FORUM: Review, symposia, program and/or viewpoint papers. OOptimizingptimizing PPlantlant HHealthealth andand PestPest ManagementManagement ofof LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia spp.spp. iinn CCommercialommercial ProductionProduction aandnd LLandscapeandscape SituationsSituations iinn tthehe SSoutheasternoutheastern UnitedUnited States:States: A RRevieweview1

MMatthewatthew RR.. CChappellhappell2, SS.. KristineKristine BBramanraman3, JeanJean Williams-WoodwardWilliams-Woodward4, aandnd GGaryary KnoxKnox5 UUniversityniversity ooff GGeorgia,eorgia, DepartmentDepartment ofof HHorticultureorticulture 221111 HHokeoke SSmithmith Bldg.,Bldg., AAthens,thens, GGAA 3306020602 AAbstractbstract LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia isis a ggenusenus ooff pplantslants ccomprisedomprised ooff ddeciduouseciduous sshrubshrubs oorr ssmallmall ttreesrees nnativeative ttoo CChinahina ssouthwardouthward iintonto SSoutheastoutheast AAsia.sia. LL.. iindicandica, tthehe ooldestldest aandnd mmostost widespreadwidespread speciesspecies inin cultivationcultivation iinn tthehe UUnitednited SStates,tates, hhasas bbeeneen ccultivatedultivated aass aann oornamentalrnamental fforor ccenturieenturies aandnd wwasas iintroducedntroduced ttoo tthehe SSoutheasternoutheastern U.S.U.S. overover 175175 yearsyears ago.ago. MuchMuch hashas beenbeen disseminateddisseminated onon thethe cultureculture aandnd ccommercialommercial producproducttionion ooff crapemyrtlecrapemyrtle sspeciespecies aandnd ccultivars;ultivars; iincludingncluding pplantlant fformsorms aandnd ffunction,unction, aadaptabilitydaptability ttoo mmacroacro aandnd mmicroicro eenvironment,nvironment, ggrowthrowth aandnd fl ooralral characteristics,characteristics, aandnd ccommercialommercial productionproduction andand landscapelandscape cultureculture andand maintenance.maintenance. SSinceince tthehe iintroductionntroduction ooff LL.. indicaindica iinn tthehe UnitedUnited SStates,tates, LL.. faurieifauriei, LL.. subcostatasubcostata aandnd LL.. limiilimii havehave aalsolso bbeeneen iintroduced.ntroduced. HHowever,owever, ssinceince tthehe mmidid 11970s,970s, iinterspecinterspecifi c hhybridsybrids bbetweenetween LL.. indicaindica × LL.. faurieifauriei comprisecomprise tthehe mmajorityajority ooff nnewew ccultivarultivar iintroductions.ntroductions. BBreedingreeding eeffortsfforts hhaveave rresultedesulted iinn 113333 ccommerciallyommercially availableavailable cultivarscultivars aass ooff DDecemberecember 22011011 tthathat includeinclude cultivarscultivars wwithith eeverver iimprovingmproving fformorm aandnd fl oowering,wering, nnewew fl oowerwer ccolors,olors, oornamentalrnamental bark,bark, ornamentalornamental foliage,foliage, andand diseasedisease tolerance.tolerance. However,However, therethere isis a widewide rangerange amongamong cultivarscultivars ooff ttoleranceolerance toto kkeyey ppestsests aandnd ddiseasesiseases ssuchuch aass ppowderyowdery mmildew,ildew, CCercosporaercospora lleafeaf sspot,pot, fl eeaa bbeetleeetle aandnd JJapaneseapanese bbeetle.eetle. A llargearge nnumberumber ooff ppestsests aandnd pplantlant ppathogensathogens aalsolso nnegativelyegatively aaffectffect ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle hhealthealth iincludingncluding ggranulateranulate aambrosiambrosia bbeetle,eetle, ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle aaphid,phid, bbarkark sscale,cale, bacterialacterial lleafeaf sspot,pot, ssootyooty mmoldold aandnd ssoil-borneoil-borne rrootoot aandnd ccrownrown ddiseases.iseases. TThishis rrevieweview ffocusesocuses oonn crapemyrtlecrapemyrtle cculture,ulture, iinn bbothoth ccommercialommercial anand llandscapeandscape settings,settings, withwith anan emphasisemphasis onon optimizingoptimizing plantplant healthhealth throughthrough thethe discussiondiscussion ofof majormajor abioticabiotic andand bioticbiotic sstressorstressors aannd ccultivarultivar vvariationariation iinn ttoleranceolerance ttoo tthesehese sstressors.tressors. IIndexndex words:words: ccrapemyrtle,rapemyrtle, IIPM,PM, ornamentalornamental pests.pests. SSpeciespecies uusedsed iinn tthishis sstudy:tudy: LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia iindicandica; LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia sspeciosapeciosa; LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia ffaurieiauriei; LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia ssubcostataubcostata; LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia limiilimii; aandnd LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia indicaindica × ffaurieiauriei.

SSigniignifi ccanceance ttoo tthehe NNurseryursery IIndustryndustry aandnd nnegativelyegatively iimpactmpact tthehe hhealthealth ooff ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle aandnd iinn ssomeome SSinceince iitsts iintroductionntroduction ooverver 117575 yyearsears aago,go, LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia ccasesases leadlead toto mortalitymortality ifif notnot ccorrectlyorrectly iidentidentifi eded aandnd pproperlyroperly sspp.pp. aandnd ccultivarsultivars hhaveave bbeeneen mmajorajor hhorticulturalorticultural ccropsrops iinn tthehe ccontrolled.ontrolled. ThisThis reviewreview pprovidesrovides a comprehensivecomprehensive overviewoverview oornamentalrnamental nnurseryursery iindustry,ndustry, bbothoth iinn ccontainerontainer aandnd fi eeldld set-set- ooff crapemyrtlecrapemyrtle ccultureulture iinn pproductionroduction andand llandscapeandscape environ-environ- ttings.ings. InIn thethe southeasternsoutheastern UUnitednited SStates,tates, pplantslants aarere ccommer-ommer- mments,ents, ffocusingocusing oonn eenvironmentalnvironmental ffactorsactors aandnd ppestsests tthathat lleadead cciallyially ggrownrown aandnd ssoldold iinn mmanyany ssalablealable ssizesizes ffromrom ssmallmall ccon-on- ttoo ssigniignifi cantcant iinjury.njury. TThishis aarticlerticle wwillill bbee ddirectlyirectly aapplicablepplicable ttainerizedainerized llinersiners ttoo llargearge fi eeldld pproducedroduced specimensspecimens andand maymay ttoo ggreenreen iindustryndustry pprofessionalsrofessionals whowho ssell,ell, iinstallnstall aandnd mmaintainaintain bbee iinn pproductionroduction atat nurseriesnurseries forfor severalseveral yearsyears beforebefore beingbeing ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle iinn ccommercialommercial aandnd llandscapeandscape ssettings.ettings. mmarketedarketed andand sold.sold. BecauseBecause ofof thethe ddurabilityurability ooff ccrapemyrtle,rapemyrtle, pplantlant hhealthealth aandnd ppestest mmanagementanagement ooff ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle iiss ssome-ome- IIntroductionntroduction ttimesimes ooverlookedverlooked iinn bbothoth llandscapeandscape aandnd pproductionroduction settings.settings. PPlantslants iinn tthehe genusgenus LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia LL.. areare nativenative ttoo ssouthernouthern HHowever,owever, therethere aarere sseveraleveral bioticbiotic ((insectsinsects aandnd ddiseases)iseases) aandnd CChina,hina, JJapan,apan, andand KoreaKorea southwardsouthward ttoo AAustraliaustralia aandnd OOcea-cea- aabioticbiotic (e.g.(e.g. llowow ttemperature)emperature) ffactorsactors tthathat ccanan ssigniignifi ccantlyantly nniaia ((52).52). TThehe sscienticientifi c nnameame LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia waswas coinedcoined bbyy CCarlarl LLinnaeusinnaeus iinn 11759759 ttoo hhonoronor MMagnusagnus vvonon LLagerstroem,agerstroem, a SSwedishwedish naturalistnaturalist andand directordirector ooff tthehe SSwedishwedish EEastast IIndiesndies 1 Received for publication January 22, 2012; in revised form May 4, 2012. CCompany.ompany. CrapemyrtleCrapemyrtle derivesderives itsits commoncommon namename fromfrom iitsts We would like to thank Dr. William (Bill) Klingeman, Dr. Amy Fulcher and Justin West for reviewing this manuscript prior to submission and the ccrepe-like,repe-like, ccrinkledrinkled ppetalsetals aandnd tthehe ssimilarityimilarity ooff iitsts ffoliageoliage Southern Region IPM Center for funding support for the project titled En- ttoo tthehe ttruerue myrtlemyrtle (MMyrtusyrtus ccommunisommunis LL.).) ((36).36). hancing Nursery Crop Research and Extension with a Multi-State Working OOnene ooff tthehe mmostost historicallyhistorically prevalentprevalent sspeciespecies iinn ccultivationultivation Group that led to the construction of this manuscript. iinn tthehe ssoutheasternoutheastern UUnitednited SStates,tates, LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia iindicandica LL.,., 2University of Georgia, Department of Horticulture, 211 Hoke Smith Bldg., hhasas bbeeneen ccultivatedultivated aass aann oornamentalrnamental iinn tthehe UU.S..S. fforor ooverver 117575 Athens, GA 30602. [email protected]. yyearsears ((12).12). LL.. speciosaspeciosa ((L.)L.) PPers.,ers., oror Queen’sQueen’s crapemyrtle,crapemyrtle, 3University of Georgia, Department of Entomology, 1109 Experiment St., Griffi n, GA 30223. [email protected]. hhasas bbeeneen ccultivatedultivated mmuchuch llongeronger aass a fl oweringowering sstreettreet ttreeree iinn 4University of Georgia, Department of Plant Pathology, 3313 Miller Plant ttropicalropical areasareas ofof thethe wworldorld aandnd ttodayoday iiss usedused inin USDAUSDA PlantPlant Sci. Bldg., Athens, GA 30602. [email protected]. HHardinessardiness ZoneZone 1010 southwardsouthward inin thethe U.S.U.S. ((e.g.e.g. ssouthernouthern FFL).L). 5University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, 155 LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia ffaurieiauriei KKoehne,oehne, LL.. subcostatasubcostata KKoehneoehne aandnd Research Road, Quincy, FL 32351. gwknox@ufl .edu. LL.. limiilimii MMerr.err. havehave aallll bbeeneen uusedsed iinn bbreedingreeding pprogramsrograms ttoo

