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Home , Aquitanian (stage), Arikareean, Barstovian, Burdigalian, Clarendonian, Discoaster

25 15 30 20 10 5 0 Period Chronostratigraphy Standard M. Pleist. E. Pleist. ICS Lt. Pleist. 23.03 20.43 15.97 13.82 11.61 7.25 3.60 2.59 28.4 5.33 1.81 0.79 0.126 Serravillian magnetic Polarity Geo- C5AD C5AC C6AA C5AB C5AA C6C C5D C5C C7A C6B C6A C5E C5B C5A C4A C3B C3A C2A C12 C11 C10 C9 C8 C7 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1

C-Sequence Sequences MIS 58(Cala1) MIS 52(Cala2) Bur 5/Lan1 Lan 2/Ser1 Ser 4/Tor 1 Aq 3/Bur1 Ch 1/Ru4 Ch 4/Aq1 Tor 3/Me1 Global MIS 22 MIS 16 MIS 12 Bur 2 Bur 3 Bur 4 Ser 2 Ser 3 Pia 1 Pia 2 Me 2 Ge 1 Ge 2 Ru 2 Ru 3 Ch 2 Ch 3 Tor 2 Aq 2 Za 1 Za 2 MIS 8 MIS 6 LGM 32.19 29.45 28.45 27.50 24.84 23.03 21.44 20.43 19.17 18.12 17.54 16.97 14.24 13.53 12.72 11.80 9.22 7.26 5.77 4.62 4.01 3.27 2.80 2.50 2.16 0.86 0.64 0.44 1.65 1.54 Sequences Cycles T-R Major T-R Cycles C HRONOS 0 Composite Marine ( 0 O-18 / 00

PDB) 5

Creator

Cen Paleozoic Mesozoic ScaLe

0 Time Composite Marine ( 0 C-13 / 00 R

PDB) 2 N17b N20/ N17 N18 N21 N22 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 P20 P21 P22 P18 P19 N1, N2, N3, N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 Zones M9b M10 M12 M13 M14 M8/ PL1 PL2 PL3 PL4 PL5 PL6 M11 M9 Pt1 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 a b a b a b a b a b Globigerina angulisuturalis Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Praeorbulina glomerosas.str. Globigeriantella insuetas.str. Globoconella () Globoturborotalia nepenthes Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) Menardella (Globorotalila) Globoquadrina dehiscens extremus Globorotalia plesiotumida Fohsella peripheroacuta Paragloborotalia kugleri Fohsella"praefohsi" Praeorbulina sicana Globorotalia tumida s.s. --baseregular Orbulina universa Fohsella robusta truncatulinoides Fohsella"fohsi" puncticulata miocenica Zonal Markers Hirsutella (Globorotalia)margaritae Chiloguembelina cubensis(LCO) Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina Globorotalia lenguaensis(Atl. Paragloborotalia opima Globoturborotalita nepenthes miocenica (Atl);Globorotalia pseudomiocenica (Indo-Pac) Turborotalia ampliapertura Menardella (Globorotalia) Neogloboquadrina mayeri Globigerinoides fistulosus Globoquadrina dehiscens Dentoglobigerina altispira Paragloborotalia kugleri Globigerina euapertura Globorotalia tosaensis Catapsydrax dissimilis Praeorbulina sicana Fohsella fohsis.l. Pseudohastigerina naguewichiensis only) Planktonic Foraminifers Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens Globigerinoides primordius(FCO) Globorotalia pliozea, Neogloboquadrina atlantica(sin.) Globoquadrina dehiscensforma Neogloboquadrina pachyderma Globorotalia crassaformishessi Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens Globoturborotalita decoraperta Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens Paragloborotalia opima Fohsella (Globorotalia)fohsi" Neogloboquadrina humerosa Globigerinoides altiaperturus Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) Neogloboquadrina nympha Globoturborotalita apertura Globigerinoides primordius Globorotalia lenguanensis Globigerinoides diminutus Globigerinoides fistulosus Globorotalia miotumida Globorotalia miotumida Globorotalia margaritae Globorotalia praescitula Globorotalia cibaoensis Globorotalia birnageae Praeorbulina circularis Tenuitellinata juvenilis Globorotalia incognita Neogloboquadrina gr. Globorotalia flexuosa Globigerinita boweni Menardella pertenuis Globorotalia suterae Globorotalia miozea Pulleniatina primalis Globorotalia nicolae Other Foraminifers (conomiozea) (FCO) Globorotalia hirsuta Praeorbulina curva Globorotalia juanai sphericomiozea crassaformis s.l. Hirsutella juanai Candeina nitida Bolliella calida Fohsella fohsi (conomiozea) spinosa lobata" s.str. Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis Globoquadrina dehiscensforma Pulleniatina (Atl.disappearance) Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri Tenuitella selleyi,pseuoedita, Globorotalia sp.cf.G.crassula Globoturborotalita decoraperta Globigerinoides subquadratus Praeorbulina glomerosas.str. Globigeriantella insuetas.str. Globoquadrina pseudofoliata Neogloboquadrina nympha Paragloborotalia siakensis Menardella multicamerata Globigerinoides extremus Globigerina labiacrassata Globoquadrina globularis Globorotalia lenguaensis Globorotalia zealandica, Globorotalia miotumida minutissima, clemenciae Fohsella peripheroronda Globorotalia fohsilobata Subbotina angiporoides Globorotalia praescitula Globigerina ciperoensis Pulleniatina spectabilis Globigerinoides seiglei Globorotalia semivera Globorotalia incognita Globorotalia flexuosa Menardella pertenuis Hirsutella cibaoensis Globorotalia miozea Pulleniatina primalis Globorotalia panda Pulleniatina finalis Tenuitella gemma Tenuitella munda (conomiozea) gr. spinosa Pulleniatina (Atl.)--reappearance Additional Foraminifers Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Globorotalia truncatulinoides Globorotalia crassaformis Globorotalia crassaformis Globorotalia crassaformis Globorotalia crassaformis Globigerinoides conglobatus Globorotalia archeomenardii Globigerinoides trilobuss.l. Globigerinoides ruberrosa Globorotalia praemenardii Globorotalia partimlabiata Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi Globigerina cariacoensis Globiquadrina binaiensis Globorotalita challengeri Clavatorella bermudezi Globorotalia tosaensis Catapsydrax parvulus Hirsutella cibaoensis Globorotalia humilis Globigerinatella sp. Menardella limbata Globorotalia inflata Pulleniatina finalis Menardella exilis [Pacific] (D coiling) (S coiling) (D coiling) (S coiling) (dex.) (sin.) Globoquadrina baroemoenensis Clavatorella bermudezi--topof Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Globorotalia archeomenardii Cassigerinella martinezpicoi Globoturborotalita obliquus Globoturborotalita apertura Cassigerinella chipolensis Globorotalia plesiotumida Globiquadrina binaiensis Globoturborotalita woodi Globorotalita challengeri Clavatorella bermudezi Globorotalia mendacis Globorotalia nicolae Menardella limbata Menardella exilis regular Zones SB21 SB23 SB24 SB25 SB26 Not SB22a SB22b named Nephrolepidina praemaginata,E. M. complanatus,C.eidae B. melogroup formosoides M. globulina C. droogeri M. gunteri Larger BenthicForaminifers Zonal Markers P. delicata,M.complanatus/ assilinoides, E.dilatata,S. formosensis group,G. Heterostegina spp., Planorbulinella spp. blanckenhorni B. bulloides M. tani M. cushmani,mediterranea Planorbulinella spp.,D.italica Myopgypsina septentrionalis Other LargerBenthic H. granulatatestagroup Nummulites vascus P. rokae M socini Foraminifers Myopgypsina septentrionalis,B. N. tournoueri,Miolepidocyclina Nummulites bouillei,C.eidae, O. complanata Updated byJamesG.Ogg(PurdueUniversity) B. melo A. howchini pygmaea N. fichteli spp. NN10 NN11 NN12 NN13 NN14 NN15 NN16 NN17 NN18 NN19 NN20 NN21 NP22 NP23 NP24 NP25 NN1 NN2 NN3 NN4 NN5 NN6 NN7 NN8 NN9 alt NN11a Zones a b d c {CP18} CN10 CN11 CN12 CN13 CN14 CN15 CP17 CP17 CP19 CN1 CN2 CN3 CN4 CN5 CN6 CN7 CN8 CN9 /18* /18 a/b a b a b a b d a b a b a b d a b a b c c c c c Gephyrocapsa spp.