DOCSLIB.ORG

Constraints on the Waging of War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Constraints on the Waging of War CONSTRAINTS ON THE WAGING OF WAR This fully revised fourth edition of Constraints on the Waging of War considers the development of the principal rules of international humani- tarian law from their origins to the present day. Of particular focus are the rules governing weapons and the legal instruments through which respect for the law can be enforced. Combining theory and actual prac- tice, this book appeals to specialists as well as to students turning to the subject for the first time. frits kalshoven is Professor Emeritus of Public International Law and of International Humanitarian Law at the University of Leiden. In 2003, he was awarded the Henry Dunant Medal of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement for his continued effort to improve the knowledge of and respect for the law of war. liesbeth zegveld is a partner at Böhler Advocaten, Amsterdam, where she specialises in legal remedies for war victims. Since September 2006 she has also been Professor of International Humanitarian Law at Leiden University, focusing in particular on the rights of women and children during armed conflict. CONSTR AINTS ON THE WAGING OF WAR An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law 4th edition FRITS KALSHOVEN and LIESBETH ZEGVEld CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press TheE dinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107011663 © International Committee of the Red Cross 2011 This publication is in copyright.S ubject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-01166-3 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-60032-4 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. CONTENTS Foreword page xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 War and law 1 1.2 Sources of the law of armed conflict 3 1.3 Implementation and enforcement 5 1.4 Structure of this book 6 2 The main currents: The Hague, Geneva, New York 8 2.1 TheH ague 8 2.1.1 TheH ague Peace Conferences 10 2.1.2 The League ofN ations period 14 2.1.3 The Post-Second World War period 15 2.2 Geneva 16 2.3 New York 20 2.3.1 TheN uremberg Principles 20 2.3.2 The UN General Assembly and the ‘atomic bomb’ 21 2.3.3 The UN General Assembly and ‘human rights in armed conflicts’ 22 2.3.4 The UN General Assembly and wars of national liberation 23 2.3.5 The UN General Assembly and conventional weapons 23 2.4 Confluence: 1977 and beyond 24 3 The law before the Protocols of 1977 30 3.1 Scope of application 30 3.2 The law and military necessity 32 v vi CONTENTS 3.3 TheH ague 33 3.3.1 Armed forces, combatants 33 3.3.2 Means of warfare 35 3.3.3 Methods of warfare 37 3.3.4 Military objectives and protection of the civilian population 38 3.3.5 Nuclear weapons 41 3.3.6 Cultural property 42 3.4 Geneva 45 3.4.1 Protected persons 45 3.4.2 Principle of protection 48 3.4.3 First Convention 48 3.4.4 Second Convention 51 3.4.5 Third Convention 53 3.4.6 Fourth Convention 58 3.4.6a General protection of populations against certain consequences of war 58 3.4.6b Provisions common to the territory of parties to the conflict and to occupied territory 60 3.4.6c Aliens in the territory of a party to the conflict 61 3.4.6d Occupied territory 62 3.4.6e Internment 66 3.4.6f Information bureaux and Tracing Agency 66 3.4.7 Common Article 3 66 3.5 Implementation and enforcement 68 3.5.1 Instruction and education 69 3.5.2 Protecting powers and other humanitarian agencies 69 3.5.3 Collective responsibility 72 3.5.3a Reciprocity 73 3.5.3b Reprisals 74 3.5.3c Compensation 75 3.5.3d External pressure 77 3.5.3e Collective punishment 78 3.5.4 Individual responsibility 79 4 The Protocols of 1977 82 4.1 Protocol I 83 4.1.1 Character of the law 83 4.1.2 Scope of application 84 4.1.3 Combatant and prisoner-of-war status 85 CONTENTS vii 4.1.3a Qualification as ‘armed force’ and ‘combatant’: general rules 86 4.1.3b The individual obligation of combatants to distinguish themselves from civilians 87 4.1.3c Exception to the general rule of distinction 88 4.1.3d Espionage 90 4.1.3e Mercenaries 91 4.1.3f Treatment in case of doubt about status 91 4.1.4 Methods and means of warfare 92 4.1.4a Basic rules 92 4.1.4b Perfidy and ruses of war 94 4.1.4c Emblems, flags and uniforms 96 4.1.4d Quarter 96 4.1.4e Occupants of an aircraft in distress 98 4.1.5 Protection of the