6 X 10.Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 0521831350 - Europe’s Foreign and Security Policy: The Institutionalization of Cooperation Michael E. Smith Index More information

Index

accession agreements (see enlargement) Balkans (see Bosnia-Herzegovina,Croatia, acquis communautaire 124 Macedonia,Mostar,and Yugoslavia) acquis politique 124,194 Balladur Plan (see Stability Pact) Adenauer,Konrad 67 Belgium 13,26,259 Afghanistan 34,52,125,131–32,138, and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 233 141–42,241,258–60 and the Copenhagen Report 94,96 Africa 79,115–16,123,142,173,193, and the London Report 122,125,129 195,200,204,224 and the Luxembourg Report 65,67,70 African,Caribbean,and Pacific states and the Maastricht Treaty 178,180, (ACP) 163,200 225 Albania 205,233 and the Single European Act 156,160 Algeria 172 Birmingham Declaration (WEU) 205,232 Amsterdam Treaty (Consolidated Version blinding laser weapons 195,201 of the Treaty on European Union; Bosnia-Herzegovina 193,196,222,260 1997) 14,125,195,204,206,210, Brandt,Willy 166 226–37 Brittan,Leon 216,230 Angola 115,129,195,200 Burundi 195,200 anti-personnel landmines 193,195,201, Bush,George W. 236 222,236 anti-trust policy (see competition policy) Carrington,Lord 125 Arab-Israeli conflict (see also Euro-Arab Central/South America 28,52,56,79,88, Dialogue and Middle East) 4,21, 116,139–40,142,162,163,173, 85–87,112 245,248 Arab League 112 Central American Common Market Argentina 129,142 (CACM) 116,140 arms control 102,138,156,191,192, Central/Eastern Europe 51,56,79,81,87, 196,201,202,214,224 133,156,163,164,178,179,192, Arpino,Mario 237 194,195,198,214,238,248,263 Articles of Confederation (US) 239 CFSP counselors 14,203–04,223–24 Asia 79,245,253 CFSP Policy Planning and Early Warning Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) 236 Unit 47,229 Asolo list 191 Chechnya 194 assent procedure 172,188 Chernobyl 199 Association Agreements 54,88,109–11, Cheysson,Claude 157 134,162,171,172,193 China 84,236 Association of Southeast Asian Chirac,Jacques 234 Nations (ASEAN) 2,163,209, Code of Conduct for Community 247,248 Companies with Interests in South Atlantic Charter (1973) 88 Africa 138,171,197,248 Australia 173 codification 20,35,45,97,117–18, Austria 205,227,233,234 121–22,124–25,126,148,149,

284

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521831350 - Europe’s Foreign and Security Policy: The Institutionalization of Cooperation Michael E. Smith Index More information