(bmGevent) Gephyrocapsa spp.reentrance asymmetricus(FCO) Calcareous Nannofossils Discoaster quinqueramus Sphenolithus ciperoensis medium (over4micron) medium (over4micron) Discoaster berggrenii rugosus Amaurolithus primus Nicklithus amplificus Discoaster hamatus Ceratolithus acutus Catinaster coalitus Discoaster kugleri Discoaster druggi Emiliania huxleyi (reemG event) Zonal Markers Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus Sphenolithus heteromorphus Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Reticulofenestra umbilicus/ Reticulofenestra umbilicus/ Helicosphaera ampliaperta Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Discoaster quinqueramus Discoaster tricorniculatus Discoaster pentaradiatus R.hillae (southhighlat) Sphenolithus belemnos Sphenolithus distentus Dictylcoccites bisectus R.hillae (low-midlat.) Mesozoic andCenozoicSequenceChronostratigraphicFrameworkofEuropeanBasinsin:DeGraciansky, P.- C.,Hardenbol,J.,Jacquin,Th.,Vail, P. R.,andFarley, M.B.,eds.;MesozoicandCenozoicSequenceStratigraphyofEuropeanBasins,SEPMSpecialPublication60. Amaurolithus primus Nicklithus amplificus Discoaster hamatus Discoaster brouweri Discoaster surculus Discoaster tamalis Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus Gephyrocapsa caribbeanicatoE. Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, huxleyi shiftofdominance[in" Sphenolithus ciperoensistoS. Reticulofenestra asanoi(FCO) Discoaster pentaradiatusFCO Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Calcidiscus macintyrei(FCO) Sphenolithus heteromorphus Discoaster triradiatus(acme) Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus distentus (abundanceshift) Helicosphaera stalis(FCO) Helicosphaera ampliaperta Helicosphaera carteriFCO Discoaster surculus(FCO) Sphenolithus disbelemnos Discoaster neohamatus Sphenolithus belemnos Sphenolithus umbrellus Calcidiscus macintyrei pseudoumbilicus FCO Other Nannofossils Sphenolithus delphix Catinaster calyculus Discoaster loeblichii Discoaster brouweri transitional" waters] Reticulofenestera Minylitha convallis Discoaster signus Discoaster ovata Discoaster bellus (acme) Helicosphaera walbersdorfensis( Cyclicargolithus floridanus(LCO) Calcidiscus premacintyrei(LCO) Discoaster deflandreigroup Sphenolithus pseudoradians Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus Sphenolithus capricornutus Reticulofenestra antarctica Sphenolithus predistentius Triquetrorhadulus serratus Cyclicargolithus floridanus Calcidiscus premacintyrei Coccolithus miopelagicus Sphenolithus ciperoensis Coronocyclus nitescens Sphenolithus umbrellus Zygrhablithus bijugatus Calcidiscus macintyrei Isthmolithus recurvus Discoaster triradiatus Sphenolithus delphix Catinaster calyculus Discoaster loeblichii Chiasmolithus altus Helicosphaera sellii Ceratolithus acutus Based, inpart,on:-MESOZOICBIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JANHARDENBOL,JACQUESTHIERRY, MARTINB.FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN,PIERRE-CHARLESDEGRACIANSKY, AND PETERR.VAIL,1998. Catinaster coalitus Minylitha convallis Sphenolithus spp. Discoaster kugleri Discoaster bollii (acme) LCO) and GabiOgg D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 Zones a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b c c c c Neogene-Late Oligocene Oligocene Neogene-Late Selenopemphix armageddonensis Achomosphaera andalousiensis Tuberculodinium vancampoae Spiniferites cf.pseudofurcatus Sumatradinium