civilian population 99 4.1.5a Basic rule and field of application 99 4.1.5b Civilians and combatants 101 4.1.5c Civilians and direct participation in hostilities 102 4.1.5d Civilian objects and military objectives 104 4.1.5e Two main lines of protection 106 4.1.5f Prohibition of attacks against the civilian population and civilian objects 107 4.1.5g Prohibition to attack specified objects 110 4.1.5h Precautionary measures 113 4.1.5i ‘New’ rules and nuclear weapons 118 4.1.5j Localities and zones under special protection 119 4.1.5k Civil defence 121 4.1.6 Wounded, sick and shipwrecked 124 4.1.6a General remarks 124 4.1.6b Medical units, medical personnel, religious personnel 127 4.1.6c Medical transportation 130 4.1.6d Identification 132 4.1.6e General protection of medical duties 133 4.1.6f Role of the civilian population and of aid societies 134 4.1.6g Other matters 135 4.1.7 Relief in favour of the civilian population 136 4.1.8 Treatment of persons in the power of a party to the conflict 138 4.2 Protocol II 142 4.2.1 Scope of application 142 4.2.2 Protected persons 144 4.2.3 Humane treatment 145 viii CONTENTS 4.2.4 Wounded, sick and shipwrecked 147 4.2.5 Civilian population 148 4.3 Implementation and enforcement 150 4.3.1 Instruction and education 151 4.3.2 Protecting powers and ‘other humanitarian agencies’ 152 4.3.3 Collective responsibility 154 4.3.3a Reciprocity 155 4.3.3b Reprisals 156 4.3.3c Compensation 159 4.3.4 Individual responsibility 160 4.3.4a Individual criminal liability 160 4.3.4b Superior responsibility 162 4.3.4c Protocol II 163 4.3.5 Other measures of implementation and enforcement 164 4.3.5a Activities of the Red Cross and Red Crescent and other humanitarian organisations 164 4.3.5b International activities for the promotion of international humanitarian law 165 4.3.5c International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission 166 5 Post-1977 developments 169 5.1 Developments in the law on weapons 169 5.1.1 Prohibitions or restrictions on use of conventional weapons 169 5.1.1a The Convention on Conventional Weapons 170 5.1.1b Protocol I on Non-Detectable Fragments 174 5.1.1c Protocol II on Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices 175 5.1.1d Protocol III on Incendiary Weapons 178 5.1.1e Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons 180 5.1.1f Amended Protocol II on Mines, Booby Traps and Similar Devices 181 5.1.1g Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War 183 5.1.1h Note on reciprocity and reprisals in the CCW Protocols 186 5.1.2 Prohibitions on use, production, etc. of weapons 187 5.1.2a TheO ttawa Convention on Anti-Personnel Mines 187 5.1.2b The Convention on Cluster Munitions 189 5.1.2c Biological and chemical weapons 190 5.2 Other substantive developments 194 5.2.1 TheS an Remo Manual on Warfare at Sea 194 CONTENTS ix 5.2.2 TheH PCR Manual on Air and Missile Warfare 198 5.2.3 TheS econd Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 211 5.2.4 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict 216 5.2.5 Protocol III Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949: the ‘Red Crystal’ 218 5.2.6 The notion of armed conflict: variations on a theme 220 5.2.7 Making the law of war applicable in internal armed conflict 221 5.3 International and domestic actors 223 5.3.1 The UnitedN ations 223 5.3.1a TheS ecurity Council 223 5.3.1b TheS ecretary-General 225 5.3.2 TheI nternational Court of Justice 227 5.3.2a Legality of Threat or Use ofN uclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion of 1996) 227 5.3.2b Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion of 2004) 231 5.3.2c Armed activities in the Territory of the Congo (The Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Of Srebrenica Into a Global Problem 41 4
    VU Research Portal Lost in Srebrenica Rijsdijk, E.A.C. 2012 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Rijsdijk, E. A. C. (2012). Lost in Srebrenica: Responsibility and Subjectivity in the Reconstructions of a Failed Peacekeeping Mission. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 Lost in Srebrenica Responsibility and Subjectivity in the Reconstructions of a Failed Peacekeeping Mission ISBN: 9789086595938 © Erna Rijsdijk, 2012 All rights reserved. Save exceptions stated by the law, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, included a complete or partial transcription, without the prior written permission of the proprietor.
