Bonneagar Iompair Eireann Transport Infrastructure Ireland
CORK METROPOLITAN AREA DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY 2040 - PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT
LRT
Cork City Council Black Ash Park & Ride Comhairle Cathairle Chaorcaí PUBLIC CONSULTATION
We would like to know you views on the draft Cork Metropolitan Area Transport Strategy and any items of interest or concern. All comments will be considered and will inform the finalisation of the Cork Metropolitan Area Transport Strategy. The public consultation will run from 15th May - 28th June 2019.
Full details of the draft Cork Metropolitan Submissions Public Information Events Area Transport Strategy can be found at Submissions are welcomed from the public Public Information Events will be held the following link: up until 5pm, Friday 28th June 2019, send between 3pm - 8pm at the following www.nationaltransport.ie/public- your submission online, by email or post. locations on the following dates: consultations/current • Wednesday 5th June Website: Imperial Hotel, Cork City Consultation material will be available www.nationaltransport.ie/public- to view at Cork City Hall and Cork consultations/current • Thursday 6th June County Hall for the duration of the Oriel House Hotel, Ballincollig consultation period. Email: • Wednesday 12th June [email protected] The complete set of CMATS background Radisson Hotel, Little Island reports area as follows: Post: • Thursday 13th June • Baseline Conditions Report; Cork Metropolitian Area Transport Strategy, Carrigaline Court Hotel, Carrigaline • Planning Datasheet Development Report; National Transport Authority, • Wednesday 19th June • Demand Analysis Report; Dún Scéine, Blarney Castle Hotel, Blarney. • Transport Modelling Report; Harcourt Lane, • Transport Options Development Report; Dublin 2, D02 WT20. • Supporting Measures Report; • Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA); and • Appropriate Assessment (AA).
Submissions will not be individually responded to but will be summarised in a consultation report which will be published on www.nationaltransport.ie/public-consultations/current All submissions made on the draft Cork Metropolitan Area Transport Strategy will be reviewed and relevant feedback incorporated into the final Strategy as appropriate. Submissions from individuals will be reported anonymously and feedback from organisations will be attributed to them. The NTA is committed to protecting the rights and privacy of individuals in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation and the Data Protection Acts 1988 to 2018. By making a submission under this public consultation exercise, you are indicating your acknowledgement of and consent to the above. CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 1
INTRODUCTION
The Cork Metropolitan Area Transport CMATS represents a coordinated land It will inform the development of regional and Cork already performs Strategy (CMATS) 2040 (the “Strategy”) use and transport strategy for the Cork local planning, and associated investment well as a major urban has been developed by the Metropolitan Area to cover the period up to frameworks, including providing inputs to National Transport Authority (NTA) in 2040. The Strategy is considered to be flexible the Southern Assembly’s Regional Spatial centre in Ireland and collaboration with Transport Infrastructure with the ability to scale up public transport and Economic Strategy (RSES), the the City has positioned Ireland (TII), Cork City Council and capacity and frequencies as necessary along forthcoming Cork Metropolitan Area Cork County Council. CMATS agreed transport corridors. Strategic Plan (MASP) and the statutory itself as an emerging Development Plans of both Cork City medium-sized The Cork Metropolitan Area (CMA) is in the The Strategy takes its lead at national level Council and Cork County Council. European centre of midst of an exciting phase of development. from the National Planning Framework 2040 The recently-published National Planning and the National Development Plan 2018- CMATS will deliver an integrated transport growth and innovation. Framework (NPF) 2040 envisages that 2027 and builds upon previous transport network that addresses the needs of all Building on this potential Cork will become the fastest-growing city studies including Cork City Centre Movement modes of transport, offering better transport is critical to further region in Ireland with a projected 50% to Strategy, Cork Area Strategic Plan (CASP) choices, resulting in better overall network 60% increase of its population by 2040. and the Cork Metropolitan Cycle Network performance and providing capacity to enhancing Ireland’s Plan. The Strategy will provide a coherent meet travel demand and support economic metropolitan profile. This projected population and associated transport planning policy framework and growth. To achieve this vision, the guiding economic growth will result in a significant implementation plan around which other principles upon which CMATS is based is National Planning Framework 2040 increase in the demand for travel. agencies involved in land use planning, depicted in the graphic below. This demand needs to be managed and environmental protection, and delivery of planned for carefully in order to safeguard other infrastructure such as housing and and enhance Cork’s attractiveness to live, water can align their investment priorities. work, visit and invest in.
