ISSN No : 2664-780X

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A Research Journal Department of Islamic History and Culture Rajshahi University Bangladesh A Research Journal Department of Islamic History and Culture Rajshahi University

Vol. 1 September 2019

Published by Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Chief Editor & Chairman Department of Islamic History and Culture Rajshahi University Rajshahi-6205

Cover Design Dr. Suman Sen

Printed by Shahpir Chisti Printing Press

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ISSN No : 2664-780X

Contact Address Chief Editor, A Research Journal Department of Islamic History and Culture (Room No. 210) Rajshahi University Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh EDITORIAL BOARD

Chief Editor Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Chairman Department of Islamic History and Culture Rajshahi University

Members

Professor Emeritus Dr. A B M Hussain Professor Emeritus Dr. A K M Yaqub Ali Professor Dr. Kazi Md. Mostafizur Rahman Professor Dr. Mohammad Mohibullah Siddiquee Professor Dr. Syeda Nure Kaseda Khatun Professor Dr. Md. Azizul Haque

Message from the Chief Editor

The first volume of The Research Journal, Department of Islamic History & Culture is going to be launched with as many as 19 research articles contributed by the faculties and researchers of Islamic History & Culture across the country. The articles are of high standards and will hopefully come to the use of the students and researchers of this discipline.

The publication of the journal is the result of collective efforts of all the scholarly members of the Editorial Board. They have ungrudgingly helped me in its publication. I am grateful to them for their cooperation. I thank the teachers and officials of the department for their assistance and also the employees of the Shahpir Chisti Printing Press for their support. I also like to thanks the International Center, Paris, France for providing the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for our journal.

Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Chief Editor and Chairman Department of Islamic History & Culture University of Rajshahi Rajshahi, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected]

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1. Knowledge of Islam: Nature and Ways of Dissemination till the fall of Bagdad in 1258 AD Professor Emeritus Dr. A K M Yaqub Ali

2. 50 Years of BangladeshMyanmar Diplomatic Relations Md. Shayeed Hossain

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Knowledge of Islam: Nature and Ways of Dissemination till the fall of Bagdad in 1258 AD Dr. A K M Yaqub Ali

[Abstract: To dive deep in the main theme of the subject for discussion the two terminologies -knowledge and Islam- need to be explained first with clarity so that the incoming facts and events could easily be understandable. As per the Divine Scripture knowledge steps in human species just after the creation of Adam (peace be on him) and making his stay in the Paradise. In this connection the holy Qur‘an says, “And He (Allah taught Adam the name of the things i.e knowledge and presented him before the angels…..” (al- Baqarah 2, V.32). Then driven out of the Paradise with his wife Haw‘a to the mundane world for violating Allah’s edict at the instigation of the satan, and after long times’ repentance Allah forgave them and bestowed on him the right guidance in the form of Islam to conduct their lives along with their descendants in this world. It is, therefore, discernable that knowledge was first infused in man to understand Islam, the code of life in totality when conducting their life in this visible world. Then Islam, in the concept of whole hearted surrender to the will of Allah, the Lord of the universe, was chosen for mankind as the only right path to walk on till the last day of the world. The common factors of Islam from Adam, the first Prophet (peace be on him) to Muhammad (peace be on him), the last and the seal of the prophets were the strict adherence to tawhid or oneness of Allah and unequivocal belief in the Prophet of the time and all prophets of the succeeding ages. In the consideration of gradual development of its tenets and other pertinent dogmas from Adam (sm) to Muhammad (sm) Islam had three broad time spans to reach the finality. The first time span starts with Adam (sm) and ends in Nuh (sm); the second one starts with Nuh (sm)and ends in Musa (sm) and the third one begins with Musa’s fight with tyrant Amaliqa tribe and spreads over the whole time of Prophet Muhammad (sm) till the last day of the doom. In the embryo of the first time span Islam deals with the basic fundamentals along with pertinent paraphernalia as the cases and situation deem necessary to guide the people of the then time. The prophets were enjoined to lead their people as per the revelations came to them from Allah, the Almighty Lord as the occasions demand. But the concept of complete form of the Shariah did not originate in this period. It was rather originated in the time of Nuh (sm) of second time span. As it echoes in the holy Qur‘an, “Of the religion He established the Shariah for you as that which He enjoined on

 Professor Emeritus, Islamic History and Culture, University of Rajshahi 2 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

Nuh …………..those who turn to Him.” (Ash-Shura 42, V.13). Gradually with needed commandments and rituals the Shariah gained a proper shape except that of Jihad i.e the fight against the infidels and wrong- doers. When transgression, infidelity and wrongs exceeded the limits then the Divine punishment fell on them and destructed them root and branch. The examples of Nuh‘s flood, and the punishment of Namrud, Haman, Ferawn, Qarun and the like are cases in point. After the destruction of Ferawn no Divine punishment found to be meted out on the wrong doers, rather Prophet Musa (sm) was enjoined upon to fight the tyrant people i.e the Amaliqa tribe. (al- Qur‘an, ai-Ma‘idah 5, V.24). Thenceforth Jihad being considered as one of the pillars of religion completed the concept of the Shariah and to be continued till the end of this world. It is, therefore, found that Islam started with Adam (sm) crossed a long way of challenges and development, and finally reached the point of perfection in Prophet Muhammad’s time. Regarding this maxim the holy Quran declares, “Today I (Allah) have completed for you the religion, have given you My bounties in full and I am pleased to select for you the Islam as Din i.e complete code of life.” (al-Ma‘idah 5, V.3). Knowledge as bestowed on man is of two kinds from the view-point of its origination viz. knowledge through revelation and knowledge by acquisition. The former is unquestionable and descended on the Prophets through Jibril, the messenger of Allah for the guidance of mankind while the latter can be acquired exercising the power of intellects which may lead one to right course or may lead to erroneous life perceptions. In any case Islam, as the complete code of life, encourages man to search for knowledge from the cradle to the grave for the benefit of himself and for the good of humanity at large. This paper aims at dealing with nature and intrinsic merit of knowledge in Islam and its dissemination in various ways and channels under the Muslims till the fall of Baghdad in 1258 AD.]

The physical world, since its creation revolves round on knowledge, and it being a luminous gem emanates from Allah, the Creator of earth and heaven with the inmates deemed necessary to keep everything on motion. Before the creation of the world and human species knowledge was the reserved property of the Almighty Lord, and even the angels, the only created species had no share in it except what He intended to disseminate in them on any point of necessity. In this regard the holy Qur‘an unequivocally echoes the expression of the angels in a question put to them (la ‘ilma lana illa ma ‘allamtana) “We have no knowledge except what you have taught us.”1 For the first time He infused in Adam Knowledge of Islam: Nature and Ways of Dissemination till the fall of Bagdad in 1258 AD 3

(peace be on him) the names of all species and particles, and the knowledge comprehensively to combat the angels who put to Him their supplication of not to create Adam(sm) with the purpose of sending him as His vicegerent on earth. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that knowledge as a means of transmitting ideas and thoughts to the fellow beings, and the main-spring of the wheels revolving round the world, started with man‘s steeping in the surface of this visible world. Hence the importance of knowledge for the existence of human species since his creation to the last day of the destruction of world can never be exaggerated. Knowledge‘s parallel word in Arabic is ‘ilm. But ‘ilm is more comprehensive than knowledge in its jurisdiction covering all aspects of acquisition, preservation, transmission and imparting the beneficial derivatives to the humanity at large. Pertinently another term ‘aql (wisdom) be mentioned as corollary to scan all sorts of acquired knowledge on the basis of merit for acceptance. Hence we find that the word mu‘allim being derived from the root ‘ilm has a wider connotation than the simple meaning of a mudarris or a teacher. This is why Prophet Muhammad (sm) felt delight to declare that “I have been sent as a mu‘allim for mankind.”2 To receive directive knowledge from the Supreme Power he made tahannuth (meditation) for about fifteen years from twenty five to forty years of age in the cave of Hira a few miles away of the city of Makkah and achieved his objective. That was the first revelation containing the five verses of the surah ‘Alaq3 that descended on him, and it started with iqra (read) including its corollary ‘ilm (knowledge) and ta‘lim (imparting knowledge) thus enjoining the Prophet (sm) to bear the responsibility of disseminating learning and knowledge as taught by Allah, the Exalted. In pursuance of Allah‘s directive Prophet Muhammad (sm) used to say “communicate from me even though it may be a single message.” (balligu ‘anni wa law aya) and “those present here should convey to those who are not” (fal yuballigh al-shahid al-ghaib). Further the Prophet says, “knowledge is a lost gem of wise man. So search it out from whatever source it might be tapped.” To encourage the acquiring of knowledge and its transmitting to others the Prophet (sm) in clear term says, “He who sets out in search of knowledge as if he is in the 4 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ path of Allah till he returns home.”4 Here the seeker of knowledge is compared with the person who fights in the way of Allah to establish His tawhid and sovereignty till the last moment of his life. Once the Prophet (sm), not in the obligatory prayers’ time entering the mosque of Madinah found a group of Muslims saying nafal or additional prayers to Allah while another group making discourse on diverse aspects of knowledge. The Prophet (sm) participated in the discourse with the latter.5 It is reported that the Prophet (sm) sent some of his eminent sahba or companions to Syria and other alien lands to learn their tongues, and thereby to exchange thoughts and ideas with them. All the factors are indicative of the facts that the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge are considered the most rewarded work in Islam. Following the Divine enjoinment and the Prophet’s directives the votaries of Islam devoted their attention to drink deeply from the fountains of knowledge in its multidimensional aspects and transmit it to the posterity. Knowledge as bestowed on man is of two kinds from the view-point of its origination viz. knowledge through revelation from the Lord of the universe and knowledge by acquisition. The former is unquestionable and is descended on the Prophets through the arch-angel Jibrail for the guidance of mankind while the latter can be achieved exercising the power of intellects which may lead one to right course or may lead to erroneous life perceptions. In any case, Islam as the complete code of life encourages man to search for knowledge from the cradle to the grave for the benefit of himself and for the good of humanity. In Islam from its nascent time knowledge is categorized as primary and advanced. Primary knowledge mainly centers round the teachings relating to tawhid or unity of Allah, the different aspects of iman and amal or the faith and obligatory deeds while the advanced knowledge is concerned with the social, national and international problems codified in the Shariah of Islam. The first category of knowledge is farz or obligatory for every Muslim man and woman without any excuse while the second category dealing with specialized courses has the option for those who could afford the intellects, time and money. However, the dissemination of knowledge in its multidimensional aspects has been the top concern of the Muslim Ummah since the inception of Islam. Hence there will be an attempt to delineate in sketchy form the various stages through which the Knowledge of Islam: Nature and Ways of Dissemination till the fall of Bagdad in 1258 AD 5 dissemination of knowledge in wide perspective got momentum and reached the zenith with the passage of time till the fall of Baghdad in 1258 AD. The holy Qur‘an and Hadith of Prophet Muhammad (sm), the two authentic sources of Islam are the repositories of all sorts of knowledge relating to the mundane world and the world hereafter. Just after the demise of the Prophet (sm) during the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr(R) the revealed verses were collected and preserved in a book form, and the hadith – traditions of the Prophet (sm) were transmitted orally from one to another till their methodical compilation that started in the 2nd century of Hijrah/ 7th century AD. There is no denying the fact that before the advent of Islam, the two mighty empires – the Sassanid and the Byzantine – on the sides of Arabia in the east and north-west respectively had their rich heritage of long standing in the arena of knowledge covering all aspects to meet the demand of the time. The Arabs had nothing remarkable to combat these two civilized people of the then time. The situation changed with the coming of Prophet Muhammad (sm) among the Arabs of the Jurhamites and Ismalites of Semitic race. The age of darkness preceding the advent of Islam in the realm of religion and other connected aspects of man’s life passed away, and a new era of human brotherhood and toleration with the message of tawhid or the lordship of Allah, the Creator of the universe ushered not only in the life of the Arabs, but of the global people as well. In the first revelation coming down to him in the cave of Hira (610 AD) the Prophet (sm) was enjoined to read, learn and disseminate the knowledge bestowed upon him among the people of his time and to prepare the ground for the legacy of its transmission to the posterity at large. Since the receiving of the prophetic call Hazrat Muhammad (sm) till the end of long thirteen years of Makkan life made it his usual habit of speaking on his prophetic responsibilities and also on knowledge of other aspects of human needs openly from the precincts of the Ka‘bah, and in secrecy from near the Safa in the house of Arqam.6 On his migration to Yathrib (Madinah) in 622 AD till his death in 632 AD he performed his sacred duty of communicating all sorts of knowledge to his companions and other concerned people from the mosque of 6 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

Madinah and elsewhere. It is, therefore, reasonable to presume that during the life of the Prophet (sm) both Makkah and Madinah sprang one after another as the seat of learning on divinity and other aspects of human concerns. As seats of knowledge and learning these two places continued to shed luster on various aspects of people’s life during the time of khulafa rashidun or the pious caliphs (632-661 AD). The renowned companions of the Prophet (sm) after his demise continued to maintain their regular courses on various aspects of knowledge in both the educational centers of Makkah and Madinah. But the Madinite school of learning wherein a galaxy of eminent sahaba devoted themselves to study and discourse, got wide circulation among the enthusiastic learners of the time. The four pious caliphs along with Zayd b. Thabit, Jubayr b. al-Awam, Abdullah b. Sa‘d and such companions of the Prophet (sm) known as the scribes of wahyi i.e. revelation at his direction enriched the vista of knowledge in its multidimensional aspects in the Madinite seat of learning. Following them in later time Abdullah b. Abbas, Aban b. Uthman, Urwa‘ b. Zubayr, Suhrabil b. Sa’d, Abdullah b. Abu Bakr b. Hazam, Asim b. Umar b. Qatada and Muhammad b. Muslim b. Shihab al-Zuhri, commonly known as Imam Zuhri had the endeavors and intellects to disseminate knowledge on various disciplines like the Commentary of the holy Qur‘an, al-Fiqh or Islamic Jurisprudence, ‘ilm al-Hadith and ‘ilm al-Tarikh among the great multitudes from this academic seat of al-Madinah. Even at al-Madinah Hazrat ‘Ayesha (may Allah be pleased with her) had her own lecture room from where she met up the queries of the Prophet’s companions and other fellows after his demise on various branches of knowledge connected with religious aspects and the problems of human life. The two centers of knowledge opened the doors of further expansion of such seats of learning in the conquered territories of the Muslims. Pertinently it may be mentioned here that with the fall of two mighty empires- the Byzantine and the Sassanid- during the caliphate of Hazrat Umar b. al-Khattab (634-644 AD) a number of cantonment towns grew up in the Tigris-Euphrates valley of which Basrah (est. 635) and Kufah (est. 638-639) were prominent and flourishing in respective of qualitative and quantitative expansion of knowledge. Beyond the Jaziratul Arab or the Arabian Peninsula in the land of non-Arab territory these two cities kept the knowledge of Arabic philology, the technique Knowledge of Islam: Nature and Ways of Dissemination till the fall of Bagdad in 1258 AD 7 of urbanization, celestial science and Islamic disciplines ablaze to the learners for more than seven centuries of their inception.7 In the old Mesopotamian land (the strip of land in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers) Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid caliphate(750- 1258 AD) was converted into a great seat of knowledge and learning covering all aspects of Islamic disciplines and also the subjects relating to humanities and sciences of the east and west. Baghdad during the long period of her remaining as the capital of the Abbasids became the abode of the scholars, philosophers, scientists and savants of the time, and it eclipsed other contemporary centers of learning existed in the lands other than those of the Muslims.8 In addition, the old seats of learning at Jundeshapur in Iran and Harran in Mesopotamia were allowed to continue their roles in transmitting and disseminating the Greco-Persian knowledge and science among the learners of the conquered territories of the Muslims.9 Under the Umayyad rule (661-750 AD) the Syrian school of knowledge centering round Damascus, Aleppo and Edessa flourished with the study of theology, medicine and physical sciences. In the territorial limits of the Byzantine empire Alexandria in Egypt was a great seat of in depth study in medical science and other related subjects beneficial to human life.10 With the conquest of Egypt by the Muslims under generalship of Amr b.al-‘As in 640 AD during the caliphate of Hazrat Umar a new era with the message of universal brotherhood ushered in the life of the people. In addition to Alexandria, Fustat and later on al-Qahirah (Cairo) grew up as seats of learning in Egypt to transmit Greco-Syriac and Coptic knowledge, on diverse aspects of the universe and human species, in Arabic to the people of the East and West. It is, therefore, evident that the Muslims either of Arab or of non-Arab origin after the demise of the Prophet (sm) spent their intellects, energies and moneys in spreading knowledge and learning to the far-flung areas of their subjugation by retaining old seats and setting new ones as the situation demanded. They showed not the least abhorrence in utilizing the expertise knowledge of the scholars of the fallen dynasties of the Byzantines and Sassanids. The wise policy of the Muslim rulers through several centuries till the fall of Baghdad in 1258 AD made astounding progress in all branches of knowledge, thus illuminating world civilization with the scientific discoveries and technological development. 8 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

