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Philippine Domestic Shipping Transport Industry: State of Competition and Market Structure

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Philippine Domestic Shipping Transport Industry: State of Competition and Market Structure RESEARCH PAPER SERIES No. 2003-02 Philippine Domestic Shipping Transport Industry: State of Competition and Market Structure Myrna S. Austria PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Surian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas The author is Director of the Center for Business and Economics Research and Development, De La Salle University – Manila. This paper was made possible through a financial assistance from the Philippine APEC Study Center Network (PASCN). She would like to acknowledge the able research assistance provided by Ms. Thea Lazaro. Philippine Domestic Shipping Transport Industry: State of Competition and Market Structure Myrna S. 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'"I '"I '"I '"I '"I '"I .~:~:~:~:~: ~ ."tj ."tj ."tj ."tj ."tj ."tj (D. (D. (D. (D. (D. (D '9'9'9:9'9:90'0'0'0'0'0' ' ' ' ' EIJ' EIJ' EIJ' EIJ' EIJ' EIJ .~..'"I' ~.'"I' ~.'"I' ~.'"I' ~.'"I' ~'"I .(D' .".. ."..(D' ."..(D' ."..(D' ."..(D' .".(D , ".,." .. .. .. ,...) ,...) 0\ 0\ 0\ v. W -00 N 0 00 I Introduction The shipping transport industry plays a very important role in the country’s development. Considering the archipelagic setting of the country, shipping provides the primary means of interisland transport. That is, the bulk of domestic trade is transported by shipping; interisland travel, especially in the southern part of the country, is also largely dependent on shipping. Considering this role, an efficient shipping industry that facilitates the movement of commodities, products and people is vital to the growth of the country. This is one where passengers and cargoes get to their destinations on time and in good and safe condition at the least possible cost. For cargoes, especially agricultural commodities, the transport should be in a manner where their physical condition at their place of destination allows them to be marketed at the most competitive price. The country’s domestic shipping industry, however, has been regarded as inefficient. This is rather unfortunate as the industry has a large number of shipping companies where competition could be expected to be a powerful force for eliminating inefficiency. Past studies suggest the underlying explanation has much to do with government regulations and policies affecting the industry. The industry had been highly regulated until policy reforms were instituted in the 1990s in response to the continuing inefficiency. This study examines the inefficiency of the industry in terms of the complex interaction between regulation and competition; and then analyzes the effects of the policy reforms on competition and market structure. The scope of the paper is limited to the interisland liner shipping industry because this is the sector where regulation is highly concentrated and whose viability is highly sensitive to government policy. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a brief profile of the industry. Section 3 discusses the contestability of markets in the shipping industry, including the arguments for and against regulating the industry. Section 4 examines the regulatory framework and policies prior to the implementation of the policy reforms. This is followed by a discussion of the policy reforms made through liberalization and deregulation in Section 5. 1 Philippine Domestic Shipping Transport Industry Section 6 is an analysis of the effects of the reforms on market structure and competition, including the impact of competition on efficiency. Section 7 is a discussion of the role of the MARINA in a deregulated environment. Areas for competition policy and further reforms are then identified in Section 8. The summary and conclusions are presented in Section 9. 2 II Domestic Shipping Transport Industry: Brief Profile Marine or shipping transport services consist of three types of activities namely, maritime transport services, maritime auxiliary services and port services (Fink, Mattoo and Neagu, 2000). Marine transport refers to the actual transportation service performed once the commodity or passenger is on board a ship until the ship reaches its port of destination. Marine auxiliary services refer to activities related to cargo manipulation in ports and on ships. Under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) classification, these include cargo handling, storage and warehousing, custom clearance, container station and depot, maritime agency and freight forwarding.
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