P P Principle P P P 01 02 03 04 05 06 To support the future To prioritise To provide a high level To identify and protect To enhance the public To increase public growth of the CMA sustainable transport of public transport key strategic routes for realm through traf c transport capacity and through the provision and reduce car connectivity to key the movement of freight management and frequencies where of an ef cient and safe dependency within destinations within high and services including transport interventions. needed to achieve the transport network. the CMA. demand corridors. the provision of a high strategy outcomes. level of freight access to the Port of Cork 2 CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT
National Policy Some of the core principles of the NPF Other key national level Policy and Regional Policy CMATS is a Regional Level plan and is that have informed the development of Guidelines that CMATS must align At a regional level, the NPF 2040 directly informed by National Level (Tier-1) CMATS are: with include: recommends the development of RSESs policies. The most important and recent of NSO 1 – Compact Growth; National Mitigation Plan; and MASPs. The RSESs are to ensure better these documents are the NPF 2040 and NSO 2 – Enhanced Regional Investing in our Transport Future - co-ordination in planning and development the National Development Plan (NDP) Accessibility Road Network; Strategic policy matters across local authority 2018-2027. boundaries. As part of the RSES process, NSO 3 – Public Transport; Investment Framework for Land MASPs are required to provide more specific Transport; Some of the key transport growth NSO 4 – Sustainable Mobility; focus on city and metropolitan issues. The enablers relevant to the development of NSO 5 – A Strong Economy supported Spatial Planning and National Roads; draft RSES for the Southern Assembly the Strategy include: by Enterprise,Innovation and Skills; Design Manual for Urban Roads Region was published in December 2018. Delivery of large-scale regeneration NSO 6 – High-Quality International and Streets; projects for the provision of new Connectivity; Smarter Travel - A Sustainable Local Policy employment, housing and supporting NSO 7 – Enhanced Amenity and Future; and The third tier in the planning and policy infrastructure in Cork Docklands (City Heritage; Sustainable Urban Housing: Design hierarchy is local planning, which involves the Docks and Tivoli); NSO 8 – Transition to a Low Carbon Standards for New Apartments planning framework for the implementation Progressing sustainable development and Climate Resilient Society; and Guidelines for Planning Authorities. of national and regional guidance at the local of new greenfield areas for housing on level. CMATS will inform the future update NSO 10 – Access to High-Quality public transport corridors; of Cork City and County Development Childcare, Education and Health Plans and the future development of Intensifying development in inner-city Services. Local Transport Implementation plans/ and inner suburban areas; Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) for Development of a new science and Metropolitan Towns and City Districts. innovation park to the west of the city accessible by public transport; Development of enhanced city- wide public transport to incorporate proposals for an east-west corridor from Mahon, through the City Centre to Ballincollig and a north-south corridor TIER Strategic Investment with a link to the Airport; National Planning National Development Plan Framework for Land NATIONAL Framework 2040 (NDP) 2018-2027 M8/N25/N40 Dunkettle Junction LE EL Transport upgrade and improved Ringaskiddy Port access; TIER Southern Assembly C M Metropolitan Area Enhanced regional connectivity through RE IONAL Regional Spatial & A T Strategic Plans improved average journey times by PLANNIN Economic Strategy (RSES) CMAT (MASP) road; and Improved traffic flow around the City, Cork City and Cork County TIER Local Transport Local Economic and which, subject to assessment, could Development Plans LOCAL Implementation Plans Community Plans include upgrades of the N40, and/ Local Area Plans or alternatives which may include PLANNIN enhanced public transport. IMPLEMENTATION
CMATS Study Area and Road Network
N WHITECHURCH
M
KNOCKRAHA LEAMLARA
WHITES CROSS SALLYBROOK
BLARNEY BROOKLODGE
TOWER GLANMIRE
GLOUNTHAUNE N MIDLETON CARRIGTWOHILL N
LITTLE ISLAND N BALLYNACORRA N
BALLINCOLLIG
N
N ROCHESTOWN PASSAGE WEST
FRANKFIELD BALLYMORE
COBH N MONKSTOWN
CORK AIRPORT
BALLYGARVAN WHITEGATE
CARRIGALINE N CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 5
EXISTING TRANSPORT CONTEXT
The Cork Metropolitan Area was previously Mode Share Supporting the vibrancy, accessibility defined by the Cork Area Strategic Plan The current limitations of the public and liveability of Cork City Centre and (CASP) and includes Cork City, its suburbs transport provision in the CMA are Metropolitan centres; and the towns and rural areas in the reflected in the low mode share for public Ensuring that future development is immediate hinterland of the City of Cork as transport of 5% across the whole day and located and designed in a fashion that a single integrated unit. all trip purposes. Only 7% of journeys to prioritises walking, cycling and public work in Cork City are by public transport. transport and reduces the need to travel 2 The CMA covers 820km and has a by car; population of just over 305,000 (CSO By comparison, walking has a 20% mode Improving the public transport offering 2016). This is made up of approximately share, while the dominant mode is car through higher frequency services 126,000 residents within the Cork City which is used for 74% of trips. Cycling operating with greater speed, directness boundary, with the remaining located makes up the remainder of trips, with 1% and journey time reliability; within the surrounding metropolitan area. of all trips made by bike. Increasing residential density levels on the basis of centrality within centres and The Study Area encompasses Cork Cork’s transport network is coming under public transport accessibility; Harbour and Port of Cork. The River Lee increasing strain and the existing network runs directly from the harbour through the will not support the future transport needs Accommodating a greater number of centre of the metropolitan area splitting of a growing City and Metropolitan area. trips more efficiently by maximising into two channels which form the centre connectivity by walking, cycling and island of Cork City. Cork has a very high mode share for car public transport to major employment and unless the attractiveness of alternative