J. Environ. Hort. 30(3):161–172. September 2012 161 iintroducentroduce variedvaried fl oowerwer ccolor,olor, llargerarger fl oowerwer ppanicles,anicles, ssemi-emi- ttoleranceolerance aandnd iincreasedncreased vvigor.igor. IItsts rremarkableemarkable ssuccessuccess aass a eevergreenvergreen ffoliage,oliage, ddiseaseisease ttoleranceolerance oorr bbarkark ttraitsraits ((52).52). MMostost llandscapeandscape plantplant isis largelylargely duedue toto thethe wwidespreadidespread uusagesage ofof rrecentecent ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle releasesreleases inin thethe SoutheastSoutheast aarere LL.. indicaindica hhybridybrid LL.. indicaindica × ffaurieiauriei ccultivars.ultivars. × LL.. faurieifauriei hhybridsybrids andand areare notednoted fforor ssuperioruperior ttoleranceolerance ttoo CCrapemyrtlerapemyrtle iiss a ppremierremier ornamentalornamental genusgenus fforor llandscapesandscapes ppowderyowdery mildew;mildew; a ssigniignifi cantcant ppathogenathogen iinn thethe Southeast.Southeast. wwithith ffullull ssunun exposure.exposure. DDespiteespite a rrangeange iinn ccultivarultivar ssizes,izes, ffromrom TThehe iinitialnitial LL.. indicaindica × LL.. faurieifauriei hhybridizationsybridizations ooccurredccurred iinn ssmallmall (‘dwarf’)(‘dwarf’) sshrubshrubs ttoo ssmallmall ttrees,rees, tthehe mmostost ccommonlyommonly tthehe llateate 1960s1960s atat thethe U.S.U.S. NNationalational AArboretumrboretum bbyy DDr.r. DDon-on- aavailablevailable cultivarscultivars areare bbestest usedused asas smallsmall trees.trees. GGenerally,enerally, aaldld EEgolf,golf, withwith ‘Natchez’‘Natchez’ aandnd ‘‘Muskogee’Muskogee’ tthehe fi rrstst ccultivarsultivars ssizeize hhasas beenbeen cclassilassifi eedd aass largelarge shrubshrub ttoo ssmallmall ttreeree ooff ggreaterreater iintroducedntroduced inin 1978.1978. SinceSince then,then, manymany otherother ccultivarsultivars hhaveave tthanhan 33.1.1 m ((1010 fft),t), mmediumedium sshrubshrubs ofof 1.52m1.52m (5(5 ft)ft) toto 3.13.1 m (10(10 bbeeneen iintroducedntroduced byby thethe U.S.U.S. NNationalational AArboretumrboretum aandnd ootherther fft)t) aandnd ssmallmall shrubsshrubs ofof lessless thanthan 1.51.5 m (5(5 ft)ft) (36).(36). TheThe trendtrend ooff ppublicublic aandnd pprivaterivate bbreedersreeders ((12)12) ((TableTable 1).1). llargearge shrubshrub cultivarcultivar availabilityavailability isis slowlyslowly cchanginghanging aass mmoreore rreliablyeliably smallsmall ccultivarsultivars aarere iintroducedntroduced iintonto tthehe mmarketplace.arketplace. SSpeciespecies aandnd ccultivarultivar ccharacteristicsharacteristics. LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia sspe-pe- IItt iiss imperativeimperative whenwhen sselectingelecting a ccultivarultivar fforor llandscapeandscape uusese cciesies tthathat aarere ccurrentlyurrently iinn ccultivationultivation (LL.. indicaindica andand LL.. indicaindica tthathat a ccultivarultivar wwhosehose growthgrowth characteristicscharacteristics aandnd uultimateltimate × ffaurieiauriei) areare cclassilassifi eded iintonto tthreehree ssizeize ccategories:ategories: ssmallmall ssizeize fi t tthehe iintendedntended llandscapeandscape isis selected.selected. MisplacementMisplacement sshrubs,hrubs, mediummedium sshrubs,hrubs, andand llargearge sshrubshrubs toto smallsmall treestrees (36).(36). ooff largelarge sshrub-sizedhrub-sized ccrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles wwillill rrequireequire cconsistentonsistent TThehe ssmallmall sshrubhrub ccategoryategory iiss a moremore rrecentecent ddevelopmentevelopment inin ppruningruning thatthat ccanan lleadead ttoo wweakeak ggrowthrowth aandnd iincreasedncreased ppestest aandnd rreactioneaction ttoo iincreasingncreasing ddemandemand fforor ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle ccultivarsultivars tthathat ppathogenathogen problemsproblems rrelatedelated ttoo llushush ggrowthrowth aandnd ppooroor aairirfl owow ccanan bebe incorporatedincorporated iintonto uurbanrban llandscapes.andscapes. CrapemyrtleCrapemyrtle iiss iinn tthehe ccanopy.anopy. vvaluedalued aass a llandscapeandscape pplantlant fforor iitsts pprolirolifi c ssummerummer fl oowers,wers, ooftenften rre-bloominge-blooming ssporadicallyporadically aafterfter aann iinitialnitial fl ushush ofof fl oow-w- AAdaptabilitydaptability aandnd ccultureulture. CCrapemyrtlerapemyrtle iiss adaptedadapted toto eers.rs. CCrapemyrtlerapemyrtle aalsolso displaysdisplays excellentexcellent heatheat aandnd ddroughtrought cclimaticlimatic cconditionsonditions ccommonlyommonly eexperiencedxperienced throughoutthroughout tthehe ttoleranceolerance aandnd yyear-roundear-round llandscapeandscape interest.interest. FloweringFlowering SSoutheasternoutheastern UUnitednited SStatestates ((USDAUSDA PPlantlant HHardinessardiness ZZoneone bbeginsegins aass eearlyarly aass MMayay inin USDAUSDA PlantPlant HHardinessardiness ZonesZones 8–98–9 66–7–7 aandnd ssouth,outh, ddependingepending oonn cultivar)cultivar) ((11).11). EEstablishedstablished aandnd ccontinuesontinues intointo thethe ffallall inin mmoreore nnorthernorthern aareas.reas. SSporadicporadic llandscapeandscape plantsplants areare toleranttolerant ofof extendedextended drydry periods,periods, highhigh rre-bloominge-blooming wwillill ccontinueontinue iinn tthehe ddeepeep southsouth ((USDAUSDA PPlantlant hheateat eenvironmentsnvironments aandnd ttypicallyypically rrequireequire llittleittle ttoo nnoo ffertilizerertilizer HHardinessardiness ZoneZone 7b7b andand south)south) fromfrom thethe eendnd ooff tthehe fi rstrst bloombloom aapplication.pplication. IIrrigationrrigation andand fertilizerfertilizer applicationapplication wwillill lleadead uuntilntil ffrost.rost. EEachach 115.35.3 ccmm ((66 iin)n) ttoo 445.85.8 ccmm ((1818 iin.)n.) ppanicleanicle ttoo mmoreore rrapid,apid, llushush ggrowthrowth andand increasedincreased fl oowering.wering. WetWet ooff fl oowerswers developsdevelops onon thethe aapicalpical growthgrowth ofof newnew sstemstems aandnd ssitesites lleadead ttoo ppooroor ggrowthrowth andand anan increaseincrease inin rrootoot ppathogens.athogens. iiss ccomposedomposed ooff hhundredsundreds ooff 11.3.3 ccmm ((0.50.5 iin)n) ttoo 55.1.1 ccmm ((22 iin)n) CCrapemyrtlerapemyrtle hashas lowlow saltsalt tolerancetolerance (16,(16, 45),45), soso itit shouldshould notnot fl oretsorets (11).(11). ColorColor rangesranges iincludenclude shadesshades ofof purple,purple, llavender,avender, bbee iirrigatedrrigated withwith salinesaline waterwater oorr uusedsed nnearear tthehe ccoastoast uunlessnless iitt wwhite,hite, ppinkink aandnd rred,ed, includingincluding ‘true’‘true’ red,red, a relativelyrelatively recentrecent iiss wellwell protectedprotected fromfrom salinesaline conditions.conditions. FullFull sunsun willwill resultresult ddevelopment.evelopment. iinn mmaximumaximum ggrowthrowth aandnd fl owering.owering. AsAs shadeshade levelslevels iincrease,ncrease, LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia ffaurieiauriei aandnd iitsts hhybridybrid cultivarscultivars ffrequentlyrequently ggrowthrowth becomesbecomes wweakeak aandnd lleggy,eggy, fl oweringowering diminishesdiminishes andand ppossessossess exfoliatingexfoliating bbark,ark, a characteristiccharacteristic tthathat aaddsdds wwinterinter ffoliaroliar ppathogenathogen incidenceincidence andand sseverityeverity iincreases.ncreases. AAddition-ddition- iinterest.nterest. BarkBark exfoliatesexfoliates inin earlyearly toto mid-summer,mid-summer, revealingrevealing aally,lly, tthosehose speciesspecies (e.g.(e.g. LL.. indicaindica) aandnd ccultivarsultivars ssusceptibleusceptible ttoo nnewew uunderlyingnderlying bbarkark rangingranging iinn ccolorolor ffromrom ccreamream ttoo ddarkark ppowderyowdery mildewmildew shouldshould bebe placedplaced inin fullfull sunsun locationslocations thatthat ccinnamoninnamon aandnd mmanyany hhuesues bbetween.etween. TThehe bbarkark ccolorolor ggraduallyradually aallowllow airair movementmovement ttoo hhelpelp aavoidvoid ppotentialotential pproblemsroblems wwithith tturnsurns ttoo ggreyrey overover thethe winterwinter uuntilntil iitt eexfoliatesxfoliates aagaingain thethe fol-fol- tthishis ffoliaroliar pathogen.pathogen. llowingowing ggrowingrowing sseasoneason ((23).23). FFoliageoliage ssizeize vvariesaries ddependingepending CCrapemyrtlerapemyrtle iinn bbothoth fi eeld-productionld-production andand llandscapeandscape ssitua-itua- oonn tthehe sspeciespecies oorr hhybridybrid ooff ccrapemyrtle.rapemyrtle. MManyany LL.. indicaindica ttionsions pperformerform bbestest iinn cclaylay oorr cclay-loamlay-loam ssoilsoils tthathat aarere sslightlylightly ccultivarsultivars ppossessossess rroundedounded oorr bbroadlyroadly ellipticelliptic ffoliageoliage tthathat aacidiccidic ((pHpH 5.05.0 toto 6.5).6.5). However,However, thethe genusgenus wwillill ggrowrow wwellell iinn iiss upup toto 7.67.6 cmcm (3(3 in)in) longlong aandnd 33.8.8 ccmm ((1.51.5 iin)n) wwide.ide. HHybridybrid ssandyandy ssoils,oils, althoughalthough irrigationirrigation andand fertilizationfertilization wwillill nneedeed ccultivarsultivars hhaveave mmoreore llanceolateanceolate ffoliageoliage uupp ttoo 112.72.7 ccmm ((55 iin)n) ttoo bbee iincreasedncreased forfor maximummaximum ggrowthrowth rrateate aandnd pplantlant qquality.uality. llongong aandnd 7.67.6 cmcm (3(3 in)in) widewide (11)(11) whilewhile otherother speciesspecies suchsuch asas CCrapemyrtlerapemyrtle ttransplantsransplants eeasilyasily iinn aallll ssoilsoils wwithith bbestest ttrans-rans- LL.. subcostatasubcostata ccanan havehave eveneven llargerarger lleaves.eaves. FFoliageoliage eemergesmerges pplantlant ssuccessuccess achievedachieved wwhenhen pplantslants aarere eestablishedstablished iinn tthehe ffallall iinn llateate spring,spring, ooftenften ccoincidingoinciding wwithith QQuercusuercus sspp.,pp., andand tthroughhrough earlyearly springspring inin thethe southeasternsoutheastern UUnitednited SStates.tates. ((36).36). eemergesmerges wwithith a rreded ccastingasting thatthat qquicklyuickly tturnsurns ddarkark ggreenreen bbyy BBareare rrootoot oorr bballed-and-burlappedalled-and-burlapped ccrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles shouldshould bebe ffullull lleafeaf eexpansion.xpansion. A nnewew ttraitrait iinn LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia isis ffoliageoliage ddug,ug, mmovedoved aandnd pplantedlanted wwhilehile ddormant.ormant. IInn llandscapeandscape situ-situ- tthathat eemergesmerges ppurpleurple ttoo bburgundy-coloredurgundy-colored tthathat mmayay ppersistersist aations,tions, plantsplants shouldshould bbee mmulchedulched ttoo a ddepthepth ooff 77.6.6 ccmm ((33 iin)n) tthroughouthroughout tthehe ggrowingrowing sseason,eason, ddependingepending oonn ccultivar.ultivar. IInn wwithith a bbarkark pproductroduct oror 7.67.6 ccmm ((33 iin)n) ttoo 112.72.7 ccmm ((55 iin)n) wwithith a UUSDASDA PlantPlant HHardinessardiness ZoneZone 8 aandnd nnorth,orth, ffoliageoliage mmayay tturnurn ppineine sstraw.traw. IIrrigationrrigation mmayay bbee rrequiredequired iinn tthehe fi rrstst ggrowingrowing bbrightright yellow,yellow, orangeorange oror redred iinn aautumnutumn ddependingepending oonn tthehe sseasoneason toto aidaid inin establishmentestablishment butbut tthereafterhereafter iiss notnot nneededeeded aass ccultivarultivar bbeingeing ggrownrown ((12).12). iitt ccanan leadlead toto foliarfoliar ((overheadoverhead iirrigation)rrigation) aand/ornd/or rrootoot ((micro-micro- iirrigation)rrigation) pathogenpathogen problems.problems. LLandscapeandscape value.value. CCrapemyrtlerapemyrtle hhasas bbecomeecome a ddominantominant llandscapeandscape plantplant inin thethe southeasternsoutheastern UnitedUnited StatesStates duedue toto itsits MMaintenance.aintenance. PPruningruning sshouldhould ttypicallyypically bbee cconductedonducted iinn aadaptabilitydaptability ttoo ‘‘poor’poor’ ssoiloil aandnd eenvironmentalnvironmental cconditionsonditions aandnd llateate winterwinter toto earlyearly sspring,pring, ddependingepending oonn tthehe pphysicalhysical lloca-oca- iitsts rrelativeelative eeasease ooff mmaintenance.aintenance. BBreedingreeding pprogramsrograms ooverver tthehe ttionion ofof thethe fi eeldld productionproduction ooperationperation oorr llandscape,andscape, wwithith llastast 3300 yyears,ears, aandnd eespeciallyspecially tthehe llastast 1100 yyears,ears, hhaveave pproducedroduced ccolderolder llandscapesandscapes (USDA(USDA PlantPlant HardinessHardiness ZoneZone 8 andand north)north) ssuperioruperior ccultivarsultivars wwithith a wwideide rangerange ooff pplantlant ssizesizes aandnd hhabits,abits, hhavingaving llaterater ppruningruning datesdates aandnd wwarmerarmer llocationsocations eearlierarlier iimprovedmproved fl owering,owering, nnewew fl owerower ccolors,olors, oornamentalrnamental bbark,ark, ppruningruning ddates.ates. ResearchResearch conductedconducted inin GrifGriffi nn,, GGAA (USDA(USDA oornamentalrnamental ffoliage,oliage, ssmallermaller mmatureature ssize,ize, iincreasedncreased ddiseaseisease PPlantlant HHardinessardiness ZoneZone 77b)b) iindicatesndicates thatthat ppruningruning ‘Natchez’‘Natchez’

162 J. Environ. Hort. 30(3):161–172. September 2012 Table 1. Characteristics of 133 selected Lagerstroemia cultivars, categorized based on mature size and listed within mature size alphabetically. Only those cultivars determined to be commercially available as of December 2011 have been included.