soucouyantae Unipontidinium aquaeductum Amiculosphaera umbraculum Labyrinthodinium truncatum Operculodinium tegillatum Pentadinium laticinctum Spiniferites pachyderma Apteodinium spiridoides Barssidium evangelinae Saturnodinium pansum Sumatradinium druggi Spiniferites elongatus Gramocysta verricula Invertocysta tabulata imaginatum Zonal Markers to: Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata Palaeocystodinium sp. A (Costa Membranophoridium aspinatum Palaeocystodinium golzowense Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura Unipontidinium aquaeductum Exochosphaeridium insigne Enneadocysta pectiniformis North Atlantic Achomosphaera alcicornu Barssidinium evangelinae Deflandrea phosphoritica Cousteaudinium aubryae Svalbardella cooksoniae Apteodinium spiridoides Tectatodinium pellitum Enneadocysta arcuata Rhombodinium draco Invertocysta tabulata Distatodinium biffii & Downie,1979) GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE2004 Chiropteridium spp.(over80%of Dinoflagellate Cysts Ectosphaeropsis burdigalensis Chiropteridium lobospinosum Membranilarnacia? picena total dinocystassociation) Impagidinium aculeatum Max. abundanceof Distatodinium biffii Other Melitasphaeridium choanophorum Tityrosphaeridium cantharellus Ectosphaeropsis burdigalensis Selenopemphix dionaeacysta Phthanoperidinium amoenum Unipontidinium aquaeductum Labyrinthodinium truncatum Achilleodinium biformoides Corrudinium incompositum Hystrichokolporna cinctum Deflandrea phosphoritica Areoligera semicirculata Thalassiphora pelagica Spiniferites splendidus Chiropteridium galea Wetzeliella gochtii Reticulatosphaera Spiniferella cornuta Cannosphaeropsis Cordosphaeridium Palaeocystodinium Distatodinium biffii Labyrinthodinium Melitasphaeridium Cribroperidinium Amiculosphaera Operculodinium Selenopemphix actinocoronata Unipontidinium Chiropteridium tenuitabulatum choanephorum Schizophacus Distatodinium Decahedrella aquaeductum Caligodinium golzowense semicirculata Cristadinium brevispinosa martinheadii diminutivum cantharellum Deflandrea cooksoniae paradoxum Areoligera umbracula Un-named truncatum amiculum Zones granulata piaseckii passio spp. (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg,J.G.,Smith, A.G., etal.,2004)and North Sea Zonal Markers Distatodinium paradoxum/craterum Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata, Unipontidinium aquaeductum,P. choanephorum, L.parviconvexa Cordosphaeridium cantharellum Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatum Membranophoridium aspinatum Palaeocystodinium golzowense Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura, Tuberculodinium vancampoae Selenopemphix brevispinosa, Wetzeliella symmetricagroup, Operculodiniumjanduchenei Cristadinium cristatoserratum Chiropteridium lobospinosum Labyrinthodinium truncatum, laticinctum, Systematophora Cordosphaeridium minimum Corrundinium incompositum Samlandia chlamydophora, Schizophacus cooksoniae, Amiculosphaera umbracula Edwardsiella sexispinosum Achilleodinium biformoides Piccoladinium fenestratum Deflandrea phosphoritica, Decahedrella martinheadii Cannosphaeropsis passio Palaeocystodinium sp. A, Apteodinium australiense Apteodinium spiridoides, Cristadinium diminutivum Operculodinium piaseckii Lophocysta sulcolimbata Cerebrocysta poulsenii, Areoligera semicirculata Caligodinium amiculum Thalassiphora pelagica Invertocysta lactymosa Rhombodinium draco, Phtanoperidinium spp. Chiropteridium galea, Deflandrea granulata Chiropteridium spp. Distatodinium biffii, Spiniferella cornuta Melitasphaeridium