DOCSLIB.ORG

RTICLE RIGINAL a New Record of the Invasive Species Hydrilla

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
RTICLE RIGINAL a New Record of the Invasive Species Hydrilla 384 Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(2): 384-390, 2013 ISSN 1995-0756 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE A New Record of the Invasive Species Hydrilla verticillata (Linn.F.) Royal on the Iraqi Rivers Dr. Fathi A. Al-Mandeel Lecturer Environmental and Pollution Control Research Center University of Mosul, Iraq. Dr. Fathi A. Al-Mandeel; A New Record of the Invasive Species Hydrilla verticillata (Linn.F.) Royal on the Iraqi Rivers ABSTRACT In order to increasing the morphological and anatomical information of exotic species, specimens of Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) were collected from the little Zab River within Al-Zab area about 90 km from the Kirkuk city. It is a first study that H. verticillata noted on the north Iraqi Rivers. The morphological study showed that the leaves have visible saw-tooth margins and rough teeth on the underside of the leaves.They also have spines along the lower midrib of the leaf which distinguished with reddish in color. In anatomical study, the cross sections through the internodal area of erect stems showed that the aerenchyma consists of lacunae which decreasing in their sizes toward the endodermis. The central cylinder distinguished by non-definiteness xylem tissues, and large lacuna at the center of the stem. Key words: Hydrilla verticillata , Aquatic plants, Plants taxonomy, Invasive plants, Freshwater, Ecology, Iraqi Rivers. Introduction million is spent annually to control aquatic weeds. Additional losses and damages are estimated at In the last 100 years, increasing world-wide around US$ 10 million, giving a total cost of US$ travel and trade has resulted in the introduction of 110 million per year. [22] and [23]. many aquatic plant species to countries beyond their native range, where their subsequent spread has Taxonomy of the Hydrilla: sometimes been extremely rapid [13]. Hydrilla, which is the submerged macrophyte H. verticillata belong to the family native to Australia, Southeast Asia and Africa [25], Hydrocharitaceae [15]. It is the only species in the However it became a cosmopolitan species that genus Hydrilla but several biotypes occur in its occurs in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the native range. Some biotypes are monoecious (each Pacific Islands, Africa, Europe, South America, and plant has both male and female flowers) and others North America. Although Hydrilla occurs in are dioecious (each plant bears only male or female temperate areas, it tends to be more widespread in flowers). [9] Hydrilla has the general appearance to tropical areas of the world [18] as well as seen in the the untrained observer of being a dicotyledonous marshes of southern Iraq, Hydrilla was identified for plant, but is in fact classified as a monocotyledonous the first time in the Iraq in 2006 at two locations: plant. [6] Abo Rizk marsh [3] and Al-Chibaish marshes [1]. The latest classification system (known as APG H. verticillata is one of the most serious invasive system: Angiosperm Phelogeny Group system), of aquatic weed Problems. This plant possesses the families and orders of the flowering plants which numerous mechanisms of vegetative reproduction based largely on DNA sequences of the chloroplast, that enable it to spread very rapidly in the nuclear ribosomal, and mitochondrial genes, In this environment in which they live, [6] and extensive system the order Alismatales put in monocot clad growths can severely reduce water flow by clogging (Fig.1) that included six orders addition to the filters of irrigation pumps and trash racks, and Alismatales, which included (13) family along with interfere with boating, water skiing, swimming, Hydrocharitaceae, that the Hydrilla belong to him fishing and navigation. Dense infestations of [5]. Hydrilla can also significantly reduce the holding capacity of storage ponds [27]. According to the Biological and ecological aspects: Office of Technology Assessment, at least US$ 100 Corresponding Author Dr. Fathi A. Al-Mandeel, Lecturer Environmental and Pollution Control Research Center University of Mosul, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +009647705200305 385 Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(2): 384-390, 2013 Hydrilla is a submersed, herbaceous, perennial salinity (five salinity of sea water) more than 7 ppm aquatic plant. It is capable of living in many different [11] it is an important plant that’s grows in a variety freshwater habitats. It will grow in springs, lakes, of aquatic situations: in static water, in water flowing marshes, ditches, rivers, or anywhere there is a few up to 1.8 m /s, and in water from a few centimeters to inches of water. [7], it has the capacity of high 15 m deep [27]. So Hydrilla is widely dispersed, environmental and exceptional ability to adapt in colonizing from tropical to temperate regions (up to different environmental conditions, for this the latitude 53 º N