and education centres; There are approximately 820,000 trips modes of transport are enhanced, CMA Supplementing the public transport originating within the CMA on average will continue to have high levels of car network with complementary facilities each weekday (over 24 hours) with the C C dependency, journey delays, congestion such as Park and Ride for the benefit A morning peak and late afternoon being the and pollution, which all negatively impact of people accessing the city from the P R busiest periods. on quality of life. surrounding rural areas; Prioritising active modes (walking and There is a dispersed pattern for journeys Key Challenges cycling) to improve health benefits; and to work generally within the Metropolitan area. The private car tends to be used for To provide for a better, more efficient and Reducing the impact of transport on the radial trips into/out of the City as well as sustainable transport network, there are environment through targeted measures a number of key challenges that must be C C M for trips on orbital routes. to limit the negative impact of air and P D U A addressed by CMATS. These include: noise emissions. Ensuring that the transport network can C M R support the population, employment A and educational growth as envisaged by the NPF 2040; CMATS 2040 Land Use Distribution WHITECHURCH
SALLYBROOK
BLARNEY BROOKLODGE
TOWER
GLANMIRE BLACKPOOL GLOUNTHAUNE MAYFIELD MIDLETON CARRIGTWOHILL KNOCKNAHEENEY
K
CORK CIT LITTLE ISLAND DOCKLANDS BALLYNACORRA
BLACKROCK BALLINCOLLIG
BISHOPSTOWN
DOUGLAS PASSAGE WEST
ROCHESTOWN FRANKFIELD LE EN EY INFORMATION
R C
COBH E T S MONKSTOWN
I E
P
RINGASKIDDY E BALLYGARVAN WHITEGATE
CARRIGALINE R
C
CROSSBARRY
RIVERSTICK
INNISHANNON CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 7
CMATS 2040 LAND USE
The NPF recognises the role that Cork To support the compact growth aspiration The density of future residential and and the other regional cites must play in of the NPF 2040, Cork City will become employment developments such as providing a counter-weight to Dublin and the focus for significant regeneration the Tivoli Docks and existing, centrally assigned a population growth forecast of opportunities at brownfield locations. located and accessible settlements 50-60% to each regional city. will be increased. Higher densities In terms of employment and education, contribute to a more compact urban This growth will be translated at a regional, CMATS prioritises development along its footprint that brings more people closer metropolitan and local level through the identified high capacity public transport to destinations and public transport production of the RSES, MASPs and the corridors. services with easy walking and cycling forthcoming Development Plans and Local distance; Area Plans of both Cork City Council and Guided by the principles of the NPF, the Deliver consolidated development in Cork County Council. following strategy development priorities a manner that can avail of existing for the distribution of land-use have been transport infrastructure, nearby The draft RSES and MASP was open for identified for the CMA: amenities and facilities in the short term consultation between December 2018 and Ensure effective integration between to deliver a critical mass of growth in March 2019. These provided population transport and land-use through the population and employment which can projections to the horizon year of 2031 delivery of Public Transport Orientated support the transition and sequencing for both Cork City and Suburbs (283,669) Development, which provides higher of investment to higher capacity public and the Rest of the Cork Metropolitan density, a balanced mixed of land uses transport infrastructure and services; Area (125,157). In the absence of a and compact settlements that reduce Land use policies that minimise the definitive land use distribution for the CMA, trip distances and are of a magnitude requirement to travel longer distances by assumptions have been made considering that supports the viability of high encouraging mixed-use development. the NPF National Planning Objectives and capacity public transport; This should include ensuring areas are the statutory development plans of both The application of this principle in Cork developed in tandem with the delivery Cork local authorities. will result in a high-intensity, mix of uses of schools and other amenities to being directed to locations at existing maximise the use of more sustainable Additionally, the Strategy’s transport or planned stations along the suburban modes of transport; and measures have been developed to be and light rail lines and along the high scalable, flexible and have adequate Land use policies that support frequency bus corridors; reserve capacity to allow for any changes the provision and design of new in growth that may arise from the RSES development in locations, layouts and and MASP processes to be catered at densities which prioritise walking and for by the proposed strategy network. cycling and enable the efficient provision of public transport services. WHITECHURCH Indicative Public Transport Network
SALLYBROOK M
BLARNEY BROOKLODGE
TOWER K C GLANMIRE BLACKPOOL GLOUNTHAUNE MAYFIELD MIDLETON L I CARRIGTWOHILL KNOCKNAHEENEY T K
CORK CIT LITTLE ISLAND DOCKLANDS
BLACKROCK BALLINCOLLIG
BISHOPSTOWN
DOUGLAS PASSAGE WEST C ROCHESTOWN FRANKFIELD
LE EN EY INFORMATION
R C
E C COBH MONKSTOWN C B C R C
E T S CORK AIRPORT P T S
I E RINGASKIDDY BALLYGARVAN R WHITEGATE
P CARRIGALINE
E
CROSSBARRY
R
C All routes and alignments are indicative and subject to change through the statutory scheme appraisal process.
RIVERSTICK
INNISHANNON CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 9
STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT & OUTCOMES
Accommodating the scale of projected Cork Metropolitan Area Transport Strategy Methodology growth within the CMA will mean increasing pressure on the existing transport network. This Strategy has been developed and assessed in the context of P aseline revie the following notional scenarios: A Business as Usual case that incorporates committed investment in the road network only; A second scenario that substantially Agree ey challenges increases Public Transport Investment; and A third scenario, building on the second, that represents the optimal outcome for Land-Use and Sustainable Transport E evelop transport options alternatives Integration. O net or s supporting proposals The likely outcomes of the third scenario are that the demand for car travel will reduce as people live closer to their workplaces and places of study. Longer distance trips across the CMA will be re erred transport strategy undertaken, in greater numbers, by public transport and will be supported by linked cycling and walking infrastructure. The business case for continued investment in public transport infrastructure will be P ra t strategy report enhanced as patronage continues to grow.