Leptodinium sp.III placacantha NSR 7B(Turr. (Cass. grossa) NSR 13(Cass. NSR 7A (Ader. NSR 9A (Glob. NSR 8B(Cat. (Glob. inflata) metsmacheri) praescitula) agterbergi) (Siliceous (Neoglob. biofacies) unicavus) NSR 12A variabilis) Zones NSR 8A atlantica) NSR 12B NSR 10 NSR 11 alsatica) NSR 9B teretis) (Ehren. (Bolbo. (0-33 Ma time-slice) time-slice) Ma (0-33 Zones North Sea North SeaEvent 3,4,5) ();S.NORTH SEA = foram), Globigerinapraebulloides Globorotalia praemenardii,DWAF Neogloboquadrina continuosa(pl. Catapsydrax unicavus(pl.foram), PLANK. FORAMS=Globorotalia latus, Reticulophragmoidesjarvisi scaldisiensis, Neogloboquadrina Spirosigmoilinella compressa(pl. Neogloboquadrina pachyderma Globigerina officinalis, Almaena Elphidium clavatum,Cassidulina SEA =Globigerinaciperoensis, Dentoglobigerina baroemoensis Globoquadrina praedehiscens, S. NorthSea:Hyalineabalthica bulimoides, DWAF LCO(rare); FORAMS =Neogloboquadrina Siliceous biofacies;S.NORTH Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina atlantica (dextral),Globigerina Cassidulina grossa, Ammonia Spirosigmoilinella compressa; Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta, foram) LCO,Dorothiaseigliei Monspeliensis pseudotepida, Globorotalia inflata(pl.foram) Aulacodiscus insignisvar. (sp. bulloides, Neogloboquadrina Annectina biedai,Rotaliatina Neogloboquadrina humerosa acutidorsatum, Ammodiscus Neogloboquadrina atlantica, Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri, Globigerinoides trilobus(pl. foram), Asterigerina guerichi Bolboforma fragori(nanno), Globorotalia crassaformis, Cibicides telegdi;PLANK. Bolboforma metzmacheri, Globorotalia puncticulata, Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, Cassidulina grossaLCO, Cassidulina subglobosa, Siliceous biofaciesLCO, Adercotryma agterbergi, Ehrenbergina variabilis, Martinottiella cylindrica, Cibicidoides mundulus, praescitula/zealandica, Uvigerina semiornata; Turrilina alsaticaLCO Turrilina alsaticaLO, PLANK. FORAMS= PLANK. FORAMS= Bolboforma spiralis, teretis, Cassidulina Reticulophragmium Nonion affineLCO, osnabrugensis pachyderma acostaensis (pl. foram), (pl. foram) beccari RN11a RN11b RN12a RN12b RN10 RN13 RN14 RN15 RN16 RN17 RP20 RP21 RP22 RN1 RN2 RN3 RN4 RN5 RN6 RN7 RN8 RN9 The CONCISEGEOLOGICTIMESCALE Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) Buccinosphaera invaginata Stichocorys delmontensis Lychnocanoma elongata Dorcadospyris ateuchus Cyrtocapsella tetrapera Collosphaera tuberosa Stichocorys peregrina Dorcadospyris alata Diartus petterssoni Stichocorys wolffii Diartus hughesi costata Zonal Markers Phormostichoartus doliolum Stichocorys delmontensis Phormostichoartus fistula Anthocyrtidium angulare Pterocanium prismatium Didymocyrtis penultima Anthocyrtidium jenghisi Dorcadospyris dentata Stylatractus universus Stichocorys peregrina Tristylospyris triceros Diartus petterssoni Radiolarians Theocyrtis annosa Diartus hughesi procera, Soleno.omni.omnitubus Lithopera (Glomaria)thornburgi, Calocycletta (Calocyclior)caepa Artophormis gracilis,Lithocyclia Centrobotrys petrushevskayae, cladara, Cyrtocapsellajaponica Lithopera (Lithoperu)renzae, Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporus Lithopera (Lithopera)neotera Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio Lithopera (Lithopera)bacca, Calocycletta (Calocyclopsis) Anthocyrtidium euryclathrum Didymocyrtis antepenultima. Bottyostrobus miralestensis. Phormostichoartus corbula, Phormostichoartus doliolum Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus Calocycletta (Calocycletta) Calocycletta (Calocycletta) Solenosphaera omnitubus Stichocorys delmontensis, Theocorythium trachelium Dictyocoryne ontongensis Carpocanopsis bramlettei Centrobotrys thermophila Phormostichoartus fistula Spongaster berminghami Didymocyrtis mammifera Curpocanopsis cingulata Anthocyrtidium angulare Pterocanium prismatium Cycladophora davisiana Spongaster tetras Lychnocanoma trifolium Didymocyrtis prismatica Dorcadospyris forcipata Amphirhopalum ypsilon Didymocyrtis penultima Siphostichartus corona Carpocanopsis cristata Eucyrtidium diaphanes Dorcadospyris dentata Pterocorys campanula Didymocyrtis laticonus Carpocanopsis favosa Lamprocyrtis nigriniae serrata, Calocycletta (Calocycletta) virginis, Lychnodictyum audax Cyrtocapsella cornuta Didymocyrtis tubaria, Dorcadospyris papilio Liriospyris stauropora Didymocyrtis violina, Centrobotrys gravida Pterocorys hertwegii Pterocorys zancleus Liriospyris parkerae Spongaster pentas Acrobotrys tritubus Theocyrtis annosa Didymocyrtis avita Other Radiolarians tetrathalamus trachelium. robusta crux procera, Soleno.omni.omnitubus Cyrtocapsella japonica,Lithopera Calocycletta (Calocyclior)caepa Centrobotrys petrushevskayae Lithopera (Lithopera)neotera, costuta, Didymocyrtistubaria, Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) Lithopera (Lithopera)renzae, virginis, Dorcadospyrisalata, Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporos Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio Calocycletta (Calocyclopsis) Didymocyrtis antepenultima Botryostrobus miralestensis Calocycletta (Calocycletta) Calocycletta (Calocycletta) Calocycletta (Calocycletta) Solenosphaera omnitubus Spongaster berminghami, Anthocyrtidium ehrenbergi Anthocyrtidium michelinae Dictyocoryne ontongensis Carpocanopsis bramlettei Anthocyrtidium pliocenica Artophormis barbadensis Didymocyrtis mammifera Carpocanopsis cingulata Lychnocanoma elongata Anthocyrtidium nosicaae Dorcadospyris ateuchus Lychnocanoma trifolium Didymocyrtis prismatica Dorcadospyris forcipata Theocorythium vetulum Cyrtocapsella tetrapera Cyrtocapsella cornuta, Siphostichartus corona Carpocanopsis cristata Eucyrtidium diaphanes Pterocorys campanula Didymocyrtis laticonus Carpocanopsis favosa (Glomaria) thornburgi Lychnodictyum audax Dorcadospyris papilio Liriospyris stauropora Centrobotrys gravida Stichocorys johnsoni Didymocyrtis violina Theocyrtis tuberosa Artophormis gracilis Liriospyris parkerae Lithocyclia angusta Spongaster pentas Acrobotrys tritubus Acrobotrys tritubus Didymocyrtis avita Stichocorys wolffii Dictyoprora pirum Spongaster klingi Lithocyclia crux robusta cladara serrata Zones NPD5C NPD5D NPD2B NPD2B NPD3A NPD3B NPD5A NPD5B NPD6A NPD6B NPD7A NPD10 NPD11 NPD12 B. ven. R. vig. R. vig. R. gel. C. ret. NPD1 NPD4 NPD8 NPD9 s.z. a s.z. b Ba NPD4Ba NPD4Bb NPD7Ba NPD7Bb NPD7Bc Denticulopsis praedimorpha Crucidenticula sawamurae Denticulopsis simonsenii Thalassiosira praefraga Crucidenticula kanayae Denticulopsis praelauta Denticulopsis dimorpha Thalassiosira oestrupii Neodenticula koizumii Denticulopsis hyalina Bogorovia veniamini (Ogg,J.G.,Ogg,G.,andGradstein,F.M., 2008) Rocella symmetrica Thalassiosira fraga Denticulopsis lauta Rocella vigilans Rocella gelida Zonal Markers Denticulopsis praedimorpha(LCO) Thalassionema schraderi(LCO) Denticulopsis simonsenii(LCO) Denticulopsis hyalina(LCO) Neodenticula kamtschatica Rouxia californica(LCO) Denticulopsis dimorpha Neodenticula koizumii Actinocyclus oculatus Proboscia curvirostris T. insigna Neodenticula kamtschatica(FCO) Thalassionema schraderi(FCO) Denticulopsis