in Ireland) [8]. Hydrilla can thrives in environmental conditions This high capacity to spread resulting from low varying from lentic to lotic, eutrophic to oligotrophic, light compensation and saturation points, and a low acid to alkaline, with high to low light availability, carbon dioxide compensation point, of Hydrilla, that and tropical to temperate climate [16] and it is enabling it to grow in only 1% of full sunlight. [26]. possible to grow up in environments where the Fig. 1: Taxonomy of the H. verticillata according to [5]. In addition, Hydrilla has developed an inducible Hydrilla system represents an archetypal form of C4 C4-acid cycle to combat adverse conditions, such as photosynthesis among angiosperms. [20]. limiting carbon dioxide, high oxygen concentration, As a result of having a C4-acid cycle, it is able high temperature and irradiance. Therefore, Hydrilla to store carbon dioxide in air spaces and as organic can shift between C3- and C4 -type photosynthesis, acids derived from the dark phase of photosynthesis. depending on the environment. It is believed that the This growth habit enables the plant to compete 386 Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(2): 384-390, 2013 effectively for sunlight. [21], for example, once the distinguish it from others, which could be clarified as plant reaches the water’s surface, it will continue follows: growing horizontally across the water’s surface. This growth pattern has the potential to shade other 1 – The leaves: submerged species preventing their growth and establishmen and cause imbalances in pH, Leave characterized by absent of stomata and temperature and dissolved oxygen fluctuations. bright green color but color may bleached by the sun With respect to reproduction of the Hydrilla, It and become yellowish when the leaves presence out has four different forms of reproduction. It can of the water. Hydrilla's leave classified as Iinear- spread by fragments, rhizomes, turions (leaf axis elliptic, serrate, acute. they are strap-like with nodes) and seeds [21], but seed production is pointed tips (terminating in a single strong spine cell probably of minor importance to Hydrilla at the apex). leaves were small about 2-4 mm wide reproduction compared to its successful vegetative and 6-20 mm long, it have saw-toothed leaf margins reproduction. Although seed production and viability and visible spines observed at the tip and along the is low compared to many other weeds [17]. lower midrib. They exhibit a distinct scabrous or The importance of seed production has not been harsh marginal and surface texture (Fig. 2B and C). well researched and is not adequately understood. This spines gives the plant a rough texture. Seeds of many plants can be ingested by birds, The leaves were attached directly to the stem carried for long distances, and passed through the gut and whorled around the nodes in groups of 5 leaves, in a viable condition. If this proves to be true for for this character the species under study named as Hydrilla seed, it may prove to be an important means H. verticillatus, which made up of the Greek word of natural, long distance dispersal. [18]. “hydro” meaning “water” and the Latin word Although H. verticillata discovered in south “verticillus” that means “the whorl of a spindle” Iraqi marshes, The current study is the first that the Appropriately named, it is an aquatic plant with H. verticillata observed in the north Iraqi at a little leaves that are whorled around the stem. [7]. The leaf Zab River. So it aims to increase information about midvein was single, reddish in color and the reddish this species by study of the shoot morphology, as color of midvein is one of the most important well as internal structure of stem. characteristics of the species under study (Fig. 2 A). Hydrilla has an axillary leaf scale called a Materials and methods squamula intravaginalis that is found next to the stem at the base of the leaf. This distinguishes it from the First sampling: other species in the Hydrocharitaceae family. Specimens of H. verticillata were collected 2 - Stems & Roots: from the Little Zab River, which is flow from the northwestern of Iran and extends for a 402 km inside Two types of stems can be distinguish in the Iraq. It is one of the important tributaries that species under this study: are under ground stems entering the Tigris River at northern of Baiji city (Horizontal) and stand stems or Erect (Fig. 3) and the after passing Altoncoopri. final developed from nods that found along the horizontal stems, and growing as vertical axes that Second, laboratory work: support the branches, leaves and reproductive structures. In the present study length of the stem did Included a morphological and anatomical study, not exceed the 30 cm, despite that it is possible grow after the collection of samples directly. For the to several meters [12], stem was a cylindrical shaped investigation of stem anatomy, short pieces of stem and about 0.2 mm, distance between the nodes were cut from the internode of a main stem.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Red Names=Invasive Species Green Names=Native Species