The sustainable transport measures proposed in CMATS have been developed in line with Scenario 3, which aligns with the overarching national, regional and local policy objectives for sustainable transport R provision in Ireland. AL ING
63 increase 250 Additional 24,000 in walking trips between daily car trips potentially 2011 and 2040 increase 90m in footfall on transferable to walking annual St. Patrick s Street walking trips
Enhanced 200km Estimated 50m 140km 69,000 new and upgraded walking trips made in investment including Wayfinding of Greenways footpaths elements of BusConnects System the AM peak period
LRT
20 mins of activity a day Improved Age-Friendly Safer reduces the risk of hearth disease, accessibility Town Centres Routes to school type 2 diabetes and depresssion to public transport by at least 20
SCHOOL
LRT AL ING CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 11
63 increase 250 Additional 24,000 in walking trips between daily car trips potentially 2011 and 2040 increase 90m in footfall on transferable to walking annual St. Patrick s Street walking trips
Enhanced 200km Estimated 50m 140km 69,000 new and upgraded walking trips made in investment including Wayfinding of Greenways footpaths elements of BusConnects System the AM peak period
LRT
20 mins of activity a day Improved Age-Friendly Safer reduces the risk of hearth disease, accessibility Town Centres Routes to school type 2 diabetes and depresssion to public transport by at least 20
SCHOOL
LRT CYCLING
A daily car trips potentially cycling trips made in the AM cycling trips
P I Cycle Network Cycle Network Cycle Network Network
E reduces the risk of hearth disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers Strategy cost estimate is approximately ( +BusConnects E E T cycle elements)
Cork City Council Black Ash Park & Ride T ITEC RC CYCLING Cycle Network Map
A daily car trips potentially cycling trips made in the AM ALL ROOK LARNE ROOKLO E cycling trips C T TO ER
LANMIRE
T LO NT A NE T MI LETON C T CARRI T O ILL
CORK CIT
P C TT LITTLE I LAN
M C I T C ALL NACORRA C C M C C ALLINCOLLI P I Cycle Network Cycle Network Cycle Network Network
T ROC E TO N PA A E T E T
RANK IEL
CO T MONK TO N
CORK TAIRPORT
E RIN A KI ALL AR AN reduces the risk of hearth disease, T T ITE ATE type 2 diabetes and some cancers Strategy cost estimate is approximately CARRI ALINE ( +BusConnects E E T cycle elements) LE EN A
reen oute rimary Cork City Council Black Ash Park & Ride econdary nter rban All routes and alignments are indicative and subject to change through the statutory scheme appraisal process. T RI ER TICK BUS CONNECTS
Carrying Carrying
BUS 49,000 85m Douglas Corridor Summerhill North passengers in passengers AM Peak Bus frequency Corridor AM Peak the AM peak per annum Bus frequency hour 3 mins Patronage 3 mins 1,700 Patronage 2,061
T 100km of bus lanes and double deck bus bus priority measures 220 eet required Strategic 6 Park & Ride 200km sites of cross city 50km 150km routes orbital routes radial routes
Cork City Council Black Ash Park & Ride Comhairle Cathairle Chaorcaí
T T 4,800 T T T passengers interchanging Connecting with Cork Suburban Rail Network between Cross City, Radial at Kent Station, with Cork Light Rail and Partk and Orbital bus services in and Ride Network and providing interchange AM peak hour Strategy cost estimate is between radial and orbital bus services approximately €545m CITY CENTRE MAP MA-BL BA-DO T1-CC GL-CC MF-BI CATHE DRAL ROAD FF-FH DCI-TO BusConnects Route Map RO-HH CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORTMA-HH STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 15 GI-CC L HIL ER E ROAD EC-CC M ANMIR UM LE GL BUS CONNECTS S MIDD GL-BC UAY ES Q POP
OR AN A
RO-HH
K ROAD CENTRE PAR LRT MA-BL AN LE EA T O T MALL GL-BC E TERN ROA
LRT 20m MONAH AN’S ROAD MA-HH EO R E O
V A IC SALLYBROOK T T OR IA L ROAD I N MA-HH
K
Carrying Carrying R O A BLARNEY 20m GL-BC 20m A O 20m R BOREENM BUS 49,000 85m Douglas Corridor Summerhill North ANNA ROAD 20m MF-BI A MA-BL 20m L
D passengers in passengers MA-BL D A BROOKLODGE O AM Peak Bus frequency Corridor AM Peak A O
O R BA LLIN LOU R GH
R F
OAD GL-CC T 1 m F O LA ROA
BA-DO H MA-BL the AM peak U per annum G Bus frequency D O
TOWER U A
L O
L U 10m O hour 3 mins MF-BI P DH - TO 3 mins GLANMIRE PD-CC BC-GR CA-CC Patronage FF-FH RO-HH NO BC-GR RI-CC
DH-TO DH-TO BA-DO RO-HH NO 1,700 Patronage 20m 10m 20m GLOUNTHAUNE 2,061 10m LB-CC 10m CARRIGTWOHILL 10m RO-HH 1 m 10m 10m EC-CC 30m
MA-HH 10m 10m 30m SEE CITY CENTRE MAP 10m NO T 20m 10m SOI m LRT NO HH-CC 10m GL-BC 10m LITTLE ISLAND 10m MA-HH 100km 20m 20m of bus lanes and double deck bus BC-CC 220 eet required Strategic MA-BL bus priority measures 10m 6 Park & Ride 10m 4m sites BALLINCOLLIG m 200km LRT SOI of cross city 50km 150km 10m 10m orbital routes radial routes SOI 10m 4m routes 1 m RI-CC 20m 20m 20m SOO DH-TO ROCHESTOWN 1 m SOO MF-BI MF-BI 1 m 20m PASSAGE WEST Cork City Council Black Ash Park & Ride Comhairle Cathairle Chaorcaí RO-HH
20m 10m 10m 20m FRANKFIELD FF-FH PD-CC BA-DO
1 m T T 4,800 T T T LE EN RI-AP COBH GI-CC passengers interchanging KS-AP MONKSTOWN Connecting with Cork Suburban Rail Network between Cross City, Radial MA-BL Mahon - Blarney: 20min BA-DO Ballyvolane - Donnybrook: 10min GL-BC Glanmire - Ballincollig: 20min RO-HH Rochestown - Hollyhill: 10min 1 m at Kent Station, with Cork Light Rail and Partk and Orbital bus services in CORK RI-AP Strategy cost BC-CC Ballincollig - Cork City: 20min RI-CC Carrigaline - City Centre: 15min AIRPORT and Ride Network and providing interchange AM peak hour CA-CC RI-CC estimate is LRT Light Rail Transit: 5min CA-CC Ringaskidddy - Cork City: 20min between radial and orbital bus services CA-CC approximately MF-BI May eld - Bishopstown: 10min EC-CC East Cork - City Centre: 10min SOI HH-CC Southern Orbital Inner: 10min Hollyhill - City Centre: 30min 20m €545m SOO Southern Orbital Outer: 20min GL-CC Glanmire - City Centre: 20min 30m RINGASKIDDY DH-TO Dublin Hill - Togher: 15min MA-HH Mahon - Hollyill: 10min PD-CC Pouladuff Road - City Centre: 10min LB-CC Lotabeg - City Centre: 30min BALLYGARVAN 1 m KS-AP Kent Station - Airport: 15min NO Northern Orbital: 10min
FF-FH Frank eld - Fairhill: 20min GI-CC Great Island - City Centre: 20min
RI-AP Ringaskidddy - Airport: 30min CARRIGALINE All routes and alignments are indicative and subject to change through the statutory scheme appraisal process.
CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 17
Walking Upgrade walking provision in Based on the recommendations within BusConnects All journeys begin and end by walking tandem with BusConnects corridor the National Cycle Manual a number of Buses are an extremely efficient mode of irrespective of other modes used. A range improvements, light rail stations different infrastructure types are proposed transport and will remain the work horse of high quality, public realm improvements development and Cycle Network at various locations within the network, of the public transport system in Cork. have been implemented in recent years Implementation. including: Their flexibility means that routes and to include pedestrian priority areas, wider Cycle Lanes: Incorporates a dedicated frequencies can be adapted to support footways and improved crossing facilities The over-arching objective for walking is space adjacent to the kerb or car phases of new development or in Cork City Centre and Ballincollig Town to ensure that the pedestrian environment parking and can take the form of as circumstances dictate. Centre and resulted in a reasonably high- is significantly enhanced, more attractive mandatory or advisory cycle lanes; and safer than at present. Walking will be quality walking environment and increased Mixed Streets: Suitable in low traffic Buses will provide an increasingly an instinctive choice for short trips across footfall and vitality in many of its streets. environments where the cyclist shares important interchange service between the CMA including school trips, leisure However, the quality of the pedestrian the road space with motorists; the InterCity, suburban rail and light rail environment is inconsistent across the trips and as part of linked trips with public stations and the Park and Ride network. Cycle Tracks: Cycle tracks are different CMA with a range of barriers to walking transport. Enhancing the bus network is consistent from cycle lanes in that they are including street clutter, insufficient with the National Development Plan physically segregated from motorised footpath widths and crossing pportunities. 2018-2027 which envisages a significantly Cycling traffic in some way whether by a barrier Cork, with its relatively compact city centre enhanced BusConnects service for Cork Cycling is a low cost, sustainable and or through a level change; and and reasonably self-sufficient metropolitan growing mode of transport in the Cork by 2027. This Strategy envisages that the towns, has significant potential to enhance Cycle Trails or Greenways: Roads and realigned bus network will carry around 45 Metropolitan Area. The NDP 2018-2027 paths through green areas and parks. the pedestrian experience. commits to the delivery of walking and million passengers per annum and 32,000 cycling networks for all of Ireland’s cities. passengers during the AM peak. Key outcomes for walking in the Other supporting infrastructure measures Strategy include; to further develop a cycling culture in An over-arching objective is to prioritise Key priorities for development of Cork’s Cork will include the further roll out of bike An increase in walking levels for work, the early delivery of bus services and Cycle Network Plan include: share schemes including consideration education and leisure across the CMA, bus priority. Prioritising bus services over Designating a coherent network of of dockless bikes, shower and changing particularly for short journeys (less than general traffic will be critical to the delivery east-west and north-south cycle routes facilities, and a significant uplift in 2-3km); of an efficient, frequent and reliable bus across the area which will provide residential, visitor and workplace cycle system and forms a major part of the Addressing the safety issues and access to all major trip generators; parking. overall BusConnects programme. barriers that prevent citizens and visitors The first priority in terms of access will from walking more in Cork; be employment areas and third level The objective for cycling is to develop a The existing bus priority measures through Supporting a high quality and fully education followed by schools. These comprehensive network of safe primary, Cork City are particularly limited with accessible environment for all abilities priorities have been established to secondary inter-urban and greenway 14km of bus lanes. The proposed bus and ages by continuing to develop a support proposed modal shift targets. cycling routes across the CMA. Cork will priority measures include approximately safe, legible and attractive public realm; Cycle links to new development areas build upon recent increases in cycling 100km of new bus lanes, representing an Facilitate walking’s role as part of linked have also been prioritised; levels to significantly increase the number increase in bus lanes by a factor of 700%. of utility trips including those to school, trips, particularly with rail and bus Providing the highest possible Level of The proposed bus lanes align with the work and as part of linked trips with journeys; Service on identified corridors of high proposed Core Bus Network, ensuring public transport. Cycling will be prioritised Promote a far higher standard of urban demand; efficient, reliable and frequent services and in all new road projects, local traffic design in new developments,and enable interchange with rail and light rail Identifying and maximising opportunities management schemes and permeability in highway design, in a fashion that stations and Park and Rides facilities. for high quality greenways; and measures and given prominence within consistently prioritises pedestrian Responding to feedback from key Local Authority structures. movement and safety over that of the stakeholders and the public. private car; and SUBURBAN RAIL
T T
Catering for up to 16m 2,500 passengers passengers per annum 25 mins 12mins 25mins 50mins per direction from Midleton to from Blarney to from Cobh to from Midleton / per hour Kent Station Kent Station Kent Station Cobh to Mallow
62km of suburban rail network between Midleton, Cobh and Mallow
T
62km suburban 10 km 22 of dual track to Midleton. new two-car 8 new stations rail network trains required plus improvements to Cobh, between Midleton, Cobh and Mallow. Mallow and Kent Stations. Electrification of suburban rail network.
T T T T T
Connecting with Cork Light Rail Network at Kent Station and the 3,000 4,000 Cork suburban bus network passengers 2-way through- interchanging between running through Strategy cost Rail, Bus and Luas at Kent in AM estimate is Kent Station in AM Peak. peak hour approximately 274m Proposed Suburban Rail
WHITECHURCH
Support Development Intensification
10 min frequency
Support Strategic Development one Blarney/Stoneview
SALLYBROOK Monard BLARNEY Dual track to Midleton Support future development. Park & Ride to accomodate 10 min Water Rock traf c from N20 on suburban rail frequency Blackpool/Kilbarry Support future development Carrigtwohill Carrigtwohill Midleton TOWER of Tivoli Docks West BLACKPOOL Glounthaune MAYFIELD MIDLETON Dunkettle KNOCKNAHEENEY Kent Station Support Future Development
Little Island Improve Signal operations Tivoli 5 min Fota frequency BLACKROCK P&R to accomodate traffic Key Station Interchange from N25 and M8 on BALLINCOLLIG • Through running of suburban services at 10min frequency Suburban Rail • New paltform on southern side of station • Interchange with Light Rail Transit and core bus services • ImproveBISHOPSTOWN signal operations 10 min DOUGLAS frequency PASSAGE WEST
Support future development Carrigaloe FRANKFIELD and interchange with local bus servicesd Ballynoe
COBH LEGEND - KEY INFORMATION MONKSTOWN CORK Cobh Existing Train Stations AIRPORT Rushbrooke Proposed Train Stations
Rail Corridor
RINGASKIDDY Park & Ride Station
WHITEGATE CARRIGALINE LIG T RAIL
T T
per per direction per hour at direction per hour at Carrying 2 min headway 5 min headway from Ballincollig from Mahon Point from Ballincollig per annum to St. Patrick’s to St. Patrick’s to Mahon AM P P Street Street Point C L R 2040 L L 2012 L R L 2012
T L . required for Similar Light Rail vehicle to Dublin Luas eet. R N between Ballincollig Cork City Centre, Kent Station, Cork Docklands and Mahon Point.
