Inaugural-Dissertation Zur Erlangung Des Grades Eines Doktors Der

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Inaugural-Dissertation Zur Erlangung Des Grades Eines Doktors Der Aus dem Institut für Mikrobiologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover und dem Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover Die Nitrat- und Nitritreduktion bei Mykobakterien INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Veterinärmedizin (Dr. med. vet.) durch die Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover Vorgelegt von Torsten Jäger aus Lüneburg Hannover 2003 Wissenschaftliche Betreuung: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. vet. P. Valentin-Weigand für die Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. F.-C. Bange für die Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1. Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. vet. P. Valentin-Weigand 2. Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. I. Greiser-Wilke Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. November 2003 Meinem Vater I Inhaltsverzeichnis ___________________________________________________________________________ Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................ VIII Abbildungsverzeichnis .................................................................................................XI Tabellenverzeichnis ...................................................................................................XVI 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................1 2. Literaturübersicht 2.1 Mykobakterien ............................................................................................................3 2.1.1 Allgemeine Eigenschaften und Taxonomie ....................................................3 2.1.2 Vorkommen und Bedeutung ...........................................................................5 2.2 Tuberkulose 2.2.1 Tuberkulose beim Menschen ..........................................................................6 2.2.1.1 Epidemiologie und Bedeutung .................................................................6 2.2.1.2 Ätiologie und Pathogenese .......................................................................8 2.2.1.3 Klinik ........................................................................................................9 2.2.1.4 Diagnostik ...............................................................................................10 2.2.1.5 Therapie ..................................................................................................12 2.2.1.6 Impfung ..................................................................................................13 2.2.2 Tuberkulose bei Tieren 2.2.2.1 Epidemiologie und Bedeutung ...............................................................15 2.2.2.2 Ätiologie und Pathogenese .....................................................................17 2.2.2.3 Klinik ......................................................................................................18 2.2.2.4 Diagnostik ...............................................................................................19 2.2.2.5 Therapie und Bekämpfung .....................................................................20 2.3 Nitrat- und Nitritstoffwechsel ...................................................................................20 2.3.1 Nitratstoffwechsel bei Bakterien ...................................................................21 2.3.2 Nitratstoffwechsel bei Mykobakterien .........................................................23 2.3.2.1 Aerobe (assimilatorische) Nitratreduktion .............................................23 2.3.2.2 Anaerobe Nitratreduktion .......................................................................24 2.3.3 Nitritstoffwechsel bei Bakterien ...................................................................25 2.3.4 Nitritstoffwechsel bei Mykobakterien ..........................................................26 2.3.4.1 Aerobe (assimilatorische) Nitritreduktion ..............................................26 2.3.4.2 Anaerobe Nitritreduktion ........................................................................27 II Inhaltsverzeichnis ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.4 Zielsetzung der Dokorarbeit .....................................................................................28 3. Material und Methoden 3.1 Material .....................................................................................................................29 3.1.1 Plasmide ........................................................................................................29 3.1.2 Bakterienstämme ..........................................................................................29 3.1.3 Nährmedien ..................................................................................................30 3.1.4 Lösungen und Puffer ....................................................................................32 3.1.4.1 Allgemeine Lösungen und Puffer ...........................................................32 3.1.4.2 Lösungen und Puffer für die Tierexperimente .......................................33 3.1.5 Sonstige Materialien .....................................................................................34 3.2 Methoden 3.2.1 Transformation von DNA in langsamwachsende Mykobakterien ...............34 3.2.1.1 Herstellung elektrokompetenter Zellen ..................................................34 3.2.1.2 Transformation durch Elektroporation ...................................................34 3.2.2 Kultivierung langsamwachsender Mykobakterien unter aeroben Bedingungen .................................................................................................35 3.2.2.1 Kultivierung in 7H9-Nährmedium .........................................................35 3.2.2.2 Kultivierung in Minimalnährmedium mit Nitrit- bzw. Nitratzusatz ......35 3.2.3 Kultivierung langsamwachsender Mykobakterien unter anaeroben Bedingungen .................................................................................................36 3.2.3.1 Kultivierung in Minimalnährmedium mit Nitratzusatz ..........................36 3.2.3.2 Kultivierung in Minimalnährmedium mit Nitritzusatz ...........................36 3.2.3.3 Kultivierung in Kaliumphospatmedium .................................................37 3.2.4 Konservierung und Lagerung von Kulturen .................................................37 3.2.5 Nitratreduktasetest ........................................................................................37 3.2.6 Ammoniumtest .............................................................................................39 3.2.7 Bestimmung der Keimdichte ........................................................................40 3.3 Methoden für die Tierexperimente ...........................................................................40 3.3.1 Anzucht und Aufbereitung des Infektionsmaterials .....................................40 3.3.2 Infektion der Versuchstiere ..........................................................................41 3.3.3 Haltung der Versuchstiere ............................................................................41 3.3.4 Tötung und Sektion der Versuchstiere .........................................................41 3.3.5 Aufarbeitung des Sektionsmaterials .............................................................42 3.3.6 Bestimmung der Keimdichte in den Organen ..............................................42 III Inhaltsverzeichnis ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Untersuchung der Nitratreduktasemutante (∆narG-Mutante von M. bovis BCG) komplementiert mit dem narGHJI-Gencluster von M. tuberculosis in vitro und in vivo .......................................................................................................................43 4.1.1 Komplementation der ∆narG-Mutante von M. bovis BCG mit dem narGHJI-Gencluster von M. tuberculosis ....................................................43 4.1.2 In-vitro-Experimente ....................................................................................43 4.1.2.1 Kultivierung der mit narGHJI von M. tuberculosis komplementierten ∆narG-Mutante von M. bovis BCG (SR116)unter aeroben Bedingungen ...........................................................................................43 4.1.2.2 Analyse der anaeroben Nitratreduktaseaktivität der mit narGHJI von M. tuberculosis komplementierten ∆narG-Mutante von M. bovis BCG (SR116) .........................................................................................45 4.1.2.3 Kultivierung der mit narGHJI von M. tuberculosis komplementierten ∆narG-Mutante von M. bovis BCG (SR116) unter anaeroben Bedingungen ...........................................................................................47 4.1.3 Untersuchung der mit narGHJI von M. tuberculosis komplementierten ∆narG-Mutante von M. bovis BCG (SR116) im Tiermodell mit Balb/c Mäusen ..........................................................................................................49 4.1.3.1 Pathologisch-anatomische Organbefunde ..............................................49 4.1.3.2 Quantitative Analyse der Keimdichte der mit narGHJI von M. tuberculosis komplementierten ∆narG-Mutante von M. bovis BCG (SR116) in Balb/c Mäusen ............................................................50 4.1.3.2.1 Keimdichte in der Leber .............................................................50
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