Index 285

152–53,161,175,183,242,244, Council of Ministers Secretariat 246,249 General 13,14,159,187–88,192, coherence,consistency 118,152–53,158, 223,229 161,169–70,172,174,177,183, Court of Auditors (EC) 189 185,197,203,246,249,261 coutumier 124–25,149,160,168 Cold War 19,49,85,179,193,194,200, crime 132,142 209–38,244 crises,crisis management 6,34–35,52,63, Colombia 139 67,72,76,83,108–11,125,129, Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF) 205 137,164,165,173,196,203–04, Committee of Permanent Representatives 232,234,237,240,244,245,248, (COREPER) to the EU 14 251,254,261 and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 233 and Afghanistan 129,131–32,138, and the Copenhagen Report 103,114 141–42,241 and the Luxembourg Report 79,81,82 and Central America 116 and the Maastricht Treaty 186,203, and the Cyprus coup 108–11,115 222–24 and the Falkland Islands 129,142,241, and the Single European Act 149,161 248 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 69, and Iran 129,130–31,141,142 155,253 and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 132 common commercial policy 21,28,133, and Kosovo 204 154,155,156,188–89,198,201, and Nigeria 203–04 209,215,216,230,236 and the Persian Gulf War 179,204, common fisheries policy 155 241 common market 6,21,28,59,68,161, and Poland 129 164,179,193,236,248 and the Portuguese revolution 108–11, Commonwealth of Independent States 130 (CIS) 199,247 and the Spanish executions 108–11 competition policy 155,213 and Yugoslavia 179,195–97,204,241 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) definition of 108 144 Croatia 179,225 Conference on Security and Cooperation Crowe,Brian 229 in Europe (see OSCE) Cuba 84,116,201 constructivism 25,30,255–58 Cyprus 51,52,99,108–11,115,142,193 Contact Groups 216,219 Czech Republic 238 Contadora Group 139 coordination reflex 94,122 Davignon,Etienne 70 Copenhagen Report on EPC 74,76,79, de Gaulle,Charles 63,66–69,107 92–116,117,121,134,171 Delors,Jacques 186–87 Copenhagen summit (1973) 112 democracy 6,21,25,73,111,136,138, Correspondance Européenne (COREU) 139,141,165,170–71,173–74,178, system 97–98,101–03,106,110,114, 182,184,191,192,197,201, 152,156,166,168,191,192 217–18,219,227,235,249,261,262 Costa Rica 116,139,140 Denman,Roy 154 Council of Europe 84,196 Denmark 13,262 Council of Ministers 7,40,259 and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 237 and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 226, and the Copenhagen Report 98, 228–29,231,235 110–11,116 and the Copenhagen Report 111 and the London Report 121,124,129, and the London Report 125,140,143 143,157 and the Luxembourg Report 79,81 and the Luxembourg Report 74 and the Maastricht Treaty 180,182, and the Maastricht Treaty 180,182, 183,184–86,188,192,197,203, 195,197,204,205,217 205,212,217,218–19,222,224–25 and the Single European Act 151,153, and the Single European Act 149,161, 162 167,168,170,171,173 d’Estaing,Giscard 107,157,262

286 Index

development policy 10,155,159,183, Europe Agreements 133,163,198 197,198,209,210,216,225,230 European Atomic Energy Community disarmament (see arms control) (EURATOM) 13,126,143,173,218, dualist case law 133 219 Document on the European Identity European Bank for Reconstruction and (1973) 97,136,137,143 Development (EBRD) 176 domaines réservés 122–23,135,141,144, European Central Bank 229 194,198,250 European Coal and Steel Community domestic politics 8,36,39,48,54,57–60, (ECSC) 13,126,139 64–65,91,106,109,146,174,244, European Commission 7,9–10,14, 252–53,255 28,32,47,51,55,244,249,251, Dominican Republic 116 252,253–54,256,258,260,261, drugs,illegal 191 262–63 dual-use goods/technology 59,164,192, and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 222, 195,201–03,221 226–27,228–31,232,233–34,235, 238 East Timor 195 and the Copenhagen Report 91,95–97, East–West relations 2,52,78,81,85,87, 98–102,109–11,114,116 102,113–14,137 and the London Report 122,126,130, Economic and Monetary Union 132,133,136,140,143 (EMU) 178,179,242,252,254, and the Luxembourg Report 70,73,80, 257,263 81,82,86,87 Egypt 34,86,137,172 and the Maastricht Treaty 180, El Salvador 116,140 182–84,186–87,190,192–94,197, enlargement 34,68–71,76,93,99,102, 199,200,203,205,212–13,215–19, 155,163,172,178,193,199,201, 221–25 230,233,236,240,246,251,253, and the Single European Act 145–74 257,260,261,263 European Commission Secretariat General environmental policy 155,198,213 160 EPC/CFSP Secretariat 47,76,80,93,95, European Community (EC) 1,2,4–5,6, 96,97,102,114,124,125,147,148, 7,8,9,10,11–12,13,17,18,21,22, 157,160,166–70,173–75,188,229 24,26,27,28–29,31–32,35,37,39, epistemic communities 256 44,46–51,54–59,240,245,246, Estonia 262 248–50,261 EU–Mexico Free Trade Agreement 140 and the Copenhagen Report 94,107, EU presidency 35,59,251,253–54,258, 113 259,262–63 and the London Report 119,123, and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 222, 130–32,135,141,142,143 228–30,233–34 and the Luxembourg Report 64–65,66, and the Copenhagen Report 97–98, 67,70–76,77,78–79,80–84,85, 109,110,113 87–88 and the London Report 119,124,125, and the Maastricht Treaty 184,186, 126–28,136,140 189,195,199,202,210,212,215, and the Luxembourg Report 79–80,81, 216,217,218,220,224–25 85 and the Single European Act 175 and the Maastricht Treaty 183,184, European Correspondents 73,77,79,82, 188,193,194,197,199,200,204, 90,101,124,152,156,168,170 216,217,223 European Council 40,51,254–55,259, and the Single European Act 146,152, 261–63 155,156,158,159,160–61,162–63, and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 165,166–69,171,173 227–28,229,233,236 Euro-Arab Dialogue (see also Arab-Israeli and the Copenhagen Report 98–100, conflict and Middle East) 2,51,81, 105,114 85–87,112–13,114–15,132,137, and the London Report 122,125,134, 155,161,162,163,200 137,142