    [Show full text]
  • Palestine/Israel: Making Monitoring Work: (Re-) Enforcing International Law in Europe
    Palestine/Israel: Making Monitoring Work: (Re-) Enforcing International Law in Europe A CONFERENCE BRINGING TOGETHER PALESTINIAN, ISRAELI, AND EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS NGOS AND LAWYERS. Conference Report HOSTED BY THE CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC LAW & GOVERNANCE, FREE UNIVERSITY BRUSSELS FOREWORD International humanitarian law risks becoming a ‘dead letter’ unless transgression of its principles is met with a response that does justice to the harm suffered by its victims. The idea of this conference, held in September 2008 in Brussels, Belgium, stems from regular meetings between Diakonia and local Israeli and Palestinian Human Rights organisations, whose fieldworkers tirelessly record and document the daily human rights and IHL violations. Our mission thus far had been to support the monitoring process by providing training on documentation methods, and guidance on interviewing, evidence preservation, storage and archiving. However, we were con- stantly asked the question: what is the use? What is the use of gathering all this information and document every aspect of violations if reports only end up gathering dusts in archives and folders? This is not an effective way of increasing the respect for IHL and it triggers the pivotal question - how can we make monitoring work? Effective enforcement of international humanitarian law in the context of Israel/Palestine requires a readiness on part of civil society organisations and public opinion makers to support legal enforcement actions. Civil society organisations also play a vital role in educating the public on both the violations committed, and the need to bring perpetrators from Israel/Palestine, as well as their accomplices in Europe, to national or international justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Enforcing Human Rights Through Legal Means
    ANNUAL REPORT 2018 Enforcing human rights through legal means ENFORCING HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH LEGAL MEANS ANNUAL REPORT 2018 If you findECCHR ’s work valuable, please support us with a donation. ECCHR.EU/DONATE BANK ACCOUNT: ECCHR BANK: BERLINER VOLKSBANK IBAN: DE77 100 90000 885360 7011 BIC: BEVODEBB With your donation you support the fight for a just world free from torture, suppression and exploitation. 2 CONTENTS Preface WOLFGANG KALECK P. 4 I. Victories for human rights in an increasingly authoritarian world OLE VON UEXKÜLL P. 8 II. Against impunity: The unwavering fight to address human rights violations INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND ACCOUNTABILITY P. 12 III. Human rights over profit: The transnational resistance against the power of global corporations BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS P. 24 IV. Rights and rightlessness: Litigating Europe’s migration policies MIGRATION P. 36 V. Progressive human rights work: Linking theory and practice at ECCHR’s new institute INSTITUTE FOR LEGAL INTERVENTION P. 46 VI . Appendix P. 56 LEGAL INTERVENTIONS 2018 P. 60 CURRENT CASES AND PROJECTS P. 68 PUBLICATIONS P. 70 EVENTS P. 72 COUNCIL, ADVISORY BOARD AND STAFF P. 74 CRITICAL LEGAL TRAINING PARTICIPANTS P. 75 PARTNER LAWYERS P. 76 FINANCES P. 77 DONORS P. 78 MARCELO BRODSKY “1968, THE FIRE OF IDEAS” Imprint P. 80 Contents 3 Preface Dear friends, supporters, colleagues and readers, What I learned from literature, says US-Nigerian writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, is that we are not all perfect, that there is no perfect human being. But I also learned that we are able to do good, that we don’t have to be perfect in order to act right and just.