simonsenii(FCO) Neodenticula kamtschatica Thalassiosira praeoestrupii Thalassiosira latimarginata Actinocyclus ingensnodus Thalassiosira minutissima Thalassiosira marujamica Thalassionema schraderi Denticulopsis katayamae Rhizosolenia matuyamai Thalassiosira miocenica Thalassiosira praeyabei Hemidiscus cuneiformis Thalassiosira jacksonii Neodenticula seminae Thalassiosira grunowii Fragilariopsis doliolus Actinocyclus oculatus Proboscia curvirostris Thalassiosira antiqua Thalassiosira antiqua Actinocyclus ingens Thalassiosira brunii Nitzschia reinholdii Proboscia barboi Other Diatoms Neodenticula kamtschatica(LCO) Nitzschia heteropolica,Medialia Denticulopsis hustedtii(LCO) Thalassiosira praeconvexa Thalassiosira minutissima Thalassiosira marujamica Coscinodiscus pustulatus Crucidenticula nicobarica Denticulopsis katayamae Rhizosolenia matuyamai Lithodesmium reynoldsii Thalassiosira miocenica Thalassiosira praeyabei Denticulopsis praelauta Crucidenticula kanayae Thalassiosira jacksonii Thallassiosira jouseae Thalassiosira convexa Cavitatus jouseanus Pyxidicula pustulata Pyxidicula horridus Rouxia californica Rocella gelida splendida M. latimarginataparvipunctata Boreal Ostracodes C. semipunctata L. scrobiculata C. moosi M. latimarginataparvipunctata C. semipunctata H. montosa C. moosi Ostracodes Tethyan Ostracodes C. carinata,simplex, A. S. contortus, A. woodwardi C. acuminata A. (U.)oblonga,C.batei convexa, A. emathlae U. margaritifera N. helvetica A. speyeri D. minor O. plictatula,C.plannonica C. acuminataverrucosa S. delemontensis,P. pontonxensis C. tricostata N. helvetica Stephanochara Stephanochara Stephanochara Rhabdochara Rantzieniella Chara notata (Tectochara) (Tectochara) berdotensis Zones Nitellopsis Nitellopsis microcera ginisburgi pinguis etrusca Chara ungeri major nitida Charophytes Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginisburgi Nitellopsis (Tectochara) etrusca Stephanochara berdotensis Stephanochara ungeri Rantzieniella nitida Chara microcera Chara notata Zonal Markers Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginsburgi Harrisichara turberculata Rancho- labrean NALMA Hemphilian Irvingtonian (Geringian) He 1 He 2 Hh 1 Hh 2 Hh 3 Hh 4 Ba 1 Ba 2 Ar 1 Ar 2 Ar 3 Ar 4 Cl 1 Cl 2 Cl 3 Bl 1 Bl 2 Bl 3 Bl 4 Bl 5 Ir 1 Ir 2 Ir 3 Agriotherium (carnivore),Castor(beaver),Felis , Menoceras(arhino),, Ysengrinia Antesorex (soricid),Brachypotherium(teleoceratinerhino), Crusafontina (soricid),Kansasimys(eomyid),Lemoynea and mustelids(Leptarctus,Miomustela,Potamotherium) Protopliophenacomys) andMiopetaurista(flyingsquirrel) Barbouromeryx (cranioceratinedromomeryid), Sminthosinus, Trigonictis); arvicolines(Ogmodontomys, Phoberocyon (hemicyonine),Plesiosorex(plesiosoricid), Ursavus (ursid); Aletomeryx (aletomerycineartiodactyl), (bovid ungulate),Thinobadistes(definitionofsubdivision, aceratherine rhinos(Aphelops,Peraceras),teloceratine Megalonyx(definitionofthesubdivision,aedentate), subdivison, aedentates),Paramicrotoscoptes(murid), Nanippus peninsulatus,Ogmodontomyssawrockensis Ophiomys, Platygonuspearcei,Dipoidesrexroadensis Desmatolagus andOreolagus(rabbits),Edaphocyon , Hesperolagomys,Lanthanotherium, (Dinogale, Mionictis,Plionictis,Sthenictis);Eomys(an Cormohipparion (hipparioninesequinehorses)inCl2 eomyid), Petauristodon(sciurid),Pseudaelurus(true Eocioleus; carnivores(Lutra,Megantereon,Mustela, Megasminthus, Pliogale,Pseudocyon,Russellagus, Lutravus, Machairodus,Simocyon);Neotragoceras Palaeocastor, Erinaceidae,Talpinae, Kalobatippus, (merycodontine antilocaprid),Prablastomeryxin