Cultivarz Flower color Bark color Habit

Small Shrub Category — Mature Size Under 6' Berry Dazzle Fuchsia Nondescript tan Mounding Bicolor Pink and white bicolor Nondescript tan Mounding Bourbon Street Rose pink Nondescript tan Spreading Cedar Red True red Nondescript tan Mounding Cherry Dazzle Cherry red Nondescript tan Mounding Chica® Pink Medium pink Nondescript tan Spreading Chica® Red Fuschia red Nondescript tan Rounded Chickasaw Pink lavender Nondescript tan Compact-mounded Chisam Fire Red Nondescript tan Upright Creole Watermelon red Nondescript tan Spreading Dazzle Me Pink Medium pink Nondescript tan Mounding Delta Blush Light pink Nondescript tan Spreading Diamond Dazzle White Nondescript tan Mounding Dwarf Purple Purple Mounding Dwarf Snow White Nondescript tan Mounding Dwarf White White Nondescript tan Mounding Houston Red Watermelon red Nondescript tan Mounded Lafayette Blush lavender Nondescript tan Spreading Mardi Gras Purple Nondescript tan Spreading McFadden’s Pinkie Myrtlette Light Pink Compact mounding New Orleans Deep purple Nondescript tan Spreading Okmulgee Dark red Upright mounding Orlando Lavender purple Nondescript tan Mounded Ozark Spring Light lavender Nondescript tan Upright Petite Embers™ Red Nondescript tan Upright Petite Orchid™ Dark lavender Nondescript tan Upright Petite Pinkie™ Medium pink Nondescript tan Rounded Petite Plum® Purple Nondescript tan Rounded Petite Red Imp™ True red Nondescript tan Rounded Petite Snow™ White Nondescript tan Upright mounding Pink Blush Light pink Nondescript tan Mounded Pixie White White Nondescript tan Rounded Pokomoke Deep rose pink Nondescript tan Compact- mounded Purple Queen® Reddish Purple Nondescript tan Spreading Purple Velvet Dark purple Nondescript tan Rounded Rosy Carpet Rose pink Spreading Ruby Dazzle Ruby red Nondescript tan Mounding Sacramento Rose pink Nondescript tan Mounded Snowbaby White Nondescript tan Upright- rounded Strawberry Dazzle Neon-rose Nondescript tan Mounding Sweetheart Dazzle Dark pink Nondescript tan Mounding Tightwad Red® True red Nondescript tan Rounded Tom Dodd Orange-red Mounding Victor Red Nondescript tan Upright Weeping Alamo Fire Red Spreading World’s Fair Red Nondescript tan Spreading

Medium Shrub Category — Mature Size 6' – 12' Acoma White Creamy beige Spreading, pendulous America Ruby red Upright Baton Rouge Deep rose red Nondescript tan Rounded Bayou Marie Pink Nondescript tan Rounded Blizzard White Nondecsript tan Rounded Burgundy Cotton White Nondescript tan Broad upright Caddo “Bubble-gum” pink Medium orange brown Spreading Centennial Purple Nondescript tan Rounded Cherokee Medium Red Medium orange brown Open Spreading Cheyenne Bright red Medium orange brown Rounded Christmas Time White Nondescript tan Upright vase Conestoga Light lavender Nondescript tan Spreading Coral Sport Coral red Nondescript tan Upright Cordon Bleu Lavender Nondescript tan Upright- rounded Glowing Rose Rose-pink Upright - rounded Hopi Medium pink Nondescript tan Open, elliptical Low Flame Pinkish red Nondescript tan Upright rounded Majestic Orchid™ Purple Upright rounded Mandi Dark red Mounding Pecos Medium pink Rich, dark brown Vase- shaped Petite Snow™ White Nondescript tan Open, rounded

Table 1 Continued next page …

J. Environ. Hort. 30(3):161–172. September 2012 163 Table 1. Continued.

Cultivarz Flower color Bark color Habit

Pink Ruffl es Medium pink Beige Rounded Powhatan Medium purple Light brown Upright but broad Prairie Lace Medium pink edged with white Nondescript tan Compact upright Red Rooster Medium red Nondescript tan Rounded upright Royalty Royal purple Nondescript tan Upright- rounded Tonto Fuschia red Light brown Rounded Velma’s Royal Delight Magenta-purple Orange-tan Compact rounded White Chocolate White Nondescript tan Rounded Zuni Medium lavender Whitish beige Rounded

Large Shrub Category — Mature Size Under 12' – 20' Apalachee Light lavender Cinnamon orange Upright Candycane Medium pink edged with white Nondescript tan Upright Catawba Violet purple Nondescript tan Broad Centennial Spirit Dark red Beige Stiffl y upright Christiana Deep red Nondescript tan Upright- rounded Comanche Coral pink Sandalwood Upright-rounded Cotton Ball White Upright vase Cotton Candy Bright Pink Upright vase Country Red Dark red Beige Upright-rounded Firebird Dark hot pink Nondescript tan Spreading Griffi th Pink Pink Nondescript tan Upright vase Lipan Reddish lavender Whitish Upright Near East Soft pink Tan Open, spreading New Snow White Broad upright Osage Medium pink Dark orange Rounded to pendulous Osage Blush Light pink Dark orange Rounded to pendulous Peppermint Lace Pink edged with white Nondescript tan Upright-rounded Pink Lace Medium pink Beige Rounded Pink Velour® Hot pink Nondescript tan Upright Queen’s Lace Pink-white bicolor Upright vase Raspberry Sundae® Dark pink edged with white Nondescript tan Strongly upright Regal Red Red Nondescript tan Upright Sarah’s Favorite White Grey rust Upright vase Seminole Medium pink Nondescript tan Rounded Siren Red™ Dark red Nondescript tan Rounded Sioux Clear medium pink Medium grey brown Narrowly upright Splash of Pink Mix of white, pink and bicolor fl owers Nondescript tan Rounded William Toovey Pink red Yellow-orange Vase-shaped Yuma Light lavender Pinkish-cream Open, rounded Yvonne Pink lavender Compact globose

Small Tree Category — Mature Size Over 20' Arapaho Dark red Basham’s Party Pink Lavender pink Creamy beige Rounded, vase- shaped Biloxi Light pink Rich, dark brown Open, vase- shaped Byer’s Hardy Lavender Medium lavender Upright rounded Byer’s Standard Red Coral red Orange rust Upright Byer’s Wonderful White White Light beige to yellow Upright vase-shaped Carolina Beauty Deep red Nondescript tan Upright Choctaw Light pink Warm, light brown Rounded Dallas Red Dark red Nondescript tan Upright, rounded with age Dynamite® True red Light beige Upright-rounded Fantasy White Red-orange Vase-shaped Glendora White White Upright open Hardy Lavender Medium lavender Reddish rust Upright Kiowa White Cinnamon brown Vase-shaped Miami Dark pink Chestnut brown Upright vase-shaped Muskogee Lavender-pink Sandalwood Rounded Natchez White Rich, cinnamon brown Rounded Orbyn Atkins White Medium orange brown Upright vase Potomac Medium pink Beige Upright Red Rocket® Cherry red Nondescript tan Upright-rounded Special Red Coral red Upright Townhouse White Mahogany red Vase-shaped Tuscarora Dark coral pink Nondescript tan Upright Tuskegee Dark pink Creamy beige Vase-shaped Twilight Dark purple Nondescript tan Upright Watermelon Red Watermelon red/pink Creamy beige Spreading Wichita Lavender Rich brown Upright-vase

zCultivars identifi ed in this table were selected based on three criteria: 1) documented in research trials in Florida (36); 2) recognized by the Crapemyrtle Society of America and trialed in The Crapemyrtle Trials of McKenney™ (48); and 3) recognized by the U.S. National Arboretum (13).