To achieve this goal and reach the zenith of this progress one will logically admit the role of the youngest Semitic language i.e Arabic. Under the Byzantine rule Greek, Coptic and Syriac languages were in vogue in the territories of their domination. In the same way Pahlawi was the language of the Persian empire extending over the vast tract of land in the north-east of Arabian Peninsula. Completing the conquest of the above mentioned territories the Muslim rulers retained the indigenous languages in the respective places for academic, administrative and other spheres of people’s life on reasonable grounds till the time of the Umayyad caliph Abdul Malik b. Marwan (685-705 AD). In the administrative hierarchy the use of indigenous languages created problems for the smooth running of the governmental works, and in the academic arena it produced no tangible results as Arabic had been the language of the conquering people. Hence in the vast expanse of Muslim domination the indigenous languages failed to catch the imagination of the conquerors and the conquered. Moreover, the indigenous languages referred to above had little international appeal. From the establishment of the Islamic Commonwealth at Madinah by the Prophet (sm) in 622 AD till the accession of Abdul Malik b. Marwan to the throne of the Umayyad caliphate at Damascus in 685 AD steps were taken from time to time for the standardization of Arabic language with a view to replacing by Arabic the indigenous languages used in the state works of the conquered territories of the Muslims. It was the bold and final step of caliph Abdul Malik that he made Arabic the language of the state and also of international relations thus completing the Arabicization of the statehood and the country as well.11 By this time Arabic combining in itself all the ingredients and specialities came up to the standard of an international language of the contemporary world. This aspect of the language facilitated the study of global knowledge and paved the way for its dissemination to every nook and corner of Muslim occupied countries of the then world. The language was so much methodically and linguistically developed that the mawali or non- Arab Muslims surpassed the Arabs in the contribution to the various disciplines of Islamology and other aspects of scientific and human studies. The Greek knowledge being translated into Arabic was handed down to the posterity by the Muslim and non-Muslim savants and scholars to put its mark in the history of world civilization.12 In this Knowledge of Islam: Nature and Ways of Dissemination till the fall of Bagdad in 1258 AD 9 connection a brief survey of some important academic seminaries and educational institutions will clear the point. It is an admitted fact that since the inception of Islam till the end of the Umayyad caliphate in 750 AD the great mosques of the capital cities and other important towns of the territorial expanse of Muslim rule acted as educational seminaries to impart and disseminate knowledge consisting mainly of theological study and other aspects of man’s day to day affairs among general learners and attendants. In some cases kuttab or elementary schools performed the function of imparting knowledge of above nature to the children and young learners. The royal dignitaries, the courtiers and aristocrats had maintained their own kuttab to teach and train up their wards to make them competent for royal service and governmental jobs. Greek knowledge in Syriac version first penetrated in the Umayyad and then it was rendered into Arabic after caliph Abdul Malik’s Arabicization of the administration. But no court patronized and well organized academies were known to grow up during the time of the Umayyads. This task was perhaps left for the Abbasids (750-1258 AD). So it is proverbial that the period of the Umayyads was the age of conquest and consolidation while that of the Abbasids was the age of advancement of culture, knowledge and civilization. The formal institution for the dissemination of wide range of knowledge mainly centering round the translation work with the foundation of Dar al-Tarjamah by caliph al-Mansur (754-775 AD) started functioning at Baghdad after the completion of its construction around the 762 AD. The caliph Abu Ja‘far Abdullah al-Mansur invited the savants and scholars of various shades of Muslims and non-Muslims in his capital city-Baghdad and employed them in translating Greek, Syriac, Persian and Indian knowledge and science of multidimensional aspects into Arabic. Had the translation work not been started in Arabic the researches of Plato, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, Euclid and Ptolemy for example would have been lost forever, and the western world could not have traced any page of their research. In this regard the comment of P. K. Hitti is well balanced when he says, “Their translations, transmitted in no small degree by the Arab mind during the course of several centuries, together with many new contribution, to Europe through Syria, Spain and Sicily, and laid the basis of that canon of 10 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ knowledge which dominated medieval European thought.”13 This Dar al-Tarjamah or the Translation Bureau got momentum, and was further enriched by caliph Harum ur-Rashid (786-809) and his illustrious son caliph al-Mamun (813-833 AD, Ultimately being inspired with the spirit of knowledge’s dissemination to the optimum al-Mamun in 830 AD founded at Baghdad a rich multi-project Academy with the name of Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom), a combination of library, translation bureau and academy for teaching and research which in many respects proved the most important educational institution since the foundation of the Alexandrian Museum in Egypt in the first half of the third century BC.14 This institution performed the stupendous task of disseminating knowledge on the various subjects for the well-being of the people and made a great stride in the intellectual world. In addition to this Academy al-Mamun erected at Baghdad near the Shamsiyah gate an astronomical observatory under the directorship of a converted Jew. In this observatory the astronomers not only made systematic observation of the celestial movements but also verified with remarkably precise results of all the fundamental elements of the Almagest: the obliquity of the ecliptic, the precession of the equinoxes, the length of the solar year etc. Following this observatory many observatories were erected in the important towns and cities of the Abbasid territories. It is remarkable to note that in the selection of the experts and competent personages no religious faith was taken into consideration. We find that Hunayin b. Ishaq who was the Shaikh or Chief of the translators and Director of the Bayt al-Hikmah was a Nestorian Christian. Likewise Thabit b. Qurrah leading another group of the translators in the Academy belonged to the heathen Sabians of Harran. For the dissemination of knowledge and learning at the higher level was the al-Madrasah al-Nizamiyah (Nizamiyah University) founded in Baghdad in 1065-67 AD by the enlightened Nizamul Mulk Tusi, the Persian vizir (Minister) of the Saljuq Sultans Alp Arsalan and Malik Shah and the patron of Umar Khayyam.15 Though originally a theological seminary the Nizamiyah offered courses on different aspects of knowledge needed for conducting the mundane life and resulting in the peace of the life hereafter. The students as well as the teachers were boarded in the residential annexes of the Madrasah complex. Many of the students held endowed scholarship of the state. It is reported that Knowledge of Islam: Nature and Ways of Dissemination till the fall of Bagdad in 1258 AD 11 certain details of its organization appears to have been copied in the early universities of Europe. In this institution of higher learning Imam Ghazali lectured for four years (1091-95). In the chapter on learning which he introduced in his Yahya al-‘Ulum, al-Ghazali expressed his idea that the imparting of knowledge was the object of education and put stress on stimulating moral consciousness of the students, thus becoming the first author in Islam to bring the problem of education into organic relation with a profound ethical system. On the model of Nizamiyah Madrasah of Baghdad a good number of madrasahs offering the same courses were founded in the important towns and cities of Persia and Central Asia under state patronages and individuals’ endeavors. In Baghdad the next one the caliph al-Mustansir built in 1234 a Madrasah known as al-Muntansariya after his name, well reputed as a seminary for the four orthodox rites.16 The Madrasah complex was well planned and academically organized. The building had a clock at the entrance, was equipped with baths and kitchens and included a hospital and a library. It is, therefore, evident that all the logistic supports were provided for the mental and physical needs of the teachers and taught in this seminary of learning. Side by side as in the East the dissemination of knowledge spread very fast in the West. Spain once under the Goths was conquered by the Muslims in 711 and remained under their glorious rule till 1492. Knowledge with all its multidimensional aspects flourished in the institutions of learning all over Spain. For nearly eight centuries under the Muslim rulers, Spain set to all Europe a shining example of a civilized and enlightened state. Innumerable cities sprang up under their supervision, and educational seminaries shone like bright stars in the arena of knowledge and learning. 17 Cordova, Toledo and Granada were considered the lighthouses of learning of the then European nations. Art, literature, theology and science prospered there as nowhere else in Europe. Students flocked from France, Germany and England to drink deep from the fountain of learning which only flowed in the cities of Muslim Spain. The surgeons and doctors of Andalusia were in the van of science; women were encouraged to devote themselves to serious study of the subject, and the lady doctors were not unknown among the people of Cordova. Mathematics, astronomy and botany, history, philosophy and jurisprudence were to be mastered in Spain and Spain alone.18 On the overall estimation of Spanish prosperity in all its sectors we can but in one accord with the remark of Stanley Lane Poole 12 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

“whatever makes a kingdom great and prosperous, whatever tends to refinement and civilization, was found in Muslim Spain.”19 Like the case of Spain in Europe the Fatimid dynasty of Egypt and North Africa (est.909) in the continent of Africa making its capital in al-Qahira (Cairo) took the lead of disseminating knowledge all over their territorial jurisdiction. The caliph al-Aziz made the Azhar Mosque as an Academy which was later on converted into a first grade University of the theological study and other oriental subjects. The caliph al-Hakim who is considered ‘Mamun of the West’ established in 1005 Dar al-Hikmah or Dar al-Ilm in Cairo for the dissemination of knowledge in all directions.20 The Dar al-Hikmah played that type of role which the Bayt al- Hikmah of Mamun played though in limited scale. Like Mamun, al-Hakim built an observatory for the observation of celestial bodies on al-Muqattim. This brief discussion reveals the fact that starting with theological study, being imbibed with the dictates of Islam, the Muslim rulers took positive measures for the dissemination of knowledge covering all aspects of man’s life in this material world. In their hay days till the fall of Baghdad in 1258 AD by the invasion of savage Halaku Khan innumerable institutions of learning, the libraries containing thousand and thousand of scholars’ contributions, the book-shops in all the towns and cities and such other type of knowledge-based organs were set up in the territorial expanse of the Muslims. The scholars were provided with all sorts of facilities to produce original works in their respective fields of study. Had it not been so, we would have missed the name of Muhammad b. Isma’il al-Bukhari in Hadith, Muhammad b. Jarir al- Tabari in Tafsir or the Commentary of the holy Qur‘an and Universal History, al-Kindi in Philosophy, Jabir b. Hayyan in Alchemy (Chemistry), al- Khawarzimi in Mathematics, Ibn Sina and al-Razi in Medicine and so many other scholars on various disciplines in the list of world civilization. In fine, the regeneration of the present Muslim Ummah, I think, may be possible on the dissemination of knowledge in the multidimensional aspects with fair mind and their proper application for the spiritual, scientific and technological developments as the circumstances and situations fit. A remark fitting to the overall evaluation is put here, "Islam has been, and is a great religion. It emphasizes kindness to slaves and animals, respect for parents, modernization and hygiene in personal Knowledge of Islam: Nature and Ways of Dissemination till the fall of Bagdad in 1258 AD 13 habits, protection of the weak and ill, and charity towards the poor and unfortunate. It united masses of people, who prior to the time of Mohammad, had never known social solidarity or a civilization higher than that of the desert. With the expansion of the faith from continent to continent in the years immediately following the Prophet's death, a rich and varied civilization was born, probably richest in the medieval west. It is remarkable how one man a camel-driver in a remote caravan terminus in the desert- could have so affected the course of world history."20

Notes and References

1. Al- Qur‘an, 2:32. 2. Wali ud-Din Abdullah Muhammad b. Abdullah al-Khatib, Mishkat al-Masabih (Karachi: Nur Muhammad, n.d), Kitab al ‘Ilm, pp.36. 3. Al- Qur‘an, 96: 1-5. 4. Mishkat al-Masabih, op.cit. Kitab al. ‘Ilm, pp. 32, 34. 5. Ibid. p.36. 6. Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah Tr. A. Guilaume, The Life of Muhammad (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 155-59. 7. P. K. Hitti, History of the Arabs (Canada: Macmillan & Company Ltd. 9th edition, 1967), pp. 301 ff. 8. De Lacy Oleary, Arabic Thought and its Place in History (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Reprinted 1954), pp. 38ff. 9. Ibid. 10. Reynold A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs (Cambridge: The University Press, 1969), pp.200-203; P. K. Hitti, op.cit. pp. 217 ff. 11. P. K. Hitti, op.cit., pp. 253ff. 12. Ibid. P. 363. 13. Ibid. P. 310. 14. Ibid. 410 ff; Syed Ameer Ali, The Spirit of Islam (London: Christophers 9th edition 1946), 380-81; R. A .Nicholson, op.cit. p.340. 15. P. K. Hitti, op.cit. p. 411. 16. Stanley Lane-Pooole, The Moors in Spain (Lahore: The Publishers United LTD. 1959), P. Preface iii. 17. Ibid. P. Preface iv. 18. Ibid. 19. P. K. Hitti, op.cit., p.628. 20. T. Walter Wallbank, The University of Southern California & Alastair M. Taylor, The United Nations, Civilization Past and Present (Chicago: Scott, Foresman & Company, 1949), p. 27. wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X

50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations Md. Shayeed Hossain

[Abstract: Foreign policy of a country is shaped by its geography. Bangladesh always tries to maintain friendly relationship with other countries especially with neighbouring countries. Bangladesh is surrounded by India to the west, north and North-East, Myanmar to the South-East, and the Bay of Bengal to the South. So Myanmar is the only bordering country of Bangladesh beside India. Being a peace loving country, Bangladesh sets one of its important foreign policy objectives as ‘friendship to all malice to none’. Bangladesh, since its independence, has been maintaining good relationship with Myanmar. Geography apart, Bangladesh has historic ties with Myanmar and has many things in common, including colonial legacy. It is to be mentioned that, Myanmar was one of the first few countries in the world as well as the first South-East Asian country to accord recognition to Bangladesh as a sovereign country. However, diplomatic ties between Bangladesh and Myanmar have some ups and down. Although, both the countries are trying to maintain friendly ties with each other by signing a quantity of agreements like, general trade, border trade, demarcation of land section, repatriation of the Rohingya refugee, coastal and maritime shipping, border management, establishment of direct road link etc., Both Bangladesh and Myanmar have also connected with each other by signing bilateral memorandum of understanding (MOUs) from multidimensional aspects such as, establishment of joint business council, border trade, annual consultation, establishment of joint trade commission, agriculture and allied sectors, and establishment of road link and various protocols. In other words, Bangladesh sincerely discusses to work with Myanmar on some common regional, sub-regional and international organizations to enhance their bilateral as well as multilateral relations. In spite of the establishments of the diplomatic tie in1972, the relations have not always been smooth due to lack of political will especially from the Myanmar government, mutual misperceptions and suspicions. But it is

 When Bangladesh achieved independence in 1971 it was still Burma. Later in 1989 the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) changed the name of the country to the Union of Myanmar, from union of Burma. The Military Government justified the country name change on the ground that “Burma refers only to the Burman ethnic group, while Myanmar refers to the citizens of the country regardless of ethnic affiliation.  Lecturer in Islamic History and Culture, CENURC, International Islamic University Chittagong.

