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Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State Actors

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Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State Actors BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 1 No.27, Spring 2003 SPECIAL EDITION Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State Actors 25th-26th October 2002 Actes du Colloque de Bruges La pertinence du Droit international humanitaire pour les acteurs non-étatiques 25-26 octobre 2002 Collegium BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 2 BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 1 Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State Actors 25th-26th October 2002 Actes du Colloque de Bruges La pertinence du Droit international humanitaire pour les acteurs non-étatiques 25-26 octobre 2002 BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 2 SPECIAL EDITION Avertissement Les Actes de ce Colloque ont été rédigés par les orateurs ou par la Délégation du CICR à Bruxelles sur base d’enregistrements audios du Colloque. Ces textes ont alors été revus par les orateurs et n’engagent que ces derniers. Ils ne représentent pas nécessairement les vues ni du Collège d’Europe ni du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR). Bernard Lhoest Délégation du CICR à Bruxelles Editors Dr Marc Vuijlsteke, Chief Editor Christine Reh, Co-editor Christopher Reynolds, Co-editor Editing Board Members Nadia Elhaggagi Pieter Jan Kugel Jennifer Macnaughtan Karen Taylor Nadine Thwaites Collegium Collegium is published quarterly by the academic assistants and students of the College of Europe. The views expressed in Collegium are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the College of Europe. Copyright remains with the authors. Submissions to Collegium are welcomed. Manuscripts for consideration, in English or in French, should be sent in electronic format (Word) by email to: [email protected] or on diskette to: Collegium, College of Europe, Dijver 11, Brugge, B-8000, Belgium. BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 3 Collegium No.27, Spring 2003 SPECIAL EDITION M. Vuijlsteke et T. Germond Préface p. 5 Prof. P. Demaret Avant-propos: Discours d’ouverture p. 7 Prof. A. Petitpierre Avant-propos: Discours d’ouverture p. 11 PART I: NEW DIMENSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW Topic 1: International Humanitarian Law challenges in the new trends in international security Gen. A. Rogers Asymmetric warfare: some personal reflections p. 15 Prof. E. David IHL and Non-State Actors: synopsis of the issue p. 27 Prof. E. David Le droit international humanitaire face à ces évolutions: un droit adapté ou adaptable? p. 41 Topic 2: Terrorism, collective security and IHL Prof. Y. Sandoz Terrorisme et DIH: certitudes et questions p. 61 Prof. M. Sassoli Collective security operations and IHL p. 77 Panel discussion on new dimensions of international security and IHL: Gen. A. Rogers, Prof. E. David, Prof. Y. Sandoz, Prof. M. Sassoli Panel chaired by Mrs L. Van Dongen p. 101 BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 4 PART II: BINDING NON-STATE ACTORS TO RESPECT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW Mr R. Gutman Ways to bind non-state actors to international humanitarian law Afghanistan: a case study p. 113 Dr J.-M. Henckaerts Binding Armed Opposition Groups through Humanitarian Treaty Law and Customary Law p. 123 Prof. M. Veuthey Learning from History: Accession to the Conventions, Special agreements, Unilateral Declarations p. 139 Dr L. Zegveld Accountability of Non-State Actors in International Law p. 153 Panel discussion on Ways to bind Non-State Actors to IHL: Dr J.-M. Henckaerts, Prof. M. Veuthey, and Dr L. Zegveld Panel chaired by Mr Roy Gutman p. 167 Programme of the Colloquium p. 179 Curriculum vitae des orateurs p. 181 Liste des orateurs p. 187 Liste des participants p. 189 BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 5 Collegium, No.27, Spring 2003 Préface Dr Marc Vuijlsteke Thierry Germond Au nom du Collège d’Europe et de la Délégation du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) à Bruxelles, nous sommes heureux de vous présenter les Actes du troisième Colloque de Bruges sur le Droit international humanitaire. Ce Colloque, qui s’est tenu les 25 et 26 octobre 2002 avait pour thème celui des acteurs non-étatiques. Le lecteur y trouvera quantité d’informations, d’analyses pertinentes, et de pistes de réflexions, qui susciteront très certainement d’intenses débats et discussions autour de ce thème crucial. Le Colloque de Bruges est, après trois stimulantes éditions, devenu un événe- ment incontournable pour qui s’intéresse au droit international en général, et plus spécifiquement au droit international humanitaire, et souhaite le mettre en perspective dans le cadre des développements des institutions atlantiques et de l’Union européenne et de leurs politiques. Nous nous en réjouissons et désirons poursuivre dans ce sens. Le Collège d’Europe et la Délégation du CICR à Bruxelles organiseront à ce titre un quatrième Colloque