App-1 Appendix A Area Classifications, Definitions and Explanations of Subject Characteristics, and Fascimile ~f the Annual Housing Survey Questionnaire: 1978
AREA CLASSIFICATIONS •••••. Api>-2 UOits Occupied by Recent Movers. App-7 Extermination 'service App-13 Counties ...... App-2 Recent movers...... App-7 Neighborhood conditions a~d Standard Metropolitan Statistical Present and previous units of neighborhood services. App-13 Areas ...... · recent movers ...... App-7 Financial Characteristics .. App-14 Silme or different head .. . App-7 DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANA Value ...... App-14 Main reason for move into TIONS OF SUBJECT CHARAC Valu&income ratio . ,App-14 TERISTICS .•••••. · •...• present unit .... , .. . App-7 ~pp-2 Mortgage status . . . App-14 General ...... Home ownership ... . App-7 App-2 Mortgage' insurance ... App-14 Comparability with 1975 Utilizatio~ Characteristics.· App-8 Monthly mortgage payment , App-15 SMSA Annual Housing Persons ...... App-8 Roal estate taxes last year . App-15 Survey data.•• .' ••. App-2 Rooms ...... App-8 Property insurance ...... Comparability with 1970· Persons per room . . . '. . . App-8 App-15 Selected monthly housing Census o't Housing data .. App-2 Bedrooms ...... App-8-· costs...... App-15 Comparability with 1970 Sfructural Characteristics ... . App-8 Census of Populaiion data App-3 Selected monthly housing Complete kitchen facilities .. . App-8 Comparability with Current costs as percentage of income App-15 Condition of kitchen facilities. Construction Reports from App-8 Acquisition of property .... App-15 the Survey of Construction. App-3 Basement...... App-8 Alterations and repairs during Comparability with other Year structure built .. . App-9 the last 12 months...... App-15 Bureau of the Census da'ta •• App-3 Units i.n structure ... , App-9 Plans for improvements during Comparability with housing Elevator in structure , . App-9 the next 12 months ...... App·16 vacancy surveys .... App-3 Storie~ between main and Sales price asked ...... App-16 apartment entrances. , .. App-9 Living Quarters ... App-3 Garage or carport on property. App-16 Storm windows, storm doors, Housing units .. App-3 Contract rent , ...... App-16 and attic or roof insulation. App-9 Group quarters App-4 Gross rent ...... App-16 Roof ...... App-9 Rules for mobile homes, Gross rent in nonsubsidized lnterio'r walls and ceilings .. App.g hotels, rooming houses, etc .. App-4 housing ...... App-16 Interior floors ...... Institutions ...... App-4 App-9. Gross rent as percentage of Setected structural deficiencies income ...... App-16 Vear-round housing units .. App-4 and wish to move ...... App-9 Gross rent in nonsubsidized Changes in the Housing Inven- Overall opinion of structure .. App-10 housing as percentage of tory ...... App-4 Common stairways ...... App-10 income ...... App-17 Units added by new construc- Light ~ixtures in public halls .. App-10 Inclusion in rent (parking tion ...... , .. App-4 facilities, garbage collection, Electric wiring .. , ...... App-10 Units lost from the·inventory . App-4 and furniture) ...... App-17 Electric wall outlets...... App-10 Units lost through demolition Rent asked ...... App-17 Electric fuses and circuit or disaster ...... App-4 Public, private, or subsidized breakers... : ... . App-10 Units lost through other housing ...... App-17 Parking facilities ... . means ...... App-4 App-10 Household Characteristics . App-17 Unspecified units ...... App-5 Plumbing Characteristics. App-10 Household ...... App-17 Plumbing facilities ... App-10 Occupancy and Vacancy Charac- Complete bathrooms . . . Head of household . . . App-17 tertstics ...... App-5 App-10 Source of water or water Household composition App-17 Occupied housing units .... . App-5 SUPPiy. · · . · • · : • App-10, Family or primary individual App-18 Population in housing units .. App-5 S8W'age disposal ...... App-11 Subfamily ...... App-18 Race ...... · · · · App-5 flush toilet ...... App-11 Age of head ...... App-18 Spanish origin ...... App-5 Equipment and Fuels ...... App-11 Persons 65 years old and over . App-18 Tenure ...... App-5 Telephone available .. . App-11 Own children ...... App-18 Previous occupancy ...... App-8 Heating equipment .. . App-11 Other relative of head .... . App-18 Cooperatives and condo- Insufficient heat .... . Nonrelative ...... App-18 miniums ...... App-6 App-11. Air conditioning.... . V ears of school completed by Duration of occupancy .. . App-6 App-12 Automobiles and trucks avail· head ...... App-18 Year head moved into unit .. App-8 able ...... App-12 Means of. transportation and Owner or manager on property App-8 Fuels used for house heating distance and travel time to Vacant housing units .. App-6 and cooking ..... App-12 work ...... ·. App-18 Vacancy status ..... Income ...... App-6 Owned second home .. App-12 App-18 Duration of v_acancy .. App-7 Services and Neighborhood FACSIMILE OF THE ANNUAL Homeowner vacancy rate App-7 Conditions ...... App-12 HOUSING SURVEY Rental vacancy rate ...... App-7 Garbage collection service . App-12 QUESTIONNAIRE' 1978 .• App-2 APPENDIX A Continued
AREA CLASS! FICATIONS expla"atory _'information has been added to this portion of the Counties-The primary division·s of most of the States are. text to assist the user in understanding the statistics. termed counties, in Louisiana, the corresponding areas are Comparability with 1975 SMSA Annual Housing Survey data termed parishes. Alaska has no counties; in this State, areas Most of the concepts and definitions used in the 1975 and 1978 designated as census divisions have been defi~ed for general reports are essentially the same. However, there are some statistical purposes by the State in cooperation with the Census differences in the measurem~nt of losses. In the 1975 report, Bureau and are treated as county equivalents. Four States loss~s are measured from 1970, while in the 1978 report, losses {Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, and Virginia) contain one or more are measured from 1975. Also, in 1975, housing' units in cities that are independent of any county; for statistical nonpermit-issuing areas (mainly rural areas) were counted as purposes these independent ·cities·are treated as county equiva losses only when the whole structure in which the unit was lents. located was lost from the inventory. In the 1978 report, the data refer .to losses of individual housing units regardless of Standard Metropolitan Statistic:al Areas-The definitions of whether the entire structure was lost from the inventory. The standard metropolitan statistice1I areas (SMSA's) used in the source of the data for lost units in the 1975 report is 1:he 1970 Annual Housing Survey correspc•nd to the 243 SMSA's used in ··Census of Housing; the source of the data for lost units in the the 1970 census. These include the 228 SMSA's as defined and 1978 'report is the 1975 Annual Housing Survey. named in the Bureau of the Budget publication, Standard 'Addi~ional differences, if any, are discussed under the Metropolitan Statistical Areas: .1967, U.S. Government Printing particular subject. Because of the relatively small. sample size, Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. After 1967, 15 SMSA's were particular care should be taken in making comparisons between added, of which 2 were defined in January 1968, and an the two surveys, especially where there· are small differe·nces additional 13 were defined in February 1971 as a result of the between the figures (see appendix B). 1970 census. Changes in SMSA 'definition criteria boundaries and titles made after ·February 1971 are not refl~cted in thi~ series of reports. SMSA's are defined by the Offfce of Comparability with 1970 Census of Housing data-The concepts Management. and Budget (formerly Bureau of the Budget). and definitions are essentially the same for items that appear in Except in the New England States, a standard ~etropolitan both the 1970 census and the 1978 survey. statistical area is a county or group of contiguous counties There is a 'major d.ifference, however, in the time period of which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more, the. '.'recent mover;, classification. In i:he Annual Housing or "twin cities" with a combined population of at least 50,000. Survey, "recent movers" are households that move<;:t_ into their In addition to-~he county or counties containing such a citY or unit during the 12 months prior to the interview, a time period cities, contiguous counties are included in an SMSA if, according of 1 year or less. In the 1970 Census of Housing reports, different tiiTie periods were used. In ·volume 11, Metropolitan to certain crit~ria, they are socic1lly and economically integrated with the central city, In the New England States, SMSA's Housing . Characteristics, the shortest time period for "year consist of towns and cities instead of counties. Each SMSA must moved i~1 to unit," is "1969 to March 1970" (1% years); in include at least one central city, and the complete title of an Volume I~, Components of Inventory Change, the period is SMSA identifies the central city or cities. For a detailed 1969 to December 1970 (approximately 2 years); and in description of the criteria used in defining SMSA's, see the Volume VI I, No. 5, Mover Households, the time period is April Bureau of the Budget public:ation cited in the preceding 1965 to March 1970 (approximately 5 years). Volume IV is the paragraph. only 1970 census repor't which shows cross-tabulations of data In this report, 'figures for "in central cities" refer to all on characteristics of present units by characteristics of previous units for recent movers. . h?using units within the legal city boundaries. ~ther definitional diffe:ences, if any, are discussed under the particular _subject. Additional. differences between the 1978 Annual Housing DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF Survey data and the 1970 census data may be attributed to SUBJECT CHARACTERISTICS several factors. These include 'the extensive use of self· General .enur:neration in the census in ooritrast to personal interview in the Annual Housing Survey; differences in processing proce· As stated in the introduction, the 1978-1979 Annual dures; the · estimat.ion procedures and sample designs; the Housing Survey was conducted by personal interview. The sampling variability of the estimates from the Annual Housing survey interviewers were instrUcted to read the questions Survey; to a smaller extent, the sampling ·variability associated directly from the questionnaire. The definitions and explana with the sample data from the census; the nonsampling errors tions given for each subject are, to a considerable extent, drawn associated With the Annual Housing Survey estimates; and the from various technical and procedural materials used in the nonsampling errors assoCiated with the census data. collection of the data. This rnaterial helped the field inter ~tatistics on counts and characteristics of changes in the viewers to understand more fully the intent of each question housing inventory between the 1960 and 1970 censuses are and thus to resolve problem or unusual cases. Additional given for'the United States and for 15 selected SMSA's in the APPENDIX A-Continued App-3