16 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

reality that, friends or allies may be changed but not neighbours. Therefore, the best interests of these close neighbours lie in exploring potential areas of cooperation and prosper together. This paper describes diplomatic tie between the two next door neighbouring countries and identifies several threats and potential areas of mutual cooperation to explore this tie.]

1.1 Introduction Any small country like Bangladesh always tries to maintain friendly relationship with other countries especially with neighboring countries. Bangladesh is surrounded by India to the west, north and North-East, Myanmar to the South-East, and the Bay of Bengal to the South. So Myanmar is the only bordering country beside India. Being a peace loving country, Bangladesh set on of its important foreign policy objectives as Ôfriendship to all malice to noneÕ. Bangladesh, since its independence, has been maintaining good relationship with Myanmar. Geography apart, Bangladesh has historic ties with Myanmar and has many things in common, including colonial legacy. It is to be mentioned that, Myanmar was one of the first few countries in the world as well as the first South-East Asian country to accord recognition to Bangladesh. However, diplomatic ties between Bangladesh and Myanmar since 1972 A.D to present, have some ups and down although both the countries are trying to maintain good term with each other by signing a quantity of agreements and joining as well as working with some common regional, sub-regional and international organizations to enhance and boost up their bilateral diplomatic as well as multilateral relations. 1.2 Significance of Bangladesh – Myanmar Relations The importance of geography in shaping foreign policy has long been recognized. Napoleon is supposed to have said, “Foreign policy of country is determined by its geography”. This is not just a hyperbole. There is no question that geographical factors have had a decisive effect upon civilizations and upon national & international development. Friends or allies may be changed but not neighbours. They are linked by history, culture and geography, and must live and prosper together. Any incident in one country can definitely have spill-over impacts on neighbours,1 e.g., the ethnic unrest in Rakhine State and the recent political reforms in Myanmar having their respective negative and  17 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations positive impacts on Bangladesh. This paper argues the diplomatic perspectives that justify the necessity of strong Bangladesh-Myanmar relations. How significant are these neighbours to each other? It is not an exaggeration to say that as an immediate neighbour Myanmar occupies the second most important position only after India in many ways for Bangladesh. For examples, i) Myanmar, the largest country of mainland South-East Asia, with an area of some 676,5812 square kilometers lies at the juncture of three regions within Asia: East, South-East, and South Asia. It occupies a critical geostrategic position between the two Asian giants China and India. ii) The country is located in a region, which has experienced tremendous economic growth over the last few decades. Huge reserves of natural resources and its geostrategic location between South and South-East Asia suggest that it has the potential to be a major South-East Asian player.3 iii) Myanmar can be the potential gateway for an alternative land route opening towards China and South-East Asia for Bangladesh, boosting its trade and connectivity. iv) Bangladesh is a food-deficit country. The demand for foodstuffs is steadily growing here to feed its growing population. Moreover, it needs to protect itself against natural disasters. By 2025 its population will be over 200 million.4 Therefore, as an immediate neighbour, Myanmar can be a prime source of importing food for Bangladesh. Regarding this, K B Ahmed, president of the Bangladesh-Myanmar Chamber of Commerce in Dhaka, said that Myanmar, blessed with huge natural and marine resources is possibly going to be the saviour of Bangladesh.5 v) After five decades of isolation, for the current political and economic reforms, Myanmar has now become an attraction for foreign investment.6 Under the country’s new foreign investment rules, the Myanmar government allows 100 per cent foreign ownership on a broad range of business activities including telecommunications, energy, services, infrastructure projects, agriculture, hospitality and non-food manufacturing. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute estimated that Myanmar could attract as much as US$100 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) over the next two decades.7 Certainly the changing political environment in Myanmar brings opportunities for Bangladeshi investors too. vi) Rohingya Refugee crisis and transnational crimes in the Bangladesh- Myanmar border are security concerns for Bangladesh. Thus, cooperation is required from the Myanmar side to resolve or manage 18 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

these disputes. vii) Due to the frequent killings of Bangladeshi nationals by the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) on Indo-Bangladesh border, Bangladesh earnestly needs a peaceful border with the neighbouring Myanmar. Conversely, Bangladesh also bears significance to Myanmar. i) Bangladesh can also be a gateway for Myanmar to connect to eastern India and other parts of South Asia. Certainly, bridging Bangladesh will increase Myanmar’s importance to China and ASEAN countries for enhancing connectivity. ii) Chittagong-Kunming connectivity could bring benefit for Myanmar especially earning huge amount of transhipment fees from the countries of the three sub-regions of Asia (East, South and South-East Asia). iii) With the rise of middle class, Bangladesh can become a potential market for Myanmar. iv) Bangladesh has a global reputation for peacekeeping and microcredit activities. Myanmar can receive cooperation from Bangladesh in the respective fields, e.g., Bangladesh can help promote human resource development in the backward areas of Myanmar like Rakhine state, and Myanmar army may receive training from experienced peacekeepers of Bangladesh. v) A peaceful solution of the refugee problem is vital for the growth of Rakhine state in particular and Myanmar in general. Hence, Bangladesh’s cooperation is crucial for Myanmar. vi) Both countries need to cooperate in combating transnational crimes like drugs, arms smuggling and human trafficking. 1.3 Diplomatic Interactions Cooperation between the two nations is normally a continuous process in which the consideration of national interests has its foremost says. The Bangladesh-Myanmar relations are to be also viewed in this perspective. While the elements of cooperation are must distinguishing in such relations, few elements of conflict as well cannot be overlooked. As has been said earlier, the formal relationship between the independent Bangladesh and Myanmar was established on January 13th, 1972. Myanmar was the sixth country to recognize Bangladesh. Kamal Uddin Ahmed Wrote, Burma rationalized its stand in the following words: “The government of Burma does not accept as principle, the solution of a country’s internal problems by direct help and intervention of a foreign country’s armed organization. However due to the existence  19 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations

of questions requiring immediate communications and actions, and also due to a desire to live fraternally as neighbour, the government of Burma has recognized the state of Bangladesh and its government.”8 Since then, Burma had a good relationship with Bangladesh. Bangladesh took the first step with its deep appreciation of the sympathetic view of Burma towards Bangladesh during the war of liberation in 1971. Over the time, the senior leaders and high officials considered the importance of Bangladesh–Myanmar relationship. The foreign minister of Bangladesh, Abdus Samad Azad, paid his visit to Burma in 1972. Since then Bangladesh has always tried to strengthen the relationship with Burma. A joint communiqué issued simultaneously from Dhaka and Rangoon on 28 may 1972 emphasized closer ties and development of bilateral relations on the basis of peaceful co-existence, non-alignment as well as mutual respect for sovereignty and national dignity.9 Soon after independence, Bangladesh sought for international support both political and economic to re-construct the war–ravaged country. So, Bangladesh decided to import rice from neighbouring Burma to meet food deficit. Bangladesh foreign minister visited Burma for the second time in July 1972. The then foreign secretary of Bangladesh also led a team of officials to Rangoon in early 1973 to finalize a deal for the purchase of rice from Burma. In May 1973, Sheik Mujibur Rahman sent his special envoy, Shamsul Haq, to Burma to seek muster support of the Burma government in favour of the Indo-Bangladesh Joint Declaration to resolve the humanitarian issues resulting from the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971.10 Burma’s President Ne Win was the first Asian Head of State to visit independent Bangladesh on 26 April 1974. Interestingly, that was the Myanmar president’s second official to this part of the world; the first was in mid-February 1965 when Bangladesh was part of Pakistan.11 President Ne Win emphasized that Bangladesh and Myanmar were close neighbours, linked together by “geography, history and culture and added that their friendship would be everlasting.”12 Thus, President Win’s first visit was important as it contributed to build close rapport and understanding with the political leadership of 20 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

Bangladesh. President Ziaur Rahman paid a visit to Burma in July 1977 which was the first ever visit of Head of a State of Bangladesh to Burma. It resulted in broad agreement on the issues of common concerns to both Bangladesh and Burma.13 Both also decided to fully co-operate with each other on various bilateral issues and agreed to expand and develop trade relations. Following this, the foreign minister of Bangladesh visited Burma in December 1979 to consolidate bilateral relations. General Ne Win, President of Burma, visited Bangladesh again in May 1979. On February 1982, Abus Satter, President of Bangladesh visited Myanmar. He emphasized the need for further augmenting and diversifying trade and strengthening of economic co-operation between the two countries.14 On 19 may 1983, President Lt. Gen. H.M. Ershad also visited Rangoon (present Yangon). The Burma’s foreign minister, who visited Bangladesh in May 1984, urged increased co-operation between the two countries in the fields of trade and commerce. Another high-level visit took place in 1986 from Burma.15 The summit level talks between the presidents of the two countries had a number of positive results; the most important of which was the signing of the agreement on the demarcation of 123 miles of land boundary between the two countries.16 The Bangladesh foreign secretary described the agreement as another milestone in the friendly relations between the two neighbouring countries. A lot of visits even at the highest level took place between the two countries at different times. Bilateral relations remained good and about 10 agreements have been concluded between the two countries on such areas as land boundary, trade, border trade, transport, and prevention of narcotics trafficking. The bilateral Trade Agreement was concluded in 1994 with options for automatic renewal every year.17 Myanmar’s Prime Minister visited Dhaka in December 2002. The Prime Minister of Bangladesh Khaleda Zia visited Myanmar in March 2003. Myanmar foreign Minister Nyan Win paid a three day official visit to Dhaka on 24 February, 2005. Both the countries’ Ministers reviewed the entire gamut of Bangladesh– Myanmar relationship and discussed the way of further co-operation in the field of trade and commerce. It was also reported that the Ministers discussed the repatriation of remaining Rohingya refugees to Myanmar from Bangladesh. During the  21 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations

Caretaker Government of Bangladesh, in 2007-08, many important visits took place by leaders of both the countries. On 16 May 2009, Dr. Dipu Moni, foreign minister of Bangladesh, held official talks with Myanmar. In 2012, Prime Minister of Myanmar visited Bangladesh. Last of all, the Prime minister of Bangladesh, Sheik Hasina, visited Myanmar immediately after the visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in late 2011. The two reaffirmed their satisfaction at the excellent relations that have developed over the years based on geographic proximity, rich historic and cultural traditions, people-to-people interactions as well as common aspiration for development. They expressed happiness that Bangladesh-Myanmar friendship is growing stronger and emphasized on the need to further accelerate the relations in the best interest of the two peoples. The Prime Minister’s visit was more than a positive sign. The Prime Minister’s visit is more than a positive sign. It has brought about concrete outcomes, including the signing of two important agreements. Meanwhile, the President of Burma, Thein Sein, was expected to visit Bangladesh in the near future to discuss the situation of refugees on the border between the two countries. However, between 1972 and 2018, the two countries signed a number of important agreements. These were: General Trade Agreement 1973, Air Service Agreement, Agreement on the Repatriation of the Rohingya Refugee 1978, Land Boundary Agreement 1979, Agreement on Border Arrangement and Cooperation 1980, Border Trade Agreement 1994, Agreement for Preventing Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Controlled Precursors 1994, Land Boundary Treaty 1998, Agreement on Direct Road Link 2002, Bangladesh – Myanmar Business Promotion Council, 1998, Bangladesh Trade Fair in Myanmar 2003, MOUs Signed 2004, Direct Road-Link Agreement 2007, Myanmar – Bangladesh Issue Joint Statement on Bilateral Ties 2011, Shipping Agreement 2012, Air Service Agreement 2013, Rohingya Repatriation Treaty 2018. It is noteworthy that all the head of state/government (except Caretaker Government) of Bangladesh visited Myanmar since 1977. During the Caretaker Government of Bangladesh in 2007-2008 A.D, many important visits took place by leaders of both the countries. Bangladesh and Myanmar leaderships always show that a huge potential exists to enhance trade and economic cooperation between the two 22 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

countries. The Bangladesh Prime Minister expressed Bangladesh’s willingness to import energy from Myanmar and requested the President to import Readymade Garments (RMG), Pharmaceutical products, Knitwear, Jute goods, Ceramic etc from Bangladesh at competitive price. Both the heads of state stressed upon the establishment of direct Banking arrangement Under Asian Clearing Union (ACU). It is desirable for Bangladesh to discard old mindsets and establish long term strategic relationships with the newer global power centers that are emerging in other parts of the world. Therefore, taking into account the changed strategic environment in the region, an overhaul of Bangladesh’s ‘Look East’ Policy is urgently needed. The ‘Look East’ policy of Bangladesh promises to bring not only commercial benefits to the country but can also improve its political and defense standing among the nations. 1.4 Trade and Economic Interaction However, the amount of bilateral trade between the two countries is small, but, the statements made by both Bangladesh and Myanmar leaderships show that a huge potential exists to enhance trade and economic cooperation between the two countries. There is no denying the fact that some political issues affected trade and economic relations. But it could not affect the overall economic cooperation between the two countries. However, the trade and economic relations between Bangladesh and Myanmar was not a new phenomenon rather it is very old. It has been mentioned that trade and economic relations between the two countries were largely based on rice trade. But this trade began to decline when Burma was separated from British India following the government of India Act of 1935.18 The sea routes for the rice shipments between Rangoon and Calcutta were disrupted during the Second World War. The people of Bengal also become accustomed to eat other types of grain as a result of the famine of 1943.19 After Ne Win, who took power in 1962 and introduced the “Burmese Way of Socialism,” Burma lost its commanding position as the world’s largest rice exporter. As late as Mid 1960s, Burma was exporting four million tons of rice a year.20 General Ne Win nationalized trade and virtually threw out the powerful business houses and traders of Indian or Pakistani origin, which had flourished under the British. At that time Ne  23 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations

Win accused the Government of India of smuggling out the jewellery and gold belonging to the Indian traders through the diplomatic channel of the Indian embassy in Rangoon. Among the traders and business houses of South Asian origin in Rangoon there were only one or two from Bangladesh. The most prominent was A.K Khan of Chittagong, the pioneering industrialist.21 Though Bangladesh was spared, in large measure, bitterness was created in India by the drastic measures of Ne Win. In the meantime Bangladesh looked to other countries such as Japan, Thailand, and Indonesia for rice imports. Rice import trade was mainly in private hands in Bangladesh. This was true and even under the leadership of Bangabandhu Sheik Mujibur Rahman, who had nationalized banks and industrial units.22 This was a major reason that Bangladesh turned down Burma’s offers to sell rice because sales from Burma would be state–to–state basis. However, the two countries concluded trade agreement on 23 March 1972 under which Bangladesh desired to import rice from Burma and export jute products, newsprint and paper. Anyway, in order to develop and expand the trade relations, a general trade agreement was signed on 3 August 1973 during the visit of Bangladesh trade delegation led by the then commerce Minister, A. H. M, Kamruzzaman. There are in all eight articles in the agreement which has provided the general basis for trade between the two countries in any convertible currency.23 Both sides also agreed to grant most favoured nation treatment to each other with regard to custom procedures, tariff, taxes and charges. However, Jute manufacture is obviously Bangladesh’s major export to Burma. From about 90 per cent in 1980-81 the export of jute manufacture rose to over 97 per cent in 1983-84. It is also important to note here that jute manufactures of Bangladesh are exported to Burma under cash, barter and also under Special Trade Arrangement (STA). On the other hand, the major items of import from Myanmar are rice, animal and vegetable facts, ferrous ores, and non- metallic mineral manufactures. On first June 1989 three Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) were signed on border trade and economic cooperation providing for joint ventures at the government to government, government to private and private to private levels. The border trade 24 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

protocol was signed on 18 May 1994 between the two countries but the border trade formally began on 5 September 1995. Moreover, Bangladesh trade fair and exhibitions in Yangon in 1995 and 1996 helped a great deal in creating demand for products from Bangladesh. In March 2003 three agreements namely coastal shipping, trade account and joint business council were concluded. In the same year second Bangladesh trade fair took place in Myanmar. Myanmar exports to Bangladesh such items as marine products, beans and pulses and kitchen crops while it imports from Bangladesh pharmaceuticals, ceramic, cotton fabric, raw jute, kitchenware and cosmetic. Reportedly, bilateral trade between Bangladesh and Myanmar stood at US$ 140 million in 2008, which the two countries tried to raise to take to 500 million dollars in the fiscal year 2009-2010.24 According to Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) data, Bangladesh’s export earnings from Myanmar stood at $21.37 million, down by 9.93%, from the last fiscal year. In fiscal year, 2016-17, Bangladesh earned $23.73 million from the neighbouring country.25 1.5 Key challenging issues Despite having proximity and the above mentioned mutual geostrategic and geo-economics interests, due to negative impacts of some disputes, the relations did not grow strong for a win-win situation.26 The key challenges in Bangladesh-Myanmar relations are; 1.5.1 Rohingya Refugee Crisis Rohingya refugee crisis has emerged as the key challenge in Bangladesh-Myanmar relations and continues to be an unmanageable bar in establishing any sustainable relations between these two nations.27 Bangladesh experienced an unprecedented refugee crisis in March- April, 1978 following the forcible exodus of the minority Rohingya into Bangladesh. But the real fact is that they have been living in Arakan State for more than thousand years.28 However, the Rohingyas of the Arakan, a state of Myanmar were forcibly evicted from their land by the Myanmar army in collaboration with the local Rakhaine (Arakanese Buddhist) people. The Myanmar government created the refugee crisis by treating the Rohingyas as illegal Bengali immigrants and pushing  25 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations them into Bangladesh. As a result, relations between the two countries came under strain. However, most of approximately 0.7 million to 1.5 million Muslims in the state of Arakan are Rohingyas.29 The Myanmar’s military government is well known as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). The Military government has been in power since 1962. Then she (The Military government) recognizes 135 ethnic groups in Myanmar according to the Burma Citizenship Law of 1982 and the Rohingyas are not enlisted as one of 135 ethnic groups, and that’s why they are not constitutionally recognized as citizen of Myanmar.30 However, the Rohingyas have fled to Bangladesh from Myanmar since 1978, when around 2000,000 members of the Muslim ethnic group escaped the Burmese army’s operation Nagamin Sit Sit Yay (Dragon King). Later on, between 1991 and 1992, almost 250,000 Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh to escape persecution. In June 2012 a large number of Rohingyas again entered in to Bangladesh after riots pitted Buddhists against the Muslims in Rakhaine State. The most recent incident took place in the month of August 25, 2017. At that time more than ten lacks Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh to escape persecution.31 Historically, after independence of Burma in 1948, the Rohingya Muslims of Myanmar claimed a separate ethnic identity and were recognised by the newly independent government. In the 1950s, Rohingyas had representation in parliament and held high level government posts. After the 1962 military takeover, however, they were systematically denied their civil, political, economic and social rights, which were ultimately legalised through the controversial Citizenship act.32 The Myanmar government identifies Rohingyas as illegal Muslim migrants from neighbouring East Bengal which is now Bangladesh and settled in Myanmar during the British period. The authority of Myanmar implements oppressive policies against Rohingyas and extravagance them as strangers in their native land. Moreover, Burmese people rarely recognise such denial or intolerance as problematic at all. This is evident as the eviction and deportation of Rohingya Muslims deportation implies the widely as well as spontaneously supported by the Myanmar. In a recent census in March 201433 (the first since 1983)34 in Rakhine state, it was decided that Arakani Muslims would be identified as “Rohingyas”, 26 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

but later the Myanmar authority decided that these people would be termed as “Bengalis”. Eventually, Rohingyas could not participate in the census.35 Considering these circumstances, it can be argued that the key driving forces behind the exodus of the Rohingyas include denial of citizenship rights, denial of religious freedom, denial of free movement, sexual harassment, forced labour and relocation, arbitrary taxation, expulsion and other form of human rights abuse.36 Making relations with Myanmar has been challenging for neighbouring countries including Bangladesh. Regarding the Rohingya issue, Christina Fink said, “Bangladesh has been extremely frustrating by the Burmese regime’s refusal to take back all the Rohingya refugees and its continued harsh policies towards the Rohingya in Burma which, cause yet more Rohingya to flee to Bangladesh.”37 At present, the Rohingya issue remains one of the main challenges for cooperation between Bangladesh and Myanmar. The stability and security between the two bordering cities of Bangladesh and Myanmar, namely Teknaf and Maungdaw on the Naaf River, is affected by the influx of Rohingyas from Myanmar to Bangladesh. The security in the border areas is prerequisite for enhancing trade and connectivity between the countries. Since 1978, the Rohingya issue has been hampering cooperation. Currently, Bangladesh is hosting more than ten lacs documented. Although Bangladesh is not a party to 1951 Geneva Convention, she has been receiving the Rohingya refugees for the last 5 decades mainly on humanitarian ground. However, from a security perspective, these Rohingya refugees have gradually become a security concern for Bangladesh. The most alarming security concern is the change in demographic/ethnic composition particularly in Teknaf where the number of Rohingyas is double than the local people.38 Moreover, Rohingya refugee problem is such an acute problem that must resolve straight away because, the people of Bangladesh are facing some awful problems which will take Bangladesh as a defenseless country. The status of illegal migration and repatriation of Rohingya refugees are illustrated like illegal small arms trade, and illegal drug trade.39 Available reports indicate that, drug addiction has increased sharply in the Bangladesh-Myanmar border region, predictably in the collusion with the Rohingya.40 The Rohingyas are also destroying forest, fishes, cutting hill of Bangladesh and also doing some unlawful activities like  27 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations robbery, stealing, smuggling, trafficking in Bangladesh etc. So it needs to be studied properly so that Bangladesh and Myanmar can go to a win- win situation on Rohingya issue. A number of Rohingyas are sent to Malaysia through the trafficking network. Rohingyas are also involved in transnational organised crimes like human and drugs trafficking and small arms smuggling. It was argued that one of the major consequences of military operations in Rakhine and persistent continuous persecution of the Rohingyas is the growth of several dissident groups over the last three decades, and some refugees are involved with these groups. However, there is no authentic information of their activities within Bangladesh territory, and the Bangladesh government denies the existence of any insurgent groups of Myanmar in its territory. However, Bangladesh is facing challenges to maintain law and order in its South- eastern part due to illegal activities of the Rohingyas. By using fake Bangladeshi passport, Rohingyas are going to various destinations including Malaysia and the Middle-East. Although Bangladesh accepted the refugees and supported them with her limited resources she has her limitation. Bangladesh has been trying to solve the problem diplomatically. Bangladesh believes that an amicable solution of the Rohingya issue will not only improve security situations in the border areas, but also open up new avenues of cooperation between the two countries. 1.5.2 Maritime Boundary Demarcation The ongoing conflict about demarcation of maritime boundary has been resolved through a 2012 verdict of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, which granted Bangladesh over 111,000 square Kilometers of exclusive economic zones water in the Bay of Bengal and 12 nautical miles of territorial sea around St. Martin’s Island. It is expected that the government of Myanmar will show its full commitment to implementing this judgment, which will assist in resolving a long–standing disputes between the two neighbouring states. 1.5.3 Historical Problems For historical reasons, Bangladesh and Myanmar have not maintained good relations. It is difficult to break soon the mental barriers of Myanmar leaders. At one stage during the British rule, people from Chittagong had 28 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

great economic power in Burma. From the history, it is known to us that, when the British occupied Arakan in the early 19th century, the area was scarcely populated, while there was a plenty of place for high-yield paddy fields in the fertile Kaladan and the Lemro River Valleys.41At that time, the British policy was to encourage the Bengali inhabitants from the adjacent areas to migrate into these fertile valleys of Arakan as agriculturalists. In this connection, the British East India Company extended the administration of Bengal to Arakan as there was no international boundary between the two countries and no restriction was imposed on the emigration. Subsequently, during the British period, ethnic Bengali Indians formed the backbone of the government and economy of Burma. They served as soldiers, civil servants, merchants and moneylenders in Burma. In one word, the Bengali Indians were the main economic power of Burma under the British rule. For example A.K. Khan became rich from Burma business and most of his children were born in Rangoon. Burma cannot forget the economic domination of the Bengalis. Such circumstance was not accepted mentally by the Theravada Buddhists of Burma. In addition, in that time, the Burmese traditionally not good soldiers had no courage to fight against the British. But they hated the British as well as Bengali Indians. Subsequently, a series of anti-Indian riots beginning in 1930 and mass emigration during the Japanese occupation of Burma followed by the forced expulsion of 1962 left ethnic Indians with a much reduced role in Burma.42 Moreover, in Burma, the most popular hate-speech terms used against Rohingya, ‘kala’ and ‘Bengali,’ both have roots in the colonial period of British rule from 1824 to 1948.43 Moreover, most intellectuals of Myanmar believe that these factors generated an anti-Indian sentiment and strengthened Burese nationalism among Theravada Buddhists.44 1.5.4 Border Tension It has been pointed out earlier that except India, Myanmar is the only country which has both maritime and land border with Bangladesh. There had not been any disputes and tensions between the two countries after independence pertaining to border issues. Bangladesh had no border problem with Myanmar as has in the case of India. In the recent times, several incidents have taken place on the Bangladesh – Myanmar  29 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations border causing concern for Bangladesh. Tensions have arisen particularly over Myanmar’s planned construction of a 40 kilometer long fence along the border, ostensibly to check cross-border smuggling.45 Moreover, Myanmar has strengthened its military presence in the Rakhaine state, which borders Bangladesh. The major activities along the border area by the Myanmar army have been significant and can be enumerated under the following broad parameters. 1 Movement of Myanmar troops and massive patrolling along the bordering area. 2 Construction of concrete pillars and barbed wire fences along the border. 3 Several high-profile visits have taken place in the Rakhaine state by Myanmar high officials. 4 Regular disembarkation of tanks, artillery guns, Recoilless Rifles, Mortars in Buthidaung river jetty. 5 Conducting extensive patrolling along border areas of Bangladesh by Myanmar army. 6 Myanmar commenced barbed wire fencing along Bangladesh – Myanmar border since March 2009. So far approximately 40km fencing has been completed till end of July 2009. 7 Myanmar is forming people’s militia by the members of the Rakhaine state’s Marma community. Such preparations are certainly not of defensive type, but some would say, sm7ack of aggressive intentions. So it seems that the relation between the two countries is not normal. 1.5.5 Cross-Border Terrorism It is alleged that Bangladesh provides support for the Rohingyas to establish their rights in Myanmar. The Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) and other Rohingya organizations have some internal or international links. It is assumed that the RSO has a linkage with Al- Qaeda and other terrorist organizations of the region.46 The Rohingya Solidarity Organization could get support from local people of Bangladesh. In fact, both religion and language had been 30 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

central in forming a sympathetic posture towards the Rohingya refugee since their arrival into Bangladesh. It is likely that some Islamic groups provided the Muslim Rohingyas, including RSO and Arakan Rohingya Islamic front (ARIF), financial and material as well as moral support. RSO is alleged to be working in various camps of Bangladesh.47 This pro-democracy movement is gaining international support in their struggle against military rule and ethnic repression. They are trying to consolidate their position and put pressure on the military rulers to get rid of the misery of their life and establish their fundamental rights in their own region. Their main aim is to settle themselves in their own country as full citizen. Though it is believed that they are active in neighboring countries, it remains uncertain if the RSO and other Rohingya group can realize their demand and dream to resettle themselves in Arakan as full citizen of Myanmar. Availability of small arms along Bangladesh–Myanmar border is also a matter of concern. It helps the members of United People’s Democratic Front (UPDF), the anti – peace agreement Hill organization in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in clashes against the Bengalis and rival Hill groups. The dissident groups of the CHT are importing small arms from Myanmar. It is easy for them to import illegal arms from Myanmar. So this issue creates a barrier to build smooth relations between Bangladesh – Myanmar relations. 1.5.6 Illegal Small and Arms Trade Illegal small and arms trade is a flourishing business along the Bangladesh – Myanmar border despite all the efforts by the Bangladesh Rifles. Now Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) is very conscious to curb such activities in the border areas. Teknaf and its counterpart Maungdaw across the river carry on a lively, mostly illegal trade in goods from all over the world. Local leaders can get a daylight permit to visit the other side and many others cross without state authorization. Arms and ammunition from various parts of the world also enter Bangladesh here. The smuggling of small arms reveals a link between unauthorized trading and the many insurgencies in the region. Rebel groups in Arakan, and Chine State (Myanmar), the Chittagong Hill Tracts and North-East India depend on supplies passing through the borderland. If Myanmar fails to cooperate in stopping illegal arms trade in the border  31 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations areas, criminals and terrorist group may create threats to internal law and order situation of Bangladesh.

1.5.7 Illegal Drug Trade Due to long military rule of Burma, self-imposed isolation, and economic embargo by the international community, the military junta of Burma relies heavily on poppy cultivation and illegal drug trading for revenues. In the 1980s, the borderland between Bangladesh and Burma developed into an important channel for the trade in Burmes goods. As a result of increasing military pressure on heroin manufacture in the Shan States (Eastern Myanmar), heroin refineries were established in Chin State which is close to the Bangladesh border. A large quantity of Myanmar’s heroin began to be routed through Bangladesh for transhipment to European and North American markets.48 Today heroin has established itself as a routine trade item and some opium poppy is being grown on the Bangladesh side of the border as well. Additionally, Myanmar has been the second largest opium producer in the world being situated near the notorious golden triangle. A heaven for illegal drug trading Bangladesh faces an imminent danger and this cannot be tackled for Bangladesh without full cooperation of Myanmar. 1.5.8 Myanmar – Bangladesh Border Fence Myanmar shares about 200 miles of border with Bangladesh on the western frontier, along which Myanmar has built 40 miles of barbed- wire fence since 2009. The Myanmar regime claims the fencing is in order to “ward off cross-border narcotic and human trafficking”.49 The Myanmar Authorities stated that the intention of undertaking of the project by their government was to contain terrorist activities, curb smuggling and drug trafficking etc., across the Myanmar-Bangladesh border area. 1.5.9 Transnational Crimes One thing we should know that, the border between Bangladesh and Myanmar is porous which is rapidly becoming a canal of transnational crimes like smuggling of arms, drugs and human trafficking. The failure or inability to eradicate drug by the Myanmar has had particularly profound consequences for neighbouring countries.50 32 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

Bangladesh-Myanmar border reign has been identified as the key point for drug trafficking by the Bangladesh Department of Narcotics Control.51 There are several factories in the border area insides Myanmar which produce illegal drugs that are being smuggled into Bangladesh. India is famous for producing Phensidyl while Myanmar Yaba which are posing a serious threat to Bangladeshi young generation.52 1.5.10 Lack of Connectivity Shortage of connectivity is another obstruction to develop a friendly tie between Bangladesh and Myanmar. In the era of globalisation, when nations are reaping benefit from their relations even though they are far from each other, these two close neighbours do not have even road links or sea links for trade, commerce and people’s movement. Historically these links were there, but have fallen into disuse for decades.53 It is said that understanding the Myanmar authority is a difficult job. Nevertheless, the Bangladesh authority and the people are keen and relentlessly giving endeavour to make the best of proximity with this next door neighbour. 1.5.11 Lack of Political Will One big instance is mainly to lack of political will, unresolved border issues are not only resulting in bilateral tensions but also affecting the potential of improving the volume of cross-border trade and investment, hindering inter-connectivity and development cooperation between Bangladesh and Myanmar.54 1.5.12 Lack of Faith and Assurance Another important hindrance is the lack of mutual trust and assurance between the governments. This is an issue which needs to be addressed through gestures of reputation and mutual cooperation over a number of years. Issues of tensions between the border security forces of both countries, reluctance to exchange intelligence and take collective actions to address transnational security issues are some consequence of trust deficit. One pertinent example is border fencing by Myanmar government. Though it proved that fencing is only for preventing illicit trafficking in the border, but barbed wire fencing 40 km of border no doubt recommend lack of mutual trust and confidence.  33 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations

1.5.13 Lack of Expected Interactions Another major hindrance is lack of regular or expected interactions and confidence-building measures between the border security forces. Due to the lack of regular exchange and joint ventures, both countries have abortive to control illicit trafficking in the border areas and successfully transaction with other transnational security problems. A study by Safer world presents an alarming scenario of illicit networks in the border areas and alerts about the security concerns.55 1.5.14 Lack of curiosity and understanding about each other Lack of curiosity and understanding among the general people of both countries is also obstructing official engagement as well as the prospect for trade and investment. Although both countries established Joint Trade Commission in 2003, lifted tariff barriers against 152 products, arranged business meetings several times, trade and investment volume remained unexpectedly low.56 The lack of mutual understanding of economic and social characteristics, habits and practices have resulted into low level of political, economic and social engagement and low level of exploration of opportunities on both ends. 1.6 China and India Factors To focus the diplomatic relations between Bangladesh and Myanmar one must understand the diplomatic connection of the two Asian Giants, China and India in the ties of Bangladesh and Myanmar. We know India, the close neighbor of Bangladesh since 1947 made significant advancement in achieving excellent relations with South-East Asian Countries in various sectors with a geometric progression. After liberalization of Indian economy from 1992 onwards, India started looking at the lucrative markets of ASEAN region as part of the ‘Look East Policy’.57 India has embarked on a policy of building closer relations with Myanmar to counteract Chinese control and assist the growth of trade and commerce with the country of Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). India is also seeking deeper economic as well as defense relation with Myanmar authority for its own tactical benefit. India’s sharp policy shift has not gone unnoticed. “Once a staunch and vocal Aung San Suu Kyi supporter, India began engaging Myanmar’s military junta in the mid-1990s – a shift that has been security, energy and strategic priorities override concerns over 34 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

democracy and human rights.58 India is eying oil and gas fields in Myanmar and fears losing out to China in the race for strategic space in Asia.59 Besides, providing military supplies to Myanmar, Indian public sector giant, oil and natural Gas Corporations help Myanmar to explore gas and oil in the disputed water of the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is little bit worried, as India refrained itself from putting any pressure upon Myanmar regarding Rohingya issues. Myanmar became the member of the ASEAN in 1996 and from then the cooperation between India and Myanmar enhanced. India also increased her friendly ties with ASEAN as well. India pledged $10 million towards capacity building on the agricultural sector in Myanmar.60 It is well known to us that agricultural sector is the back bone of Myanmar’s economy. Providing employment of 2/3rd of Myanmar’s people and contributing to 58% of its GDP and 48% of export earnings.61 India is concentrated to build an agricultural research center at Yezin. Regarding health sector, India has decided to supply very special medical equipment to a children’s hospital in Yangon. The two states also agreed on counter insurgency co-operation. India’s current Myanmar policy appears to be largely copying the methods adopted by the Chinese. To improve interaction, people to people exchange and connectivity with Myanmar, India has taken up a number of road and port construction projects. India has constructed the 160-km Tamu-Kalewa- Kalemyo road in Myanmar from Manipur border.62 It is also assisting in the proposed trilateral highway project to connect Moreh in Maniput to Mae Sot in Thailand via Bagan in Myanmar. In this regard, India’s Kaladan multi-model transit transport facility is aimed at developing linkage between Indian ports on the eastern sea board and Sittwe port in Myanmar.63 This would enable transportation by river transport and road to Mizoram providing an alternative route for transport of goods to North-East India. A proposal to build a rail link from Jiribaum in Assam to Hanoi in Viet Nam through Myanmar is also on the cards. On the other hand, China-Myanmar relations have a long history. As Myanmar’s biggest foreign investor, China has benefited from the isolation of its resource rich neighbor, buying up vast amounts of oil, gas and timber as it offered unwavering diplomatic support.64 China has stepped its influence through economic, military and development  35 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations assistance. Trade between the two countries hit $4.4 billion in 2010, up by 53% from the previous year. China has signed a 30 year deal with Myanmar for the right to buy natural gas from its Shwe fields.65 Nevertheless, China’s economic, political and military involvement in Myanmar is all-encompassing. China’s prime attention to Myanmar is in oil, natural gas and hydroelectricity, as it seeks to fuel its breakneck economic expansion. China has already started to construct on twin oil and natural gas pipelines going from the Myanmar port of Kyankpyu on the Bay of Bengal to Kunming. Around 80% of China’s oil imports from the Middle East and Africa are currently transported through the Strait of Malacca, which Beijing fears could be choked off in the future due to geopolitical disputes.66 Due to this China’s strategic objective appears to be to gain direct access to Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea through Myanmar by passing the narrow Strait of Malacca. China has a long term strategic interest in Myanmar because of their convenient geographic location with access to the Bay of Bengal and its huge energy reserve. China has heavily invested in Myanmar’s sea ports to develop docking, repairing, maintenance and refuelling facilities, capable of catering to the needs of the Chinese navy.67 A solid tactical association has been put up between the two neighbours for common advantage and interest. China is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and she has the veto power that can be used as a protection for Myanmar against the Western tension to ‘discipline’ the military junta of Myanmar. But whether or not China will use its veto power to rescue Myanmar is subject to Bangladesh’s relative strategic value to china vis-a-vis Myanmar and to the degree of involvement of the US in any future conflict.68 The strategic location and significance of Bangladesh has already recognized by the strategic activities of China. Because the geographic location of Bangladesh which cuts off the North Eastern region of India from the rest of India, acts as a bridge between SAARC and ASEAN and offers access to the Indian Ocean through the Bay of Bengal. The growing Chinese economic and military assistance to Bangladesh and Myanmar to prevent a conflict or to prevent the escalation of a conflict to ensure its neutrality and to limit the scope for the Western powers to play any significant role in a possible conflict to protect its own strategic interest in this region. India attaches importance 36 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

to Myanmar for the success of its ‘look east policy’ and as a good source of energy. Myanmar has a great deal of strategic significance for both India and China, whereas for Bangladesh it has a strategic twinning prospect for mutual security and economic cooperation. Indeed, Bangladesh’s foreign policy objectives ‘Friendship to all malice to none’ should place a higher priority on maintaining friendly ties with East Asian Countries. In fact both economic and military balance of power is shifting from Atlantic to Asia Pacific.69 Bangladesh’s interest to maintain pro-active relations with Myanmar is highly necessary for the reasons of national security and strategic advantages such as an alternative land route opening to China and South-East Asia and to resolve the long lasting complex Rohingya crisis. So, the tri-nation direct road link stretching Bangladesh, Myanmar and China is another area where cooperation can greatly benefit the whole region.70 The extension of highway from Cox’s Bazer to Bawlibazer up to Kunming of China via Myanmar would contribute significantly. Furthermore, Bangladesh can take diplomatic initiative for the implementation of the proposed Trans Asian Railway (TAR), a project of UNESCAP. Once materialized, Bangladesh will be connected with among others six South-East Asian Countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Loas, Combodia, Malaysia and Singapore as well as European Countries through Turkey. Consequently, Bangladesh-Myanmar economic and commercial ties will greatly expand through this increased connectivity. Policy Recommendation and Conclusion Both Bangladesh and Myanmar the countries are geographically close neighbor but the real fact is that, they are not as close as they should have been. Although, after the independence of Bangladesh, the relations between Bangladesh and Myanmar started internationally, closely as well as friendly with a new inspiration. Since 1972 A.D, many top level visits took place from both sides to boost up Bangladesh- Myanmar ties. Geo-strategically, Myanmar provides for Bangladesh a possible gateway to China as well as to South-East Asia. Bangladesh and Myanmar could continue to improve their ties and they have many complementarities,  37 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations potentialities, opportunities and areas of co-operation to improve their relations which will give them greater connectivity both at sub-regional and regional levels. Myanmar and Bangladesh jointly are the bridge between ASEAN and SAARC. The Look-East Policy is a significant diplomatic initiative in the foreign policy of Bangladesh. This diplomatic drive has already started paying dividends in improving bilateral relation with ASEAN countries and the major power in South and South-East Asia. The development of relation with Myanmar and pursuing the Look-East Policy of Bangladesh is likely to have enormous effect on the region. This will open the door of communication between Bangladesh and ASEAN nations. These may be on sharing military training, providing the fields of economic and technical assistance, trade and investment, employment of workforce in Myanmar, education and culture, tourism, technology transfer and human resources development, organizing joint military exercises, supply of gas, building joint electro-hydrolic project, facilitating communication and trade with other ASEAN nations, establishing reverine, land and air communication, exchanging cultural and educational delegations, controlling drug and weapon smuggling, promoting tourism etc,. In the international agenda, both the countries have been working in harmony in different regional and international organizations and share their common view and stand on a major regional and international issue for the promotion of regional and international peace and security. With the enhancement of cooperation in the areas of trade and investment, manpower issue, tourism, education and culture, the relationship between Bangladesh and Myanmar would grow stronger in future. Notes & References

1 Yunus Ali Sheikh, “Bangladesh – Myanmar Relations: Making the Best of Proximity,” BIISS Journal. Vol. 19, No. 4, (July, 1998), pp. 471. 2 Donald M. Seekins, Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) (Oxford: The scarecrow press, Inc., 2006), p. 2. 3 Morten B. Pedersen, Emily Rudland and R. J May (eds.), Burma Myanmar: Strong Regime Weak State, (London: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd., 2000), p. 241. 4 M. Jashim Uddin, “Prospect for Attaining a New Height in Bangladesh-Myanmar Relations: Bangladesh Perspective” BIISS Journal. Vol. 35, No. 1, (January, 2014), p. 3. 38 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

5 Anbarasan Ethirajan, "Bangladesh bids to boost trade with Burma”, BBC News, 18 December 2012, available at http://www.bbc.com/news/business-20675228, Accessed on 15 February 2014. 6 The list of companies going into Myanmar so far includes Thai corporations such as PTT Exploration and Production; Ratchaburi Electricity Generating Holding; and Hemaraj Land and Development. Japan’s Toyota and Honda have expressed an interest in locating a production base in Myanmar. Mitsubishi, Mitsui and Sumitomo, all from Japan, along with Malaysia’s Petronas, American conglomerate General Electric, Danish shipping line Maersk and Indian group Jubilant Energy are also planning to invest. Ford Motor Company recently became the first American automaker to launch operations in Myanmar with the opening of a new showroom and service centre in Yangon. Ford entered Myanmar market through a partnership with Capital Automotive, a subsidiary of one of Myanmar’s largest companies. See, Karl Wilson, “Asia Weekly: Myanmar poised for FDI take off”, China Daily Asia, 04 October, available at http://www.chinadailyasia.com/ business/2013- 10/04/content__15091101.html, accessed on 10 February 2014. 7 Ibid. 8 Kamal Uddin Ahmed, “Bangladesh – Burma Relations: The political – Economic dimensions”, BIISS Journal. Vol. 7, No. 4, (June, 1986), p. 444. 9 Bangladesh Observer, 29 May 1972. 10 Kamal Uddin Ahmed, Op. cit, p. 445. 11 Kamal Uddin Ahmed, “Bangladesh and its Neighbours”, (Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 2008), p. 97. 12 Bangladesh Observer, 21 July 1977. 13 Bangladesh Times, 22 July 1977. 14 Asia Yearbook 1983, (Hong Kong), p. 125. 15 Harun-Ur-Rashid, Bangladesh foreign policy (Dhaka: Academic Press and Publishers Limited, 2010), p. 172. 16 Bangladesh Observer, 24 May 1979. 17 Bangladesh Observer, 24 May 1979. 18 Kaiser - Morshed, “Bangladesh – Burma Relations”, http://www.idea.int/asia_pacific/burma/upload/ chap2.pdf , Accessed on 22 May 2012. 19 Kaiser - Morshed, “Bangladesh – Burma Relations”, http://www.idea.int/asia_pacific/burma/upload/ chap2.pdf , Accessed on 22 May 2012. 20 Ibid. 21 Ibid. 22 Ibid. 23 Bangladesh Observer, 13 August 1985. 24 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/bangladesh/forrel-mm.htm, Accessed on 20 October 2012.  39 50 Years of Bangladesh–Myanmar Diplomatic Relations

25 Dhaka Tribune, 12 July 2018. 26 M. Jashim Uddin, Op. cit., p. 5. 27 Mahfuzul H Chowdhury and Nasir Uddin, “Bar between Brothers: Rohingya in Bangladesh- Myanmar Relations”, Nasir Uddin (ed.), To Host or To Hurt: Counter Narrative on Rohingya Refugee Issue in Bangladesh, (Dhaka, ICRD, 2012), p. 42. 28 Abdul Karim, The Rohingyas-A Short Account of Their History and Culture (Chittagong: Arakan Historical Society, 2000), p. 12. 29 Kamal Uddin and Akkas Ahmed, “Bangladesh – Myanmar Relations: Continuity and Change,” Chittagong University Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 26, (June, 2008), p. 84. 30 Donald M. Seekins, Op. cit., p. 7. 31 https://www.mercycorps.org/articles/bangladesh/rohingya-refugee-crisis-quick- facts, Accessed on 20 June 2019. 32 Imtiaz Ahmed (ed.), The Plight of the Stateless Rohingyas: Responses of the State, Society & the International Community, (Dhaka: University Press Limited, 2010), p. 16. 33 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Myanmar_Census, Accessed on 18 July 2019. 34 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Myanmar_Census, Accessed on 18 July 2019. 35 “Rohingyas told to Register as Bengalis”, The Daily Star, 31 March 2014. 36 Cgris Lewa, ‘IDP’s In Burma’ in C R Abrar and M. P. Lama (eds.), “Displacement within Borders: The IDP’s of Bangladesh and Region”, Dhaka: RMMRU, 2003, pp. 169-175. Also interviewed with Rohingya refugees living in Kutupalong and makeshift camps in Ukhia in Cox’s Bazaar district from 12 to 14 March 2018. 37 Christina Fink, living Silence in Burma: Surviving Under Military Rule, (New York: Zeed Books Ltd, 2009), P. 253. 38 http://xchange.org/bangladeshi-perspectives-on-the-rohingya-crisis-survey/, Accessed on 20 July 2019. 39 www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=33254, accessed on 06 May 2011. 40 Shaheen Afroze (Ed.), Bangladesh-Southeast Asian Relations: Some Insights (Dhaka: Academic Press and Publishers Limited, 2002), p.165. 41 Pakistan Defence, “History of the Illegal Bengali migration”, http://defence.pk/threads/how-illegal- chinese-and-bangladeshi-immigrants- rohingyas-flooded-myanmar.197180/, Accessed on 4 May, 2014. 42 Indians in Burmese History, http://www.cyclopaedia.info/wiki/Indians-in- Burmese-History, Accessed on May 8, 2013. 43 http://thesentinelproject.org/the-colonial-origins-of-hate-speech-in-burma/, Accessed on 4 May, 2014. 44 http://peacebuilding.asia/myanmar-represented-by-its-nationality-law/, Accessed on 4 May, 2014. 45 Kamal Uddin and Akkas Ahmed, Op.cit, p. 84. 46 Kamal Uddin and Akkas Ahmed, Op.cit, p. 88. 40 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