164 J. Environ. Hort. 30(3):161–172. September 2012 ffromrom OOctober–Decemberctober–December resultedresulted inin a 3C3C (5–6F)(5–6F) reductionreduction ootherther hherbicideserbicides hhaveave bbeeneen ddocumentedocumented ttoo ccauseause ssigniignifi cantcant iinn coldcold hardinesshardiness comparedcompared ttoo ppruningruning inin January–FebruaryJanuary–February ddamageamage ttoo LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia. CClopyralid,lopyralid, ssulfonylurea,ulfonylurea, bbenta-enta- ((22).22). PPruningruning iiss easiereasier whenwhen pplantslants aarere ddormantormant aass tthehe bbranchranch zzonon (6),(6), imazaquinimazaquin aandnd cchlorimuronhlorimuron ((10)10) aarere aamongmong tthosehose sstructuretructure isis visible.visible. PruningPruning whilewhile plantsplants aarere ddormantormant willwill wwherehere rresearchesearch hhasas sshownhown mmoderateoderate ttoo ssigniignifi cantcant ddamageamage ttoo nnotot iinhibitnhibit fl oowerwer fformationormation aass ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle fl oowerswers fformorm oonn LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia. IItt iiss recommendedrecommended thatthat beforebefore anyany herbicideherbicide nnewew ggrowth.rowth. AAvoidvoid aannualnnual oorr ffrequentrequent hhardard ppruningruning aass tthishis oorr ppesticideesticide iiss aappliedpplied ttoo LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia, llabelabel iinstructionsnstructions ttechniqueechnique ccanan sspoilpoil bbranchranch aarchitecturerchitecture tthathat iincreasesncreases wwinterinter aandnd rratesates bbee sstrictlytrictly ffollowed.ollowed. iinterestnterest onon crapemyrtlescrapemyrtles (36).(36). ResearchResearch hhasas sshownhown tthathat ttipip ‘‘RabbitRabbit ttracks’racks’ iiss aapparentpparent asas visualvisual chlorosischlorosis andand disdisfi ggu-u- ppruningruning toto removeremove sspentpent fl owerower ppaniclesanicles willwill promotepromote re-re- rrationation ooff LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia ffoliageoliage iinn pproductionroduction andand landscapelandscape bbloominglooming bbutut tthishis ttechniqueechnique iiss nnotot ppracticalractical iinn llargearge pplantingslantings eenvironments.nvironments. WilsonWilson (61)(61) determineddetermined thatthat thethe likelylikely causecause oorr llowow mmaintenanceaintenance llandscapesandscapes (60).(60). ToTo minimizeminimize wwinterinter ooff thisthis disorderdisorder isis thethe ddeefi ciencyciency ofof sulfur,sulfur, copper,copper, iron,iron, iinjury,njury, wwhenhen ffertilizerertilizer iiss nnecessaryecessary iitt iiss bbeneenefi ccialial toto endend mmanganese,anganese, oorr zzinc;inc; withwith ironiron showingshowing tthehe ggreatestreatest eeffectffect ffertilizationertilization pprogramsrograms inin July.July. Similarly,Similarly, irrigationirrigation shouldshould oonn aann iincreasencrease iinn ‘‘rabbitrabbit ttracks’racks’ iincidence.ncidence. OOptimalptimal llevelsevels bbee wwithheldithheld iinn mmidid ttoo llateate AAugust.ugust. IInn bbothoth ccasesases (late(late sseasoneason ooff sselectedelected nutrientsnutrients ccanan bbee ffoundound iinn TTableable 22.. ffertilizationertilization aandnd iirrigation),rrigation), wwinterinter iinjurynjury ccanan bbee ssubstantiallyubstantially TThehe mmostost ssigniignifi cantcant aabioticbiotic sstresstress ooff LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia isis hhigherigher tthanhan uunfertilizednfertilized aandnd uunirrigatednirrigated pplantslants ((40).40). wwinterinter ddamage,amage, pparticularlyarticularly inin coldercolder climatesclimates ((USDAUSDA PPlantlant HHardinessardiness ZoneZone 7 andand north).north). IInjurynjury ttypicallyypically mmanifestsanifests aass FFormorm andand ffunction.unction. JJuvenileuvenile ccrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles ccharacteristi-haracteristi- sshoothoot ddieback.ieback. DDependingepending oonn ccultivar-locationultivar-location ccombina-ombina- ccallyally developdevelop multiplemultiple sstemstems oorr iinn pproductionroduction areare plantedplanted withwith ttions,ions, ddieie bbackack ccouldould bbee aass iinsigninsignifi ccantant aass sseveraleveral ccmm ((in)in) mmultipleultiple llinersiners iinn a ssingleingle ccontainerontainer ttoo aachievechieve a mmulti-stemulti-stem ttoo aass ssevereevere asas diedie bbackack ttoo tthehe ssoiloil lline.ine. DDeadead sshootshoots sshouldhould aappearance.ppearance. IfIf a ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle iiss toto bebe growngrown asas a ssmallmall ttreeree oorr bbee rremovedemoved iinn tthehe sspringpring iimmediatelymmediately aafterfter tthehe fi rrstst fl uushsh ofof llargearge shrub,shrub, thethe ssmallestmallest stemsstems shouldshould bbee rremoved,emoved, lleavingeaving nnewew ggrowth.rowth. IItt iiss importantimportant ttoo sselectelect cultivarscultivars iinn mmoreore nnorth-orth- oonene mmainain sstemtem forfor a ssingle-trunkingle-trunk sspecimenpecimen oorr tthreehree ttoo fi vvee eernrn aareasreas wwithith mmaximumaximum ccoldold hhardiness.ardiness. WWhilehile mmanyany oolderlder mmainain sstemstems forfor a multi-trunkedmulti-trunked ttree.ree. IItt iiss iimportantmportant ttoo sselectelect ccultivarsultivars ooff ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle wwereere oonlynly ccoldold hhardyardy ttoo UUSDASDA PPlantlant sstemstems thatthat areare notnot ccrossingrossing bbranches,ranches, rrubbingubbing aagainstgainst aanothernother HHardinessardiness ZoneZone 7,7, therethere aarere sseveraleveral nnewerewer ccultivarsultivars hhardyardy ttoo bbranch,ranch, ccompetingompeting forfor sunlight,sunlight, obstructingobstructing growthgrowth ofof otherother UUSDASDA PlantPlant HHardinessardiness ZZoneone 66,, iincludingncluding ‘Miami’,‘Miami’, ‘‘Natchez’,Natchez’, llandscapeandscape plants,plants, areare tootoo closeclose togethertogether oror causingcausing anan unbal-unbal- ‘‘Apalachee’,Apalachee’, ‘‘Hopi’Hopi’ ((40,40, 441),1), ‘‘Biloxi’,Biloxi’, ‘‘Acoma’,Acoma’, ‘‘Comanche’,Comanche’, aancednced ccanopy.anopy. IIff tthehe ccorrectorrect ((mature)mature) ssizeize ccultivarultivar iiss sselectedelected ‘‘Lipan’,Lipan’, ‘‘Osage’,Osage’, ‘Tonto’,‘Tonto’, ‘Tuscadora’,‘Tuscadora’, ‘Catawa’,‘Catawa’, ‘Hardy‘Hardy fforor tthehe llandscape,andscape, maturemature plantsplants shouldshould rrequireequire mminimalinimal LLavender’avender’ andand ‘Regal‘Regal RRed’;ed’; wwithith LL.. indicaindica × ffaurieiauriei ooverallverall ppruning.runing. AllAll crapemyrtlecrapemyrtle cultivars,cultivars, especiallyespecially jjuvenileuvenile pplants,lants, eexhibitingxhibiting ggreaterreater ccoldold hhardinessardiness tthanhan LL.. indicaindica ((9,9, 114,4, 440).0). wwillill ddevelopevelop suckerssuckers oror water-sproutswater-sprouts aatt tthehe bbasease ofof thethe plantplant HHowever,owever, iitt iiss iimportantmportant ttoo sselectelect a mmicroclimateicroclimate iinn nnorthernorthern oorr iinn tthehe rrootoot zzone.one. TThehe llatteratter iiss eenhancednhanced iiff tthehe rrootoot zzoneone iiss rregions,egions, eevenven wwhenhen ggrowingrowing mmoreore ccoldold hhardyardy ccultivars,ultivars, tthathat ddisturbedisturbed aroundaround tthehe pplantlant ((36).36). IInn bbothoth ccases,ases, iitt iiss iimperativemperative pprotectsrotects thethe plantsplants fromfrom directdirect northernnorthern exposure.exposure. tthathat hherbicideserbicides nnotot bbee uusedsed ttoo ccontrolontrol oorr eeliminateliminate ssuckersuckers oorr wwater-sprouts.ater-sprouts. MManyany hherbicides,erbicides, iincludingncluding gglyphosate,lyphosate, ccanan bbee pphloem-loadedhloem-loaded aandnd ttranslocatedranslocated tthroughouthroughout tthehe pplant.lant. TThishis Table 2. Typical foliar concentrations reported for macro- and micro-nutrients measured in recently mature leaves col- ccanan resultresult inin severesevere injuryinjury oorr ddeatheath iiff aappliedpplied ttoo ssuckersuckers oorr lected at mid-season from that current season’s growth of wwater-sprouts.ater-sprouts. OOnn mmatureature ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle sspecimens,pecimens, pruningpruning Lagerstroemia. ttypicallyypically cconsistsonsists ooff rremovingemoving ssmallmall ttwiggywiggy ggrowthrowth ffromrom tthehe mmainain ttrunksrunks ooff ddisease-susceptibleisease-susceptible cultivarscultivars ((e.g.e.g. LL.. iindicandica Macronutrient (% dry weight) ccultivars).ultivars). TThishis keepskeeps thethe trunktrunk cleanclean ttoo aallowllow aairir ccirculation,irculation, Nitrogenz (N) 1.10– 3.99 rreducingeducing tthehe llikelihoodikelihood ooff ppowderyowdery mmildew.ildew. MManyany ‘‘dwarf’dwarf’ Phosphorusy (P) 0.29– 0.36 ccrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles inin thethe tradetrade (particularly(particularly olderolder ‘dwarf’‘dwarf’ culti-culti- Potassiumy (K) 1.08– 1.75 vvars)ars) aarere tthehe rresultesult ooff ggeneticenetic chimeraschimeras ((‘sports’)‘sports’) aandnd willwill Calciumy (Ca) 1.16– 1.36 y pperiodicallyeriodically rrevertevert ttoo a llargerarger phenotype.phenotype. Magnesium (Mg) 0.76– 0.78 Sulphur (S) not reported

AAbioticbiotic SStresstress Micronutrient (μg·g–1)

CCrapemyrtlerapemyrtle iiss ggenerallyenerally kknownnown aass a rresilientesilient ttree,ree, ccapableapable Boron (B) not reported ooff ttoleratingolerating manymany abioticabiotic stressstress factors.factors. However,However, rresearchesearch Chloride (Cl) not reported hhasas bbeeneen cconductedonducted ttoo iidentifydentify aabioticbiotic stressstress factorsfactors thatthat Coppery,x (Cu) 4.1 – 5.1 iimpactmpact itsits growth.growth. SalinitySalinity ttoleranceolerance hhasas bbeeneen ffoundound ttoo bbee Irony,x,w (Fe) 66. –106 y,x llowow fforor LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia, wwithith ssalinityalinity ggreaterreater tthanhan 33.0dS·m.0dS·m––11 Manganese (Mn) 336. –366 Molybdenum (Mo) not reported ccausingausing iinjurynjury ((16,16, 45).45). HHowever,owever, LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia cancan ttolerateolerate Zinc (Zn)y,x 66. – 91 aalkalinelkaline ssoils,oils, wwithith rreportseports iindicatingndicating nnoo rreductioneduction iinn ggrowthrowth aatt ppHH vvaluesalues aass hhighigh aass 88.2.2 ((35,35, 337).7). GGrownrown uundernder ddroughtrought z(43, 44, 49) sstress,tress, LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia growthgrowth ratesrates wwereere llessess tthanhan pplantslants y(43) ggrownrown uundernder irrigation.irrigation. However,However, visualvisual plantplant qualityquality waswas xLeaf tissue analyses of Cu, Mn, and Zn may not be reliable indicators nnotot sseverelyeverely aaffectedffected bbyy ddroughtrought sstresstress ((8).8). of plant nutritional status because Lagerstroemia foliage in commercial A signisignifi ccantant productionproduction andand landscapelandscape problemproblem withwith nurseries may be exposed to fungicides and nutrient solutions containing trace elements, and surface level contamination may persist even after LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia hhasas bbeeneen hherbicideerbicide ddamage.amage. GGlyphosate,lyphosate, tthehe leaves are washed. mmostost wwidelyidely uusedsed broad-spectrumbroad-spectrum ppost-emergenceost-emergence hherbicide,erbicide, wSurface contamination of foliage from soil and presence of unavailable ccanan causecause signisignifi ccantant iinjurynjury ttoo ccrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles iinn bbothoth ccontainerontainer (physiologically inactive) and immobile iron in plant tissues limits the aandnd fi eldeld pplantingslantings wwhenhen aappliedpplied ttoo ffoliageoliage oorr bbark.ark. SSeveraleveral informative value of iron measured by foliar analyses.