1970 Census of Housing, Volume IV, Components of Inventory The Survey of Construction consists of approximately Oiange. In volume IV, the data are based on information for a 14,000 permit-issuing places throughout the United States. The sample of housing units enumerated in late 1970 as part of the reports froni the survey contain current data on housing s~arts 1970 census. Data are provided for such components of change and completions, construction authorized by building permits, between 1960 and 1970 as new construction, conversions, other housing units authorized for demolition in permit-issuing places additions, demolitions, mergers, other losses, and housing units for selected areas, new 1-unit structures sold and for sale, that were the same in 1960 and in 1970. characteristics of new housing, and value of new construction In part A, data for three of these components are shown; i.e., put in place. The concepts and definitions used in this report new construction, demolition (or disaster), and other losses differ from some of those used in the Survey of Construction. (some other means). The 1978 data on new oonstruction were ~he m3jor difference is that the Survey of Construction shows obtained primarily from a sample of units selected from counts and characteristics of housing units in various stages of building permits. The 1970 Components of Inventory Change construction through completion. The Annual Housing Survey data were obtained from the 1970 census tabulations of the shows counts and characteristics of the existing housing "year structure built" item; i.e., housing units built in 1960 or iriventory. Additional differences between the 1978 Annual later were classified as added by "new construction." Housing Survey and the Survey of Construction may be Data as of 1970 for "mortgage status," "mortgage insur attributed to factors such as the sampling variability and ' ance," "real estate taxes last year," "selected monthly housing nonsampling errors of the data from the two surveys, survey 1 oosts," and "acquisition of property" are presented in the 1970 procedures and techniques, and processing procedures. Census of Housing, Volume V, Residential Finance. In volume V, the data are based on information collected for a sample of Comparability with other Bureau of the Census data-Statistics housing units in the Residential Finance Survey which Was in this report refer, for the most part, to the housing unit, conducted in 1971 as part of the 1970 census. The 1971 report household, or head of household. Data on the individual provided data on the financing of homeowner and rental household members such as "Population in housing units" and properties, including characteristics of the mortgages, prop "Own children Under JS years old" may differ from other erties, and homeowners. similar data compiled by the Bureau of the Census. For these Differences in the concepts and definitions between the data types of data, write to Chief, Population Division, Bureau of the in this report and volume V include the following. The basic Census, WashinQton, D.C. 20233. unit of tabulation in this report is the housing unit; in volume V, it is the property. Data on mortgage status and mortgage Comparability with housing vacancy surveys-There may be insurance are based on the occupant's answer; in volume V, differences between this survey and Federal, State, local, and mortgage status and mortgage insurance were verified by the other surveys which present vacancy rates. The differences may lender. In this report, real estate taxes and selected monthly be attributed to such factors as differing interview periods, housing costs reflect the total amount of real estate taxes and survey designs, survey techniques, and processing procedures, as housing costs, excluding special assessments. In volume V, real well as differences in concepts and definitions. In addition, estate taxes and selected monthly housing costs include special there are sampling and nonsampling errors. assessments. Living Quarters (Parts A, B, C, D, F) Comparability with 1970 Census of Population data-In the Living quarters are classified as either housing units or group 1970 census, data for "years of school completed" were based quarters. Usually, living quarters are in structures intended for on responses to two questions-the highest grade or year of residential use {e.g., a 1-unit structure, apartment house, hotel regular school each household member attended, and whether or motel, boarding house, or· mobile home or trailer). Living or not that grade or year was completed. In the 1978 Annual quarters may also be in structures intended for nonresidential Housing Survey, data for "years of school completed" were use (e.g., the rooms in a warehouse where a watchman lives). as based on responses to a single question-the "highest grade or well as in places such as tents, caves, and old railroad cars. year of regular school completed by the head. Therefore, the 1978 Annual Housing Survey may overstate the education level Housing units (Parts A, B, C, D, F)-A housing unit is a house, of the head of the household; that is, respondents may have an apartment, a group Of rooms, or a single room occupied or reported the grade or year the head was currently enrolled in or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate had_ last been enrolled in whether or not the grade or year was living quarters are those in which the occupants do not live and completed. eat with any other persons in the structure and which have either (1) direct access from the outside of the building or Comparability with Current Construction Reports from the through a common hall which is used or intended to be used by Survey of Construction-The Census Bureau issues several the occupants of another unit or by the general public or (2) publications under the general title, Current Construction complete kitchen facilities for the exclusive use of the occu Reports. The data for these reports are primarily from the pants. The occupants may be a single family, one person living Survey of Construction. alone, two or more families living together, Or any other group App-4 APPENDIX A-Continued
of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements and vacant units held for migratory labor are excluded because (except as d~scribed in the sectic1n on group quarters). For it is difficult to obtain reliable information for them. However, vacant units, the criteria of separateness, direct access, and this report does .present oounts of the total housing inventory complete kitchen facilities for exclusive use are applied to the which includes all vacant seasonal, and migratory housing units. intended occupants whenever possible. If the information cannot be obtained, the criteria are applied to the previous Changes in the Housing Inventory occupants. Both occupied and vacant housing units are included ·in the housing inventory, except that mobile homes, .trailers, Units added by new construction (Part Al-Conventional tents, caves, boats, railroad cars, and the likEi, are included only housing units which were not in existence at the time of the if they are occupied. 1975-1976 survey are classified new construction units. Mobile homes are oonsidered as "new oonstruction" if the model year is ·Group quarters (Parts A, B, C, D, Fl-Group quarters are living 1976 or later. Information was collected on vacant units under arrangements for institutioiial inmates or for other groups construction at the time of interview only if construction had ·containing five or more persons not related to the person in proceeded to a point that all exterior windows and doors were charge. Group quarters are located most frequently in institu. installed and final usable floors were in place. Housing units tions, boarding houses, military barracks, college dormitories, built since the 1975-1976 survey but removed from the fraternity and sorority houses, hospit81s, monasteries, oonvents, inventory before the interview are not reflected in the. new ·.and ships. A house or apartment i~: oonsidered group quarters if oonstruction oounts. it is shared by the person in charge and five or more persons In the 1975-1976 survey, a housing unit built in April 1970 unrelated to him, or, if there is no person in charge, ~Y six or or later was classified as a unit added by new construction. In more unrelated persons.. Information on the housing charac· the Ann_ual Housing Survey, data on new construction were 1teristics of group quarters was not c:ollected. obtained primarily from a sample of units selected from building permits; in the 1970 Census of Housing, Volume IV, 'Rules for mobile homes, hotels, rooming'houses, etc. (Parts A, Components of Inventory Change, new oonstruction data were B, C, D, f)-Mobile homes or trailer's, tents, boats, or railroad obtained from the 1970 sample records of units built 1960 or cars are not oonsidered housing unit~ if vacant, used only for later.· business, or used only for vacations .. Occupied rooms or suites of roorTis in hotels, motels, and Units lost from the inventory (Part Al-In table 4 of part A of similar places are classified as housing.'units only when occupied this r·eport, characteristics are presented for all units removed ·by permanent residents; i.e., persons who oonsider the hotel as from the inventory through demolition or disaster and through their usual place of residence or have no usual place of residence other means. elsewhere. Vacant roonis or suites of rOoms are classified as housing units only in those hotels, mOtels, and similar places in Units lost through demolition or disaster (Part Al-A housing which 75 percent or more of the accommodations are occupied unit which existed during the 1975 survey period and was torn by permanent residents. down on the initiative of a public agency or as a result of action If any of the occupants in a rooming or boarding house live on the part of the owner is classified as a unit lost through and eat separately from everyone else in the building and have demolition. Units destroyed by fire, flood, or other natural either direct access or complete kitchen facilities for exclusive causes are classified as units lost through disaster. ·use, their quarters are classified as separate· housing l:Jnits. The In the 1970 Census of Housing, Volume IV, Components of remaining quarters are combined. If the combined quarters Inventory Change, the data on losses refer to all housing unit oontain four er fewer roomers unrelated to the head, they are losses, including losses of units in structures which still classified as one housing unit; if the oombined quarters contain contained one or more housing units. In additi011, units lost ·five or more ro.omers unrelated to tt:ie head or person in charge, through disaster were oounted in 1970 as "units lost through they are classified as group quarters. In a dormitory, residence other means." hall, or similar place, living quarters of the supervisory staff and other employees are separate housing units if they satisfy the Units lost through other means (Part Al-Any housing unit · housirig unit criteria; other living quarters are considered group which existed during the 1975 survey period is counted as lost . quarters. through other means when it is lost t!l the housing inventory through means other than demolition or disaster. Institutions (Parts A, B, C, D, F)-Living quarters of staff This component includes the following types of losses: personnel are separate housing units if they satisfy the housing 1. Units lost by change to group quarters; for example, a unit criteria. Other living quarters are considered group quarters. housing unit that was occupied by a family in 1970 and by a family and five lodgers at the time of the interview. Vear-round housing units (Part Al-Data on housing charac· 2. Units lost from the inventory because they are vacant and teristics are limited to year-round housing units; i.e., all either the roof, walls, doors, or windows no longer protect occupied units plus vacant units which are intended for the interior from the elements or the unit is severely year.round use. Vacant units inte~nded for seasonal occupancy damaged by fire. • . .• ..,,
APPEND IX A-Continued App-5
3. Vacant units lost from the inventory because there is positive Occupancy and Vacancy Characteristics evidence (sign, notice, mark on the house or block) that the units are scfieduled for demolition or rehabilitation or that Occupied housing uniu (Parts A, B, C, D, F)-A housing unit is they are ·condemned for reasons of health or safety so that classified as occupied if a person or group of persons is living in further occupancy is prohibited. it at the time of the interview or if the occupants are only 4. Units lost by change to entirely nonresidential use. temporarily absent-for example, on vacation. However, if the 5. Units moved from site since the 1975 survey. Such moves in unit was occupied entirely by persons with a usual place C:f the same area do not necessarily result in a net lo'ss from the residence elsewhere, the unit is classified as vacant. By total inventory since they presumably represent units added definition, the oount of occupied housing units is the same as in the place to which they were moved. the count of households.
In the 1970 Census of Housing, Volume IV, Components of Population in housing units (Part A)-"Population in housing Inventory Change, units lost through disaster ·(fire, flood, or units" is the total population exclyding those persons in groUp other such causes) were counted in 1970 as "units lost through quarters and those persons occupying housing units but whose other means." · usual residence is elsewhere.