47 Ibid. 48 Willem Van Schendel, “Guns and Gas in South-East Asia: Transnational Flows in Bangladesh- Myanmar Borderland” https://kyotoreview.org/issue-7/guns-and- gas-in-southeast-asia- transnational-flows-in-the- burma-bangladesh-borderland/ Accessed on 20 July 2019. 49 https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/myanmar/myanmar-bangladesh- fence.htm, Accessed on 18 July 2019. 50 Christina Fink, Op. cit., p. 253. 51 “Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) proposals for Bangladesh – Myanmar deal on security dialogue”, Dhaka Tribune, 06 March 2014. 52 Inflow of Yaba on the Rise, The News Today, 21 August 2013. 53 M. Jashim Uddin, Op. Cit., p. 10. 54 Op. Cit., p. 13. 55 Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Mitra and Associates and Saferworld,“Safety and security in the South-East border area of Bangladesh: A public perceptions survey”, London: Saferworld, February 2013. 56 M. Jashim Uddin, Op. Cit., p. 14. 57 Komol Singha (Ed.), “Rural Development in India: Retrospect and prospect” (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Pvt. Ltd, 2010), p. 357. 58 https://mygoldenbengal.wordpress.com/2014/05/18/bangladesh-myanmar-40- years-of-diplomatic- relations/, Accessed on 5 April 2019. 59 Md Kamal Uddin and Akkas Ahmed, Op. Cit., p. 92. 60 https://mygoldenbengal.wordpress.com/2014/05/18/bangladesh-myanmar-40- years-of-diplomatic- relations/, Accessed on 5 April 2019. 61 https://mygoldenbengal.wordpress.com/2014/05/18/bangladesh-myanmar-40- years-of-diplomatic- relations/, Accessed on 5 April 2019. 62 South Asia Monitor, 18 May 2014. 63 The Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaladan_Multi- Modal_Transit_Transport_Project, Accessed on, 20 June, 2019. 64 Rising Asia Magazine, http://www.ceafasia.org/articles.php, Accessed on 20 July 2019. 65 South Asia Monitor, 18 May 2014. 66 “China seeks oil security with new tanker fleet”, Oil & Gas journal, 9 October 2006. 67 https://mygoldenbengal.wordpress.com/2014/05/18/bangladesh-myanmar-40- years-of-diplomatic- relations/, Accessed on 15 April 2019. 68 Ibid. 69 South Asia Monitor, 18 May 2014. 70 Ibid. wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X evsjvi myjZvwb kvmbc‡e© wkÿv cÖmv‡i e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM I ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZv W. Avey †bvgvb †gv. Avmv`yjøvn

[Abstract: If education is the backbone of a nation, education system must be the most important nation-building tool. Any human being becomes a fully developed human only through the help of education and every nation has its specific trend of education system. The more a nation nurtures its education system, the more its population become harmoniously developed human resources. Islamic education flourished in Bengal through the rise of Muslim Sultanate. When we consider the expansion of education during the Sultani era, we see contributions from both individuals and state. The assumption is that most madrashas of this period were established through individual patronage. However, most of these private-run institutions were later supported and enriched by Sultani rulers. This paper explores the individual as well as state patronage of education in Bengal during the Sultani era.] gmwR`, gv`ivmv Ges LvbKvn GB wZbwU cÖwZôvb gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| myjZvwb kvmbvg‡j evsjvq mvaviY gvbyl‡K agx©q welqvewj m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kivi Rb¨ GB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| mßv‡ni GKwU w`b ïµev‡i gymjgvbMY Rygvi gmwR‡` GKwÎZ n‡q _v‡Kb| †mLv‡b myjZvb ev myjZv‡bi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e A‡ji cÖavb e¨w³ bvgv‡Ri †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Zb| †mLv‡b wZwb LyZev (e³e¨) cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| KLbI ci¯úi Zuviv ÁvbPP©v ev Áv‡bi wewbgq Ki‡Zb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gmwR‡`i GKwU Ask mywd‡`i wbwe©Nœ Bev`Z I wbqwgZ Ávb PP©vi Rb¨ wbw`©ó _vK‡Zv| myjZvwb kvmbKv‡j kn‡ii Rv‡g gmwR`¸‡jvq myjZvb wb‡R ev Zuvi cÖwZwbwaMY Rygv bvgv‡R †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| `~ieZx© Ab¨vb¨ gmwR`¸‡jvq Ávbxe¨w³eM© ev Avwjg-Djvgv KZ©„K bvgvR m¤úbœ n‡Zv| mvaviY gvbyl‡K wkwÿZ I m‡PZb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjvi wewfbœ A‡j gv`ivmv wbwg©Z n‡Zv|1 mgv‡Ri weËevb gymjgvbMY KLbI KLbI myjZvb gv`ivmv msµvšÍ e¨q wbe©v‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq LiP cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ f~wg `vb Ki‡Zb|2 myjZvb Avjv Avj-`xb ûmvBb kv‡ni Avg‡j (1493-1519 wLª÷vã) kvBL b~i KzZzeyj Avjg cvÐyqvq GKwU gv`ivmv cÖwZôv K‡ib| G gv`ivmv iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ myjZvb Avjv Avj-`xb ûmvBb kvn jvLvivR Rwg `vb K‡ib e‡j D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| Djvgv †kªwY GB gv`ivmv¸‡jvq wkÿK wn‡m‡e wbhy³ _vK‡Zb| gymwjg mgv‡R GB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq wQj| DjvgvMY cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Zb| gymwjg weR‡qi c~e© †_‡KB evsjvq cxi `i‡ek Avwjg Djvgvi AvMgb Avi¤¢ nq e‡j W. Gbvgyj nK hyw³ Dc¯’vcbc~e©K gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb|3 RbM‡Yi gv‡S Bmjvg cÖPvi, Bmjv‡gi

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52 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ cvIqv hvq|53 gv`ivmvi wkjvwjwci A‡bK ¸‡jv‡ZB Ô`vi-Dj LqivZÕ ev Ôwebv-Dj LqivZÕ ejv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z aviYv Kiv hvq †h, ivóªxq f~-m¤úwË gÄywii m‡½ m‡½ wewfbœ `vbkxj †jv‡KivI gv`ivmvi Rb¨ Ges we‡kl K‡i QvÎ wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ f~wg `vb ev A_© `vb Ki‡Zb| Rvdi Lv‡bi w·eYx gv`ivmvi wkjvwjwc‡Z GB K_v wjLv i‡q‡Q| G‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Kvwh bvwmi gynv¤§` Zuvi e¨w³MZ Znwej †_‡K `vb K‡ib| evNv¯’ nvI`v wgqv Ôg``-B gvkÕ wn‡m‡e cÖPzi f~-m¤úwË jvf K‡ib| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, Zuvi eskaiiv 22wU MÖvg IqvKd wn‡m‡e jvf K‡ib| Avevi Kv‡iv g‡Z Zuviv 42wU MÖvg g``-B gvk wn‡m‡e jvf K‡ib|54 1835 wLª÷v‡ã GWvg Zuvi wkÿv msµvšÍ wi‡cv‡U© e‡jb, ÒKmev evNvq Aew¯’Z gv`ivmvwU eûw`‡bi e„wˇfvMx cÖwZôvb| cÖZxqgvb nq, m¤úwËUvi cÖ_gZ `ywU Ask wQj, hv c„_K c„_K miKvwi gÄywii Øviv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡qwQj| mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi ivR‡Z¡i EwbkZg eQ‡i GKwU mb‡` gv`ivmv‡K g``-B gvk iƒ‡c c~e© c` I f~wg `v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv nq Ges hv‡K kvnRvnv‡bi mb`wU †`qv n‡qwQj †mB kvBL Avãyj Inve‡K gvIjvbv Dcvwa cÖ`vb Kiv nq|Ó55 GKBfv‡e gwnmyb (†PŠÏ kZ‡K evieKvev` bv‡g cwiwPZ) gv`ivmvwU‡ZI cÖPzi f~m¤úwË `vb Kiv n‡qwQj| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~‡Î Rvbv hvq †h, gwnmyb (¯’vbxqfv‡e gvBMÄ bv‡g cwiwPZ) gmwR`, gv`ivmv Ges Ab¨vb¨ agx©q cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjbv I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ 2750 weNv jvLvivR f~wg Aby`vb wn‡m‡e gymwjg kvmb Avgj †_‡K P‡j AvmwQj| GgbwK Zv Dwbk kZK ch©šÍ Pvjy wQj|56 weªwUk kvmbvg‡j Zv µgvš^‡q i` n‡q hvq| gwnmyb `iMvi eZ©gvb Lvw`g †gvt igRvb Avjx †`Iqvb (¯’vbxqfv‡e †PivMx bv‡g cwiwPZ) H wekvj f~m¤úwËi wKQy Ask GL‡bv †fvM `Lj K‡i Av‡Qb|57 weªwUk miKv‡ii jvLvivR ev‡Rqvwßi weeiY ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmbvg‡j agx©q I wkÿv msµvšÍ cÖwZôvb Ges ag©cÖvY I weØvb e¨w³‡`i bv‡g AmsL¨ wb®‹i Rwgi e¨e¯’v wQj|58 G mg¯Í D`vniY †_‡K wbwðZ K‡i D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h, evsjvi myjZvwb kvmbc‡e© wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~n c~Y© e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ n‡jI c~Y© miKvwi my‡hvM myweav †c‡q‡Q| miKvwi Aby`v‡b mg„× n‡q wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i Ávb AR©‡bi ¯ú„nv‡K Av‡iv †ewk †eMevb I mnR K‡i‡Q| myjZvwb kvmbc‡e© †h mg¯Í wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Z_¨ AeMZ nIqv hvq Zvi me¸‡jvB wQj AvevwmK| gv`ivmvq QvÎ Ges wkÿK‡`i _vKv LvIqvi e¨e¯’v wQj| gv`ivmvi Avevmb I LvIqv-`vIqv eve` LiP mvaviYZ e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡MB n‡Zv| †mvbviMuv‡qi gvIjvbv kid Avj-`xb Avey ZvIqvgvi gv`ivmv †h AvevwmK wQj Zvi cÖgvY kid Avj-`xb Bqvwnqv gv‡bixi Rxe‡bi GKwU NUbv †_‡K Rvbv hvq| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, gv`ivmvi mKj QvÎ-wkÿK GKB `¯ÍiLv‡b e‡m LvIqv `vIqv Ki‡Zb| G‡Z A‡bK mgq e¨q n‡Zv| kid Avj-`xb Bqvwnqv gv‡bix Ávb PP©vq GZUvB AbyivMx wQ‡jb †h, wZwb GZUzKz mgqI AcPq cQ›` Ki‡Z PvB‡Zb bv| eis wZwb `¯ÍiLv‡b LvIqv †Q‡o w`‡Zb| G‡Z A‡bK mgq Zuv‡K Afy³ _vK‡Z n‡Zv| Zuvi wkÿK kid Avj-`xb Avey ZvIqvgv G K_v Rvb‡ZB Zuvi Lvevi wfbœfv‡e †`evi e¨e¯’v K‡i †`b|59 G †_‡K Abyaveb Kiv hvq †h, gv`ivmvwU wbtm‡›`‡n AvevwmK wQj|

evsjvi myjZvwb kvmbc‡e© wkÿv cÖmv‡i e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM I ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZv 53 w·eYx gv`vivmvwU AvevwmK nIqvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq, D³ gv`ivmvi wkjvwjwc †_‡KB| G‡Z Kvwh gynv¤§` Avnj-Avj-dRj Gi mKj RxweKvi e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ Zuvi weivU A_© e¨‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Avnj-Avj-dRj ej‡Z gv`ivmvi wkÿK, QvÎ Ges Kg©Pvix mKj‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wkjvwjwc‡Z Av‡iv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, wZwb (Kvwh bvwmi gynv¤§`) Kg©Pvix‡`i MvwjPvI cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|60 Gi A_© GB †h, QvÎ-wkÿK-Kg©Pvix mK‡jB webv Li‡P AvevwmK myweav †c‡Zb| myjZvb Rvjvj Avj-`xb gynv¤§` kv‡ni (M‡Y‡ki cyÎ) wkjvwjwc‡ZI Zvwje- Dj-Bjg ev we`¨v wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ A_© e¨‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K mn‡RB aviYv Kiv hvq †h, gv`ivmvwU AvevwmK cÖwZôvbiƒ‡c wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| myjZvb Avjv Avj-`xb ûmvBb kv‡ni `imevwi gv`ivmvi MVbcÖYvjxI gv`ivmvwU AvevwmK nIqvi mvÿ¨ †`q| `imevwi gv`ivmvi ¯’vcbvwU eM©vK…wZi| Gi cÖ‡Z¨K evû ev cÖ‡Z¨K cv‡k¦© 169 dzU j¤^v| PZzw`©‡K Kÿ i‡q‡Q Ges gvSLv‡b GKwU AvwObv i‡q‡Q| AvwObvi ˆ`N©¨ 123 dzU I cÖ¯’ 123 dzU| PZzw`©‡Ki Kÿ¸‡jvi †gvU msL¨v 40 Ges cÖ‡Z¨K Kÿ 11©-4©©© © j¤^v Ges 11©-4© © PIov| GLv‡b GKwU gmwR`I i‡q‡Q| gmwR`wUi ˆ`N©¨ 16 dzU Ges cÖ¯’ 16 dzU| gv`ivmvi evB‡i cyKzi wQj| wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i †Mvmj I IRy Kivi e¨e¯’v †mLv‡b wQj| cyKz‡ii PZz¯úv‡k¦© Kg©Pvix‡`i _vKvi e¨e¯’v wQj| cyKz‡i bvgvi Rb¨ Nv‡Ui e¨e¯’v wQj| gv`ivmvi †PŠnwÏ †h A‡bK `~‡i we¯Í…Z wQj Zv cÖZœZË¡ wefv‡Mi eY©bv‡ZB Rvbv hvq| weei‡Yi †jLK Ave`yj Kvw`i D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb,

ÒThe Inmates of the Madrasah, the teachers, students and other emplyees, probably used both the smaller pond on the east and the larger water tank on the west....The northern bank of the larger tank (dighi) and also parts of its western and eastern banks beyond the masonry ghat and the connected pathway, and probably also the area west of the Madrasah bordering the eastern bank appear to conceal substatial cultural accumulation which also reqire to be carefully examined by systemic excavations. These areas were possibly occupied by some sections of the Madrasah establishment. The southern bank also contained cultural 61 debris but its destruction is complete now.Ó nvI`v wgqvi (cÖK…Z bvg kvn gyqv¾g `vwbkg›`) evNv gv`ivmvI wQj GKwU AvevwmK wkÿv cÖwZôvb| cwieªvRK Ave`yj jwZd 1609 wLª÷v‡ã hLb GB gv`ivmvwU cwi`k©b K‡ib, ZLb GwU wQj GKwU L‡oi Ni| Gi AvqZb wQj wekvj|62 Gi wekvjvK…wZ †`‡L mn‡RB aviYv Kiv hvq †h, GB gv`ivmvwUI wQj AvevwmK| GWIqvW© GWvg evsjvi cÖvPxb wkÿve¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© wi‡cvU© ˆZwii mgq evNvq hvb Ges gv`ivmv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wi‡cvU© †j‡Lb| Zuvi wi‡cv‡U© Rvbv hvq, wkÿv_x©iv KZ©„c‡ÿi KvQ ‡_‡K _vKv, LvIqv, †cvkvK, †avcv LiP, ˆZj Ges KvMR-Kjg mn wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` †c‡Zv|63 G Qvov evNv gv`ivmvi cÖ_g Ges cÖavb gy`viwim gvIjvbv †ki Avjx Ges `yRb