J. Environ. Hort. 30(3):161–172. September 2012 165 CColdold tolerancetolerance ofof crapemyrtlecrapemyrtle variesvaries widelywidely dependingdepending hheighteight ooff XX.. ggermanusermanus andand XX.. ccrassiusculusrassiusculus aappearsppears ttoo bbee oonn ttimeime ooff mmeasurementeasurement aandnd ggrowingrowing eenvironment.nvironment. InIn con-con- 00.5.5 m ((1.61.6 fft)t) aandnd < 11.7.7 m ((5.65.6 fft)t) rrespectivelyespectively ttoo ccaptureapture fi rstrst ttainerainer pplantings,lantings, coldcold hhardinessardiness rangesranges ffromrom ––3C3C ((26.6F)26.6F) oonn aadultdult fl ightight ((54).54). WWhenhen aadultdult bbeetleseetles aarere ccapturedaptured growersgrowers OOctoberctober 3311 aandnd ––9C9C (48.2F)(48.2F) oonn AAprilpril 1919 toto –24C–24C (–11.2F)(–11.2F) onon ccanan protectprotect theirtheir treestrees byby sprayingspraying ssusceptibleusceptible ttreeree ttrunksrunks JJanuaryanuary 99.. FField-grownield-grown pplantslants eexhibitxhibit mmuchuch ggreaterreater ttoleranceolerance wwithith llabeledabeled productsproducts everyevery 2–42–4 weeks.weeks. ttoo coldcold temperaturestemperatures comparedcompared ttoo ccontainerontainer ggrownrown pplantslants iinn sspringpring aandnd ffallall aandnd sslightlylightly ggreaterreater ccoldold ttoleranceolerance mmid-winter.id-winter. FFlealea bbeetleseetles. AAlticaltica sspp.,pp., ccanan becomebecome sseriouserious ppestsests ooff FField-grownield-grown coldcold tolerancetolerance rangedranged ffromrom ––12C12C ((10.4F)10.4F) onon ccrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles inin production,production, butbut havehave notnot bbeeneen a pproblemroblem oonn OOctoberctober 3311 aandnd AAprilpril 1919 toto –25C–25C (–13F)(–13F) onon JanuaryJanuary 9.9. AllAll eestablishedstablished llandscapeandscape plantsplants (50).(50). AdultAdult beetlesbeetles areare metallicmetallic mmeasurementseasurements wwereere ttakenaken iinn UUSDASDA PPlantlant HHardinessardiness ZZoneone bblue-greenlue-green wwithith ttheirheir hhindind llegsegs adaptedadapted forfor jumping.jumping. AAdultdult 77bb ((GrifGriffi nn,, GGA)A) (42).(42). ffeedingeeding ccanan rresultesult iinn vveryery rrapidapid ddefoliationefoliation ooff ccrapemyrtles.rapemyrtles. LLarvaearvae ooff tthehe sspeciespecies aattackingttacking ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle ddevelopevelop oonn PPestest MManagementanagement — IInsectsnsects hherbaceouserbaceous pplantslants wwithinithin tthehe pplantlant ffamiliesamilies OOnagraceaenagraceae CCrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles hhaveave rrelativelyelatively ffewew iinsectnsect ppests.ests. TThosehose ooff aandnd LLythraceaeythraceae ((51),51), bbutut ddoo nnotot ddevelopevelop oonn ccrapemyrtle.rapemyrtle. pprimaryrimary importanceimportance iincludenclude thethe ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle aaphid,phid, TTinocal-inocal- FFemalesemales ddepositeposit smallsmall orangeorange eggseggs onon leavesleaves ofof herbaceousherbaceous llisis kkahawaluokalaniahawaluokalani KKirkaldy;irkaldy; tthehe JJapaneseapanese bbeetle,eetle, PPopilliaopillia hhosts.osts. LLarvaearvae ccompleteomplete ddevelopmentevelopment tthroughhrough tthreehree iinstarsnstars jjaponicaaponica NNewman;ewman; fl eaea beetles,beetles, mmainlyainly AAlticaltica speciesspecies aandnd oonn tthesehese hhostsosts bbeforeefore ddroppingropping ttoo tthehe ggroundround ttoo ppupateupate iinn tthehe ggranulateranulate aambrosiambrosia bbeetles,eetles, XXylosandrusylosandrus crassiusculuscrassiusculus ssoil.oil. AdultAdult beetlesbeetles thenthen emergeemerge thethe followingfollowing springspring aandnd aarere MMotschulsky.otschulsky. EEmergingmerging ppestsests iincludenclude a bbarkark sscalecale inin somesome oopportunisticpportunistic feedersfeeders onon newlynewly fl ushedushed ccrapemyrtles.rapemyrtles. AAdultdult ppartsarts ofof thethe country.country. bbeetleseetles chewchew smallsmall holesholes inin leavesleaves leavingleaving a shot-holeshot-hole llikeike eeffectffect aandnd ccanan ccompletelyompletely ddefoliateefoliate nnewew ggrowth.rowth. BBeetleseetles mmayay GGranulateranulate ambrosiaambrosia beetlesbeetles. ((formerlyformerly AAsiansian aambrosiambrosia hhaveave ttwowo ttoo tthreehree ggenerationsenerations pperer yyear.ear. bbeetles),eetles), XXylosandrusylosandrus ccrassiusculusrassiusculus areare ssmallmall ((1.5–3.01.5–3.0 mmmm MManagementanagement decisionsdecisions areare complicatedcomplicated byby thethe ddififfi ccultyulty llong),ong), rreddish-browneddish-brown beetlesbeetles currentlycurrently placedplaced iinn tthehe iinsectnsect iinn iidentifyingdentifying sspeciespecies aandnd aann iinadequatenadequate uunderstandingnderstanding ooff oorderrder Curculionidae.Curculionidae. FemalesFemales areare largerlarger thanthan males.males. TheThe hhostost plantplant relationshipsrelationships ((38,38, 339,9, 555).5). TTherehere ooccasionallyccasionally sseemseems hheadead ofof thethe insectinsect isis hiddenhidden ffromrom vviewiew whenwhen lookinglooking downdown ttoo bebe somesome bbeneenefi t toto removingremoving ppotentialotential wweedyeedy hhostsosts ((e.g.,e.g., ffromrom aabove.bove. FFemalesemales fl y wwhilehile mmalesales ddoo nnot.ot. TThehe ppestest hashas ccutut lleafeaf eeveningvening pprimrose)rimrose) ttoo ppreventrevent sspreadpread ttoo vvulnerableulnerable a wwideide geographicgeographic ddistributionistribution aandnd hhasas bbeeneen ppresentresent iinn tthehe ccrapemyrtles.rapemyrtles. TThehe bbeetleseetles ccanan bbee rreadilyeadily ccontrolledontrolled wwithith UU.S..S. ssinceince tthehe 11970s970s wwhenhen iitt wwasas ddetectedetected nnearear CCharleston,harleston, pproperlyroperly timedtimed insecticideinsecticide sprays.sprays. ScoutingScouting iinn eearlyarly sspringpring SSCC (5).(5). LarvaeLarvae aarere ppaleale andand lleglessegless wwithith wwell-developedell-developed ((TableTable 44)) ccanan hhelpelp ddetectetect ppopulationsopulations bbeforeefore ttheyhey bbuilduild ttoo aann hheadead ccapsules.apsules. FFemalesemales ttypicallyypically bboreore iintonto ssmallmall ccaliperaliper eeconomicconomic ddamageamage tthreshold.hreshold. RResistanceesistance ttoo AAlticaltica spp.spp. amongamong ttwigs,wigs, branchesbranches oorr ttrunksrunks ooff a wwideide ddiversityiversity ooff pplantlant hhostsosts ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle cultivarscultivars hhasas bbeeneen iidentidentifi eded ((38,38, 50)50) (Table(Table 3).3). iincludingncluding ccrapemyrtle.rapemyrtle. TTheyhey introduceintroduce a fungusfungus intointo thethe HHighlyighly ssusceptibleusceptible cultivarscultivars mmayay sserveerve aass fi rstrst indicatorsindicators ooff ggalleryallery systemsystem thatthat willwill househouse ttheirheir ooffspring.ffspring. BBeetleseetles ffeedeed a pestpest problem,problem, whilewhile other,other, moremore resistant,resistant, cultivarscultivars willwill oonn thisthis ‘farmed’‘farmed’ ambrosiaambrosia fungus,fungus, notnot onon thethe surroundingsurrounding rrequireequire mmoreore sscoutingcouting ttime.ime. wwood.ood. TheThe combinedcombined iinjurynjury ooff iinsectnsect tunnelingtunneling andand fungusfungus bblockinglocking vvascularascular ttissueissue ccanan kkillill eevenven ppreviouslyreviously hhealthyealthy JJapaneseapanese beetlebeetle. PPopilliaopillia jjaponicaaponica adultsadults aattackttack fl owers,owers, ttrees.rees. SStressedtressed ttreesrees aarere mmoreore vvulnerableulnerable ttoo aattack,ttack, bbutut eevenven ffruitruit aandnd ffoliageoliage ofof moremore tthanhan 330000 sspeciespecies ooff pplants,lants, iincludingncluding aapparentlypparently healthyhealthy ttreesrees ccanan ssuccumbuccumb ttoo aambrosiambrosia bbeetleeetle iin-n- ccrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles thatthat aarere aamongmong ttheirheir mmostost ppreferredreferred sspecies.pecies. dduceduced iinjury.njury. EEvidencevidence ooff iinfestationnfestation iincludesncludes failurefailure toto fl uushsh SSinceince iitsts iintroductionntroduction inin 19161916 viavia iinfestednfested nurserynursery sstock,tock, iitt lleaveseaves iinn tthehe sspringpring aandnd ‘‘toothpicktoothpick ssawdustawdust ffrass’rass’ eexudingxuding hhasas bbecomeecome oonene ooff tthehe mmostost ddamagingamaging ppestsests iinn tthehe eeasternastern ffromrom ssmallmall holesholes iinn aaffectedffected pplantlant pparts.arts. UU.S..S. ((24).24). TThehe aadultsdults ooff tthishis sscarabcarab bbeetleeetle sskeletonizekeletonize lleaveseaves FFemalesemales fl y iinn llateate winterwinter andand earlyearly spring,spring, wwithith fl iightght aac-c- aandnd ffeedeed hheavilyeavily oonn fl owers.owers. TThehe aadultdult bbeetleseetles aarere 8 ttoo 1111 ttivityivity aass eearlyarly aass FFebruaryebruary andand ppeakeak fl ightight iinn MMarcharch oror AAprilpril mmmm ((0.30.3 toto 0.40.4 iin)n) llongong aandnd mmetallicetallic ggreenreen aandnd ccopper-brownopper-brown ddependingepending onon locationlocation (Table(Table 4).4). SmallSmall numbersnumbers ooff bbeetleseetles iinn ccolor.olor. TheyThey aarere aactivective ddayay fl iersiers thatthat dispersedisperse rreadilyeadily ooverver ccontinueontinue ttoo bbee ppresentresent throughoutthroughout tthehe ssummer.ummer. MMonitoringonitoring llongong ddistances.istances. TThishis bbeetleeetle hhasas aann aannualnnual llifeife ccycle,ycle, rrequiringequiring fi rrstst fl iightght ooff ggranulateranulate aambrosiambrosia beetlesbeetles cancan bebe accomplishedaccomplished oonene yearyear ttoo ccompleteomplete developmentdevelopment (egg(egg toto egg).egg). TThehe mmajorityajority wwithith trapstraps thatthat uusese eethylthyl alcoholalcohol aass aann aattractant.ttractant. TTrapsraps ccanan bbee ooff tthehe llifeife ccycleycle isis spentspent undergroundunderground asas a larva,larva, feedingfeeding onon ppurchasedurchased oorr cconstructedonstructed fromfrom readilyreadily aavailable,vailable, inexpensiveinexpensive tthehe rrootsoots ooff tturfgrassurfgrass aandnd ootherther ssusceptibleusceptible pplants.lants. EEggs,ggs, aass mmaterialsaterials llikeike ssodaoda bbottlesottles oorr ssoloolo ccups.ups. A ddiscussioniscussion ooff ttraprap mmanyany aass fi veve ddozenozen perper ffemale,emale, aarere ddepositedeposited iintonto mmoistoist ssoil,oil, ttypesypes aandnd cconstructiononstruction ccanan bebe foundfound iinn OOliverliver eett al.al. ((47).47). TTreesrees hhatchatch aandnd ddevelopevelop tthroughhrough threethree iinstars.nstars. TThehe wwinterinter iiss sspentpent sshouldhould bbee mmanagedanaged ttoo mminimizeinimize pplantlant sstresstress aandnd mmonitoredonitored aass a tthirdhird iinstarnstar larvalarva withwith pupationpupation occurringoccurring inin thethe spring.spring. ffrequentlyrequently duringduring fl iightght pperiods.eriods. TrunkTrunk sprayssprays withwith labeledlabeled AAdultdult bbeetleseetles emergeemerge fromfrom thethe ggroundround iinn eearlyarly ssummerummer ((TableTable pproductsroducts havehave beenbeen foundfound toto bebe effectiveeffective whenwhen aappliedpplied iinn 44),), uusuallysually ffollowingollowing a rrainfallainfall eevent.vent. TheyThey areare highlyhighly mobilemobile ttimeime ttoo ppreventrevent bbeetleseetles ffromrom bboringoring iintonto ttrees.rees. OOncence bbeetleseetles aandnd ggregarious,regarious, ccapableapable ofof rapidlyrapidly defoliatingdefoliating ssusceptibleusceptible hhaveave eestablishedstablished wwithinithin tthehe ttree,ree, ttheyhey aarere nnotot vvulnerableulnerable ttoo pplants.lants. A rrangeange iinn ssusceptibilityusceptibility hhasas bbeeneen iidentidentifi eedd aamongmong iinsecticidensecticide control.control. InfestedInfested treestrees shouldshould bbee removedremoved aandnd ccrapemyrtles,rapemyrtles, withwith somesome ccultivarsultivars ddemonstratingemonstrating mmoderateoderate ddestroyedestroyed asas theythey cancan serveserve asas a sourcesource ooff iinfestationnfestation ttoo ttoo hhighigh llevelsevels ooff ttoleranceolerance ((50).50). ssurroundingurrounding ttrees.rees. EEffectiveffective aambrosiambrosia bbeetleeetle mmanagementanagement TTrapsraps thatthat useuse bothboth a fl ooralral lurelure aandnd ssexex aattractantttractant ccanan bbee bbeginsegins wwithith mmonitoringonitoring aadultdult fl iight.ght. MMonitoringonitoring pprogramsrograms uusedsed ttoo iindicatendicate fi rstrst fl ightight ooff JapaneseJapanese bbeetles.eetles. TTheyhey sshouldhould fforor aambrosiambrosia beetlesbeetles inin ornamentalornamental nurseriesnurseries shouldshould focusfocus bbee pplacedlaced aatt lleasteast 660.960.96 m ((200200 fft.)t.) aawayway ffromrom pplantslants tthathat oonn ttrapsraps baitedbaited withwith ethanolethanol alonealone atat a rreleaseelease rrateate ooff aatt lleasteast yyouou aarere ttryingrying ttoo pprotect.rotect. TThehe aattractantttractant iinn tthehe ttrapsraps ccanan 227575 mg·daymg·day––11 ((0.010.01 oz·dayoz·day––11) atat 20C20C ((68F)68F) ((53).53). OOptimalptimal ttraprap aattractttract bbeetleseetles ttoo nnearbyearby pplantslants aass wwellell aass ttoo tthehe ttrapsraps aandnd

166 J. Environ. Hort. 30(3):161–172. September 2012 Table 3. Disease and insect susceptibility among Lagerstroemia cultivars. Blanks indicate no data for the cultivar – pest complex. If no data is available for a cultivar, it has been omitted from this listing.