Unspecified units (Part A)-There are other components of Race (Parts A, B, C, D, F)-The classification of "race" refers to change in the housing inventory for which the Annual Housing the race of the head of the household occupying the housing Survey provides no specific measures. The survey procedures do unit. The ooncept of race as used by the Census Bureau does not not include a measure of oonversions and mergers and units denote clear-cut scientific definitions of biological stock. The added from other sources such as nonresidential structures. The interviewer was to report the r~ce of the head of the household net effect of these omissions on the change irl the total hOusing in three categories: White, Black (Negro), and other. The last inventory is not known. cate{Pry includes American Indian, Chinese, Eskimo, Japanese, Korean, and any other race except, White and Black. Figure~ on Units changed by conversion-Conversion refers to the tenure are given separately for White and Black household creation of two or more housing units from fewer units heads; units with household heads of other races are included in through structural alteration or change in use. Structural the total in table 1 of part A and may be derived by subtracti.ng alteration includes such changes as adding a room or the sum of White and Black from the total. More detailed installing partitions to form another housing unit. Change in characteristics of units with Black household head are presented use is a simple rearrangement in the. use of space without in separ~te tables. The classification of race in the Annual structural alteration, such as locking a door which closes off Housing Survey was made by the interviewer's own observation. one or more rooms to form a separate housing unit. In the 1970 census, race was essentially a self-classification by Units changed by merger-A merger is the result of com people according to the race with which they identified bining two or more housing units into fewer- units through themselves. structural alteration or change in use. Structural alteration includes such changes as the removal of partitions or Spanish origin (Parts A, B, C, D, Fl-The classification "Spanish dismantling of "kitchen facilities. Change in use may result origin" refers to the origin of the head of the household from a simple rearrangement of space without structural occupying the housing unit. Detailed characteristics of units alteration, such as unlocking a door which formerly separated with head of Spanish origin are presented in separate ta~les. two housing units. A change in use also occurs, for example, Spanish origin was determined on the basis of a question th~t when a family occupied both floors of a house which asked for self-identification of a person's origin or descent. formerly contained a separate housing unit on each floor. Respondents were asked to select their origins from a "flash Units added throufl> other sources-Any housing unit added card." Persons of Spanish origin were those who indicated that to the inventory through sources other than new ·construc their origin was either Mexican·American, Oiicano, Mexican, tion or conversion is classified as a unit added through other Mexicano, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American. or sources. This component includes units created from living other Spanish. Persons of Spanish origin may be of any race. quarters previously classified as group quarters and units In the 1970 census and current surveys' reports, Spanish "created from nonresidential space such as a store, garage, or persons are identified according to various criteria: Birthplace, barn. Also included are units built at one site and moved to birth Place of parents, language, surname, and origin or descent. another. Such units, if moved within the same area, do not For this reason, care should be taken in making oomparisons of necessarily result in a net addition to the total inventory, Spanish-0rigin estimates from the Annual Housing Survey and since they presumably represent units lost in the place from other surveys. which they were moved. A previously vacant mobile home or trailer, whether on a different site or the-same site, is a net Tenure (Parts A, B, C, 0, F)-A housing unit is "owner addition if currently occupied as a housing unit. occupied" if the owner or co-owner lives in the unit, even if it is mortgaged or not fully paid for. A cooperative or condominum These unspecified units are not identified in the survey. unit is "owner occupied" only if the owner or co-owner lives in App-6 APPENDIX A-Continued
it. All other occupied units are classified as ''renter occupied," superintendent on property" refers to a resident manager, including units rented for cash rent an.d those occupie.d without superintendent, janitor, or other representative of the owner. payment of cash rent. Vacant housing units (Parts A, B)-A housing unit is vacant if no Previous occupancy-The classification of previous occupancy is one is living in it at the time of the interview, unless its divided into two categories, "previously occupied" and. "not occupants are only temporarily absent. In addition, a vacant previously occupied." "Previously occupied" indicates th~t unit may be one which is occupied entirely by persons who have some person or persons not related to the head by. blood, a usual residence elsewhere. marriage, or adoption occupied the sample unit' prior to the New units not yet occupied ar~ classified as vacant housing head's or other related household member's occupancy. "Not units if construction has reached a point where all exterior previously occupied" indicates that either the head or some windows and doors are installed and final usable floors are in other current household member related.to the head by blood, place. Vacant units are excluded if unfit for human habitation; marriage, or adoption was the first occupant of the sample unit. that is, if the roof, walls, windows, or doors no longer protect the interior from the elements, or if there is positive evidence Cooperatives and condominums (Part A)-A cooperative is a (such as a sign on the house or in the block) that the unit is to type of ownership whereby a group of housing units are owned be demolished or is condemned. Also excluded are quarters by a corporation of member-owners. Each individual member is being used entirely for nonresidential purposes, such as a store entitled to occupy an individual housing unit and is a or an office; or quarters used for storing business supplies or shareholder in the corporation which owns the property. inventory, machinery, or agricultural products. A condominum is a type of ownership that enables a person The concepts and definitions of vacant housing units used in to own an apartment or house in a project of similarly owned this report are the same as those used in the 1970 Census of units. The owner has the deed and very likely the mortgage on Housing reports. the unit occupied. The owner may also hold common or joint ownership in some or all common areas such as grounds, Vacancy status (Part A)-Vacant housing units are classified as hallways, entrances, elevators, etc. either "seasonal and migratory" or "year-round." "Seasonal" Cooperative or condominium ownership may apply to unit_s are intended.for occupancy during only certain seasons of various types of structures including single-family houses, the year. Included are units intended for recreational use, such rowhouses, townhouses, etc., as well as apartment units. as beach cottages and hunting cabins, and vacant units held for _herders and loggers. "Migratory" units are vacant units held for Duration of occupancy (Parts B, F)-Data on duration of occupancy by migratory labor employed in farm work during occupancy are based on information for the head of household; the crop season. the data refer to the period when present occupancy began. "Year·round" vacant housing units are available or intended Statistics are shown on whether the head lived in the unit "less for occupancy at any time of the year. A unit in a resort area than 3 months" or "3 months or longer." To qualify as having which is usually occupied on a year-round basis is considered lived here "last winter." the household head must have moved year-round. A unit used only occasionally throughout the year into the unit prior to February 1978; however, if the interview is also considered year-round. took place in February 1979, th1> household head must have moved into the unit prior to February.1979. ''Year-round" vacant units are subdivided as follows: For sale only-Vacant year-round units "for sale only" also Year head moved into unit (Parts A, C, D)-The data are based include vacant units in a cooperative or condominium on the information reported for the head of the hOusehold and building if the individual units are offered for sale only. refer to the year of latest move. Thus, if the head moved back into a housing unit previously oc1::upied, the year of_ the latest For rent-Vacant year-round units "for rent" also include move was to be reported; if the head moved from one vacant units offered either for rent or for sale. apartment to another in the samu building, th~ year the head Rented or sold, not occupied-If any money rent has been moved into the present unit was to be reported .. The intent is to paid or agreed upon, but the new renter has not moved in as establish the year the present occupancy by the head began. The of the date of the interview, or if the unit has recently been year the head moves is not necussarily the same Vear other sold, but the new owner has not yet moved in, the members of the household move; although, in the great maj9rity yecir-round vacant unit is classified as "rented or sold, not of cases, the entire household moves at the same ii me. occupied."