    CURLY-LEAF PONDWEED EURASIAN WATERMIL- FANWORT CHARA (Potamogeton crispus) FOIL (Cabomba caroliniana) (Chara spp.) This undesirable exotic, also known (Myriophyllum spicatum) This submerged exotic Chara is typically found growing in species is not common as Crisp Pondweed, bears a waxy An aggressive plant, this exotic clear, hard water. Lacking true but management tools are cuticle on its upper leaves making milfoil can grow nearly 10 feet stems and leaves, Chara is actually a limited. Very similar to them stiff and somewhat brittle. in length forming dense mats form of algae. It’s stems are hollow aquarium species. Leaves The leaves have been described as at the waters surface. Grow- with leaf-like structures in a whorled are divided into fine resembling lasagna noodles, but ing in muck, sand, or rock, it pattern. It may be found growing branches in a fan-like ap- upon close inspection a row of has become a nuisance plant with tiny, orange fruiting bodies on pearance, opposite struc- “teeth” can be seen to line the mar- in many lakes and ponds by the branches called akinetes. Thick ture, spanning 2 inches. gins. Growing in dense mats near quickly outcompeting native masses of Chara can form in some Floating leaves are small, the water’s surface, it outcompetes species. Identifying features areas. Often confused with Starry diamond shape with a native plants for sun and space very include a pattern of 4 leaves stonewort, Coontail or Milfoils, it emergent white/pinkish early in spring. By midsummer, whorled around a hollow can be identified by a gritty texture flower.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrilla Vs. New York
    1 comicvine.com Hydrilla vs. New York UMISC October 16, 2018 2 Hydrilla in New York High priority species prohibited by Part 575 Now found at 32 locations throughout New York Often found near boat launches DeviantArt Waterfowl also considered a vector 3 Hydrilla in New York First discovered in 2008 2008 - Creamery Pond, Orange County 2008 – Sans Souci Lake, Lotus Lake, Suffolk County 2009 - Lake Ronkonkoma, Blydenburgh/New Mill Pond, Phillips Mill Pond, Suffolk County 2009 – Frost Mill Pond, Suffolk County 2011- Smith Pond, Great Patchoque Lake, Suffolk County; Cayuga Inlet, Tompkins County 2012 – several private ponds, Broome County 2012 – Cayuga Lake, Tompkins County; Tonawanda/Erie Canal, Niagara and Erie Counties 2013 – Croton River, Westchester County 2013 – Millers Pond, Suffolk County; Unnamed pond, Tioga County 2014 – New Croton Reservoir, Westchester County 2014 – Prospect Park, Brooklyn, Kings County 2015 – Tinker Nature Park pond, Monroe County 2016 – Aurora (Cayuga Lake), Tompkins County 2016 – Spencer Pond, Tioga County 2016 – Halsey Neck Road Pond, Suffolk County 2018 - Kuhlman Pond, Tioga County 2018 - Avon Pond, Frank Melville Pond, and East Setauket, Suffolk County 2018 – Allison Pond, Staten Island, Richmond County 4 Management Options in Place 1) No management 2) Benthic mats 3) Triploid Grass Carp 4) Herbicide 5) Combination (IPM) 5 Option: No management Suffolk County: • Lake Ronkonkoma (10 acres of 240 acres) • Sans Souci (southern 5 acres) • Lotus Lake (13 acres) • Blydenburgh/New Mill Pond (110 acres, coverage
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Common Native & Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska
    Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska Cover photographs by (top to bottom, left to right): Tara Chestnut/Hannah E. Anderson, Jamie Fenneman, Vanessa Morgan, Dana Visalli, Jamie Fenneman, Lynda K. Moore and Denny Lassuy. Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska This document is based on An Aquatic Plant Identification Manual for Washington’s Freshwater Plants, which was modified with permission from the Washington State Department of Ecology, by the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs at Portland State University for Alaska Department of Fish and Game US Fish & Wildlife Service - Coastal Program US Fish & Wildlife Service - Aquatic Invasive Species Program December 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ............................................................................ x Introduction Overview ............................................................................. xvi How to Use This Manual .................................................... xvi Categories of Special Interest Imperiled, Rare and Uncommon Aquatic Species ..................... xx Indigenous Peoples Use of Aquatic Plants .............................. xxi Invasive Aquatic Plants Impacts ................................................................................. xxi Vectors ................................................................................. xxii Prevention Tips .................................................... xxii Early Detection and Reporting
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrilla Fact Sheet