Powdery mildew Cercospora leaf Flea beetle Japanese beetle Cultivar resistancez spot resistancey resistancex resistancew

Acoma Excellent Fair Resistant Moderately resistant Apalachee Good Very good Moderately resistant Moderately susceptible Arapaho Moderately resistant Basham’s Party Pink Good Very good Baton Rouge Poor Fair Bayou Marie Poor Berry Dazzle Excellent Biloxi Good Very poor Moderately resistant Moderately susceptible Blizzard Fair Bourbon Street Fair Burgundy Cotton™ Fair Poor Byer’s Wonderful White Good Very poor Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Byer’s Standard Red Good Good Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Caddo Good Fair Candycane Fair Carolina Beauty Very poor Poor Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Catawba Fair Fair Susceptible Moderately resistant Cedar Red Moderately susceptible Centennial Very good Good Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Centennial Spirit Good Fair Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Cherry Dazzle Excellent Cheyenne Moderately resistant Chica® Pink Poor Chica® Red Poor Chickasaw Excellent Moderately resistant Moderately resistant Choctaw Good Fair Moderately susceptible Moderately resistant Chisam Fire Unknown Christiana Good Comanche Excellent Poor Moderately susceptible Moderately resistant Conestoga Poor Coral Sport Fair Cordon Bleu Very poor Poor Moderately resistant Country Red Poor Fair Moderately susceptible Creole Unknown Dallas Red Fair Dazzle Me Pink Excellent Delta Blush Fair Poor Diamond Dazzle Excellent Dwarf Snow Fair Dwarf White Fair Dynamite® Very good Fair Susceptible Moderately susceptible Fantasy Excellent Very good Moderately resistant Firebird Fair Glendora White Excellent Good Hardy Lavender Good Poor Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Hope Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Hopi Good Poor Susceptible Moderately susceptible Houston Red Good Good Kiowa Excellent Lafayette Good Good Lipan Excellent Fair Resistant Moderately resistant Low Flame Fair Moderately susceptible Majestic Orchid Unknown Mandi Fair Poor Mardi Gras Good Very good McFadden’s Pinkie Myrtlette Excellent Miami Excellent Poor Moderately resistant Moderately susceptible Muskogee Good Poor Resistant Moderately resistant Natchez Excellent Poor Resistant Moderately susceptible Near East Excellent Fair New Orleans Very good Good New Snow Good Okmulgee Fair Moderately susceptible Orlando Very good Very good Osage Excellent Very good Resistant Moderately resistant Osage Blush Excellent Ozark Spring Poor Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Pecos Excellent Fair Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Peppermint Lace Good Poor

Table 3 Continued next page …

J. Environ. Hort. 30(3):161–172. September 2012 167 Table 3. Continued.

Powdery mildew Cercospora leaf Flea beetle Japanese beetle Cultivar resistancez spot resistancey resistancex resistancew

Petite Embers™ Fair Petite Orchid™ Fair Petite Pinkie™ Fair Petite Plum® Fair Petite Red Imp™ Fair Petite Snow™ Fair Pink Blush Fair Fair Pink Lace Fair Good Pink Ruffl es Fair Moderately susceptible Pink Velour Good Poor Moderately susceptible Moderately resistant Pixie White Fair Fair Pocomoke Excellent Excellent Moderately resistant Resistant Potomac Fair Fair Moderately susceptible Moderately resistant Powhatan Fair Poor Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Prairie Lace Fair Good Purple Velvet Very poor Poor Raspberry Sundae® Poor Poor Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Red Rocket® Good Good Moderately susceptible Susceptible Red Rooster Excellent Regal Red Poor Fair Moderately susceptible Susceptible Royalty Very poor Rosy Carpet Good Ruby Dazzle Good Sacramento Fair Good Sarah’s Favorite Excellent Fair Moderately resistant Seminole Fair Fair Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Siren Red™ Good Sioux Excellent Fair Moderately resistant Moderately susceptible Snowbaby Poor Special Red Fair Splash of Pink Fair Strawberry Dazzle Excellent Sweetheart Dazzle Excellent Tightwad Red® Unknown Susceptible Tonto Good Excellent Resistant Moderately resistant Townhouse Excellent Tuscarora Excellent Excellent Resistant Moderately susceptible Tuskegee Excellent Excellent Moderately resistant Moderately resistant Twilight Good Good Moderately susceptible Velma’s Royal Delight Fair Good Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Victor Fair Fair Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible Watermelon Red Fair Weeping Alamo Fire Fair White Chocolate Fair Wichita Excellent Good Moderately resistant Moderately resistant William Toovey Poor Fair Moderately susceptible Moderately susceptible World’s Fair Excellent Good Moderately susceptible Yuma Excellent Fair Moderately resistant Moderately susceptible Yvonne Good Zuni Fair Good Moderately susceptible zExcellent, powdery mildew was not observed in two or more evaluations; Very good, very low level of disease in two or more evaluations; Good, low level of disease in two or more evaluations; Fair, moderate disease level in at least one evaluation; Poor, high disease level in at least one evaluation; Very poor, high disease level in two or more evaluations (20, 27, 30, 31, 33, 36). yExcellent, Cercospora leaf spot was not observed in one or more evaluations; Very good, very low level of disease in one or more evaluations; Good, low level of disease in two or more evaluations; Fair, moderate disease level in at least one evaluation; Poor, high disease level in at least one evaluation; Very poor, high disease level in two or more evaluations (20, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34). xResistant, no damage in two or more trials; Moderately resistant, low damage in two or more trials or no to low damage in only one trial; Moderately susceptible, high damage in two or more trials, or moderate to high damage in one trial; Susceptible, highest damage in two or more trials (50). wResistant, lowest damage in one or more trials; Moderately resistant, low damage in one or more; Moderately susceptible, high damage in one or more trials; Susceptible, highest damage in one or more trials (7, 49). aarere tthushus iineffectiveneffective fforor mmanaginganaging bbeetles,eetles, bbutut ddoo sserveerve aass BBacillusacillus ppopilliaeopilliae eexclusivelyxclusively aattacksttacks JJapaneseapanese bbeetle,eetle, butbut iiss a mmonitoringonitoring ttool.ool. PPredationredation bbyy bbirds,irds, ssmallmall mmammalsammals aandnd rrecommendedecommended fforor llargearge sscale,cale, rregionalegional aapplicationpplication rratherather tthanhan ggeneralisteneralist iinsectnsect predatorspredators cancan reducereduce populationspopulations ooff iim-m- iindividualndividual ssiteite aapplications.pplications. MMicroscopicicroscopic entomopathogenicentomopathogenic mmatureature JJapaneseapanese beetles.beetles. TwoTwo waspwasp sspeciespecies (TTiphiaiphia vvernalisernalis nnematodesematodes occuroccur nnaturallyaturally iinn tthehe ssoil,oil, aand,nd, ttogetherogether wwithith a aandnd TT.. popilliavorapopilliavora) pparasitizearasitize larvae,larvae, andand a tachinidtachinid fl y ssymbioticymbiotic bbacterium,acterium, ccanan uultimatelyltimately kkillill ggrubsrubs byby meansmeans (HHyperecteinayperecteina aaldrichildrichi) aattacksttacks aadultdult bbeetles.eetles. TThehe bbacteriaacteria ooff septicemia.septicemia. NNematodesematodes tthathat hhaveave bbeeneen sshownhown ttoo bbee mmostost

168 J. Environ. Hort. 30(3):161–172. September 2012 Table 4. Life stage activity of primary pests of nursery-grown crapemyrtle based on normal emergence in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8. It is important to note that the activity of each pest may vary outside of USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8 and in cooler or warmer microclimates within USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8.

Pest/Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Granulate ambrosia beetle ————————————————————————————— Altica sp. fl ea beetles ————————— Japanese beetle adults ————————— Crapemyrtle aphid ———————————————————————————— Powdery mildew ——————————————————————– Cercospora leaf spot —————————————— Bacterial leaf spot ——————————————