Index 287

and the Maastricht Treaty 176,178–79, and the Luxembourg Report 65–71, 183,186,189,191–92,201,202, 75–76,78–79,80–81,85,88 212,217 and the Maastricht Treaty 178–79,180, and the Single European Act 152,155, 182,193,198,200,205,216,218, 158,160,164,167 219,224 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 7,9–10, and the Rome Summit (1967) 63 28–29,32,45,58–59,244,251 and the Single European Act 155,157, and the London Report 118,119,124, 160,162,166–67,174 125,132–34,136,140 and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 229, and the Luxembourg Report 73 233–34 and the Maastricht Treaty 189,212, Franco-German Treaty of Cooperation 219–20,221 (Elys´ee Treaty; 1963) 68,76 and the Single European Act 147, functionalism; neo-functional integration 153–54,170 theory 17,27,28–29,32–33,41,43, European Defense Community (EDC) 1, 46,91,106,108,118–19,131,174, 3,66,69,141 213,240,244,246,250 European Economic Community (EEC) 13 General Affairs Council (GAC) 152,254 European Free Trade Association (EFTA) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 163 (GATT) 223 European Investment Bank (EIB) 109, Guatemala 116,140 111,130 Genscher,Hans Dietrich 115 Europeanization 58 Germany 10,13,20,40–41,240,258, European Parliament (EP) 7,14,47,249, 259,260,262,263 251,256,262 and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 234, and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 226, 237 229,231,233,235 and the Copenhagen Report 93,111, and the Copenhagen Report 95–96, 112,115 100,110 and the London Report 125,129 and the London Report 125,132 and the Luxembourg Report 65–72,75, and the Luxembourg Report 70,71,73, 78,80,85,86 81 and the Maastricht Treaty 178–79,182, and the Maastricht Treaty 178,180, 198,205,216,223 184,188–89,190,203,217, and the Rome Summit (1967) 63 224–25 and the Single European Act 155,157, and the Single European Act 145, 162,166,167,172 147–48,162,167,169,170–74 governance 39,45,46–49,58,175, European Political Community 1,3,66 176–206,242,250,251,252,257, European Security and Defense Policy 261 (ESDP) 141–43,174,179,182,183, Greece 13,51,130,262 185–86,187,198,201–05,210,220, and the Copenhagen Report 109–10 228–38,239–63 and the London Report 143,144 and the Maastricht Treaty 180,204, Falkland Islands 52,83,129,142,162, 217,219 241,248 and the Single European Act 153,166, Finland 205,227,237 171,172 FitzGerald,Garrett 113 Group of Seven (G-7) industrialized Fouchet Plans 1,67–70,71 nations 2,104 France 10,13,20,34,40–41,240,244, Gulf Cooperation Council 163 258,259,260,262–63 “Gymnich-type” meetings 107,114–15, and the Copenhagen Report 93,98, 141,157,158 102,107,109,110–11,112–13, 114–15,116 Hagglund,Gustav 237 and the London Report 125,129,132, Hague Summit (1969) 14,69,93 143 Haiti 195,200,222,223