    [Show full text]
  • Body Counts and Masking Wartime Violence
    journal of international humanitarian legal studies 6 (2015) 443-461 brill.com/ihls Body Counts and Masking Wartime Violence Liesbeth Zegveld Lawyer at Prakken d’Oliveira human rights lawyers, Amsterdam, Professor of War Reparations, Director of the War Reparations Centre, University of Amsterdam [email protected] Abstract This Article is the transcript of the Peace Lecture held by Prof. Zegveld as part of the Peace Week 2013. It criticises the fact that Western countries do not provide data on the numbers of civilian casualties their wars cause. It remains controversial whether this is the consequence of a choice ‘not to do body counts’, or whether the govern- ments does not want these figures to be revealed. In any case, the absence of this data leads to a de facto denial of the existence of these victims. This is reflected by the dif- ficulties encountered when accountability and compensation are sought. It is argued here that there is a legal obligation to register victim casualties, as well as a necessity to do so from democratic, military and moral perspectives. For, as a component of conflict in itself, we can only truly evaluate our wars when the victim casualties are known. Keywords civilians – war – body-count – casualties – Peace Lecture Civilians in Times of War Circumstances are not well for civilians in a war zone. And this does not just apply to non-combatants in African countries where genocide takes place or where people are scarred for life with machetes; it also applies to civilians who are faced with our Western armies. In Iraq, after the invasion in 2003, around * The author represented Nuhanović in all instances in Dutch court between 2004–2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Witnesses and International War Crimes Trials: Making Sense of Large-Scale Violence in Rwanda
    Springer Series in Transitional Justice Volume 8 Series Editor Olivera Simic, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/11233 Dubravka Zarkov • Marlies Glasius Editors Narratives of Justice In and Out of the Courtroom Former Yugoslavia and Beyond 2123 Editors Dubravka Zarkov Marlies Glasius International Institute of Social Studies/EUR University of Amsterdam The Hague Amsterdam The Netherlands The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-319-04056-1 ISBN 978-3-319-04057-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04057-8 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014932418 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
    [Show full text]
  • International Review of the Red Cross, Revue Internationale De La
    Mission Mission de la Revue internationale ofthe International Review de la Croix-Rouge of the Red Cross La Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge est un The International Review of the Red Cross is a periodique publie par Ie Comite international de periodical published by the International la Croix-Rouge (ClCR) qui entend favoriser la re­ Committee of the Red Cross (lCRe). Its aim is flexion sur la politique, I'action et Ie droit interna­ to promote reflection on humanitarian policy tional humanitaires et, en meme temps, renforcer and action and on international humanitarian Ie dialogue entre Ie ClCR et les autres institutions law, while at the same time strengthening the ou personnes interessees par I'humanitaire. dialogue between the ICRC and other organi­ • La Revue est au service de I'analyse, de zations and individuals concerned with hu­ la reflexion et du dialogue sur I'humanitaire en manitarian issues. temps de conflit arme et d'autres situations de • The Review is a forum for thought, anal· violence collective. Elle porte une attention par· ysis and dialogue on humanitarian issues in ticuliere 11 I'action humanitaire elle-meme, mais armed conflict and other situations of collective elle entend egalement contribuer 11 la connais· violence. While focusing particular attention on sance de son histoire, 11 I'analyse des causes et humanitarian action per se, it also strives to des caracteristiques des conflits - pour mieux spread knowledge of the history of such activo saisir les problemes humanitaires qui en decou· ity, to analyse the causes and characteristics of lent - et 11 la prevention de violations du droit in· conflicts - so as to give a clearer insight into the ternational humanitaire.