LRT LRT
T T T T T
C C R N K with Cork Light Rail Network and providing to/from Light Rail in am Strategy cost estimate peak hour. is approximately Indicative Light Rail route alignment LIG T RAIL CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 21
BLARNEY P L R Washington Street T T BROOKLODGE
per per TOWER direction per hour at direction per hour at Carrying 2 min headway 5 min headway GLANMIRE BLACKPOOL from Ballincollig from Mahon Point from Ballincollig K I per annum to St. Patrick’s to St. Patrick’s to Mahon • Interchange with inter-urban and suburban rail AM P P Street Street Point • New bridge MAYFIELDfrom Kent Station to South Docklands C L R 2040 KNOCKNAHEENEY L L 2012 P L R L 2012 C C K of Cork Docklands
E T of tertiary education corridor P DOCKLANDS L . C C C BALLINLOUGH required for Similar Light Rail vehicle to Dublin Luas eet. R N C GREENMOUNT BLACKROCK between Ballincollig Cork City Centre, Kent Station, Cork P L R sharing with Greenway Docklands and Mahon Point. C M I C P R P C T I BISHOPSTOWN LRT LRT P ROCHESTOWN PASSAGE WEST P R to accomodate traf c from N22 on Light Rail T T T T T FRANKFIELD
C C R N K with Cork Light Rail Network and providing to/from Light Rail in am Strategy cost estimate LE EN KEY INFORMATION peak hour. is approximately Light Rail Transit (LRT) LRT Stop
Park & Ride Sation
Train Sation CORK AIRPORT ROADS
Dunkettle M28 N27 Cork North N40 50km Interchange Upgrade Cork - Ringaskiddy Cork Airport Ring Road Demand of National Road completed by completion Dedicated public Management network transport corridor 2035 to maintain improvements 2022 2028 capacity
STOP
70km A new multi-modal HGV Regional & Distributor of Regional Road Northern restrictions Roads to provide a multi-modal function improvements & Southern in Cork City Distributor Road
LRT
PIZZA SCOOTER
City Centre Accessibility ITS & UTC Movement improvements in Intelligent Transport Systems Strategy cost Cork Docks area & Improvements to Urban estimate is Strategy approximately Traf c Control €1.39bn
Cork City Council Black Ash Park & Ride Comhairle Cathairle Chaorcaí Proposed Road Network 2040 N CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 23
WHITECHURCH
M
C N R R KNOCKRAHA LEAMLARA MONARD WHITES CROSS SALLYBROOK
BLARNEY BROOKLODGE
TOWER N R GLANMIRE CARRIGTWOHILL N MIDLETON GLOUNTHAUNE R
LITTLE ISLAND I N
BALLINCOLLIG A R
N
N DOUGLAS PASSAGE WEST FRANKFIELD ROCHESTOWN M E L BALLYMORE
N C A R M C R COBH MONKSTOWN
CORK AIRPORT
RINGASKIDDY BALLYGARVAN WHITEGATE
CARRIGALINE N 24 CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT
Suburban Rail Following detailed analysis of projected Parking Public Transport Interchange The rail network provides direct and travel demand within the CMA, this The NPF 2040 has set out that, in general, and Integration Strategy proposes that the East-West reliable access to Cork City Centre there will be no car parking requirement for The National Development Plan aims Transit Corridor is best served through from a significant portion of its east and new development in or near the centres to deliver a Public transport network the provision of a new Light Rail Transit northern Metropolitan Cork catchment of the five cities, including Cork, and a that will provide high-quality passenger (LRT) tram system. This analysis marks area. This Strategy proposes to maximise significantly reduced requirement in the interchange points, which facilitate a departure from previous proposals for opportunities offered by the existing inner suburbs. There will also be a general convenient transfer between efficient and a lower capacity Bus Rapid transport suburban rail network to support the travel reduction in on-street parking levels in city integrated public transport services. needs across the CMA. Maximising the (BRT) system to reflect the more ambitious and town centres over the lifetime of the growth targets of the NPF and the potential of the rail corridor will support Strategy to accommodate a wide range of Modern transport infrastructure must be requirement to future-proof such a route better integration of land use planning and sustainable transport measures including accompanied by an efficient, integrated up to and beyond, the 2040 horizon year. public transport. bus priority, laybys, safer crossing facilities, and appropriate network of transport seating, contra-flow cycle lanes, bicycle services. Focusing specifically on public The provision of LRT system will be a focal A key element of this Strategy will be to share schemes and cycle parking. transport, that network needs to: enable through services at Kent Station. point to enable the growth of population, employment health and educational uses Provide appropriate coverage of the This will increase connectivity between the Cork has a high proportion of motorised region; Mallow - Cork lines and the Midleton/ as envisaged by the NPF 2040. The LRT trips that originate outside the city centre Cobh - Cork lines without the need to system will unlock strategic development and other strategic employment areas that Increase opportunities to transfer change platforms at Kent Station. opportunity sites and windfall sites in its contribute to local congestion, noise and between modes and services; catchment areas. air pollution. The Strategy seeks to reduce Provide fast and convenient access to The availability of an existing passing this through the provision of Park and major travel destinations throughout the platform at Kent Station means that this The route shown is indicative only, further Rides. Park and Rides are the provision region; feasibility work is required to examine objective can be achieved relatively quickly of high capacity, car parking facilities at Be easily understood to both local and alternatives to this high level indicative within the short term. Future-proofing the designated public transport interchanges visiting passengers; ability of Kent Station and its environs route. During the early years of the to provide onward access to the City Strategy, it is intended identify and Deliver reliable and predictable journey to support significantly enhanced multi- Centre and other key destinations via high times; modal accessibility will also be a key protect an alignment for the scheme, frequency public transport, walking or consideration. allowing development consolidation along cycling. Park and Rides as a component Charge simple, affordable fares which the corridor. of the CMATS is a means of increasing the enable transfers between services The Strategy rail proposals include the accessibility of the transport network to a without unnecessary penalty; development of 8 new rail stations, The over-arching objective of the LRT population that might not otherwise have Provide easy-to-use cashless payment the creater of a suburban network is to enable the Cork Metropolitan Area access by walking, cycling or bus transfer. systems, where feasible; to consolidate land-use and transport between Midleton, cobh and Mallow, the Be accompanied by comprehensive along a high frequency, high-capacity electification of