Owner or manager on property (Parts A, C)-The'se statistics are Held for occasional use-This category consists of vacant based on the number of housing units in structures of two or year-round units which are held for weekend or other more units with the owner or the resident manager or occasional use. throughout the year. The intent of this superintendent living on the property. The category "'with question is to identify homes reserved by- their owners as owner on property" refers to the owner and not his agent, second homes. Because of the difficulty of distinguishing resident manager, or superintendent, "with resident manager or between this category and seasonal vacancies, it is possible ~ . .. : . '
APPENDIX A-Continued App-7
that some "second homes" are classified as "seasonal." and Units Occupied by Recent Movers vice versa. (See also discussion of "Owned second home" in Recent movers (Part DI-Households that moved into their section on "Equipment and Fuels.") present units. within _12 months prior to the date of the Temporarily occupied by persons 'with usual residence interview are termed "recent movers." The household is elsewhere (UREJ-lf all the persons in a housing unit usually classified by year moved into unit on the basis of information live elsewhere, that unit is classified as vacant, provided the reported for the head of the household. usual place of residence is held for the househol.d and is not offered for rent or for sale. For example, a beach cottage Present and previous units of recent movers (Part D)-The occupied at the time of the interview by a family which has~ "Present" unit is the unit occupied by the recent mover at the usual place of residence in the city is included in the count of time of the interview. The "previous" unit is the unit from vacant units. If the house in the city was in the survey which that person moved. If the household moved more than sample, the house would be reported "occupied" and would once di.Jring the 12 months prior to the date of the interview, be included in the count of occupied units, since the the "previous" unit is the one from which the household last occupants are only temporarily absent. moved. Held for other reasons-If a vacant.year-round u.nit does not fall into any of the classifications specified, it is classified as Same or different head (Part 0)--Characteristics of the present \ "held for other reasons." For example, this category includes 3nd previous units occupied by recent movers are largely units held for settlement of an estate, units held for restricted to households that were essentially the same in the occupancy by a caretaker or janitor, and u.nits held for two units. The definitions of the characteristics for the previous personal reasons of the owner. un.it are generally the same as those for the present unit. A household for which the head in the present unit is the In part A, the "other vacant" category includes all units s~me person as the head in the previous unit (identified in the temporarily occupied by persons with usual residence else~here tables as "same head"). is considered essentially the same even and units held for other reasons. though there may have been some changes in the composition Characteristics of vacant housing are limited to year-round of the household. Conversely, a household in which there was vacant units. Vacant units intended for seasonal occupancy
sample unit. These data are restric::ted to owner-0ccupied units efficiency apartment, is classified by definition as having no and show the number of previouslv owned unit!i which the head bedroom. occupied as his/her usual place of residence. Excluded from the Data on bedrooms lacking privacy are shown for housing count of previously owned units are vacation homes purchased units with two or more bedrooms. Units have bedrooms lacking for rental or commercial purposes. privacy when it is necessary to pass through a bedroom to get to another room, such as a den, and/or to get to the bathroom. The bathroom access criterion is applied only to units with one Utilization Characteristics complete bathroom or one bathroom plus half bath in which Persons (Parts A, C, Dl-All persons occupying the housing unit the half bath lacks a flush toilet. are counted. These persons include not only occupants related In addition, statistics are shown for households with bed to the head of the household but also any lodgers, roomers, rooms used by three or more persons of all ages, but are shown boarders, partners, wards, foster children, and resident em separately for such households when one or more of these ployees who share the living quarters of the household head. persons is 13 years of age or older. Not included are bedrooms The data on "persons" show categories of the number of used for sleeping by three or more persons only on an one-person through seven-Or-more-person households by the occasional basis such as by visitors. number of housing units. A person is counted at the usual place of residence for that Structural Characteristics person. This refers to the plaCe where the person Iives and sleeps most of the time. This place is not necessarily the same as a legal Complete kitchen facilities (Parts A, Bl-A unit has complete residence, voting residence, or domicile. kitchen facilities when it has all three of the following for the e"xclusive use of.the occupants of the unit: (1) An installed sink Rooms (Parts A, C, Dl-The statistics on "rooms" are for the with piped water, (2) ~range or cookstove, and (3) a mechanical nuinber of housing units with :specified number Of rooms. refrigerator. All kitchen facilities must be located in the R·ooms counted include whole rooms used for living purposes, structure. They need not be in the same room. Quarters with such as living rooms, dining roon1s, ·kitchens, finished attic or only portable cooking equipment are not considered as having a basemerit rooms, recre3ti0n room,s, permarlently enclosed range ·or cookstove. An icebox is not· included as a mechanical porches that are suitable for year-round use, and lodger's rooms. refrigerator. Also included are rooms used for offices by a person' living in The kitchen facilities are for the exclusive use of the the unit. ' occupants when they are used only by the occupants of one A partially divided room, such as a dinette next to a kitchen housing unit, including lodgers or other unrelated persons living or living room, is a separate roo1n only if there is a partition in the unit. When a structure oonsists of only one housing unit, from floor to ceiling, but not if the partition consists only of all equipment located insi~e the structure is classified, ·by .shelves or cabinets. definition, for exclusive use . Not included in the count of rooms are bathrooms, halls, For vacant units from which one or all of the kitchen foy~rs or vestibules, .balconies, closets, alcoves, pantries, strip or facilities had been removed, the kitchen facilities used by the pull man kitchens, laundry or furnc1ce ·rooms, unfinished attics or last occ-upant were to be reported. basements, other unfinished space used for storage, open porches, trailers used only as bedrooms, and offices uSed only Condition of kitchen facilities (Parts B, Fl-Units with complete by persons not living in the unit. kitchen facilities were classified as to whether "all the kitChen If a room is used by occupants of more than one unit, the facilities were in usable condition. If one or more of the kitchen ,room is included with the unit fro'm which it is most easily facilities (sink, range or cookstove, and refrigerator) could not reached. be used for its intended purpose, the unit was classified as having "1 or more not usable." Kitchen facilities that normallY Persons per room (Parts A, C, D)-"Persons per room" is function properly, but which were temporarily out of use "(twO computed for each occupied unit by dividing the number of weeks or less) because of a breakdown, were classified as usabl~. persons in the unit by the number of rooms in the unit. The figures shown refer, therefore, to the number of housing units Basement (Parts A, B, C, D, Fl-Statistics on basements are having the specified ratio of persons per room. based on the number of housing units located in structures built with a basement. A structure has a basement if there is enclosed Bedrooms (Parts A, B, C, D, Fl--The number of bedrooms in space in which persons can walk upright under all or pcirt of the the unit is the count of rooms used mainly for sleeping, even if building. In parts B and F, basements in structures with also used for other purposes. Roc1ms reserved for sleeping, such occupied units are further classified by signs of water leakage. as guest rooms, even though used infrequently, are counted as The citegory "with ~igns of water leakage" consists of units in bedrooms. On the. other hand, rooms used mainly for other which the basement shows signs of water having leake~ in from purposes, even though used also for ·sleeping, such as a Iiving the outside during the last 90 days, even if the signs only appear .room with a hideaway_ bed, are not considered bedrooms. A when it rains. "No signs of water leakage" me~n.s that the housing unit consisting of only cine room •. such as a one-room basement shows no signs of water leakage, or that the signs of APPENDIX A-Continued App-9
water leakage are caused by a problem inside the structure such housing unit has some form of insulation which helps to reduce as faulty plumbing. If the basement shows signs of water having heat loss during the winter and heat gain during the summer. The leaked in from the outside but the problem causing the leakage st~tistics are shown only for occupied, 1-unit structures and has been corrected, the unit was classified as having no signs-of occupied, mobile homes and trailers. water leakage. The 1978 data on basements are for "all year-round housing StOrm windows or other protective window cover1i1g-This units"; the 1970 data on basements are restricted to "all category refers to protective window covering, such as storm occupied housing units." windows, double-glazed glass, closeable shutters, or plastic. . Housing units With "some windows covered" have protectiv~ Year structure built (Parts A, C, Dl--"Year structure built" coverings over some, but not all windows. refers to when the building was first constructed, not when it . Storm doors-This category refers to additional doors hung was remodeled, added to, or converted. The figures refer to the ir:' exterior ~oorWays. Doors on attached garages are not number of units in structures built during the spt?cified periods inClu~ed. Housing units with "some doors covered" have and in existence at the time of the interview. For mobile homes storm doors on so·me, but not all, exterior door openings. and trailers, the manufacturer's model year was assumed to be ·Attic or roof insulation-This category includes roll or the year bu iIt. blanket insulation encased in a paper. covering, fiberglass batting, and loose. insulation which is poured or blown Units in structure (Parts A, C, Dl-ln determining the number of between the a~lc floor joists. housing units in a structure, all units, both occupied and vacant, were counted. The statistics are presented fOr the number of housing units in structures of specified type and size, not for the Roof (Parts B, Fl-Units "with signs of water leakage" are those number of residential structures. in which the roof shows signs of wa~er having leaked in from the A structure is a separate building if it has either open space outside during the last 90 days. "No signs of water leakage" on all sides or is separated from other structures by dividing means that the roof_ shows no signs of water leakage from the walls that extend from ground to roof. In part A, structures outside, or that the roof shows signs of water leakage, but the containing only one housing unit are further classified as problem causing the leakage has been corrected. If the signs of detached or attached. water leakage are caused by a problem inside the structure, such A 1-unit structure is detached if it has open space on all four as faulty plumbing, the unit was classified as having no signs of sides even though it has an adjoining shed or' garage. A 1-unit water leakage. structure is attached if it has one or more walls extending from ground to roof which divide it from other adjoining structures, Interior walls and ceilings (Parts B, F)-Statistics are presented such as in rowhouses, townhouses, etc. on whether or not there are open cracks or holes and broken Mobile homes and trailers are shown as a separate" category plaster or peeling ·paint on the interior walls ·or ceilings of ·a (see parts A, C, and D). When one or more rooms have been housing unit. Included ~re cra':=ks or holes that do not go all the added to a mobile home or trailer, it is classified as a 1-unit way. through to the .next room or to the outdoors. Hairline structure. If, however, only a porch or shed has been added, it is cracks or cracks that appear in the walls or ceilings but are not still counted as a mobile home or trailer. large enough for a fingernail file to be inserted and very small holes caused by nails.or other similar objects are not considered Elevator in structure (Parts A, C)-Statistics on "elevator in to be open craCks or holes. structure" refer to the number of housing units in structures Broken plaster or peeling paint must be on the inside walls or with four floors or more which have a passenger elevator. Units ceilings, and at least one area of the broken plaster or peeling are "without elevator" in a structure of four floors or more if paint must be approximately one square foot or larger. the structure has no passenger elevator or if the only elevator service is for freight. Interior floors (Parts B, Fl-Data are shown on whether there Stories betw9en main and apartment entrances (Parts B, are holes in the interior floors of a housing unit. The holes do F)-This item is restricted to two-or-more-unit structures and is not have to go through the floor. Excluded.are very small holes concerned with the number of floors from the.main entran~e of caused by nails or other similar objects. the apartment building to the main entrance of the apartment. The number of stories is determined from ground level if there is no main buildinQ entrance and the apartment has its ~wn .Selected structural deficiencies and wish to move (Parts B, private entrance, either from the ground level of the building or Fl-The category "household would like to move" consists of from an area that is not located inside the building, or if there is housinQ units in whic;h the respondent considers one or more of a main building entrance, but the entrance to i:he aparts:n'ent the following structural deficiencies so objectionable that th.e cannot be reached by using the main building entrance. respondent would like to move from the unit: (11 A basement with, signs of water. leakage, (21 roof leakage, (31 open cracks or Storm windows, storm doors, and attic or roof insulation (Part holes in the interior walls or ceiling, (4) holes in the floor, and A)-The purpose of these three items is to determine if S (51 broken plaster or peeling paint on the ceiling or inside walls. App-10 APPENDIX A-Continued
Overall opinion of structure (Parts E:, F)-The data presented are facilities are provided by the landlord or management and rr:iust based on the respondent's overall opinion of the house or be available without an additional cost to the renter. The building as a place to live. The respondent was asked to rate the parking facility may be a garage, carport, driveway, or open lot structure as excellent, good, fair, or poOr. where the occupant may park his car off the street.