    HHEADINGEADING OFFOFF HHYDRILLAYDRILLA Another invasive species is heading towards the Great Lakes: Hydrilla verticillata onnative species are a great threat to the Great Because it is so invasive and pervasive, hydrilla Lakes region. So far, much focus has been greatly disrupts the ecological balance of all the areas Nplaced on sea lamprey, zebra mussels, alewife, where it grows. Large, dense hydrilla mats inhibit spiny water fleas, ruffe, goby, purple loosestrife and sunlight from penetrating the water and shade out native Eurasian watermilfoil. Soon, another species - Hydrilla plant species that live in the waters below them. Because verticillata – may join this list. hydrilla mats slow the movement of water, sediments Hydrilla is a robust aquatic plant that may survive build up where hydrilla thrives, decreasing the turbidity and thrive in waters of this area. As of December 2005, and creating good breeding grounds for mosquitoes. biologists have found no evidence of hydrilla in Michigan’s shallow Great Economic Impacts Lakes bays, 11,000 inland lakes or Hydrilla has serious economic thousands of miles of streams. effects resulting from the ecological However, the level of concern for impacts. As mentioned before, hydrilla ecological damage and economic harm can slow the movement of water, to Michigan’s water resources has disrupting the water supply, impeding increased due to the fact that hydrilla drainage and irrigation. This adds costs is now known to exist in two Great to the agricultural economy and also Lakes states, Pennsylvania and New negatively affects real estate values that York. are dependent upon attractive nearby waterways. Ecological Impacts Hydrilla also affects recreational Hydrilla has many adaptive qualities activities and the associated economy.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Hydrilla Integrated Management
    Reviewed January 2017 Publishing Information The University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution. UF/IFAS is committed to diversity of people, thought and opinion, to inclusiveness and to equal opportunity. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer’s label. Use pesticides and herbicides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer’s label. For questions about using pesticides, please contact your local county Extension office. Visit http://solutionsforyourlife.ufl.edu/map to find an office near you. Copyright 2014, The University of Florida Editors Jennifer L. Gillett-Kaufman (UF/IFAS) Verena-Ulrike Lietze (UF/IFAS) Emma N.I. Weeks (UF/IFAS) Contributing Authors Julie Baniszewski (UF/IFAS) Ted D. Center (USDA/ARS, retired) Byron R. Coon (Argosy University) James P. Cuda (UF/IFAS) Amy L. Giannotti (City of Winter Park) Judy L. Gillmore (UF/IFAS) Michael J. Grodowitz (U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center) Dale H. Habeck, deceased (UF/IFAS) Nathan E. Harms (U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center) Jeffrey E. Hill (UF/IFAS) Verena-Ulrike Lietze (UF/IFAS) Jennifer Russell (UF/IFAS) Emma N.I. Weeks (UF/IFAS) Marissa L. Williams (City of Maitland) External Reviewers Nancy L. Dunn (Florida LAKEWATCH volunteer) Stephen D.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrilla Verticillata Threatens South African Waters
    Hydrilla verticillata threatens South African waters J.A. Coetzee1 and P.T. Madeira2 Summary South Africa’s inland water systems are currently under threat from hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata L. Royle (Hydrocharitaceae), the worst submerged aquatic weed in the USA. The presence of the weed was confirmed for the first time in South Africa in February 2006, on Pongolapoort Dam in KwaZulu-Natal. An aerial survey revealed that the infestation on this dam covers approximately 600 ha, which is far greater than initially thought. Despite reports that it may be present in other water bodies, surveys have shown that it is restricted to Pongolapoort Dam. We conducted a boater survey which showed that there is significant potential for this devastating weed to spread beyond Pongo- lapoort Dam, and containment of hydrilla is of utmost priority. Research into the suitability of the already established biological control agents, Hydrellia pakistanae Deonier and H. balciunasi Bock (Diptera: Ephydridae), from the USA, as potential agents in South Africa, is also being conducted. However, the South African hydrilla biotype is different from the biotypes in the USA, and this needs to be borne in mind when considering which agents to release. Keywords: potential spread, management, genetic analysis. Introduction Current distribution of The confirmation of Hydrilla verticillata L. Royle hydrilla in South Africa (Hydrocharitaceae) (hydrilla) in South Africa from and potential for spread Pongolapoort Dam, KwaZulu-Natal province (KZN), in early 2006 (L. Henderson, personal communication, Hydrilla is one of the most problematic submerged 2006) prompted immediate action to contain and con- plants worldwide, invading both tropical and temperate trol this weed, and prevent further spread to other wa- regions because of its tolerance to a wide range of envi- ter bodies around South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Coventry Lake – Hydrilla Management Program