eeffectiveffective aagainstgainst JJapaneseapanese bbeetleeetle ggrubsrubs areare SSteinernemateinernema bbarkark sscale,cale, bbutut ssubsequentubsequent mmolecularolecular aanalysisnalysis iiss ssuggestinguggesting a gglaserilaseri aandnd HHeterorhabditiseterorhabditis bacteriophorabacteriophora. TThehe llatteratter iiss sspeciespecies uuniquenique ttoo ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle aandnd pprobablyrobably aalsolso aaccidentallyccidentally ccommerciallyommercially aavailable.vailable. iintroduced.ntroduced. CurrentCurrent eevidencevidence ssuggestsuggests tthathat tthehe sscalecale maymay JJapaneseapanese bbeetleseetles oonn ssusceptibleusceptible pplantslants ccanan bbee ccontrolledontrolled bbee a migrantmigrant fromfrom Asia,Asia, EEriococcusriococcus llagerostroemiaagerostroemia, tthathat iiss wwithith ffoliaroliar aapplicationspplications ooff sshort-residualhort-residual iinsecticidesnsecticides tthathat rre-e- ccommonommon onon timbertimber treestrees ofof LL.. indicaindica inin JJapanapan andand CChina.hina. qquireuire repeatedrepeated aapplicationspplications ttoo mmaintainaintain uuninjuredninjured plantsplants ddur-ur- BBlacklack ssootyooty mmoldold aandnd sstickyticky eexudatexudate oonn lleaveseaves aandnd bbarkark mmayay iingng aadultdult fl ightight pperiods.eriods. SSystemicsystemics ccanan pproviderovide longerlonger rresidualesidual iindicatendicate infestation.infestation. TheThe insectsinsects areare whitewhite ttoo ggrayray iinn ccolorolor ccontrol.ontrol. FFollowollow tthehe UUnitednited SStatestates DDomesticomestic HHarmonizationarmonization aandnd oozeooze pinkpink whenwhen ‘‘squished’.squished’. ThereThere maymay bebe numerousnumerous pinkpink PPlanlan wwhenhen sshippinghipping nnurseryursery sstocktock ffromrom aareasreas tthathat mmayay bbee eeggsggs uundernder ffemaleemale sscalecale covers.covers. DormantDormant oiloil applicationsapplications inin iinfestednfested withwith JapaneseJapanese beetlesbeetles toto beetle-freebeetle-free areasareas (56).(56). wwinterinter oorr ssystemicystemic iinsecticidesnsecticides aappliedpplied aass a ddrenchrench ttoo tthehe rrootoot zzoneone hhaveave sshownhown ggoodood ccontrolontrol wwhenhen aappliedpplied bbetweenetween CCrapemyrtlerapemyrtle aphid.aphid. TTinocallisinocallis kahawaluokalanikahawaluokalani, iiss a tthehe mmonthsonths ooff MMayay andand JJulyuly ((59).59). ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle sspecipecifi c ppestest andand willwill notnot aaffectffect ddamageamage oonn aanyny ootherther pplantlant mmaterial.aterial. TTheyhey aarere nnativeative ttoo SSoutheastoutheast AAsia,sia, bbutut HHostost plantplant rresistance:esistance: Insects.Insects. TTherehere aarere ssomeome ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle ooccurccur aalmostlmost everywhereeverywhere tthathat ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle iiss ggrown.rown. TThesehese ccultivarsultivars tthathat hhaveave bbeeneen sshownhown ttoo hhaveave aatt lleasteast mmoderateoderate llev-ev- aaphidsphids areare lessless thanthan 2 mmmm (0.08(0.08 in)in) inin lengthlength aandnd yyellowish-ellowish- eelsls ooff rresistanceesistance ttoo ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle aaphid:phid: ‘‘Acoma’,Acoma’, ‘‘Apalache’,Apalache’, ggreenreen withwith blackblack spotsspots oorr spikesspikes ((nymphs).nymphs). AAdultsdults hhaveave ttwowo ‘‘Biloxi’,Biloxi’, ‘Caddo’,‘Caddo’, ‘Centennial‘Centennial SSpirit’,pirit’, ‘‘Choctaw’,Choctaw’, ‘Comanche’,‘Comanche’, llargearge blackblack ttuberclesubercles oonn tthehe uupperpper ssurfaceurface ooff tthehe aabdomenbdomen ‘‘Fantasy’,Fantasy’, ‘‘Hopi’,Hopi’, ‘‘Lipan’,Lipan’, ‘‘Miami’,Miami’, ‘‘Muskogee’,Muskogee’, ‘‘Natchez’,Natchez’, aandnd wwingsings wwithith bblacklack mmarkings.arkings. TTheyhey mmay,ay, iiff ppresentresent iinn hhighigh ‘‘Osage’,Osage’, ‘Pecos’,‘Pecos’, ‘Sioux’,‘Sioux’, ‘Tuscarora’,‘Tuscarora’, ‘‘Tuskegee’,Tuskegee’, ‘‘Victor’,Victor’, nnumbers,umbers, rrenderender tthehe pplantlant uunsightlynsightly wwithith ttheirheir ddirectirect iinjurynjury ‘‘Wichita’,Wichita’, ‘‘Yuma’,Yuma’, ‘‘Tonto’Tonto’ aandnd ‘‘Zuni’Zuni’ ((25,25, 446).6). HHigherigher aaphidphid rresultingesulting iinn yyellowingellowing lleaves,eaves, pprematureremature lleafeaf ddroprop aandnd tthehe ppopulationsopulations aarere ooftenften oobservedbserved onon LL.. indicaindica × LL.. faureifaurei ssootyooty mmoldold tthathat wwillill ddevelopevelop oonn tthehe hhoneydewoneydew ssecretedecreted bbyy ccultivarsultivars tthanhan oonn ccultivarsultivars ooff ppureure LL.. indicaindica ddecent.ecent. UUnfortu-nfortu- ffeedingeeding aaphids.phids. TTheyhey areare aalsolso a magnetmagnet forfor myriadmyriad general-general- nnately,ately, tthesehese aarere ooftenften tthehe ccultivarsultivars wwithith iimprovedmproved powderypowdery iistst naturalnatural enemiesenemies thatthat areare attractedattracted ttoo tthehe aaphidsphids fforor ffoodood mmildewildew rresistance.esistance. CultivarsCultivars withwith a ttallall mmatureature pplantlant hheighteight ((predaceouspredaceous lladyady bbeetles,eetles, ggreenreen aandnd bbrownrown lacewingslacewings andand wwereere mmoreore ssusceptibleusceptible tthanhan mmediumedium oorr ddwarfwarf ccultivars.ultivars. ssyrphidyrphid fl iies)es) aandnd pproviderovide resourcesresources viavia thethe honeydewhoneydew forfor CCultivarsultivars ddemonstratingemonstrating rresistanceesistance ttoo bbothoth fl eeaa bbeetleeetle aandnd pparasiticarasitic wwasps.asps. JJapaneseapanese beetlebeetle oftenoften havehave L.L. faureifaurei inin ttheirheir pparentage,arentage, ssuchuch OOverwinteringverwintering eeggsggs hhatchatch aandnd ddevelopevelop tthroughhrough fourfour in-in- aass ‘Acoma’,‘Acoma’, ‘‘Chickasaw’,Chickasaw’, ‘‘Lipan’,Lipan’, ‘‘Pocomoke’Pocomoke’ aandnd ‘‘Tonto’Tonto’ sstarstars requiringrequiring fromfrom 5 ttoo 1144 ddays,ays, ddependingepending oonn ttemperatureemperature ((7,7, 550)0) ((TableTable 3).3). ((4).4). AAdultsdults ccanan livelive asas longlong aass ttwowo wweekseeks aandnd mmayay pproduceroduce ffromrom 550–1500–150 pprogeny.rogeny. AphidAphid populationspopulations ccanan iincreasencrease veryvery PPestest MManagementanagement — DDiseasesiseases rrapidlyapidly bbecauseecause ooff ttheirheir hhighigh rreproductiveeproductive ccapacityapacity andand CCrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles aarere aaffectedffected bbyy rrelativelyelatively ffewew ddiseases.iseases. TThehe sshorthort ddevelopmentevelopment times.times. DuringDuring tthehe ssummer,ummer, aaphidsphids ggiveive mmostost damagingdamaging ddiseasesiseases aarere ppowderyowdery mmildew,ildew, ccausedaused bbyy lliveive bbirthirth ttoo aaphidphid nnymphs,ymphs, ffurtherurther iincreasingncreasing ttheirheir ccapacityapacity EErysipherysiphe australianaaustraliana ((McAlpine)McAlpine) UU.. BBraunraun & SS.. TTakamatsu,akamatsu, fforor rrapidapid ppopulationopulation ggrowthrowth ((TableTable 44).). CCloselose monitoringmonitoring iiss aandnd CCercosporaercospora leafleaf spot,spot, ccausedaused byby PPseudocercosporaseudocercospora llyth-yth- rrequiredequired ssoo thatthat ssmallmall populationspopulations ddoo nnotot eescapescape ddetectionetection rracearumacearum ((HealdHeald & WWolf)olf) LLiuiu & GGuo.uo. SSeveraleveral ootherther ddiseasesiseases aandnd iincreasencrease toto economicallyeconomically damagingdamaging llevels.evels. hhaveave bbeeneen rreportedeported oorr aarere iincreasingncreasing iinn ddiseaseisease iincidencencidence WWhilehile ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle aaphidsphids ccanan bebe moremore rreadilyeadily ttoleratedolerated iincludingncluding a bacterialbacterial leafleaf spot,spot, ccausedaused bbyy XXanthomonasanthomonas sp.sp. iinn tthehe llandscape,andscape, servingserving asas a reservoirreservoir toto conserveconserve andand iin-n- RRide.ide. AlthoughAlthough notnot ttechnicallyechnically a ddiseaseisease ooff ccrapemyrtle,rapemyrtle, ccreaserease naturalnatural enemies,enemies, theirtheir ppresenceresence inin thethe nurserynursery iiss moremore ssootyooty mmoldold ccanan bbee a sseriouserious aaestheticesthetic problem.problem. pproblematic.roblematic. MMonoculturesonocultures ooff ccrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles ffosteroster iincreasesncreases iinn aaphidphid numbersnumbers tthat,hat, wwithith ttheirheir aassociatedssociated ssootyooty mmold,old, ccanan PPowderyowdery mmildew.ildew. PPowderyowdery mmildewildew iiss a fungalfungal diseasedisease rrenderender pplantslants uunsalable.nsalable. PPlantslants ccanan bbee ttreatedreated wwithith ccontactontact ccausedaused bbyy EErysipherysiphe australianaaustraliana ((syn.syn. EErysipherysiphe lagerstro-lagerstro- oorr ssystemicystemic insecticidesinsecticides toto controlcontrol populationpopulation numbersnumbers andand eemiaemiae) iiss thethe mostmost damagingdamaging aandnd wwidespreadidespread ddiseaseisease onon ooftentimesftentimes iinsecticidesnsecticides appliedapplied toto controlcontrol anotheranother ppestest aarere LLagerstroemiaagerstroemia speciesspecies aandnd hhybridsybrids whereverwherever ccrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles ccapableapable ofof controllingcontrolling thisthis pestpest asas well.well. aarere grown.grown. BreedingBreeding pprogramsrograms pioneeredpioneered byby thethe U.S.U.S. Na-Na- ttionalional ArboretumArboretum uusingsing LL.. indicaindica × LL.. faurieifauriei hhybridizationsybridizations BBarkark scale.scale. AnAn emergingemerging ppestest wwasas ddiscoverediscovered iinn 22010010 iinn hhaveave pproducedroduced nnumerousumerous ppowderyowdery mmildewildew ttolerantolerant ccultivarsultivars nnorthernorthern TTexas.exas. IItt wwasas iinitiallynitially tthoughthought ttoo bbee a rraceace ooff aazaleazalea ((TableTable 3).3). OtherOther ppublicublic aandnd pprivaterivate bbreedingreeding pprogramsrograms hhaveave