Common stairways (Parts B, F)-·The statistics on common Plumbing Characteristics · stairways are presented for housing units in structures of two or more units with common stairways. The figures for "loose Plumbing facilities (Parts A, B, C, D, F)-The category "with all steps" and "loose railings" reflect the physical condition of the plumbing facilities" consists of units which have hot and cold stairway; i.e., whether there are loose, broken, or missing steps pip0d water inside the structure as well as a flush toilet and a or stair railings. Common stairways are stairways which are bathtub or shower inside the structure for the exclusive use of usually used by the occupants of n1ore than one unit or by the the occupants of the unit. All plumbing facilities must be general pub Iic. They may be either inside the structure or located in the structure but they need not be in the same room. attached to the outside of the building. "Lacking some or all. plumbing facilities" means that the unit dOes not have all three specified plumbing facilities. (hot and Light fixtures in public halls (Parts B, F)-These statistics are cold piped water, flush toilet, and bathtub or shower) inside the presented for housing units in struct~res of two or more units structl;lre, or that the toilet or bathing facilities are also for the with public halls which have light fi>Ctu-res. Data ~nclude whether use of the occupants of other housing units. or not the light fixtures are in working order. Light fixtures include wall lights, ceiling lights, or table lamps in the public Complete bathrooms (Parts A, C, D)-A housing unit is halls of the building. Public halls are used by the occupants of , classified as having a complete bathroom if it has a room with a more than one unit or by the generul pUblic. · · flush toilet and bathtub or shower and a washbasin, as well as piped hot water in the structure for the exclusive use of the Electric wiring (Parts B, F)-A housing unit is classified as occupants of the unit. A half bathroom has either a flush toilet having exposed electric wiring if the unit has any wiring that is or a bathtub or shower for e?(clusive use, but does not have all not enclosed, either in the walls or in metal coverings, or if the the facilities for' a complete ba'throom. unit has any wiring outside the walls enclosed in some material The category "alsc;> used by another household" consists of other than metal. Extension cords a~d o~her types of wiring units with bathroom facilities which are also for the use of the that extend from a wall outlet to an appliance or lamp are not occupants. of other housing units. The category "none" consists considered as exposed wiring. of units with no bathroom facilities, units with only a half bathroom. and units with all bathroom facilities but not in one Electric wall outlets (Parts B, F)-A housing unit is classified as room. having electric wall outlets in each room if there is at least one working electric wall outlet or wall Plug in each room of the Source of water or water supply (Parts A, B, C, F)-"A public unit. A working electric wall outlet or wall plug is one that is in system or private company" refers to a common source operating condition; i.e., can be used, when needed. If a room supplying running water to six or more housing units. The water qoes not have an electric wall outlet, an extension cord used in may be supplied by a city, county, water district, or private place of a wall outlet is not considered to .be an electric wall water company, or it may be obtained from a well which outlet. supplies six or more housing units. If a well provides water for five or fewer housing units, it is classified as an "individual Electric fuses and circuit breakers (Parts B, F)-These statistics well." Water sources such as springs, creeks, rivers, .cisterns, are presented for occupied housing units which have had an ponds, or lakes are included in the "other" category. electrical circuit fuse blown or breaker switch tripped during the For units that had piped water inside the structure, respond· 3 mont~s prior to the interview. The data. are restricted t9 entswere asked to provide information on breakdowns or failures households whose head has been .at his present address for at in the water supply ..The water may be available from sources least 90 days prior to the date of the interview. A blown fuse or such as a sink, washbasin, bathtub, or shower. A unit is classified tripped breaker switch results in the temporary loss of elec· as having "no piped water inside structure" if the unit has no tricity until the fuse is replaced or the breaker switch reset. piped water or if the only piped water available is outside the Blown fuses inside certain appliances or equipment (such as structure-for example, op an open porch or in another building. some large air conditioners) are 1::ou·nted as "blown fuses or Data on breakdowns or failures of water supply are shown if the tripped breaker switches." housing unit was occupied by the head of the household at least 90 days prior to the interview and if the breakdown or failure Parking facilities (Part D)-The statistics on parking facilities lasted 6 consecutive hOurs or longer during the 90 days prior to presented in this report are restricted to renter-occupied units the interview. Breakdowns or failures in the water supply mean for which cash rent is paid and exclude 1-unit structures on 10 that the unit was completely without running water fr<1m its acres or more. ~he data refer to off~treet parking facilities regular source. A unit was cOnsidered to be completely without which are available in connection· with the. building. The running water if (1) the water system serving the unit supplied no ·' ' . : .
APPENDIX A-Continued App-11
water at ·all, or (2) no water was available in the unit due to a 90 days prior to the interview, and if the breakdown or failure breakdown or failure in the.water supply inside the structure, or lasted. 6 consecutive hours or more during the 90 days prior to (3) the equipment and facilities (i.e., faucets in the kitchen and the interview. the bathroom sinks, faucet and shower in the bathtub, flush toilet, etc.) were all inoperable. If the faucet in the kitchen was Equipment and Fuels broken, but the one in the bathtub was working, the unit was not classified as being completely without water'. Telephone available (P~~ A)-A housing unit is classified ~s Units with a breakdown or failure in the 'water supply are having a telephone if there is a telephone for receiving calls also classified according to the number of breakdowns or available to the occupants of the unit: The telephone may be failures and to the most common source of the problem. located outside or inside the housing unit, and one telephone "Problems inside the building" refer to such problems as broken may serve the occupants of several units. The number of pipes in the unit (or building) or turning the water off in the housing units with a telephone availabl0, therefore, does not unit (or building) for maintenance and repairs. "Problems indicate the number of telephones installed in homes. outside the building" refer to such problems as power·failures, Heating equipment (Parts A, B, C, F)-"Warm-air furnace" breaks in the main water line, or shutdown by the water refers to a central system which provides warm air through company for maintenance and repairs.· ducts leading to various rooms. A "heat pump" refers to an electric heating-cooling system which utilizes indoor and out· Sewage disposal (Parts A, B, C, D, F)-A "public sewer" is door coils, a compressor, and a refrigerant to pump hot" air in connected to a city, county,· sanitary district,. neighborhood, or during the winter and cooled air in during the summer. Only heat subdivision sewer system. It may be operated by a governmental pumps that are centrally installed with ducts to the rooms are body or private organization. A "septic tank Or cesspool".is an included in this category. "Steam or hot water" refers to a underground tank or pit used for disposal of sewage. Small central heating system in which heat from steam or hot water is sewage treatment plants, which in some localities are called delivered through radiators or other outlets. "Built-in electric neighborhood septic tanks, are classified as public sewers. A units" are premanently installed in floors, walls, ceilings, or chemical toilet uses chemicals to break down or dissolve sewage; . baseboards. A "floor, wall, or pipeless furnace" delivers warm a privy refers to an "o~thouse" Or other small shelter outside air to the room right above the furnace or to the room(s) on one the unit which contains a toilet. Units for which sewage is or both sides of the wall in which the furnace is'installed. disposed of in some other way are included in the "other" "Room heaters with flue" include circulating heaters, con· category. vectors, radiant· gaS heaters, and other nonportable heaters that The data on breakdowns or failures in the means of sewage burn gas; oil, kerosene, or other liquid fuels, and which are disposal are limited to units in which the means of sewage connected to a flue, vent, or chimney to remove smoke and disposal was a public sewer, septic tank, or cesspool. The fumes. "Room heaters without flue" include any room heater brfakdowh or failure may have been the result of Br) overloade"d (not portable) that burns gas, oil, or kerosene which does not sewage disposal system, lack of running water; a broken or connect to a flue, vent, or chimney. "Fireplaces, stoves, or cracked tank, etc. Data on breakdowns are shown if the housing portcible heaters" include room heaters that burn coal, coke, unit was occupied by the head of the household at least 90 days· Charcoal, wood, or other solids. It also includes portable room prior to the interview and if the breakdown or failure lasted 6 heaterS that burn ·kerosene, gasoline, fuel oil, or other liquid consecutive hours or longer during the ·90 days prior to the fuel, as well as portable electric heaters that get current from an interview. electrical wall outlet. For vacant units from which the heating equipment had been Flush toilet (Parts B, C, F)-The statistics on breakdowns or remo~ed, the equipment used by the last occupants was to be failures of flush toilet are limited to units that had all plumbing reported. facilities with only one flush toilet; that is, one complete For breakdowns or failures of heating equipment, data are bathroom or one complete bathroom plus a half bath without shown for units occupied by the household head during the flush toilet. The flush toilet may be completely unusable winter prior to the interview if the equipment was unusable for because of broken pipes, stopped up soil pipe; lack of water 6 consecutive hours or longer during that time. To qualify as supplied to the flush toilet, or some other reaso:~· having lived here "last winter," the household head must have Units with breakdown or failure in flush ,toilet are classified moved inio the unit prior to February 1978;· however, if the by the number of breakdowns or failures and. to the most interview took place in Feburary 1979, the household head common source of the problem. "Problems inside the building" must have moved into the unit prior to February 1979. refer to such breakdowns or failures as broken pipes iO the u_nit Heating equipment is considered unusable if it cannot be (or building). a cracked or broken bowl, or faulty flushi!19 used for the purposes intended; the breakdown or failure may mechanism. "Problems outside the building" refer to such be-caused by broken pipes, electrical or gas parts out of order, breakdowns or failures as breaks in the main' water or sewer line or downed power lines. ' or shutdowns by the water company for maintenance or repairs. Data on breakdowns or failures of flush toilet are shown if Insufficient. heat (Parts 8, F)-The statistics presented refer to the housing unit was occupied by the head of household at I.east housing units in which the household head occupied the unit App-12 APPEND IX A-Continued