    Coventry Lake – Hydrilla Management Program 2018 Final Report Draft - February 2019 Prepared For: Prepared By: SŌLitude Lake Management 590 Lake Street Shrewsbury, MA 01545 Northeast Aquatic Research George W. Knoecklein, Ph.D. 74 Higgins Highway Northeast Aquatic Research Mansfield Center, CT 06250 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2018 Management Approach .................................................................................................................. 1 Coventry Lake Aquatic Plant Survey Results ............................................................................................. 2 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) in Coventry Lake was treated with the systemic herbicide Fluridone for the first time in 2018. Hydrilla, first found at the State of CT boat ramp in 2015, was treated locally with two partial lake treatments with the herbicide Aquathol-K (endothall) in 2016 and 2017. Isolated Hydrilla plants and beds smaller than 3’ in diameter were addressed with benthic barriers in 2017. Our surveys in October 2017 showed varying success from the endothall treatments but more importantly located several new areas with Hydrilla, indicating that the plant was no longer confined to the beds found in 2015 but was spreading
    [Show full text]
  • RAPID RESPONSE PLAN for HYDRILLA (Hydrilla Verticillata) in MASSACHUSETTS
    RAPID RESPONSE PLAN FOR HYDRILLA (Hydrilla verticillata) IN MASSACHUSETTS Prepared for the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation 251 Causeway Street, Suite 700 Boston, MA 02114-2104 Prepared by ENSR 2 Technology Park Drive Westford, MA 01886 June 2005 RAPID RESPONSE PLAN FOR HYDRILLA (Hydrilla verticillata) IN MASSACHUSETTS Species Identification and Taxonomy ............................................................................................1 Species Origin and Geography .......................................................................................................2 Species Ecology................................................................................................................................3 Detection of Invasion.............................................................................................................3 Species Confirmation ............................................................................................................4 Quantifying the Extent of Invasion .......................................................................................5 Species Threat Evaluation ...............................................................................................................6 Communication and Education.............................................................................................8 Quarantine Options..............................................................................................................10 Early Eradication Options ...................................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Bird Species Abundance and Their Correlationship with Microclimate and Habitat Variables at Natural Wetland Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Zoology Volume 2011, Article ID 758573, 17 pages doi:10.1155/2011/758573 Research Article Bird Species Abundance and Their Correlationship with Microclimate and Habitat Variables at Natural Wetland Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar1 and Mohamed Zakaria2 1 Forest Education Division, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan 2 Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to Mohamed Zakaria, [email protected] Received 6 May 2011; Revised 29 August 2011; Accepted 5 September 2011 Academic Editor: Iain J. McGaw Copyright © 2011 M. N. Rajpar and M. Zakaria. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Birds are the most conspicuous and significant component of freshwater wetland ecosystem. Presence or absence of birds may indicate the ecological conditions of the wetland area. The objectives of this study were to determine bird species abundance and their relationship with microclimate and habitat variables. Distance sampling point count method was applied for determining species abundance and multiple regressions was used for finding relationship between bird species abundance, microclimate and habitat variables. Bird species were monitored during November, 2007 to January, 2009. A total of 8728 individual birds comprising 89 species and 38 families were detected. Marsh Swamp was swarmed by 84 species (69.8%) followed open water body by 55 species (17.7%) and lotus swamp by 57 species (12.6%). Purple swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio (9.1% of all detections) was the most abundant bird species of marsh swamp, lesser whistling duck—Dendrocygna javanica (2.3%) was dominant species of open water body and pink-necked green pigeon—Treron vernans (1.7%) was most common species of lotus swamp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herbivorous Insect Fauna of a Submersed Weed, Hydrilla Verticillata (Alismatales: Hydrocharitaceae)