288 Index

Hallstein,Walter 154 and the Maastricht Treaty 179,204, Hamilton,Alexander 239 205,216 Helms-Burton Act 201 and the Single European Act 166,167, High Representative for the CFSP (see also 168 Javier Solana) 228–30,236,251,262 Honduras 116,140 Januzzi,Giovanni 168 human rights 6,10,21,55,111,136, Japan 200,247–48 138–39,141,171–72,182,191, Jordan 172 197–98,201,219,224,227,235, Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) 80,132, 236,259 142,178,180,183,185,189,210, Hungary 199,227,238 213,214–15,216–20,224,227,231, Hurd,Douglas 104,122,125 235,261

Imia/Karadak 204 Kiesinger,Kurt 63 immigration 142 Kissinger,Henry 88,112,114–15 India 248 Kohl,Helmut 178–79 interdependence 21–22,24–25,136,148, Korean Peninsula Energy Development 256,257 Organization (KEDO) 193,195,202, intergovernmentalism 7–8,9–10,11,26, 203,218,241 28,32,39–42,43,57–60,239,242, Kosovo 204,220,233,244 249,261,263 Kuwait (see also Persian Gulf War) 132 and the Copenhagen Report 95, Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming 236 98–100,104,111 and the London Report 121,126,142 Lebanon 172 and the Luxembourg Report 63–89 legalization 117,119–20,124–25,132–34, and the Maastricht Treaty 177,180, 149,153,177,181,184–85,211, 182–83,189,210,212,214,215, 215,224 220–22,230 legal personality 119,126–28,133,183, and the Single European Act 145,147, 194,218,225,263 149,151,155,158,160–61,167,175 liberal intergovernmentalism 23 Intergovernmental Conferences (IGCs) liberalism 21–22,23–25,43,57,250 12,14,34,37,82,91,94,103–04, Libya 195 121,124,135,164,177,180,195, lock-in effects 31,146 201,226,229,233,240 Lom´e convention 112,165,223 International Criminal Court 236 London Declaration (1977) 122 Iran 34,125,129,130–31,141,142 London Report on EPC 51,76,120–44, Iraq 132,258–59 149,156,157–58,160,162,166,173 Ireland 13,123 Luns,Joseph 70 and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 237 Luns procedure 172 and the Copenhagen Report 113,116 Luns–Westerterp procedure 172 and the London Report 121,138,141, Luxembourg 13 143 and the Luxembourg Report 65,160 and the Luxembourg Report 72,74 Luxembourg process 163 and the Maastricht Treaty 179,182, Luxembourg (or Davignon) Report on 205,217 EPC 12,65,66,69,70–84,90, and the Single European Act 153 93–95,105,108,117,121,129,134, Israel (see also Arab-Israeli conﬂict and 136,145,156,171,175,240 Middle East) 86,137,172 Italy 13,262 Maastricht Treaty (Treaty on European and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 232, Union; 1992) 2,8,13,14,17,39,48, 237 98,123,144,146,147,148,149, and the Copenhagen Report 95,103, 154,157,159,160,164,166,170, 110,116 172,173,175,176–206,209–20,228, and the London Report 125 231,234,241–42,244,246 and the Luxembourg Report 65–66,79, Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of) 86 219,258,260