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1 Minahaj Siraj, Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, Vol. I. (ed.), Abdul Hai Habibi (Kabul: Historical Society of Afganistan, 1963), p. 427. A K M Yaqub Ali, Aspects of Society and Culture of the Varendra 1200-1576 A.D. (Rajshahi, 1998), p. 238. 2 M. A. Rahim, Social and Cultural History of Bengal, Vol. I, 1201-1576 (Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society, 1963), p. 184. Shamsuddin Ahmed, Inscriptiption of Bengal, Vol. IV (Rajshahi:Varendra Research Museum, 1960), pp. 19-20, 28-29, 47-48, 159; Islamic Studies Islamabad, Vol-XXIV- 4, pp. 434-435, 443; G‡KGg BqvKze Avjx, ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg, (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1992), c„. 56| 3 Enamul Haque, A History of Sufism in Bengal, (Dhaka: Asiatic Sosiety of Bangladesh, 1975) pp. 20-21. 4 Dr. P.L. Gupta, "The Date of Bakhtiyar Khalji’s Occupation of Gaur", Journal of the Varendra Research Museum, Vol. IV, 1975-76, pp. 33-34; W. Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm, myjZvbx Avgj (XvKv: RvZxq MÖš’ cÖKvkb, 1999), c„. 93; †gv. Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi cÖkvmb-e¨e¯’vi BwZnvm, gymwjg Avgj 1205-1757 wLª. (XvKv: m~PxcÎ, 2008), c„. 20| 5 gynv¤§` Gbvgyj nKmn A‡bK we`» cwÐZ g‡b K‡ib †h, L¨vwZgvb ZzwK© †mbvcwZ eLwZqvi jvLYveZx AwaKv‡ii c~‡e©B wKQymsL¨K Avie ewYK GLv‡b emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| G Awfg‡Zi cÖvgvY¨ `jxj bv _vK‡jI Bmjvg cÖPviKMY KL‡bv ag© cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ KL‡bv e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjvq A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB Avm‡Z ïi” K‡ib| `ª. M. A. Rahim, Social and Cultural History of Bengal (1201-1576), Vol. I (Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society, 1963), pp. 37-38. 6 Minahaj Siraj, Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, Vol. I. (ed.), Abdul Hai Habibi (Kabul: Historical Society of Afganistan, 1963), p. 427; A K M Yaqub Ali, Aspects of Society and Culture of the Varendra 1200-1576 A.D. p. 238. 7 Minahaj Siraj, Ibid, p. 453. 8 Shamsuddin Ahmed, Ibid, pp. 18-22; †gv. Ave`yj Kwig, myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k gv`ivmv wkÿvi DrcwË I weKvk (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, cÖ_g cÖKvk, 2002), c„. 13|

56 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

9 Shamsuddin Ahmed, Ibid, pp. 28-29. 10 A K M Yaqub Ali, Aspects of Society and Culture of the Varendra 1200-1576 A.D. p. 307; W. Ave`yj Kwig, gymwjg evsjvi BwZnvm I HwZn¨ (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1994), c„. 225; M. A. Rahim, p. 180. 11 G †K Gg BqvKze Avjx, ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg c„. 95; W. Ave`yj Kwig, gymwjg evsjvi BwZnvm I HwZn¨, c„. 225| 12 M. A. Rahim, Ibid, p. 179; G †K Gg BqvKze Avjx, ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg, c„. 102; Shamsuddin Ahmed, Ibid, pp. 158- 159. 13 M. A. Rahim, Ibid, p. 181. 14 A K M Ayub Ali, History of Traditional Islamic Education in Bangladesh

15 (Dhaka: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, 1983), p. 14. W. Ave`yj Kwig, gymwjg evsjvi BwZnvm I HwZn¨ (XvKv: KvKjx cÖKvkbx, 2002), c„. 13-15| 16 Mohammad Enamul Haq, A History of Sufism in Bengal, pp.168-169; G‡KGg kvn bvIqvR, gy`ªvq I wkjvwjwc‡Z ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ, (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1999), c„. 135| 17 gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e‡½ ¯^ydx cÖfve, (XvKv: i¨vgb cvewjkvm©, 2011), c„. 21| 18 Shaykh Abd al-Haqq Dehlowi, Akhbar al Akhyar, Tr. by Mawlana Subhan Mahmud (Karachi: Madinah Publishing Company. n.d.), P. 191. 19 Ibid, P. 310. 20 G‡KGg kvn bvIqvR, evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹„wZK HwZn¨, (XvKv: b‡fj cvewjwks nvDm, 2009), c„. 131| 21 Md. Mohar Ali, History of the Muslims of Bengal, vol. IB Ryadh, p.773. 22 G‡KGg kvn bvIqvR, gy`ªvq I wkjvwjwc‡Z ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ, c„. 135| 23 mybxwZf~lY Kvbyb‡Mv, evsjvi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnvm (PÆMÖvg: BwZnvm wefvM, PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq, 1992), c„. 59| 24 Avey Zvwje, nhiZ kvn gL`yg iæ‡cvm Gi Rxe‡bwZnvm (XvKv: cvwK¯Ívb eyK K‡c©v‡ikb, 1969), c„. 54| 25 Shah Shuaib, Manaqib al-Asfiya, quited in Maktubat-i-Sadi p. 339; M. A. Rahim, p. 180; AKM Yaqub Ali, Aspects of Society and Culture of the Varendra 1200- 1576 A.D. p. 241. 26 S. A. Akanda (ed.) The District of Rajshahi: It’s Past and Present (Rajshahi: The Instute of Bangladesh Studies, 1983), P. 67. 27 W. G †K Gg BqvKze Avjx, ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg, c„. 44-45; kvgmyj nK †Kvivqkx, Òe‡i›`ªf~wg‡Z Bmjvg cÖPviÓ, ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, wØZxq msL¨v, ivRkvnx, 1989, c„. 210| 28 W. Avey †bvgvb †gv. Avmv`yjøvn, ivRkvnxi cÖ_g Bmjvg cÖPviK ZziKvb kvn knx` (ivRkvnx: †nwi‡UR ivRkvnx, 2019) c„. 171| 29 Avey Zvwje, nhiZ kvn gL`yg iƒ‡cvm Gi Rxe‡bwZnvm, c„. 52-54| 30 mv, Kv, g, AvwbQzi ingvb Lvb (m¤úvw`Z), nhiZ kv&n gL`yg iƒ‡cvm (int) `iMvn cvewjK IqvKd& G‡÷U, BwZnvm I HwZn¨, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, 1995), c„. 29-30| 31 W. ZwmKzj Bmjvg (m¤úv.), Kvwh †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm 1g I 2q LÐ (XvKv: MwZaviv, 2007) c„. 339- 345; W. Ave`yj Kwig, gymwjg evsjvi BwZnvm I HwZn¨, c„. 19-24| 32 Shamsuddin Ahmed, Ibid, P. 244. 33 W. ZwmKzj Bmjvg (m¤úv.), kªx Kvjxbv_ †PŠayix, ivRmvnxi mswÿß BwZnvm Ges ivRkvnx cwiwPwZ, c„. 337-338|

evsjvi myjZvwb kvmbc‡e© wkÿv cÖmv‡i e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM I ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZv 57

34 The District of Rajshahi: Its Past and Present, P. 84 35 W. G‡K Gg kvnbvIqvR I W. i”ûj KzÏym †gvt mv‡jn (m¤úv.), e‡i›`ª e‡iY¨ Aa¨vcK G ‡K Gg BqvKze Avjx msea©bv MÖš’, (XvKv: mgq cÖKvkb, 2007), c„. 705-706| 36 M. A. Rahim, Ibid, p. 185. 37 kvn ïqvBe, gvbvwKe-Avj-Avmwdqv (mvims‡ÿc gKZzevZ-B-mv`x-Gi cwiwk‡ó cÖKvwkZ), c„. 339| 38 M. A. Rahim, Ibid, Pp. 181-182. 39 †`Iqvb b~iæj Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb †PŠayix (m¤úv.) Avgv‡`i m~dxqv‡q wKivg (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 2004) c„. 94, 95| 40 Shamsuddin Ahmed, Ibid, Pp. 18-21; Dr. Abdul Karim, Corpus of the Arabic and Persian Inscriptions of Bengal (Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1992), pp. 53-55. 41 Shamsuddin Ahmed, Ibid, Pp. 18-21. 42 A. H. Dani, Bibliography of the Muslim Inscription of the Bengal, (Pakistan: Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 1957), P. 6. 43 Rvdi Lvb myjZvb iæKb Avj-`xb KvBKvDm Ges myjZvb kvgm Avj-`xb wdiæR kvn Dfq myjZv‡bi Aax‡b w·eYx‡Z D”Pc‡` PvKzwi‡Z wbhy³ wQ‡jb Ges wZwbB w·eYx AÂj‡K gymjgvb myjZvb‡`i AwaKv‡i wb‡q Av‡mb| wØZxq wkjvwjwc‡Z Rvdi Lvb‡K Lvb- B-Rvnvb e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Rvdi Lv‡bi wb‡`©‡kB Dfq wkjvwjwc DrKxY© n‡qwQj e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| DrKxY© Dfq wkjvwjwc wQj Aviwe fvlvq| `ª. Ibid, P. 28-29. 44 Abid Ali, Memoirs of Gaud and Pandua pp. 157-158; A. H. Dani, Bibliography of the Muslim Inscriptions of Bengal, p. 49; S. Ahmad, IB, Vol. IV, pp. 158-159; A. K. Moitra, Ancient Monuments P. 35; A K M Yaqub Ali, ASCV, p. 239; N.N. Law, Promotion of Learning in India during Muhammadan Rule (by Muhammadans), London, 1916, p. 106; Dr. M.A. Karim, Social History of the Muslims in Bengal, p. 44. 45 M. A. Rahim, Ibid, Pp. 183-184. 46 wkjvwjwci Dcwi As‡k nvw`‡mi K_vq ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò†h e¨w³ GB c„w_ex‡Z gmwR` wbg©vY K‡i, Avjøvn Zuvi Rb¨ Rvbœv‡Z PwjøkwU cÖvmv` wbg©vY K‡ibÓ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Ggb †Kvb nvw`m †bB eis PwjøkwU cÖvmv‡`i ¯’‡j nvw`‡m mËiwU cÖvmv‡`i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| `ª. G †K Gg BqvKze Avjx, ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg, c„. 90- 91| 47 Z‡`e, c„. 91-92; G.†K.Gg kvnbvIqvR, gy`ªvq I wkjvwjwc‡Z ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹„wZ, c„. 167; †gvt Ave`yj Kwig, myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k gv`ivmv wkÿvi DrcwË I weKvk c„. 27| 48 G †K Gg BqvKze Avjx, ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg, c„. 91| 49 J. N. Sarker, ÒA Description of North Bengal in 1609 A. D.”, Bengal Past and Present, 1928, P. 144. 50 A. H. Dani, op.cit.,, P. 68; Shamsuddin Ahmed, Ibid, P. 214. 51 †gnive Avjx, w`bvRcy‡i Bmjvg (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1991), c„. 146| 52 Shamsuddin Ahmed, Ibid, Pp. 19-20, 28-29, 47-48, 159; G‡KGg BqvKze Avjx, ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg, c„. 56| 53 Dr. Abdul Karim, Social History of the Muslim in Bengal 2nd edi., 1985, 4th chapter, Section-A.

58 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

54 Ibid, Pp. 150-151; Gg G iwng, evsjvi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm cÖ_g LÐ (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1982) c„. 174| 55 W. Adam, Second Report on the State of Education in Bengal (Rajshahi District), Calcutta, 1836, Pp. 112-116. 56 Islamic Studies, Islamabad, vol-xxiv, 4, P.434; G‡KGg BqvKze Avjx, ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg, c„. 56| 57 †gvt Ave`yj Kwig, gwnm‡šÍv‡li BwZnvm, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx evZv©, 1996) c„. 39| 58 W.W. Hunter, Indian Musalmans, London, 1871, P. 177. 59 M. A. Rahim, Ibid, Pp. 103-105. 60 Shamsuddin Ahmed, Ibid, P. 19. 61 Ave`yj Kwig, [gymwjg evsjvi BwZnvm I HwZn¨, c„.233] Ges †gv: Ave`yj Kwig, myjZvbx Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k gv`ivmv wkÿvi DrcwË I weKvk KZ©„K DׄZ; cÖZœZvwZ¡K Rwic wi‡cvU© cÂg Aa¨vq, c„. 76| 62 Ave`yj jwZ‡di weei‡Yi Rb¨ †`Lyb, Ave`yj Kwig, [gymwjg evsjvi BwZnvm I HwZn¨, (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1994), c„.19-26] KZ©„K DׄZ| 63 W. Adam, Second Report on the state of Education in Bengal, (Rajshahi District), Calcutta, 1836, Pp. 112-116.GWvg wi‡cvU© hw`I cÖeÜ AvIZvfz³ mgqKv‡ji c‡ii wkÿve¨¯’vi GKwU wPÎ, wKš‘ GB wPÎ c~‡e©i wkÿv e¨e¯’vcbviB GKwU avivevwnKZv -g‡g© Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| G wPÎ †_‡K c~‡e©i mgqKv‡ji wkÿvi aviv I cÖK…wZ m¤^‡Ü GKwU c~e©vci aviYv cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| 64 Gg G iwng, evsjvi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm cÖ_g LÐ ,c„. 183| 65 †`ŠjZDwRi evnivg Lvb (Avng` kixd m¤úv.), jvqjx gRby (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1984 PZz_© gy`ªY), c„. 101- 102| 66 Gg G iwng, evsjvi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm cÖ_g LÐ, c„. 183-184| 67 cÖv¸³, 184|

wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X cÂ`k kZKxq `wÿYe‡½i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v : cÖm½ LvÄvwj iv¯ÍvNvU W. †gv. Avãyj gwZb

[Abstract: On the eve of fifteen century, a saint, conqueror and ruler of southern Bengal Khan-i-Zahan local name Khan Zahan Ali, founder of Khalifatabad, who was locally known as ÔKhanzali Pir’, whose achievements was recognized as Khanzali achievements. He took some noble initiatives to set-up residence and made cultivable land evicting forests at the Sundarban region. He founded minimum four towns in the northern belt. Moreover he founded mosques, seminaries, roads, ponds (dighi), graveyards, tombstones and buildings. Historical and archeological importance of these achievements are immeasurable. However many researchers have been done research with his other achievements but those roads he made, got neglected always. But in making of the mediaeval history and as commemoration of preaching Islam in southern Bengal, KhanzaliÕs roads can claim of outstanding importance. In this article an effort has been made to indicate locations and importance of those roads for the development of southern communication by Khan-i-Zahan.] f~wgKv: cÂ`k kZ‡Ki Dlvj‡Mœ `wÿYe½ weRqx mvaKcxi, miKvi LwjdvZvev‡`i cÖwZôvZv I kvmK Lvb-B-Rvnvb ¯’vbxqfv‡e Lvb Rvnvb Avjx ev ÔLvÄvwj cxiÕ Ges Zvui KxwZ©ivwR ÔLvÄvwj KxwZ©Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| wZwb my›`ieb A‡j RbemwZ ¯’vcb I R½jvKxY© f~wg Avev`‡hvM¨ K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi gnwZ D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui ÔLvb-B-RvnvbÕ ev ÔDjyN LvbÕ Dcvwa †_‡K aviYv Kiv nq wZwb GKRb ivRKg©Pvwi wQ‡jb| `wÿYe‡½ wZwb Kgc‡ÿ PviwU kni wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvQvov wZwb Zvui wekvj Kgx©evwnbxi mvnv‡h¨ we¯ÍxY© GjvKve¨vcx gmwR`, gv`ªvmv, iv¯ÍvNvU, `xwN-Rjvkq, Kei¯’vb ev mgvwa‡mŠa, emZevwU Ges BgviZmg~n wbg©vY K‡ib| Gme KxwZ©i HwZnvwmK I cÖZœZvwË¡K ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Lvb-B- Rvnv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ KxwZ©mg~n wb‡q e¨vcK M‡elYv n‡jI iv¯ÍvNvU cÖm½wU D‡cwÿZ †_‡K‡Q eiveiB| A_P `wÿYe‡½i ga¨hyMxq BwZnvm wewbg©v‡Y I Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii ¯§viK wn‡m‡e LvÄvwj iv¯ÍvNvU GK Abb¨ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AwaKvix| Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü Lvb-B-Rvnv‡bi wbwg©Z iv¯ÍvNv‡Ui Ae¯’vb I `wÿYvÂjxq †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœq‡b Gme iv¯ÍvNv‡Ui ¸iæZ¡ Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Lvb-B-Rvnv‡bi cwiPq I `wÿYe‡½ AvMgb nhiZ Lvb-B-Rvnvb1 ¯’vbxqfv‡e ÔLvb Rvnvb AvjxÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| cÖwm× ag©cÖPviK, kvmK, ¯’cwZ I mywd-mvaK Lvb-B-Rvnv‡bi cÖ_g Rxe‡bi BwZnvm my¯úófv‡e Rvbv hvq bv| d‡j

 mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx K‡jR, ivRkvnx| 60 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