    SESSION 5 Weeds of Aquatic Systems and Wetlands Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 307 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA Neal R. Spencer [ed.]. pp. 307-313 (2000) The Herbivorous Insect Fauna of a Submersed Weed, Hydrilla verticillata (Alismatales: Hydrocharitaceae) C. A. BENNETT1 and G. R. BUCKINGHAM2 1 Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, and 2 USDA-ARS 1,2 Florida Biological Control Laboratory, P.O. Box 147100, Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100, USA Abstract Although relatively few insects have been reported to feed on submersed aquatic plants, field surveys on Hydrilla verticillata (L. F.) Royle for biological control agents have demonstrated that insect herbivores should be expected when surveying submersed aquatic plants in the native ranges. Beetles, or Coleoptera, especially the weevils (Curculionidae), are important herbivores. Weevils attack submersed plant species both when water is present and when water is absent during dry periods which leave the plants exposed. Pupal success appears to be the major determinant of weevil life cycle strategies. Donaciine leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) attack the roots or crowns of submersed species, but their feeding and damage is difficult to determine. Leaf-mining Hydrellia flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) are diverse and common on submersed species. Other flies, the midges (Chironomidae), are also common on submersed species, but many utilize the plants only for shelter. However, midge larvae ate the apical meristems on the tips of hydrilla stems. Aquatic caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) are the herbivores most eas- ily observed on submersed species because of their large size and conspicuous damage, but their host ranges might be too broad for use as biological control agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrilla Fact Sheet
    INVASIVE SPECIES LAKE GEORGE FACT SHEET LAKE GEORGE FACT SHEET 34 THIS INVASIVE SPECIES IS NOW INFESTING WATERS IN THE HYDRILLA NORTHEAST USA Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) is an invasive submerged perennial that looks similar to native waterweed and is considered the most problematic aquatic plant in the United States. It spreads rapidly and can completely clog waterways by restricting water fl ow. It also poses a signifi cant threat to aquatic ecosystems as well as recreational resources. Under the right conditions hydrilla can take over a waterbody by forming Hydrilla grows in a thick mat and in southern dense mats that shade and displace states, such as Florida, where it has completely native aquatic plants. Hydrilla has overwhelmed many inland lakes. not been found within Lake George yet, but improper cleaning of gear and boats may provide this invasive decreasing the dissolved oxygen. Hydrilla typically occurs in dense a route into the Queen of American rooted stands or in fl oating mats in a few inches of water to more Lakes. than 20 feet deep. Hydrilla is tolerant to a wide Hydrilla has visibly toothed leaves that grow in whorls of 3-8. The range of environmental conditions. underside of the leaves may have one or more spines. The midrib It thrives in both high and low of each leaf is sometimes red in color and has small white fl owers nutrient rich waters. It tolerates that rise to the surface on slender stalks. Hydrilla sprouts from over- a wide range of pH, and salinity wintering tubers, turions (overwintering buds), and rhizomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Biological Control of Invasive
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States Roy Van Driesche Bernd Blossey Mark Hoddle Suzanne Lyon Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2002-04 Department of Service August 2002 Agriculture BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Technical Coordinators Roy Van Driesche and Suzanne Lyon Department of Entomology, University of Massachusets, Amherst, MA Bernd Blossey Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Mark Hoddle Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA, Forest Service, Morgantown, WV USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the authors of the individual chap- We would also like to thank the U.S. Depart- ters for their expertise in reviewing and summariz- ment of Agriculture–Forest Service, Forest Health ing the literature and providing current information Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West on biological control of the major invasive plants in Virginia, for providing funding for the preparation the Eastern United States. and printing of this publication. G. Keith Douce, David Moorhead, and Charles Additional copies of this publication can be or- Bargeron of the Bugwood Network, University of dered from the Bulletin Distribution Center, Uni- Georgia (Tifton, Ga.), managed and digitized the pho- versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, (413) tographs and illustrations used in this publication and 545-2717; or Mark Hoddle, Department of Entomol- produced the CD-ROM accompanying this book.
    [Show full text]