1 of 4 • DOI: 10.23937/2469-5734/1510071 ISSN: 2469-5734 Figure 1: Gingivitis affecting both the upper and lower gin- Figure 3: Improvement of mucosal lesions after treatment givae. Ulcers were observed at the interdental papillae in with irsogladine maleate for 3 months. the right lower premolar region. Plaque accumulation on the labio/buccal surface of the teeth. Histologically, there was no epithelial layer or ulcer- ative tissues with subepithelial inflammatory infiltrates containing plasma cells (Figure 2). Results of blood ex- amination were within normal range: WBC, 6,000/µL; RBC, 511 × 104/µL; hemoglobin, 14.2 g/dL; platelet, 25.1 × 104/µL; prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR), 0.99; activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), 28.8 sec; C-reactive protein (CRP), 0.06 mg/dL; desmoglein 1, < 5; desmoglein 3, < 5; BP-180, 5.7; rheumatoid factor, 5 IU/mL; antinuclear antibody, < 40. Commonly existing oral bacteria, Streptococcus and Neisseria, were isolated from the surface of the ulcers. Treatment with topical corticosteroid was initiated, but the patient discontinued the treatment after a week because of irritant pain and bleeding. We decided to use irsogladine maleate at an initial dose of 8 mg per day. One month later, her gingivae were still hemorrhagic, Figure 2: Histology showing subepithelial connective tis- but she reported decreased bleeding on mouth wash- sues along with chronic inflammatory cells (H-E stain; bar, 20 µm). The square shows the area containing plasma cells. ing. Three months later, bleeding had further improved (Figure 3). She could perform brushing actively and the dose of the drug was decreased to 4 mg per day. Four medical history. Before visiting our hospital, the patient months later, dental plaque and calculus deposits were had been treated with topical corticosteroid and oral removed, and she could maintain appropriate oral hy- antibiotics, but improvement was not observed. Phys- giene by herself. The medication was discontinued 6 ical examination revealed fiery red, glazed, atrophic, or months later, but recurrence was not observed for at eroded-looking gingivae and ulcer formation at the in- least 3 months. terdental papillae. Bleeding from the gingivae was eas- ily induced by contact with a cotton swab, and the epi- Discussion thelium was easily peeled off, resulting in bleeding from According to a recent classification, gingivitis of this the ulcer surface (Figure 1). Due to the pain caused by young patient was considered to be an inflammatory tooth brushing, she could not maintain adequate oral and immune-mediated gingival disease [1]. The epi- hygiene, and the deposition of dental plaque and cal- thelium of the specimen was peeled off during manip- culus formation were observed on the labio-buccal side ulation for biopsy, suggesting that the adhesion of the of the upper and lower teeth. Because of bleeding by epithelium was very weak. Furthermore, the symptoms probing, full mouth periodontal condition was not eval- of the patient are similar to those of clinical diagnosis, uated. No particular bulla lesions and no white linear desquamative gingivitis, caused by immune-mediat- or reticular lesions in other areas of the oral mucosa ed mucocutaneous conditions, particularly oral lichen were observed. The diagnosis was inflammatory and planus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and pemphi- immune-mediated gingival disease. There were no oc- gus vulgaris. Other causes include allergic reactions to ular, pharyngeal, or skin lesions. toothpastes/mouth rinses, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, Masui et al. Int J Oral Dent Health 2018, 4:071 • Page 2 of 4 • DOI: 10.23937/2469-5734/1510071 ISSN: 2469-5734 linear IgA disease, and chronic ulcerative stomatitis [2]. maleate induces gap junctional intercellular communi- Histologically, the subepithelial band-like infiltration of cation (GJIC) activity and maintains the GJIC-dependent lymphocytes, a specific feature of oral lichen planus, tight junctional barrier [17]. Tumor necrosis factor-al- was not observed in the present case. There were no pha (TNF-α) is a major inflammatory cytokine produced bullae or blisters on the oral mucosa, and antibodies to in response to oral bacteria [18]. The addition of TNF-α desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 were negative, mean- to cultures of gingival epithelial cells increased cell per- ing that oral lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris could meability as well as human airway epithelial, intestinal be excluded as the cause of gingivitis [4]. In mucous epithelial, and corneal epithelial cells [19]. Irsogladine membrane pemphigoid, a variety of molecules located maleate has been shown to regulate gingival permea- in the basement membrane zone, such as BP-180, lami- bility by preventing the TNF-α-induced disruption of nin 5, laminin 6, α6-β4 integrin, and collagen VII, can E-cadherin and claudin-1, a tight junction structure pro- be the target of this autoimmune disease [12,13]. In tein. This can be suppressive for ulcer formation in the the present case, we identified plasma cell infiltration oral mucosa. TNF-α also induced loss of barrier integrity in the ulcers of the specimen, suggesting the presence in the endothelium [20]. Irsogladine maleate may im- of antibody-producing cells in the subepithelial zone, prove
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