Index 289

Marin,Manuel 230 155–56,157,161,162,176,192, Mediterranean 79,84,87,162,200 196,198,199,201,248,258 Mexico 139,140 Organization of American States (OAS) 2, Michel,Louis 259 209,247 Middle East (see also Arab-Israeli conﬂict O’Sullivan,David 234 and Euro-Arab Dialogue) 2,3,51,52, Ostpolitik 70,85 56,63,78,79,85–87,93,108, 112–13,114–15,137,139,141,156, Pakistan 84 173,192,193,195,214,236,241, Palestine 86,137,200 245,248,253 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Military Committee/Staff (ESDP) 236 113,137 Mitterrand,Fran¸cois157,178–79 Panama 139,140 mixed agreements 133,164 parallel powers 133 Monnet,Jean 1 Paris summit (1961) 67 Monroe Doctrine 116,140 Paris summit (1972) 74,94,114 Mostar 193,196,216,219,222,224,225 Partnership and Cooperation Agreements Multinational Advisory Police Element 163,194,199 (MAPE) 205 Partnership for Peace (NATO) 196 Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction path-dependency 31,176 (MBFR) talks 84 Patten,Chris 230 Persian Gulf War 34,179,204,241, Netherlands 13,26,260 245 and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 233 Petersberg Tasks 232,260 and the Copenhagen Report 93–94,95, Poland 129,162,238 97,109,110–11,116 Poland-Hungary Assistance for Recovering and the London Report 132,143 Economies (PHARE) 194,199,205 and the Luxembourg Report 65,67,70, political dialogues 23,54,108,140,153, 71–72,80,86 163,165,167,169,197,200,209, and the Maastricht Treaty 180,182, 240,248 205 Political Committee 72,74,77–80,82,90, and the Single European Act 156,157, 97,100–02,114,121,152,155,156, 162 160,161,167,168,180,184,192, New Transatlantic Agenda 200,203 222–24 Nicaragua 116,140 Political Directors 69,72,78–79,80,81, Nice Treaty (2001) 125,210,226,233–38 82,152,157,168,180,186,222–24 Nigeria 195,200,203 Political and Security Committee 234 Nixon,Richard M. 88 Pompidou,Georges 107,166 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Portugal 13,52,140,142 (NATO) 9,19,27,46,48–49,65–66, and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 233 68,72,81,85,141–42,165,176, and the Maastricht Treaty 180,182 179,182,196,201–05,210,219, and the Portuguese revolution (1974) 220,229,231–33,237–38,241,245, 108–11,115,130 253–54,258–61 and the Single European Act 153 Norway 74,247 Prisoner’s Dilemma 18–19 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Prodi,Romano 230,256 (NPT) 142,143–44,163,165, public opinion 59,75 172–73,192,193,194,195,201–02, 214,224 Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 233,235, 237–38,258–59 October War (1973) 87,108,112,248 Rapid Reaction Mechanism (RRM) 254 Operation Alba 205 rationality,rational actor 9,29–30,34–35, Organization for Economic Cooperation 36,39,45,118 and Development (OECD) 49 Reagan,Ronald 138 Organization for Security and Cooperation realism 18–21,22,23,24,26,32,66,135, in Europe (OSCE) 2,48–49,52,79, 238,245,250,256 81,84,87,113–14,132,137–38,141, recueil 136,160,168