J. Environ. Hort. 30(3):161–172. September 2012 169 eexpandedxpanded ppowderyowdery mmildewildew ttolerantolerant ccultivarultivar sselections.elections. MMostost nneedseeds ttoo bbee ddoneone toto incorporateincorporate CCercosporaercospora lleafeaf sspotpot rresis-esis- ccultivarsultivars iinn ccurrenturrent ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle pproductionroduction ccarryarry ssomeome llevelevel ttanceance iintonto ccultivars.ultivars. FFungicidesungicides aappliedpplied iinn mmid-springid-spring ttoo eearlyarly ooff ppowderyowdery mmildewildew ttolerance.olerance. AAdditionally,dditionally, mmostost llandscapeandscape ssummerummer ((earlyearly MMayay ttoo mmid-Julyid-July iinn UUSDASDA PPlantlant HHardinessardiness pplantingslantings nnowow iincludenclude powderypowdery mildewmildew toleranttolerant cultivars,cultivars, ZZoneone 88)) eeffectivelyffectively rreducededuced lleafeaf sspotpot iincidencencidence aandnd ddefolia-efolia- tthushus decreasingdecreasing powderypowdery mmildewildew iincidencencidence ooverver tthehe llastast ttionion ccomparedompared toto non-treatednon-treated treestrees (17,(17, 19).19). 2200 yyears.ears. TThehe ppowderyowdery mmildewildew ppathogenathogen overwintersoverwinters asas myceliummycelium BBacterialacterial lleafeaf sspot.pot. SSinceince 2009,2009, a lleafeaf sspotpot ccausedaused bbyy aann wwithinithin ddormantormant crapemyrtlecrapemyrtle leafleaf budsbuds (57).(57). TheThe teleomorphteleomorph uunidentinidentifi eded XXanthomonasanthomonas bbacteriumacterium sspeciespecies hhasas bbeeneen sseeneen ((sexualsexual sstage)tage) ooff tthishis ppathogenathogen rrarelyarely ddevelopsevelops aandnd iiss ooftenften iinn tthehe ssoutheasternoutheastern UUnitednited SStatestates ((UniversityUniversity ooff GGeorgiaeorgia nnotot sseen.een. SSignsigns ooff ppowderyowdery mmildewildew iinfectionnfection ooftenften iinitiallynitially PPlantlant DDiseaseisease ClinicClinic AAnnualnnual RReport,eport, uunpublished)npublished) ((TableTable ddevelopevelop oonn llowerower ffoliageoliage aandnd ssuckersuckers aatt tthehe bbasease ooff tthehe pplant.lant. 44).). TThehe bbacteriumacterium ccausesauses ddarkark bbrown,rown, angularangular toto irregularlyirregularly SSmall,mall, wwhite,hite, ppowderyowdery ppatchesatches ofof fungalfungal hyphaehyphae andand sporesspores sshaped,haped, oily-lookingoily-looking spotsspots ssurroundedurrounded bbyy a yellowyellow hhalo.alo. aarere eeasilyasily sseeneen onon foliage.foliage. PatchesPatches coalescecoalesce aandnd mmayay ccoverover IInfectednfected lleaveseaves ooftenften tturnurn yyellowellow ttoo rreded aandnd mmayay ddroprop ppre-re- eentirentire lleaves,eaves, nnewew shoots,shoots, aandnd fl oowerwer bbuds.uds. PowderyPowdery mildewmildew mmaturely.aturely. TThehe ddiseaseisease isis mostmost oftenoften seenseen onon lowerlower leavesleaves ofof ttypicallyypically developsdevelops inin latelate springspring aandnd ffallall aandnd iiss aassociatedssociated nnutrient-stressedutrient-stressed aandnd ttightly-spacedightly-spaced pplants.lants. TThehe ssigniignifi ccanceance wwithith wwarmarm ddayay aandnd ccoolool nnightight ttemperaturesemperatures aandnd hhighigh rrelativeelative aandnd ggeographiceographic ddistributionistribution ooff tthishis ddiseaseisease iiss notnot ccurrentlyurrently hhumidityumidity ((TableTable 4).4). SevereSevere ppowderyowdery mmildewildew iinfectionnfection ccanan kknown.nown. FFungicidesungicides hhaveave nnotot bbeeneen eevaluatedvaluated fforor bbacterialacterial lleafeaf ddistortistort newlynewly developingdeveloping leaves,leaves, sshootshoots aandnd fl oowers.wers. IInfectednfected sspotpot managementmanagement aandnd iitt iiss ddoubtfuloubtful tthathat ffungicideungicide aapplica-pplica- fl owerower bbudsuds maymay notnot oopen,pen, aandnd sseverelyeverely iinfectednfected lleaveseaves aandnd ttionsions wwillill pproviderovide adequateadequate control.control. bbudsuds mmayay ddroprop pprematurelyrematurely ((1).1). PPlantlant ddiseaseisease rresistance/toleranceesistance/tolerance iiss tthehe mmostost iimportantmportant SSootyooty mmold.old. SSootyooty mmoldsolds aarere ffungiungi wwithinithin tthehe ggeneraenera aandnd ssustainableustainable ddiseaseisease managementmanagement ooptionption fforor ppowderyowdery CCapnodiumapnodium, CChaetothyriumhaetothyrium, MMetacapnodiumetacapnodium, aandnd SScoriascorias mmildew.ildew. BreedingBreeding pprogramsrograms havehave effectivelyeffectively iincorporatedncorporated ((58).58). TheyThey areare notnot pplantlant ppathogens.athogens. TheThe fungifungi aarere ssaprobesaprobes ppowderyowdery mmildewildew ttoleranceolerance ttoo pproduceroduce commerciallycommercially avail-avail- tthathat ggrowrow oonn pplantlant ssurfacesurfaces aandnd lliveive oonn ssugaryugary iinsectnsect ssecre-ecre- aableble andand desirabledesirable cultivars.cultivars. PPowderyowdery mmildewildew ccanan bbee eef-f- ttions,ions, mostmost commonlycommonly honeydewhoneydew ffromrom tthehe ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle ffectivelyectively mmanagedanaged bbyy ffungicideungicide aapplicationspplications wwhenhen aappliedpplied aaphidphid (TT.. kahawaluokalanikahawaluokalani)).. SSootyooty mmoldold ccoloniesolonies cconsistonsist ofof ppreventivelyreventively oorr aatt tthehe fi rrstst ssignign ooff ddisease.isease. DDiseaseisease severityseverity ddarklyarkly pigmentedpigmented hyphaehyphae andand sporesspores ofof thethe fungus.fungus. CColonyolony mmayay bbee rreducededuced bbyy hhighigh nnitrogenitrogen aapplications.pplications. AApplicationpplication sshapehape aandnd ssizeize ccanan varyvary ddependingepending uuponpon speciesspecies aandnd llevelevel rratesates ooff 1136.1036.10 ttoo 2272.1672.16 kkgg ((300300 ttoo 660000 llbs)bs) ooff nnitrogenitrogen pperer ooff iinfestation.nfestation. CColoniesolonies mmayay bbee tthin,hin, bblack,lack, iirregularrregular ppatchesatches aacrecre ssigniignifi ccantlyantly reducereduce powderypowdery mildewmildew aandnd CCercosporaercospora oorr theythey maymay formform a densedense covering.covering. HeavyHeavy accumulationaccumulation ofof lleafeaf sspotpot iincidencencidence aandnd ddefoliationefoliation ccomparedompared ttoo llowerower rratesates ooff ssootyooty moldmold cancan interfereinterfere withwith plantplant pphotosynthesis;hotosynthesis; however,however, 88.5.5 toto 34.034.0 kkgg (18.8(18.8 ttoo 7755 llbs)bs) perper acreacre (17).(17). However,However, 136.1136.1 toto iitt iiss notnot kknownnown ttoo nnegativelyegatively aaffectffect pplantlant ggrowth.rowth. 2272.272.2 kkgg ((300300 ttoo 660000 llbs)bs) ooff nnitrogenitrogen pperer aacrecre iiss ssubstantiallyubstantially mmoreore tthanhan tthehe rrecommendedecommended rrateate ooff 118.148.14 ttoo 331.751.75 kkgg ((4040 MMinorinor ddiseases.iseases. CCrapemyrtlesrapemyrtles ccanan bbee aaffectedffected bbyy rrootoot ttoo 7700 llbs)bs) perper aacrecre pperer yyearear fforor rresidentialesidential aandnd ccommercialommercial aandnd ccrownrown ddiseasesiseases inin nurseriesnurseries iincludingncluding rrootoot rrotot ddiseasesiseases llandscapes.andscapes. Therefore,Therefore, thethe reductionreduction inin diseasedisease incidenceincidence ccausedaused bbyy PPythiumythium sspp.pp. Pringsh.Pringsh. andand PPhytophthorahytophthora sspp.pp. dede iiss notnot aacceptablecceptable ggiveniven increasingincreasing cconcernsoncerns ooverver nnitrogenitrogen BBaryary aandnd wwebeb bblightlight ccausedaused byby RRhizoctoniahizoctonia sspp.pp. DDCC (15).(15). InIn ccontaminationontamination ooff ssurfaceurface aandnd groundground wwater.ater. llandscapes,andscapes, infectioninfection byby AArmillariarmillaria ttabescensabescens ((Scop.)Scop.) EEmelmel ((mushroommushroom rrootoot rrot)ot) ccanan ccauseause rrootoot ddecay,ecay, pparticularlyarticularly iinn CCercosporaercospora leafleaf spot.spot. LLeafeaf sspotpot ddiseaseisease ccausedaused bbyy tthehe oolderlder plantingsplantings ((3).3). TThehe rrootoot ddiseasesiseases aarere ooff mminorinor iimportancemportance ffungus,ungus, PPseudocercosporaseudocercospora llythracearumythracearum (syn.(syn. CCercosporaercospora aass iinfectionnfection iiss ooftenften sseeneen ssporadicallyporadically aandnd iiss ooftenften bbasedased uuponpon llythracearumythracearum) iiss thethe ssecondecond mmostost ddamagingamaging ddiseaseisease ooff ccrape-rape- ppooroor nnurseryursery pproductionroduction practicespractices andand rootroot injuryinjury aandnd sstresstress mmyrtleyrtle ((2).2). LLeafeaf sspotspots ddevelopevelop iinn mmid-summerid-summer tthroughhrough tthehe wwithinithin llandscapes.andscapes. SeveralSeveral fungifungi havehave alsoalso beenbeen reportedreported ffallall duringduring wwet,et, hhumidumid wweathereather ((TableTable 44).). SSymptomsymptoms ooff CCer-er- ccausingausing leafleaf spotspot diseasesdiseases inin thethe southernsouthern UnitedUnited StatesStates iin-n- ccosporaospora leafleaf sspotpot iincludenclude tantan toto ddarkark brownbrown spotsspots randomlyrandomly ccludingluding CCylindrocladiumylindrocladium scopariumscoparium Morg.Morg. andand PPhyllostictahyllosticta sscatteredcattered onon yellowyellow toto redred discoloreddiscolored leaves.leaves. InfectionInfection oftenoften llagerstroemiaeagerstroemiae EllisEllis & EEverh.verh. HHowever,owever, iincidencencidence ooff tthesehese bbeginsegins oonn tthehe llowerower lleaveseaves aandnd pprogressesrogresses upwardupward tthroughhrough lleafeaf sspotpot ddiseasesiseases iiss ssporadicporadic aandnd uusuallysually ccausesauses iinsigninsignifi cantcant tthehe pplant.lant. IInfectednfected lleaveseaves ddroprop pprematurelyrematurely ffromrom tthehe pplantlant ddamage.amage. BBranchranch aandnd sstemtem ccankersankers ccausedaused bbyy BBotryosphaeriaotryosphaeria aandnd sseverelyeverely aaffectedffected pplantslants ccanan bbee ddefoliatedefoliated ppriorrior ttoo ffrost.rost. sspppp. CCes.es. & DDee NNot.ot. maymay alsoalso occuroccur onon weakenedweakened oror injuredinjured AAlthoughlthough CCercosporaercospora leafleaf sspotpot ddoesoes nnotot ssigniignifi ccantlyantly rreduceeduce pplantslants ((15).15). tthehe hhealthealth ooff tthehe pplant,lant, iitt ddoesoes aaffectffect ffallall lleafeaf ccolorolor ddisplay.isplay. A numbernumber ooff nnewew ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle ccultivarsultivars eexhibitxhibit ttoleranceolerance ttoo HHostost plantplant resistance:resistance: Disease.Disease. TThehe bbestest aapproachpproach ttoo CCercosporaercospora leafleaf sspotpot ((TableTable 33).). HHowever,owever, oonlynly a ssmallmall ffrac-rac- mmanageanage ccrapemyrtlerapemyrtle diseasesdiseases isis toto utilizeutilize cultivarscultivars thatthat showshow ttionion ooff oolderlder ccultivarsultivars hhaveave bbeeneen sscreenedcreened forfor susceptibilitysusceptibility ggoodood rresistanceesistance ttoo bbothoth ppowderyowdery mmildewildew aandnd CCercosporaercospora leafleaf ttoo tthishis disease.disease. MoreMore researchresearch iinn tthishis areaarea isis needed.needed. sspotpot ssuchuch aass ‘Apalachee’,‘Apalachee’, ‘‘Basham’sBasham’s PPartyarty PPink’,ink’, ‘‘Caddo’,Caddo’, PPlantlant ddiseaseisease rresistanceesistance isis thethe mostmost importantimportant andand ssustain-ustain- ‘‘Fantasy’,Fantasy’, ‘‘Osage’,Osage’, ‘‘Pokomoke’,Pokomoke’, ‘‘Sarah’sSarah’s FFavorite’,avorite’, ‘‘Tonto’,Tonto’, aableble diseasedisease managementmanagement optionoption fforor CCercosporaercospora leafleaf sspot.pot. ‘‘Tuskegee’,Tuskegee’, aandnd ‘‘Tuscarora’Tuscarora’ (21,(21, 26,26, 28,28, 29,29, 33).33). TToo ddate,ate, bbreedingreeding eeffortsfforts fforor lleafeaf sspotpot rresistanceesistance iiss nnegligibleegligible aandnd iinn iitsts iinfancy.nfancy. OnlyOnly a fewfew rresearchersesearchers hhaveave sscreenedcreened LLiteratureiterature CCitedited ccultivarsultivars fforor ssusceptibilityusceptibility ttoo CCercosporaercospora lleafeaf sspotpot aandnd mmostost 11.. AAllfi eeri,ri, SS.A..A. 1969.1969. PPowderyowdery mmildewildew ooff ccrapemyrtle.rapemyrtle. FFla.la. DDept.ept. ooff hhaveave bbeeneen iinn cconjunctiononjunction wwithith ppowderyowdery mmildewildew sscreeningcreening AAgric.gric. Cons.Cons. Serv.Serv. PlantPlant Path.Path. Cir.Cir. 883,3, ppp.p. 22.. pprograms.rograms. HHowever,owever, mmoderateoderate ttoo hhighigh ttoleranceolerance llevelsevels hhaveave 22.. AAllfi eeri,ri, SS.A..A. 11976.976. CercosporaCercospora leafleaf spotspot ofof crapemyrtle.crapemyrtle. Fla.Fla. Dept.Dept. bbeeneen ddiscoverediscovered iinn ssomeome ccultivarsultivars ((18,18, 331,1, 333).3). MMoreore rresearchesearch ooff AAgric.gric. Cons.Cons. Serv.Serv. PlantPlant Path.Path. Cir.Cir. 1171,71, ppp.p. 22..

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