annuel les 11 et 12 septembre 2003. Ce Colloque de droit international humanitaire portera sur les possibilités d’améliorer le respect du droit international humanitaire dans les conflits contemporains. Après l’étude des défis qui se posent aujourd’hui à ce droit (Colloque 2000), après l’étude de l’impact du droit humanitaire sur l’évolution des politiques de sécurité (Colloque 2001), après l’étude de la problématique des acteurs non-éta- tiques, à laquelle sont consacrés ces Actes du Colloque 2002, il s’agira, en 2003, de discuter de la mise en oeuvre du droit, de son aspect opérationnel. Car en 5 BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 6 effet, ne l’oublions pas, le droit humanitaire est un droit à vocation opéra- tionnelle, un droit qui vise activement à assister et à protéger les victimes, civiles et militaires, des conflits armés. Nous vous souhaitons une stimulante lecture de cet ouvrage, et nous réjouissons de vous retrouver à Bruges, les 11 et 12 septembre 2003 prochains, pour le qua- trième Colloque de Bruges en Droit international humanitaire. Dr Marc Vuijlsteke Thierry Germond Directeur DG Développement Chef de Délégation Collège d’Europe CICR Bruxelles 6 BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 7 Collegium, No.27, Spring 2003 Avant-propos: discours d’ouverture du Professeur Paul Demaret Directeur des Etudes Juridiques, Collège d’Europe Au nom du Collège d’Europe et au nom du Recteur, le Professeur Robert Picht, qui ne peut être parmi nous ce jour, je voudrais vous souhaiter très chaleureuse- ment la bienvenue à vous tous qui participez aujourd’hui et demain au troisième Colloque organisé par le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) en collaboration avec le Collège d’Europe. Trois colloques qui ont eu et auront pour thème l’application du droit interna- tional humanitaire aux conflits armés dans le monde d’aujourd’hui. Le premier colloque, organisé en 2000, avait pour thème ”current challenges in interna- tional humanitarian law”. Le second, organisé en 2001, portait sur ”the impact of international humanitarian law on current security policy trends”. Le présent colloque a pour sujet ”the relevance of international humanitarian law to non- state actors”. Il s’agit d’un thème éminemment pertinent au vu des formes de conflits armés que notre monde malheureusement connaît aujourd’hui et au vu de l’actualité la plus immédiate – je me réfère aux évènements en cours à Moscou. Vous allez discuter la façon dont le droit international humanitaire pourrait être appliqué dans le cadre d’opérations de sécurité collective et d’opérations mili- taires visant des groupes terroristes. Symétriquement, vous allez examiner une question d’une particulière difficulté: la façon dont des acteurs non-étatiques impliqués dans des formes de conflits armés pourraient être amenés à respecter eux-mêmes le droit international humanitaire. Le Collège d’Europe est très honoré d’accueillir des manifestations telles que celle-ci, portant sur la mise en oeuvre du droit international humanitaire. 7 BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 8 Le Collège se félicite de la collaboration qu’il a nouée avec le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) et, en ce qui concerne le Collège d’Europe, je voudrais distinguer ici la personne qui a joué un rôle essentiel dans le développement de cette collaboration avec le CICR, à savoir le Docteur Marc Vuijlsteke, Directeur Général du Développement, qui nous rejoindra dans un instant, et je voudrais le féliciter à l’égal des représentants du CICR. En tant que représentant du Collège d’Europe, et comme j’espère qu’une collaboration entre le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) et le Collège d’Europe se poursuivra, permettez-moi de présenter brièvement le Collège d’Europe. Il s’agit d’une institution qui existe depuis plus d’un demi- siècle et son histoire est liée étroitement au développement de la construction européenne. Le Collège a été fondé en 1949, dans la foulée du Congrès de La Haye, c’est-à-dire avant même la création des Communautés européennes. Son objectif premier était de permettre à de jeunes européens de diverses nationalités de réfléchir ensemble à la nouvelle Europe émergeant des suites de la deuxième guerre mondiale, d’étudier cette Europe en voie de transformation, de se préparer à y jouer un rôle et au-delà, modestement, de favoriser la paix et son maintien entre les nations européennes. Les études européennes à Bruges, d’abord de caractère fort général, se sont ensuite spécialisées, à mesure que la construction européenne prenait des aspects plus concrets et plus techniques. Aujourd’hui le campus de Bruges compte environ trois cent étudiants de plus de quarante nationalités différentes. Ces étudiants se répartissent en trois programmes axés sur l’Union européenne (UE): programme de droit, programme d’économie, programme de sciences politiques. Le corps professoral est lui-même composé de plus d’une centaine de professeurs visiteurs de diverses origines et venant de toute l’Europe et d’au- delà.
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