the suburban rail network The strategic park and rides will be information, both during and prior to the public transport corridor. The early and the provision of new rail fleet. complemented by a number of smaller, journey; and finalisation of the preferred route will local parking facilities known as ‘mobility Provide comfortable and convenient provide greater certainty for future planning hubs (points)’. Mobility Hubs will contribute Light Rail journeys to the maximum amount of and development to pursue the higher to significantly lower car parking standards The development of an east-west mass densities required to meet NPF 2040 people. transit, rapid transport corridor has than at present, will be served by public population and employment targets for transport, walking and cycling routes and been a long-term objective for the CMA Cork and the planned expansion of third will provide a wider range of functions articulated by the joint Cork Area Strategic level educational institutions. Plan (CASP) and a number of statutory including waste collection points and development plans and local area plans of consolidated delivery points. both local authorities. Roads The Strategy will seek to deliver on This includes a new east-west link on the Over-arching objectives for the The Cork Metropolitan Area has an strategic development priorities for the northern side of Cork City in the short- management of freight movement include: extensive network of national, regional and distribution of a more compact settlement medium term required to facilitate orbital Re-directing the through movement of local roads and streets. The road network pattern based on ensuring effective bus and active travel movements and to freight from densely populated areas includes not only the carriageway itself integration between transport and reduce travel through the city centre and unsuitable local roads to the but other highway infrastructure including land-use through the delivery of Public and N40 South Ring Road by HGVs and strategic road network; Transport Orientated Development. This private vehicles. bridges, the Jack Lynch Tunnel, footpaths, Examining the feasibility of consolidation will provide a sustainable economic, signposting, markings, traffic signals and centres and break-bulk facilities outside environmental and social case for reliable sophisticated traffic management systems. Freight, Delivery and Servicing of the national road network in the public transport, permeable, high quality The street network, particularly within To meet NPF 2040 projections for Cork, medium term, to facilitate smaller safe walking and cycling routes and Cork’s urban areas, are public spaces construction of new homes, offices, social vehicles delivering to the City Centre; in their own right, providing a focus for a people-centred public realm. This infrastructure and places of education will Requiring area-based construction, economic, social and cultural activity. represents a marked departure from require more movement of HGVs and lorries. and delivery and servicing plans as previous forms of transport planning over Ireland is an export-led economy, and that part of new development with a view to The first priority for road investment in recent decades, where the provision of is reflected in increased demand for the consolidating deliveries where practical; the Strategy will be to maintain, renew, new road capacity for the private car was development of improved access routes to manage and operate the existing road paramount. the Port of Cork- particularly considering Re-timing freight trips to out-of-hours infrastructure in a more efficient manner. Brexit. While presenting challenges in terms wherever practicable; and Other priorities reflect a need to provide CMATS proposes a limited number of new of increased trips, safety, congestion, air and Ensuring that delivery, servicing and multi-modal travel particularly on new road-based projects required to facilitate noise pollution, the clustering of activities waste management trips are made as roads within urban areas, increasing the the sustainable movement of people, allied to an improvement in the strategic green and quiet as possible through liveability and place-making functions of goods and services, and to complement transport infrastructure offers the possibility of the use of zero or low emission vehicles the urban street network and manage the public transport, walking, cycling and innovative approaches to mitigate impact of where appropriate. network to discourage through traffic in traffic management objectives. freight activity in Cork. built up areas. 26 CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT
Supporting Measures Implementation Strategy Outcomes A key principle for CMATS is to reduce The overall cost of the Strategy is The Cork Metropolitan Area Transport dependency on the private car within the approximately €3.5 billion (2018 prices), Strategy 2040 (CMATS) will result in CMA while increasing the attractiveness of and its delivery will be subject to the several positive social, economic and sustainable transport options. Another availability of funding. It is acknowledged environmental outcomes. It will deliver an fundamental principle of the Strategy that each of the major elements of CMATS accessible, integrated transport network is to support the future growth of the will require an individual appraisal based that enables the sustainable growth of CMA through the provision of an efficient on its own merits, in terms of feasibility, the Cork Metropolitan Area as a dynamic, transport network. Supporting measures design, planning, approval and funding. connected, and internationally competitive have an important role to play in providing European city region as envisaged by the a future transport network that matches up A phased implementation plan has been National Planning Framework 2040. to these principles. The full benefits of the developed that incrementally builds the significant investment that will be delivered transport infrastructure, services and The Strategy is heavily predicated on under CMATS cannot be achieved investment over time to align with the sustainable transport investment and through the provision of infrastructure continued growth of the CMA. provision. The Light Rail Transit system alone and must be combined with the CMATS however is intended to be is envisaged to serve 32% of the CMA’s implementation of measures that support scalable, flexible and future-proofed population and 60% of its jobs by 2040. best use of that infrastructure. enough to meet changes in population and The suburban rail network will serve employment growth. Any changes in the almost 20% of its population and 30% of The Strategy’s supporting measures will be proposed land use distribution however, its jobs. essential to the creation of physical, social must be consistent with the principle and cultural environments where walking, of Public Transit Oriented Development BusConnects is the work-horse of cycling and public transport are attractive, (PTOD) CMATS