Ar 4 carnivores (Enhydritherium,Eomellivora,Indarctos, Ochotona (pika),Plesiogulo(carnivore),Pliozapus rhino (Teleoceras); Copemys(cricetid),mustelids Borophagus diversidens,Megalonyxleptostomus, Amphictis (procyonid), (amphicyonid), Plithocyon (hemicyonionebear), (desmanine mole),(definitionof Floridaceras (aceratherinerhino),Caterogale, Glossotherium chapadmalense,Mictomysvetus (procyonid), Euroxenomys(casterinebeaver), Barbourofelis isagemarkerofCl2subzone. Pseudoceras; plainstaxainvadeGreatBasin Northrotheriops, Mictomyskansasensis/mel, (amphicyonine amphicyonid),Zodiolestes(a (amphicyonine amphicyonid),Paracosoryx Microtus meadensis,Lemmiscuscurtatus , Platygonusbicalcaratus Actiocyon, Hoplictis,PlatybelodoninCl3 Onadatra idahoensis,Smilodongracilis Ondatra annectens,Microtussp.(5T) (zapodid), Prosomys(murid)inHh3 Pliotomodon (murid)inHh1 Ogmodontomys poaphagus Allophaiomys pliocaenicus , Protoceras Miracinonyx inexpectatus Platygonus compressus Untermannerix inBa2 paleomustelid) in Ar 3 (Proboscidean Datum) Megalonyx jeffersonii Parvericius, Caninae Ondatara zibethicus a edentate)inHh2 Smilodon populator Platygonus vetus North American Glyptotherium Phenacomys felid) inHe2 Meniscomys Entoptychus Mammuthus Pliopotamys Pliolemmus Menoceras Sylvilagus Dinohyus in He1 in Hh4 Ursus Pantolestidae, Ischyromys,Hypertraguluscalcaratus, Dipoides rexroadensis,Ogmodontomyspoaphagus, Megalonyx leptostomus,Platygonusbicalcaratus, Nanippus peninsulatus,Borophagusdiversidens, Mictomys kansasensis/mel,Ondatraannectens, Smilodon gracilis, Allophaiomys pliocaenicus Mictrotus meadensis,Microtusparoperarius Hypolagus, Ophiomys,Mictomysvetus Borophagus hilli,Platygonuspearcei Glossotherium chapadmalense Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Miracinonyx inexpectatus Pliopotamys, Pliolemmus Bothriodon, Mesohippus Ondatra idahoensis Meglonyx weatleyi Platygonus vetus Paenemarmota, Stegomastodon Hyracodontidae Procasteroides Poebrotherium Prodipodomys Merycoidodon Megantereon Meniscomys Nimravinae Mammals Suevian ELMA Arvernian MN7-8 MN10 MN11 MN12 MN13 MN14 MN15 MN16 MN17 MP21 MP22 MP23 MP24 MP25 MP26 MP27 MP28 MP29 MP30 MN1 MN2 MN3 MN4 MN5 MN6 MN9 un-named Sponsored, inpart,by: Blainvillimys helmeri,Viverridae Issiodoromys minor, Soricidae Issiodoromys pseudanoema Plesiosorex, Issiodoromys Issiodoromys bransatensis Issiodoromys limognensis Blainvillimys gregarius, European Mammals Blainvillimys blainvillei Issiodoromys medius Issiodoromys quercyi pauffiensis Entelodon, Plagiolophusministri, Pseudosciuridae, Issiodoromys Blainvillimys heimersheimensis Plagiolophus, Nyctitheriidae, medius, Blainvillimyshelmeri Issiodoromys pseudanoema Issiodoromys pauffiensis, Issiodoromys limognensis Blainvillimys gregarius, Issiodoromys quercyi, Blainvillimys blainvillei Anoplotheriidae Theridomyidae Dichobunidae Bothriodon Primates Mammals ALMA Asian Hsandgolian Tabenbulukian Mammals American SALMA Chapad- malalan South Uquian nadan Ense- Italian Pleistocene Tarantian Gelasian Ionian Stages Regional Stages Santomian Tyrrhenian Emilian Sicilian Delmontian Wheelerian Saucesian Zemorrian Repettian Venturian Mohnian Relizian Luisian Hallian Cheltenhamian Batesfordian Bairnsdalian Werrikooian Longfordian Balcombian Mitchellian Janjukian Kalimnan Aldingan Yatalan Piacenzian Tortonian Langhian Zanclean M. Pleist. Rupelian Gelasian E. Pleist. Chattian Stage Lt. Pleist. 15.97 13.64 11.61 20.43 23.03 3.60 2.59 1.81 0.79 7.25 5.33 28.4 0.126 September 2008 Aquitanian Burdigalian Serravillian Messinian 25 15 30 20 10 0 5 Age