during the winter prior to the date: of' the interview. To qualify owned or regularly used by any member of the household and as having lived here "last winter," the household head must have which are ordinarily kept at home. Trucks used for business moved into the unit prior to Februa,rv 1978; however, if the. purposes were _included only if also used for personal activities interview took place in February 1979, the household head of household members. must have moved into the unit prior to February 1979. The statistics do not reflect the number of privately owned Separate data are shown for units with additional heat autc;>mobiles or trucks or the number of households owning such source, rooms which lacked specified heat source, and units vehicles. with closed rooms. The term "speci~ied heati~g equipment" includes warm-air furnace; heat pump; steam or hot wa~er Fuels used for house heating and cooking (Parts A, C)-"Utility system; built-in electric units; floor, wall, or pipeless furnace; gas" is Qas that is piped through underground pipes from a and room heaters with flue. Excluded are roOl"fl heaters witholit central syste~ and serves the neighborhood. "Bottled, tank, or flue or vent, fireplaces, stoves, and portable heaters. LP gas". is stored in tanks which are refilled or exchanged when The data on additional heat source ..refer to units with empty. "Fuel oil, kerosene, etc." includes fuel oil, kerosene, "specified heating equipment" which had to use a.dd!~ional gasoline, alcohol, and other combustible liquids. "Other fuel" sources of heat to supplement the regular heating System inc;ludes any other fuel such as briquettes made of pitch and because the regular system did not provide 'enough. heat. sawdust, c::oal dust, corncobs, or purchased steam. Additional sources of heat such as kitchen stoves, fireplaces, or portable heaters, may have been used only in -the mornings or Owned second home (Parts A, C)-A second home may be a on very cold evenings. Electric blankets, heating pads, or hot single-family house, vacation cottage, huntirig cabin, ski lodge, water bottles are not considered additional' sources of heat. "etC., which. is owned a~d held for use sometime during the year ·~Rooms lacking specified heat source" include rooms lacking by .the owner Or memtjers of the household. Second homes may hot air ducts, registers, radiators, and room heate"rs. The intent a1sO· be o·wned in partnership or on a shared basis with memi>ers of this item was to identify rooms in. units with "specified o( a different household. The figures include second homes heating equipment" which did not contain the means of which are sometimes rented or leased on a short-term basis to conveying the heat to the room. The k.itchen Was not considered other persons but are principally held for the owner's occasional to be a room for this item. use.·durinQ the yea~. · · Separate data are also shown for rooms· which were closed The statistics refer to the number of households that own because they could not be kept warm. Th~ rooms must, have (orie or f'nor'e) seoond honies. The data, therefore, do not reflect been closed for 7 consecutive days or longer during the previous th~ ·number of ·owned second homes. (See also discussion of winter, and the unit must have "heating equipment." For this vacant units "Held for occasional use" in 'the section on item, also, the kitchen was not ooniiidered a room. ''9cc~pancy· and Vacancy Characteristics.") ·
Air conditioning (Parts A, C, 0)-Air conditioning !s defined as Services and Neighborhood Conditions the cooling of air by a refrigera_tion ,unit; excluded are evaporative coolers, fans, or blowers which are not connected to Garbage coUection service (Parts B, D, F)-A housing unit IS a refrigeration unit. A room unit is. an individual air conditioner classified as having garbage collection service if either a private which is installed in_ a window or an outside.wall and is generally or public company collects the trash or garbage on a regular intended to cool one room, although it may sometimes' be used basis and carries it to public disposal areas. Units with garbage to cool several rooms. A central system is a central installation collection service are classified by the frequency of the service. which air-conditions the entire housing· unit. In an apartment In some areas where the garbage (food waste) is collected by building, a central system may cool all apartments in the one company and the trash .(paper, cans, etc.) by another, data building; each apartment may have its own central system; or are obtained only for the garbage collection service. there may be several systems, each providing central air If the household does not have garbage collection service, the conditioning for a group of apartments. A central installation means of garbage disposal is classified as follows: with individual room controls is a central air-conditioning system. Incinerator, trash chute, or compactor-An incinerator is a large unit on the property designed to burn all trash and Automobiles and trucks available (Parts A, C, 0)-Statistics on garbage. Trash chutes and compactors were marked as the "automobiles available" represent the number of passenger means of garbage disposal when the final means of disposal automobiles, including station wagons and vans, which are was not known; i.e., if the respondent knew only that the owned or regularly used by any member of the household and garbage was put down a trash chute or that the garbage goes which are ordinarily kept at home. The figures include leased into a compactor. A compactor is a unit which packs trash automobiles, taxicabs, and company-owned automobiles kept at and garbage into smaller units for disposal. home. Police cars, pickups, or larger. trucks were not to be counted. Gar~ge disposal unit-A garbage disposal unit is connected The data on trucks available repre.sent the number of pickups ~o the kitchen sink and grinds up the garbage which is and small panel trucks of one-ton capacity. or ·l~ss Which a~e disP<;>sed of tho-ugh ~he sewage system. .. -." ·:" _.,....
APPENDIX A-Continued App-13
Other means-If the method of disposal does not fall into 3. Heavy traffic-This category refers to the presence of any of the classifications specified above, -it is classified as cars and/or trucks which the respondent classifies as "other means." heavy traffic. 4. Streets need repair-The data are based on the respond The statistics on garbage collection service presented in part ent's opinion that the streets, either paved or unpaved, D are restricted to renter-occupied units for which cash rent is are continually in need of repair or are bordered by open paid and exclude 1-unit structures on 10 acres or more. The ditches used for water or sewage drainage. data refer to whether or not the cost of garbage collection 5. Roads impassable-This category refers to roads that the service is paid by the renter. respondent reported to be neglected by State, county, or city crews during snowstorms, heavy rainstorms, or Extermination service (Parts B, F)-The statistics on extermina other such conditions that make a road impassable. tion service refer to households that have been at their present 6. Poor street lighting-Poor street lighting includes areas, address for a~ least 3 months prior to the date of the interview in the opinion of the respondent, that have no street and that reported they had seen mice or rats or signs or traces of lighting, streets with insufficient lighting, and streets their presence inside the house or building during th0 last 3 where the lighting does not work adequately. months. Signs of mice and rats or traces of their presence 7. Crime-This category refers to all forms of street and include droppings, holes in the wall, or ripped or torn food neighborhood crime such as petty theft; assaults against containers. "Regular extermination service" refers to periodic the person, burglary, etc., or any ~elated activities that visits by a licensed company or individual who uses chemicals the respondent judges to be a crime. and sj:)rays to control or kill rodents. The regular service interval 8. Litter-Included are all types of trash, debris, or junk may be once a month, four times a year, or any other such such as paper, cans, or abandoned cars in the street, on interval. "Irregular extermination service" i~cludeS:Visits bY an empty lots, or on properties on the street which the exterminator who is called by the household or building respondent considers as ·litter. manager only when needed, or where it ls known that a building 9. Abandoned buildings-Abandoned buildings refer to is serviced but it is not known whether the service is regular or both single and multiunit buildings which the respond· irregular. "No extermination service" includes uni~s in. a· hpuse ent reported to be abandoned or boarded up. Included or building that has not been serviced during the 12 months in this category are remains of previous buildings. prior to the interview and where it is not known if there is any 10. Housing in rundown condition-This category refers to extermination service. occupied housing units which, in the respondent's opinion, are in rundown condition. Neighborhood conditions and neighborhood services (Parts 8, 11. Commercial or industrial-This category refers to com F)-The statistics presented are based on the respondent's mercial, industrial, or other activities, including both opinion and attitude toward the neighborhood. Thus, the large and small industries as well as businesses and stores, respondent's answer may or· may not reflect the "actual" that the respondent considers to be nonresidential. description of the neighborhood. Furthermore, the respondent 12. Odors-This category refers to the resJX>ndent's opinion may not have the same opinion as a neighbor aboUt the concerning fumes, smoke, or gas coming- from cars, neighborhood conditions and/or neighborhood services; for trucks, nearby industries, factories, businesses, etc. example, the respondent may feel that the street lighting or neighborhood shopping facilities are satisfactory while the Neighborhood services-Data on neighborhood services are neighbor may not. · based on the respondent's answer to a two-part question Neighborhood conditions, and neighborhood conditions and concerning neigh?arhood services. The respondent was asked wish to move-Data on neighborhood conditions are based ( 1) if a particular neighborhood service was satisfactory, and·, on the respondent's answer to a two-part question con (21 if not satisfactory, how the respondent felt about the cerning specific conditions existing in the neighborhood. The service by selecting one of the following categories: (a) does respondent was asked ( 1) if the condition was present in the not bother. (bl bothers a little, (cl bothers very much, (di neighborhood and, (21 if present, how the respondent felt bothers so much would like to move . .about it by selecting one of the following categories: (al does 1. Public transportation-These data reflect the respondent's not bother. (bl bothers a little, (cl bothers very much, (di opinion of the availability of public transportation, such bothers so much would like to move. as bus, subway, or taxicab service. 1. Airplane noise-This category refers to the respondent's 2. Schools-These statistics reflect the respondent's opinion opinion concerning noise made by airplanes in landing, about the schools in the neighborhood, such as the taking off, or sonic booms from nearby airports or proximity of the school, population of the student body, military bases. etc. 2. Street noise-Street noise refers to nOise made by 3. Neighborhood shopping-This category refers to the children plaYing outdoors, noise from a factory or respondent's opinion regarding stores, such as grocery or business, or any other sounds that the respondent drug stores, in this vicinity, and their merchandise, prices, considers street noiS:e. or services. ~- ~------
App-14 APPENDIX A-Continued
4. Police protection-This category refers to the respondent's Mortgage status (Parts A, C)-Mortgage status refers to 1-unit opinion about the presence, qt1ality, quantity, and response structures. Units with no mortgage or similar debt outstanding time of services that should be provided by the police. on the property comprise the category "owned free and clear." 5. Outdoor recreation facilities, such as parks, playgrounds, Also included in this category are housing units in which the or swimming pools-This category refers to the respon owner has no mortgage but pays a "ground rent"; that is, the dent's assessment of neighborhood outdoor recreation occupant owns the unit but leases, rents, or pays a fee for the facilities. use of the land. 6. Hospitals and health clinics--This category refers to the The data are restricted to owner-occupied, 1-unit structures quality and proximity of health.facilities, etc., serving the on less than 10 acres without a commercial establishment or local community in the opinion of the respondent. medical or dental office on the property. The data exclude owner-occupied oooperative condominium units. A mortgage or Neighborhood services and wish to move-The ca_tegory similar debt refers to all forms of debt where the property is "household would like to mov1~" consists of housing units pledged as 'security for payment of the debt. It includes such in which the respondent considers one or more of the debt instruments as deeds of trust, trust deeds, mortgage bonds, specified neighborhood services (such as public transporta 7 and vendor liens. In the first three arrangements, usually a third tion) so inadequate or unsatisfactory that the respondent party, known as the trustee, holds the title to the property until would like to move from the nei!Jhborhood. the debt is paid. In the ven.dor lien arrangement, the title is kept The figures shown for the c:ate:gories under "h
APPENDIX A-Continued App-15