is a live document, subject the public transport system covering practical and logical alternatives to the to periodic review (every 5 years). CMA wide coverage and carrying 85m private car. It will take a wide range passengers per annum. of supportive initiatives to: The challenge of implementation will now Create communities that support be addressed by the Cork City Council The combined network will provide sustainable transport; and Cork County Council, working in seamless interchange between bus, rail, conjunction with the National Transport light rail, Park and Ride services. Walking Improve public awareness and educate Authority, Transport Infrastructure Ireland and cycling will play a significant role for users on available options to help them and other key stakeholders, to deliver on shorter trips through the delivery of an make the best choices; the necessary land use consolidation, enhanced metropolitan cycling network Prioritise sustainable transportation securing capital investment under the and vastly improved public realm and options; and National Development Plan, and the strategic walking network. Improve end to end trip facilities and implementation of CMATS’ transport integration. infrastructure, supporting measures and Overall it is considered that the Strategy demand management measures, to will enable the Cork Metropolitan Area to Other measures include the implementation enable the full benefits of CMATS to grow in a successful, sustainable manner, of Local Transport Plans, urban design be achieved. delivering an efficient, effective transport and place-making schemes, behavioural system to underpin its ambitious growth change programmes, and embracing targets and increase the attractiveness of technology for sustainable transport. the CMA as a region to live, work, visit, play and invest in. CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 27
SHORT TERM MEDIUM TERM LONG TERM A phased implementation Timeframe 2026 2031 2040 plan has been developed Cork Suburban Rail Network that incrementally builds Through Running at Kent Station Increase service frequency to 3tph from Midleton and Cobh the transport infrastructure, Kent Station Platform Improvements services and investment Bypass loops at new stations on line north of Kent Station over time to align with the Mallow platform improvements Cobh platform improvements continued growth of the CMA. New Rail Stations (as required by land use development) Dual Track to Midleton Increase service frequency to 6tph from Midleton and Cobh Electification Purchase of Rolling Stock Light Rail Route Alignement Reservationand Interim Bus route Interim Bus Service O&M Planning and Design of LRT Construction and Implementation of LRT Bus Bus Network Implementation Park & Ride New Park & Ride Sites Cycling Primary Network Secondary Network Feeder Network Inter Urban Greenways Walking Footpaths and Walking Provision Road Network North & Southern Distributor Roads Appraisal Delivery of both NDR & SDR Apprasial of Northern Ring Road (NRR) Delivery of NRR Dunkettle Interchange M28 Cork to Ringaskiddy Motorway M20 Cork to Limerick Delivery of Cork Distributor Roads N27 N40 Demand Management Docklands and Tivoli Road Network and Bridges Regional Roads Operation and Maintanance Parking Management Integration & ITS STRATEGY OUTCOMES
T T T 2011 - 2040
1.2m
1m
290k 476k 2011 2011 2011 2011 population population 00 830k 1.3m 66 21 10 1 2040 2011 2040 49.3 2040 21 2040 25.7 2040 4 2040 2011 600
400
BRT 200 Cork City Council Black Ash Park & Ride Comhairle Cathairle Chaorcaí 0 2011 2040
T Suburban Rail Catchment Light Rail Catchment Social Inclusion: 19 30 32 60 up to 10.9 of population of jobs of population of jobs increase in PT mode share for disadvantaged and very disadvantaged areas
BRT
T T T T T Over a 30 year strategy period Present Value of Costs: 2.3bn Present Value of Bene ts: 5.7bn Reduction in Reduction in Reduction in fatal serious slight Net Present Value: 3.7bn casualties casualties Total Strategy 15 casualties 68 1,700 Benefit to Cost Ratio: 2.48 Cost Estimate 3.5bn
Environmental: 46,000 tonnes pa reduction in vehicular emissions STRATEGY OUTCOMES CORK METROPOLITAN AREA | DRAFT TRANSPORT STRATEGY | PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT 29
T T T 2011 - 2040 List of Acronyms
1.2m AA Appropriate Assessment HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle 1m AV Automated Vehicle ITS Intelligent Transport System 290k 476k BSS Bicycle Sharing Scheme MaaS Mobility as a Service population 00 830k 1.3m 66 2011 21 2011 10 2011 1 2011 population CASP Cork Area Strategic Plan MASP Metropolitan Area Strategic Plan 2011 2040 2011 2040 49.3 2040 21 2040 25.7 2040 4 2040 600 CCMS City Centre Movement Strategy NPO National Policy Objective 400 CIT Cork Institute of Technology NSO National Strategic Outcome CLC Construction Logistics Centre NTA National Transport Authority BRT 200 Cork City Council Black Ash Park & Ride Comhairle Cathairle Chaorcaí CMA Cork Metropolitan Area PAG Project Appraisal Guidelines 0 CMATS Cork Metropolitan Area Transport Strategy (the Strategy) PT Public Transport 2011 2040 CNDR Cork Northern Distributor Road PTOD Public Transport Oriented Development CNRR Cork North Ring Road RSES Regional Spatial and Economic Strategy T CSIP Cork Science and Innovation Park RTPI Real Time Passenger Information CSO Central Statistics Office SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment Social Inclusion: Suburban Rail Catchment Light Rail Catchment CUH Cork University Hospital SFILT Strategic Framework for Investment in Landside Transport 19 30 32 60 up to 10.9 DMURS Design Manual for Urban Roads and Streets SWRM South West Regional Model of population of jobs of population of jobs increase in PT mode share DTTaS Department for Transport, Tourism and Sport TII Transport Infrastructure Ireland for disadvantaged and very disadvantaged areas EU European Union UCC University College Cork EV Electric Vehicle UEA Urban Expansion Area EVCP Electric Vehicle Chargign Poin
BRT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T T T T T National Transport Authority: Transport Infrastructure Ireland: Systra: Present Value of Costs: 2.3bn Hugh Creegan Paul Moran Ian Byrne Over a 30 year strategy period Owen Shinkwin Tara Spain Jack Sheehan Present Value of Bene ts: 5.7bn Paul Hussey Reduction in Reduction in Reduction in Roy O’Connor Eoin Gillard Net Present Value: 3.7bn Sinead Canny fatal serious slight Total Strategy 15 casualties 68 casualties 1,700 casualties Cork City Council: Jacobs: Allanah Murphy Benefit to Cost Ratio: 2.48 Cost Estimate Gerry O’Beirne John Paul FitzGerald Benjamin Loreille Ann Bogan Kevin Burke Joshua Noon 3.5bn Edith Roberts Sarah Cooper Elizabeth Kidney David Siddle Dolphin 3D Photomontages: Jennifer Egan Philip Watkin Environmental: Cork County Council: Ciara Murphy Peter O’Donoghue Richard Eastman Chetwynd Viaduct Photograph 46,000 Michael W. Lynch © David Moloney, used with kind permission. tonnes pa reduction in Padraig Moore vehicular emissions Date of publication: May 2019