290 Index

regimes,regime theory 23–24,28,34,36, and the Single European Act 153,162, 91,106,119,136 163 Rhodesia 51,130 spillover 28–29,32–33,67,213 Robertson,George 258 Srebrenica 260 Romania 199 Stability Pact (with Central/Eastern Rome summit (1967) 63 Europe) 192,194,195,198 Rome Treaty (1957) 13,31,65,126,131, St. Malo summit (Franco-British) 233 132,133,141,142,143,155,217 Stuttgart declaration (1983) 149 Russia (see also Commonwealth of Sudan 195,200 Independent States and Soviet Union) Suez crisis (1956) 34 56,192,194,195,199,205,214, supranational; supranationalism 6,7–8,9, 216,224,227,248 10,28,46,48,239,249,251,253, Rwanda 193,195,200 261,263 and the Copenhagen Report 98 Santer,Jacques 187,229 and the London Report 119,134 Saro-Wiwa Ken 203 and the Luxembourg Report 67,69,71, Sauvergnargues,Jean 107 73,77 Scheel,Walter 86 and the Maastricht Treaty 177,179, Schengen Agreement 210,263 180,186,190,202,210,212,215, Schumann document (on the Middle East) 220–22,230 86 and the Single European Act 147,154, Sese Seko,Mobutu 129 174 Simonet,Henri 125 Sweden 205,227,237,258,262 Single European Act (SEA) 8,12,26,80, 119–20,121,124,126,130,142, Technical Assistance to the 144,146–74,176,177,180,184,211 Commonwealth of Independent single European market (see common States (TACIS) 194 market) terrorism 142,191,258–59,261 Six-Day War (1967) 63,69,76,86 Tindemans,Leo 121–22 Slovakia 199,227 Tindemans Report 108,121–22,124 Slovenia 179,225 trade policy (see Common Commercial Soames,Christopher 116 Policy) socialization 33,44,59,76,103–05, transgovernmentalism 21,43,57,83, 118–19,128,144,170,174,202, 90–113,118–19,151–52,160,175, 240–41,244,250,252,255 177,190,236,239,242,249,252, soft power 165,261 257,261,263 Solana,Javier 229–30,231,258 transnationalism 21,91–92 Solemn Declaration on European Union Trevi 142,210 126,152 Troika (see also EU presidency) 128,158, Somalia 225 163,166,168,183,216,229–30,241 South Africa 28,52,56,88,102,115–16, two-level games 41,64–65,106 129,131,138–39,140,162,164, Tunisia 172 171,192,195,197–98,214,245,248 Turkey 109–10,142,166,172,204,216, Southeast Asia 105 235,237 South Korea 236 Soviet Union (USSR; see also Ukraine 195,199 Commonwealth of Independent Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (see States and Russia) 19,52,56,63,85, Soviet Union) 132,138,142–43,153,157,163, United Kingdom 13,20,34,40–41,63, 176,178,195,248 240,244,258,259,262 Spain 13,140,142,262 and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 232, and the Amsterdam Treaty 229 233,235,238 and the Copenhagen Report 108–11 and the Copenhagen Report 104,109, and the Maastricht Treaty 200,216 111,115

Index 291

and the London Report 122,125,129, Vietnam War 88 136,142,143 voting,qualiﬁed majority (QMV) 123, and the Luxembourg Report 65–74 177,180,185–86,190,192,193, and the Maastricht Treaty 178–79,180, 212,214–15,221–22,228,233,234, 182,205,216,217,218,224 244 and the Single European Act 154,157, 162,166,167 Western European Union (WEU) 49,66, United Nations (UN) 46,49,51,69,79, 84,143,165,173,176,182,183, 84,85,86,87,110,114,115,116, 196,201–05,228,229,231–34,241 128,129,138,156,173,196,197, working groups (EPC/CFSP) 246 201,219,224,227,237,259,260 and the Copenhagen Report 90,96, United States of America 2,3,4,5,14, 106,107,109,112,114 19–20,34,52,56,63,239,241,248, and the London Report 123,142,143 255,258–61 and the Luxembourg Report 73,77, and the Amsterdam/Nice Treaties 233, 79–80,83,84,87 236,238 and the Maastricht Treaty 186,204, and the Copenhagen Report 93,104, 220,223,224 109–10,112,114–15,116 and the Single European Act 152,156, and the London Report 129,137–38, 158,160,161,167,169,171 140 World Bank 46 and the Luxembourg Report 65–70,84, World War I 251 85,88 World Trade Organization (WTO) 48 and the Maastricht Treaty 179,182, 200,201,203,204,205,210,216, Yaound´econvention 112 220,224 Yugoslavia (see also Bosnia-Herzogovina, and the Single European Act 153,163 Croatia,Kosovo,Macedonia,and Mostar) 3,4,34,172,176,179, Van den Broek,Hans 187,216,230 192,195–97,198,200,202,204, Venezuela 139 206,214,216,217,229,233,241, Venice Declaration on the Middle East 244,251 (1980) 100,137 Vietnam 105 Zaire 129