    [Show full text]
  • COUNCIL MEMBERS President Ambassador Maurizio Moreno (Italy)
    council members President Ambassador Maurizio Moreno (Italy) Vice-Presidents Prof. Michel Veuthey (Switzerland) Associate Professor, Institut du Droit de la Paix et du Développement, University of Nice Prof. Fausto Pocar (Italy) Judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, The Hague Dr. Baldwin De Vidts (Belgium) Legal Advisor to the Secretary-General of nato, Brussels Members Dr. Mohammed Al-Hadid (Jordan) President of the Standing Commission of the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement, Geneva Prof. Mario Bettati (France) Special Representative of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Paris Brigadier Gen. Erwin Dahinden (Switzerland) Chief, International Relations of the Swiss Armed Forces, Bern Dr. Ndioro Ndiaye (Senegal) President, Alliance for Migration, Leadership and Development - Former Deputy Director General, International Organization for Migration, Geneva Prof. Yoram Dinstein (Israel) Emeritus Professor, University of Tel Aviv 5 Prof. Jacques Forster (Switzerland) Emeritus Professor, Institute for Advanced Studies in Development, Geneva Prof. Dr. Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg (Germany) Head of the Faculty of Law, European University Viadrina, Frankfurt Associate Professor Marie G. Jacobsson (Sweden) Principal Legal Adviser on International Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Stockholm Dr. Michael A. Meyer (uk) Head of the International Law Office, British Red Cross, London Judge Hisashi Owada (Japan) President of the International Court of Justice, The Hague Prof. William H. Taft iv (usa) Stanford Law School, California municipality of sanremo italian red cross *** Dr. Stefania Baldini (Italy) Secretary-General 6 Table of contents Preface, Maurizio Moreno pag. 13 I. Opening session Opening addresses Maurizio Moreno »17 Vincenzo Scotti »23 Welcome address Massimo Donzella »29 Keynote address Jacob Kellenberger »31 Addresses »37 Giampaolo Di Paola »43 Pierre-Michel Joana »47 Francesco Rocca »56 Sandro Calvani 7 II.
    [Show full text]
  • From Pinochet to Rumsfeld: Universal Jurisdiction in Europe 1998-2008
    Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 30 Issue 3 2009 From Pinochet to Rumsfeld: Universal Jurisdiction in Europe 1998-2008 Wolfgang Kaleck European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the European Law Commons, International Law Commons, Jurisdiction Commons, and the Legal Remedies Commons Recommended Citation Wolfgang Kaleck, From Pinochet to Rumsfeld: Universal Jurisdiction in Europe 1998-2008, 30 MICH. J. INT'L L. 927 (2009). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol30/iss3/12 This Symposium Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM PINOCHET TO RUMSFELD: UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN EUROPE 1998-2008 Wolfgang Kaleck* I. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN EUROPEAN PRACTICE ................. 931 A . B elgium .............................................................................. 932 B . F rance ................................................................................936 C . Sw itzerland........................................................................ 939 D . United K ingdom................................................................. 940 E . The N etherlands................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State Actors
    BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 1 No.27, Spring 2003 SPECIAL EDITION Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State Actors 25th-26th October 2002 Actes du Colloque de Bruges La pertinence du Droit international humanitaire pour les acteurs non-étatiques 25-26 octobre 2002 Collegium BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 2 BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 1 Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State Actors 25th-26th October 2002 Actes du Colloque de Bruges La pertinence du Droit international humanitaire pour les acteurs non-étatiques 25-26 octobre 2002 BinnenColl27vrPDF 16-06-2003 14:44 Pagina 2 SPECIAL EDITION Avertissement Les Actes de ce Colloque ont été rédigés par les orateurs ou par la Délégation du CICR à Bruxelles sur base d’enregistrements audios du Colloque. Ces textes ont alors été revus par les orateurs et n’engagent que ces derniers. Ils ne représentent pas nécessairement les vues ni du Collège d’Europe ni du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR). Bernard Lhoest Délégation du CICR à Bruxelles Editors Dr Marc Vuijlsteke, Chief Editor Christine Reh, Co-editor Christopher Reynolds, Co-editor Editing Board Members Nadia Elhaggagi Pieter Jan Kugel Jennifer Macnaughtan Karen Taylor Nadine Thwaites Collegium Collegium is published quarterly by the academic assistants and students of the College of Europe. The views expressed in Collegium are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the College of Europe. Copyright remains with the authors. Submissions to Collegium are welcomed.
    [Show full text]