mortgage payment. The data on private mortgage insurance is H9useholds that did not report the amount of mortgage not separable from data on other conventional loans and is and/or real estate taxes were included in the ."not reported" therefore included in the category "not insured or insured by category. private mortgage insurance." Selected monthly housing costs as percentage of income (Parts Monthly mortgage payment-The data are limited to owner A, C)-The yearly housing costs (selected monthly housing costs occuPied, 1-unit structures on less than 10 acres having no multiplied by 12) are expressed as a percentage of the total commercial establishment or medical or dental office on th,e income of ihe family or primary individual. This percentage is property. The data present the monthly dollar amount paid for presented for the · sa~e owner-occupied units for which the mortgage, principal and interest only. Real estate taxes and "selected monthly housing costs" were tabulated (for exclu· fire and hazard insurance costs are excluded from the data even sions, see "Selected monthly housing costs"). The percentage if they are included in the regular payment·to the lender. was computed separately for each unit and was rounded to the neaiest tenth. For income .and "selected monthly housing Real estate taxes last year (Parts A, C)-The data are restricted costs," the dollar amounts were used. Units occupied by to owner-occupied, 1-unit structures on less than 10 acres familiEis or primary individuals who reported no income or a net without a commercial establishment or medical or dental office loss ~om prise the category "not computed." on the property. The data exclude owner-occupied ~operatives, Units that 'did not report the amount of mortgage and/or real condominiums, mobile homes, and trailers. "Real est~te taxes ~state taxes were included in the "not reported" category. ' last year" refers to the total amount of all real estate taxes payable on the entire property during the last billing P.riod. It Acquisition of property (Parts A, C)-This item indicates how includes State and local real estate taXes. Not. included are the current ·owner. acquired the property; i.e., whether by payments on delinquent taxes due from prior year's or paymE!nts purchase or by means other than purchase. Data are presented for special assessments, facilities, or services. When the ·real .for 1-uriit structures on less than 10 acres without a commercial estate taxes are included with the mortgage, a separate amount establishment or medical or dental office on the property. · for the taxes is obtained .. PIBcild or. assumed a mortgage-This includes units where the In part C, the mean real estate taxes for last year per $1,000 present owner had to. place one or more new mortgages in value of the property (house and lot) are presented. Housing order to obtain the property or assume an existing mortgage units for which no taxes are paid are· excluded fro"m the c;>n th~ property. The intent was to determine whether the computation of the mean. property was eVer mortgaged by the present occupants even though there was no mortgage at the time of the interview. Property insurance (Parts A, Cl-This refers to fire and hazard insurance; that is, policies which protect the unit and its Acquired through inheritance or gift-This includes property contents against loss due to damage by fire, lightning, wind, acquired as a beneficiary of an estate and property acquired hail, explosion, etc: Homeowners' policies are also included through a gift. since this type of insurance has fire and hazard insurance Paid all cash-In these cases, the owner paid cash for the total together with other types of homeowner protection such as C9st of the property and no mortgage or other similar debt liability. If the cost of the insurance was included as part of.the was involved. mortgage payment, a separate amount for the insurance was Acquired in oth'!r manner-This category includes acquisi ·obtained. The amount of the insurance premium reported was tions of properties through foreclosure, delinquent tax sale, the amount paid for an entire 12-month period even if made in corporate reorganization, or trade for another property. Also two or more installments. Property insurance is shown only as a included are those cases in which the owner acquired the component of "selected monthly housing costs" and "selected property with borrowed funds (for all or part of the purchase monthly housing costs as percentage of income." (See parts A price Or cost of construction) and this loan was not secured and C.) The data are restricted to owner-occupied,_ 1-unit by the property; i.e., a mortgage, deed of trust, land structures on less than 10 acres without a commercial establish contract, etc. ment or medical or dental office on the property. The data exclUde owner-occupied cooperatives, condominiums,· and Alterations and repairs during the last 12 months (Parts A, mobile homes and trailers. C)-The statistics refer to the 12 months prior to the interview Selected monthly housing costs (Parts A, Cl-The data are and are restricted to owner-occupied, 1·unit structures on less presented for owner-occupied, 1-unit structures on less than 10 than 10 acres without a commercial establishment or medical or acres without a commercial establishment or medical or dental dental office on the property. office on the property. Separate distributions are shown for The. data are presented according to whether the alterations units with a mortgage and for units owned free and clear. and repairs cost less than $300 or $300 or more. The total cost "Selected monthly housing costs" is the sum of payments .for of the labor and materials was to be reported. However, if the mortgage, real estate taxes, property insurance, utilities (elec· labOr was performed by the occupants or provided without tricity, gas, water, and sewage disposal), fuel (oil, coal, kerosene, charge, only the cost of the materials was obtained. The cost wood, etc.), and garbage collection. pertains to a single job; for example, if several jobs were done, App-16 APPENDIX A-Continued
each costing less than $300 but the sum total was over $300; it household· can use it for parking even if it is currently used as a was reported as costing less than $300 since none of the jobs by storage area for items such as lawn equipment or furniture. It themselves cost $300 or more. may be attached to the house or it may be completely unattached, but it must be on the property. Excluded are garages · Additions-Additions refer to floor space built onto, above, or carports that have been converted to other uses such as living or below an existing unit in order to increase the enclosed quarters, an extra room for business purposes, rented to space within the house, such as a bedroom or basement someone else, or for some reason cannot be used for parking. addE!d onto a house. It may also be construction of other buildings on the property. The buildi_ng, such as a garage, Contract rent (Part Al-Contract rent is the monthly rent agreed may not necessarily be attached. to, or contracted for, even if the furnishings, utilities, or services Alterations-These are permanent changes made either to t;he are included. The statistics on rent exclude 1-unit structures on inside or outside of a structUre including the surrounding 10 acres or more. Renter units occupied without payment of grounds. Alterations inside the structure include any type of cash rent are shown separately as "no cash rent" in the rent remodeling resulting in permanent modification of s~ce; for tabulations. example, construction of a breakfast nook in a kitchen. It may involve completely remodeling a room, such as a kitchen Gross rent· (Parts A, C, D, Fl-The computed rent termed "gross or bathroom, or a structural change such as separation of rent" is·the contract rent plus the estimated average monthly living and dining areas by a permanent room divider. It may cost of utilities (electricity, gas, water) and fuels (oil, coal, also include attached equipment installed in the house for kerosene, wood, etc.) if these items are paid by the renter (or the first time; e.g., built-in dishwasher. Alterations outside paid by someone else, such as a relative, welfare agency, or the structure consist of installing walks, driveways, fences, friend) in addition to rent. Contract rent is the monthly rent storm windows or doors, planting trees or shrubbery, or agreed. to, or contracted for, regardless of any furnishings, swimming pools built into the gr~und. utilities, or services that may be included. Thus, gross rent is Replacements-This refers to the complete substitution of a intended. to eliminate differentials which result from varying new piece of fixed equipment, surfacing, or fixed appliances practices with respect to the inclusion of utilities and fuel as f6r an old item that was previously there; for excimple, a new part of the rental payment. The estimated costs of water and gas furnace or central air-conditioning system for. one that no fuels ai"e reported on a yearly basis but they are converted to longer functioned properly. Excluded are appliances such as monthly figures in the computation process. cloth~s washers, refrigerators, or window air-conditioners. The statistics on rent exclude 1-unit structures on 10 acres or. Repairs-This refers to jobs necessary for maintenance and more. Renter units occupied .without payment of cash rent are preventive care of the structure, property, or fixed equip shown separately as "no cash rent" in the rent tabula~ions. ment; for example, painting, papering, floor sanding, mending water pipes, and replacing parts of large equipment Gross rent in nonsubsidized housing (Pa.rt A_)-The gross rent for such as a furnace valve. nonsubsidized housing units excludes· units reported in public housing projects, units with Federal, St~te, or local government Plans for improvements: during the next 12 months (Parts A, rent subsidies, as well as 1-unit structures on 10 acres or more. C)-This item is restricted to owner-occupied, 1-unit structures Data on nonsubsidized units, in this report, are not based on ·on less than 10 acres without a commercial establishment or government or local records; the figures are, therefore, subject ,medical or dental office on the property. This item refers to the to the ability of a respondent to properly classify the unit as respondent's plans, if any, to make improvements on ·the subsidized or nonsubsidized housing. property {additions, alterations, replacements, or repairs) during the 12-month period following the interview and whether the Gross rent as percentage of income (Parts A, Cl-The yearly labor and/or materials cost more or less than $300. gross rent (monthly gross rent multiplied by 12) is expressed as a percentage of the total income of the family or primary Sales price asked (Part Al-For vacant units, the sales price is individual. The percentage is presented for the sarne renter· ·the amount asked for the property at the time of the interview occupied units for which gross rent was tabulated; thus, the and may differ from the price at which the property is sold. The statistics on gross rent as .percentage of income reflect the statistics on sales price asked are shown only for vacant for sale exclusion of certain renter-occupied units. The percentage was 1-unit structures on less than 10 acres without a commercial computed separately for each unit and was rounded to the establishment or medical or dental office on the property. nearest whole number. For gross rent and income, the dollar amounts were used in the computation. Units for which no cash 9arage or carport on property (Parts A, C)-Data on units with rent is paid and units occupied by families or primary a garage or carport on the property are shown only for 1-unit individuals who reported no income or a net loss comprise the structures on less than 10 acres without a commercial establish category "not computed." m~nt or medical or dental office on the property. The garage or The 1978 income statistics are for the 12 months prior to the carport must be currently available for use by the occupants or date of the interview (April 1978 through March 1979). For the intended occupants of the unit; i.e., the members of the 1970, the income statistics cover the calendar year 1969. , ,, .. <· ... , '.·"
APPENDIX A-Continued App-17
Gross rent in nonsubsidized housing as percentage of income agency owns the property. All other housing units are classified (Parts A, C)-This item is computed in the same manner as as "private housing." "gross rent as percentage of income" except that rents and Private housing units are further classified by whether the incomes for public and subsidized housing units are excluded. unit is subsidized; that is, the respondent pays a lower rent Data on nonsubsidized units in this report are not based on because a Federal, State, or local government program pays part government or local records; they are, therefore, subject to the of the cost of construction, building mortgage, or operating ability of a respondent to properly classify the unit as expenses. These programs include {1) the interest subsidy subsidized or nonsubsidized housing. programs of the Department of Housing and Urban Develop· ment (HUD) for rental and cooperative housing for moderate Inclusion in rent {parking facilities. garbage collection. and income families, (2~ the rent supplement program where part of furniture) {Part C)-Counts are shown separately for units in the· rent for low-income families occupying certain types of which parking facilities, garbage collection, and furniture are rental housing projects is paid by HUD, and (3) the direct loan included in the rent. The data exclude 1·unit structures on 10 program of HUD for housing the elderly. acres or more. The statistics, on public or subsidized housing exclude 1-unit structures on 10 acres or more and mobile homes. In addition, Parking facilities-The statistics refer to off-street parking the data are not based on government or local records; the facilities which are available in connection with the building. figures are, therefore, subject to the ability of a respondent to The facilities are provided by the landlord or management properly classify ~he unit as public or privat_e and, if private, as and must be available without additional cost to the renter. subsidized or nonsubsidized housing. The parking facility may be a garage, carport, driveway, or open lot where the occupant may park a car off the street. Garbage collection-Included are units which have garbage Household Characteristics collection service available in connection with the building. Household (Parts A, B, C, D; F)-A household consists of all the The service may be public or private and must be available persons who occupy a housing unit. By definition, the count of without additional cost to the renter. If the garbage (food households is the same as the count of occupied housing units. waste) is collected by one company and the trash (paper, cans, etc.) by another. the data refer to the garbage Head of household (Parts A, B, C, D, F)-One person in .each collection service. In tables 3, 6, and 9, separate counts are household is designated as the "head"; that is, the person who is also shown for renter-occupied units reporting additional regarded as the head by the members of the household. amounts paid for garbage collection service. However, if a married woman living with her husband is Furniture-The statistics refer to furnished apartments or reported as the head, her husband was considered the head for houses in which the management supplied major pieces of the purpose of simplifying the tabulations. furniture such as a bed, sofa, chest of drawers, and table and chairs for the use of the occupant. Refrigerator, Cooking Household composition (Parts A, C, D)-Statistics by age of range or stove, lamps, and rugs are not considered furniture. head are presented separately for two-or-more-person house· Units in which the occupants rent furniture from some holds and for one-person households. Households having two or source other than the management are not classified· as more persons are further subdivided as follows: furnished units. Male head, wife present, no nonrelatives-Each household in Rent asked {Part A)-For vacant units, the rent is the amourit this group consists of the head and his wife, and other asked for the unit at the time of the interview and may differ persons, if any, all of whom are related to him. from the rent contracted for when the unit was occupied. The Other male head-This category includes households wi,th data are for vacant, year-round units for rent, excluding 1·unit inale head, wife present, with nonrelatives living with them; structures on 10 acres or more. The median rent asked is shown male heads who are married, but with wife absent because of separately for units in which the rent includes payment for all separation or other reason where husband and wife maintain utilities (electricity, gas, and water) and fuels {oil, coal, separate residences; and male heads who are widowed, kerosene, wood, etc.). Median rent asked is also shown for units divorced, or single. in which the rent includes payment for utilities and fuels, as well as garbage collection service. Female head-This group comprises households with female heads regardless of their marital status. Included are female Public, private, or subsidized housing (Parts A, C, Dl-A housing heads with no spouse and female heads whose husbands are unit is classified as being in a "public housing project" if the living away from their families; for example, husbands in the structure in which the unit is located is owned by a local Armed Forces living on military installations. housing authority or other public agency, such as a housing and redevelopment authority or a housing development agency, and Households consisting of only one person are shown sepa· operated as public housing. These organizations may receive rately as "one-person households" and are further subdivided as subsidies from the Federal or State government but the local "male head" and "female head." App-18 APPENDIX A-Continued
Family or primary individual {Parts A, C, 0)-Housing units are they are currently enrolled. "Regular" school refers to formal occupied by either "families" or "primary individuals." The education obtained in graded public, private, or parochial term "family" refers to the head of a household and all (one or schools, colleges, universities, or professional schools, whether more) other persons living in the same household who are day or night school, and whether attendance was full or part related to the head by blood, marriage, or adoption. If the head time. That is, "regular schooling" is formal education which lives alone or with nonrelatives only, then the head is considered may advance a person toward an elementary or high school a "primary individual." diploma, or college, university, or professional school degree. Married couples related to the head of a family are included Schooling or tutoring in other than regular schools is counted in the family and are not considered as separate families. A only if the credits obtained are regarded as transferable to a lodger, servant, or other person unrelated to the head is school in the regular school system. Household heads whose considered a member of the household but not of the family. highest grade completed was in a foreign school system or in an In the statistics on household composition, families are ungraded school were instructed to report the approximate always included in one of the three major groups of two-or equivalent grade (or years) in the regular United States school more-person households. Primary individuals with nonrelatives system. Household heads were not reported as having completed living with them are tabulated as "2-or-more-person house a given grade if they dropped out or failed to pass the last grade holds" and further subdivided as "other male head" or "female attended. Education received in the following types of schools head." Primary individuals living alone are always tabulated as is not counted as "regular schooling'': Vocational schools, "one-person households.'' trade schools, business schools, and noncredit adult education classes. Subfamily (Parts A, Cl-A subfamily is a married couple with or without children, or one parent with one or more own single Means of transportation and distance and travel time to work (never married) children under 18 years old, living in a (Part Al-The statistics are restricted to household heads who household and related to, but not including, the head of the had a job the week prior to the interview. A job is defined as a household or his wife. The most common example of a definite arrangement for regular part-time or full-time work for subfamily is a young married couple sharing the home of the pay every week or every month. Heads who do not report to the husband's or wife's parents. same place of work every day comprise the "no fixed place of work" category. Age of head (Parts A. C, D)-The age classification refers to the age reported for the head of the household as of that person's Head's principal means of transportation to ....,rk-lf dif last birthday. ferent means of transportation are used on different days, . the means used most often is recorded. If more than one Persons 65 years old and ovar (Parts A, D)-All persons, means of transportation is used each day, the means covering including the head, who are members of the household and are the greatest distance is recorded. A "carpool" is where one or 65 years old and over are included in the count of persons 65 more persons regularly ride in the car with the head;the head years old and over. may share driving, drive others, or ride with someone else. The category "mass transportation" includes railroad, sub· . Own children (Parts A, C, DI-Statistics on presence of "own" way, elevated transportation system, bus, and streetcar. children of household heads are. shown in this report. A child Distance from home to work-The statistics refer to the·· under 18 years old is defined as an "own" child if he or she is a one-way distance the head of household travels from home single (never married) son, daughter, stepchild, or adopted child to work. of a household head. Own children of subfamilies are excluded from the total count of own children. Travel time from home to ....,rk-The data refer to the average time it takes the household head to travel one way Other relative of head (Part Al--This category includes all from home to work. persons related to the head by blood, marriage, or adoption except wife or child of head and members of subfamilies. Income (Parts A, C, D, F)-The statistics on income in the Annual Housing Survey are based on the respondent's reply to Nonrelative (Parts A, Cl-A nonrelative of the head is any questions on income for the 12 months prior to the interview person in the household who is not related to the head by and are the sum of the amounts reported for wage and salary blood, marriage, or adoption. Roomers, boarders, lodgers, income, net self-employment income, Social Security or railroad partners, resident employees, wards, and foster children are retirement income, public assistance or welfare payments, and included in this category. · all other money income. The figures represent the amount of income received before deductions for personal income taxes, Years of school completed by head (Parts A, Cl-The statistics Social Security, union dues, bond purchases, health insurance refer to the highest grade of regular school completed, not to premiums, Medicare deductions, etc. the highest grade attended. For P"rsons still attending school, In this report, the statistics relate to the money income of the highest grade completed is one less than the one in which the family or primary individual occupying the housing unit; ·: ., I.'·
APPEND IX A_.:.COntinued App-19 i.e., the sum of the income of the head of the family and all household; net gambling gains; and nonservice scholarships and other members of the family 14 years old and over. or the fellowships. income of the primary individual. Incomes of persons living in Receipts from the following sources were not included as the unit but not related to the head of the household are not income: Value of income "in kind," such as, free living quarters, included in this sum. housing subsidies, food stamps, or food produced and consumed Wage or salary income is defined as the total money earnings in the home; money received from the sale of property (unless received for work performed as an employee at any time during the recipient was engaged in the business of selling such the 12-month period pri.or to the interview. It includes wages, property); money borrowed; tax refund; withdrawal of bank salary, piece-rate payments, commissions, tips, cash bonuses, deposits; accrued interest on· "uncashed'.' savings bonds; ex· and Armed Forces pay. Net self-employment income is defined change of money between relatives living in the same household; as net money income (gross receipts minus operating expenses) and gifts and lump-sum insurance payments, inheritances, and received from a business, professional practice, partnership or other types of lump-sum receipts. farm in which the person was self-employed. The income statistics and the characteristics of the household Social Security or railroad retirement income includes cash refer to different periods in time. For 1978, the income data receipts of Social Security pensions; survivors' benefits, dis refer to the 12 months prior to the interview (April 1978 ability insurance programs for retired persons, dependents of through March 1979), whereas the household characteristics deceased insured workers, or disabled workers; and deductions refer to the date of interview. For 1970, income data refer to for Medicare and health insurance premiums. Cash receipt of the calendar year 1969, whereas the house~old characteristics retirement, disability, and survivors' benefit payments made by refer to April 1, 1970. Thus, family income does not include the U.S. Government under the Railroad Retirement Act are amounts received by persons who were members of the family also included. Separate payments received for hospital ·or other during all .or part of the income period if these persons no medical care are not included. longer resided with the family at the time of the interview. On Income from all other sources includes money income the other hand, family income includes amounts reported by received from sources such as periodic payments from estates related persons who did not reside with the family during the and trust funds; dividends; interest; net rental income (or loss) income period but who were members of the family at the time from property rentals; net receipts from roomers or boarders; of the interview. For most families, however, the income net royalties; public assistance or. welfare payments which · reported was received by persons who were members of the include cash receipts received from public assistance programs, family throughout the income period. such as old age assistance, aid to families with dependent There may be significant differences in the income data children, and aid to the blind or totally disabled; unemployment between the Annual Housing Survey and other Bureau of the insurance benefits; money received for transportatiOn and/or Census' surveys and censuses. For example, the time period for subsistence by persons participating in special governmental income data in the Annual Housing Survey refers to the 12 training programs, such as the Area Redevelopment Act and the months prior to the interview while other income data generally Manpower Development and Training Act; workmen's compen refer to the calendar year prior to the date of the interview. sation cash benefits; periodic payments by the Veterans' Additional differences in the income data may be attributed to Administration to disabled members of the Armed Forces or to factors such as the various ways income questions are asked, the survivors of deceased veterans; public or private pensions; sampling 'variability and nonsampling errors between the Annual periodic receipts from insurance policies or annuities; alimony Housing Survey and other Bureau surveys and censuses, survey or child support from persons who are not members of the procedures and techniques, and processing procedures.