HwZnvwmKMY Zvui e¨w³-cwiPq D˜NvU‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kjv-†KŠkj I Abygvb-Kíbvi AvkÖq wb‡q‡Qb|2 cyuw_ †jLK R‰bK ekxi Dwχbi g‡Z, Lvb Rvnv‡bi wcZvi bvg dwi` Lvb gZvšÍ‡i AvRi Lvb Ges gvZvi bvg AvwMbv wewe (Avw½bv wewe) Ges Lvb Rvnv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg wKkIqvi Lvb ev †Kki Lvb|3 wZwb †Kvb †`‡ki Awaevmx wQ‡jb Zv wb‡qI h‡_ó gZ‡f` Av‡Q| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, wZwb Bivb (cvim¨) †_‡K fvi‡Z AvMgb K‡ib| Avevi †KD †KD Zvu‡K ZzwK© I Avie‡`kxq e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Zvui gvRvi Mv‡Î ÔDjyN LvbÕ Dcvwa †_‡K g‡b nq wZwb RvwZ‡Z ZzwK© wQ‡jb| KviY DjyN Lvb kãwU ZzwK© kã| Avevi Lvb Rvnv‡bi wbwg©Z ¯’vc‡Z¨ ZzwK© ˆewkó¨I we‡kl jÿYxq| †m Kvi‡Y Zvu‡K Zzi‡¯‹i Awaevmx e‡j g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|4 Lvb Rvnv‡bi wcZv Zvu‡K ZrKvwjb cÖL¨vZ Kv‡gj b~i KzZze-Dj-Avj‡gi gv`ªvmvq wkÿvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib|5 wZwb h‡kvi-Lyjbv A‡j Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ A‡bK mvabv K‡iwQ‡jb Ges wZwb GKRb Rbwn‰Zlx I RbwcÖq e¨w³ wQ‡jb|6 ev‡Minv‡Ui DjyN Lvb Rvnv‡bi mgvwa Mv‡Îi 863 wnRwi ev 1459 wLª÷v‡ãi wkjvwjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq, bvwmi DwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni mg‡q Lyjbv-h‡kvi AÂj gymwjg mv¤ªvR¨fy³ n‡qwQj| G mg‡q DjyN- Lvb Lvb-B-Rvnvb bv‡gi GKRb `i‡ek †hv×v `wÿYe‡½ AvMgb K‡ib|7 Lvb-B-Rvnv‡bi Dcvwa wQj ÔDjyN LvbÕ I ÔLvb-B-AvhgÕ|8 bvwmi DÏxb gvngy` kv‡ni mgq Zvui Dcvwa wQj ÔLvRv RvnvbÕ|9 wZwb w`wjøi ZzMjK myjZvb‡`i Aax‡b GKRb Avwgi wQ‡jb Ges m¤¢eZ ˆZgy‡ii w`wjø Avµg‡Yi (1398 wLª.) ciciB evsjvq Av‡mb| wZwb cÖ_‡g w`wjø myjZv‡bi Ges cieZx© mg‡q evsjvi myjZvb bvwmi DÏxb gvngy` kv‡ni wbKU †_‡K GKwU mb‡`i gva¨‡g my›`ieb GjvKvi f~wg D×vi I †mLv‡b RbemwZ Movi AbygwZ †c‡qwQ‡jb|10 ag©cÖPviK I kvmK Lvb-B-Rvnvb ag© cÖPv‡ii m‡½ m‡½ †ek wKQz RbwnZKi KvR K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui Avev`K…Z emwZi wPÎ †_‡K Rvbv hvq, cÖ_‡g wZwb h‡kv‡ii ev‡ivevRv‡i Av‡mb AZtci hvb gyowj Kmev| me‡k‡l wZwb w¯’Z nb ZrKvjxb Lyjbvi ev‡Minv‡U| Gme GjvKvi eû AÆvwjKv, w`wN, †mZz, moK, gmwR` AvRI Lvb-B-Rvnv‡bi ¯§„wZ enb Ki‡Q|11 Avev`K…Z GjvKvi `vwqZ¡ wZwb †hvM¨ wk‡l¨i Dci Ac©Y Ki‡Zb| Avevi KL‡bv Avev‡`i Rb¨ wZwb wewfbœ GjvKvq cÖPviK wkl¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Zb| wZwb AwZ Aí mg‡qB ¯’vbxq gvby‡li Kv‡Q RbwcÖq n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb Ges Zvui ci‡k I K‡g© G A‡ji AmsL¨ gvbyl Bmjv‡gi mykxZj QvqvZ‡j G‡m beRxeb jvf K‡i| nhiZ Lvb-B-Rvnvb Ii‡d Lvb Rvnvb Avjx ¯’vbxqfv‡e ÕLvÄvwj cxiÕ bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPZ Ges Zvui KxwZ©ivwR ÕLvÄvwj KxwZ©Õ bv‡g cÖwm×|12 m~`xN© cÖvq QqkZ eQi a‡i ÔLvÄvwji Rv½vjÕ (iv¯Ív), ÔLvÄvwji gmwR`Õ, ÔLvÄvwji `xwNÕ BZ¨vw` bv‡g Zv Rbg‡b hyMcrfv‡e kÖ×v I we¯§q RvwM‡q †i‡L‡Q|13 GZ`‡j cÖPwjZ cÖev` Av‡Q †h, Lvb-B-Rvnvb bvgK evsjvi myjZv‡bi GKRb mvaK †mbvcwZ H A‡j cÖ_g gymwjg ivRZ¡ cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1204 wLª÷v‡ã KzZze DwÏb AvBe‡Ki ZzKx© †mbvcwZ BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§` eLwZqvi LjwRi e½ ev b`xqv weR‡qi ga¨w`‡q evsjvq gymwjg AvMg‡bi aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| GiB µgavivq cieZx©‡Z AmsL¨ cxi-`i‡ek-AvDwjqv evsjvq Bmjvg cÖPv‡i AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| evsjvi wewfbœ A‡j Zuv‡`i Avwef©ve N‡UwQj| cÂ`k kZ‡Ki †RŠbcy‡ii gkûi14 mywd gxi

cÂ`k kZKxq `wÿYe‡½i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v : cÖm½ LvÄvwj iv¯ÍvNvU 61

ˆmq` Avkivd Rvnv½xi wmgbvbx KZ…©K †RŠbcy‡ii myjZvb Beªvwng kvK©xi Kv‡Q wjwLZ GKLvwb wPwV‡Z G m¤úwK©Z Z‡_¨i cÖgvY †g‡j| evsjvi gymwjg wbh©vZbKvix ivRv M‡Y‡ki (cÂ`k kZ‡Ki wØZxq `k‡K) AZ¨vPvi †_‡K G‡`‡ki mywd-mvaK‡`i iÿvi R‡b¨ wPwVLvbv wjwLZ nq| wZwb †j‡Lb : ÒmKj cÖksmv Avjøvni Rb¨| evsjv‡`k KZ fvj, †hLv‡b bvbvw`K †_‡K AmsL¨ mywd AvMgb K‡ib Ges emevm K‡ib| D`vniY ¯^iƒc †`eMvuI-G (†`e‡KvU- cwðge‡½i M½vivgcyi _vbvaxb) †kL kvnve-D`-`xb †mvnivIqv`x©i mËi Rb wkl¨ mgvwnZ Av‡Qb| †mvnivIqv`x© ZwiKvi K‡qKRb mywd gvwnmy‡b (eZ©gvb bIMvu †Rjvi avgBinvU Dc‡Rjvaxb gvnxm‡šÍvl) Ges Rwjwjqv ZwiKvi mywdiv †`eZjvq mgvwnZ Av‡Qb| biKwU‡Z (eZ©gvb bv‡Uvi) †kL Avng` `v‡gkKxi K‡qKRb weL¨vZ wkl¨ Av‡Qb| K`i Lvb ZwiKvi eviRb cÖavb mywdi Ab¨Zg kid-D`-`xb Avey ZIqvgv (hvui cÖavb wkl¨ kid-D`-`xb gv‡bwi) †mvbviMvuI-G mgvwnZ Av‡Qb| ZvQvov nhiZ ev` Avjg I e`i-B-Avjg Rv‡n`xI Av‡Qb| †gvUK_v, evsjv‡`‡k eo kn‡ii K_v ev` w`‡jI Ggb †Kvb kni ev AÂj †bB †hLv‡b ag©fxiæ mywdiv AvMgb K‡ibwb ev emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ibwb| †mvnivIqv`x© ZwiKvi A‡bK mywd ci‡jvK Mgb K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ hvuiv GLbI †eu‡P Av‡Qb Zvu‡`i msL¨vI Lye †ewk|Ó15 cÂ`k kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© (1419 wLª:) †MŠo †_‡K ˆfie b`xc‡_ cÖvq 60,000 ˆmb¨ I AmsL¨ mywd `i‡ek mv‡_ wb‡q nhiZ Lvb Rvnvb Avjx PzqvWv½v †Rjvi `vgyoû`v Dc‡Rjvi Pviæwjqv MÖv‡g Qq gvmKvj Ae¯’vb K‡ib| Gici Pviæwjqv MÖvg †_‡K hvÎv K‡i wZwb eZ©gvb wSbvB`n †Rjvi ev‡ivevRvi n‡q `wÿYe‡½ c`vc©Y K‡ib|16 PzqvWv½v Z¨v‡Mi c~‡e© nhiZ Lvb Rvnvb (in.) Zvui PviRb mdi m½x‡K Pviæwjqv MÖv‡g †i‡L wZwb bZzbfv‡e Zvui hvÎv ïiæ K‡ib| H PviRb AvDwjqv n‡jb- nhiZ †gngvb kvn (Pviæwjqv‡Z gvRvi), nhiZ gv‡jKzj MvDm (MovBUywc MÖv‡g gvRvi),17 nhiZ †kL dwi` (ev‡Mvqvb, †g‡nicy‡i gvRvi) Ges nhiZ †g‡niæjøvn kvn Ii‡d kvn fvjvB (†g‡nicyi †cŠimfv msjMœ `iMvn)|18 H Pvi AvDwjqvi Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y D³ MÖv‡gi bvgKiY nq ÔPvnvi AvDwjqvÕ| †jvKgy‡L cwiewZ©Z n‡q ÔPvi AvDwjqvÕ Ges eZ©gv‡b ÔPviæwjqvÕ bvg aviY K‡i‡Q|19 Lvb-B-Rvnv‡bi mg‡q h‡kvi-Lyjbv A‡j gymwjg AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci †_‡K µgvš^‡q eZ©gvb ev‡Minv‡U GKwU cÖkvmwbK †K›`ª M‡o D‡V hvi bvgKiY Kiv nq LwjdvZvev`| gy`ªvi wjwc Abyhvqx myjZvb bvwmi DwÏb bmiZ kv‡ni (1519-31 wLª:) mg‡q me©cÖ_g LwjdvZvev` bv‡gi UvKkvj bMixi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|20 wMqvm DwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni (1532-38 wLª:) mg‡qI LwjdvZvev` bv‡gi UvKkvj bMixi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq, Z‡e LwjdvZvev‡`i gy`ªv myjZvb bmiZ kv‡ni c~‡e© Avwe®‹…Z bv nIqvq Ges †gRi †i‡bj I †K. †K. `‡Ëi gvbwP‡Î LwjdvZvev‡`i D‡jøL bv _vKvq Ges gvngy`vev‡`i mxgvbvi g‡a¨ LwjdvZvev` AÂj DwjøwLZ bv nIqvq aviYv Kiv nq D³ bMix cÖwZôvi c~‡e© gvngy`vev` kni cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Ges LwjdvZvev` AÂj gvngy`vev‡`i AšÍfy©³ wQj|21 cÖkvmwbK Kv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ Lvb-B-Rvnvb wb‡Ri wewRZ AÂj‡K gvngy`vev` I LwjdvZvev` bv‡g `yÕwU fv‡M fvM K‡ib|22 nhiZ Lvb Rvnv‡bi mgq †_‡K GLv‡b cÖkvmwbK †K›`ª M‡o DV‡jI bmiZ kv‡ni c~‡e© UvKkvj M‡o D‡Vwb| Rvjvj DwÏb gyn¤§` kv‡ni mg‡q d‡Znvev`

62 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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cÂ`k kZKxq `wÿYe‡½i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v : cÖm½ LvÄvwj iv¯ÍvNvU 63

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cÂ`k kZKxq `wÿYe‡½i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v : cÖm½ LvÄvwj iv¯ÍvNvU 65

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cÂ`k kZKxq `wÿYe‡½i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v : cÖm½ LvÄvwj iv¯ÍvNvU 67 wiPv‡W©i gvbwP‡Î (1767-1772 wLª:) †`Lv hvq bjWv½v, wSbvB`n, gyn¤§`cyi, gv¸iv, wgR©vcyi Ges g‡nkcy‡ii mv‡_I LvÄvwj iv¯Ívi ms‡hvM N‡UwQj|52 h‡kvi-Lyjbvi eZ©gvb gnvmoKwUI Lvb Rvnv‡bi mg‡q wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| Lyjbv †M‡RwUqvi m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, Lyjbv- ivRNvU moK, †`ŠjZcyi-mvZÿxiv moK, Lyjbv-ev‡MinvU moK, Zvjv-cvBKMvQv moK, mvZÿxiv-Pv›`ywiqv moK, Avjxcyi-†`eNvUv moK, KvjxMÄ-Ck¦ixcyi moK Ges mvZÿxiv- AaynvUv moK LvÄvwj iv¯Ívi DciB AvaywbKfv‡e M‡o D‡V‡Q| Lyjbv-ev‡MinvU moK wQj eZ©gvb ebMvu ch©šÍ `xN©| Z‡e ev‡ivevRvi n‡Z Gu‡K‡eu‡K ev‡MinvU ch©šÍ wQj Lvb Rvnv‡bi `xN©Zg iv¯Ív| G‡Zv `xN© I cÖk¯Í iv¯Ív †m hy‡M Avi wQj bv|53 Gme iv¯Ív eZ©gv‡b A‡bK cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| bZzb bZzb iv¯ÍvNvU ˆZwi nIqvq †Kvb †Kvb iv¯Ívi c~e© †MŠie n«vm †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e LvÄvwj iv¯ÍvNv‡Ui hZUzKz Aewkó Av‡Q Zv h_vh_fv‡e msiÿY Kiv †M‡j evsjvi BwZnv‡m AviI GKwU bZzb Aa¨vq ms‡hvwRZ n‡e| Lvb Rvnv‡bi mgvwa wjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, wZwb 863 wnRwi mv‡ji 26 wRjnR¦ Zvwi‡L B‡šÍKvj K‡ib Ges 27 wRjnR¦ Zvui `vdb Kvh© m¤úbœ nq| Z‡e Zvui g„Zy¨i Bs‡iwR ZvwiL wb‡q weZK© i‡q‡Q| Lyjbv †M‡RUxqv‡i Zvui g„Zz¨i ZvwiL 23 A‡±vei 1459 wLª÷vã|54 Ave`yj Kwig D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, ÒKhan Jahan Ali (Ra) died on the night of Wednesday, 26th of Dil-hijja and was put to grave on Thursday the 27th of that month, in the year 863 A.H. (29-30th October, 1459 55 AD.)Ó Z‡e Zvui g„Zz¨i Aviwe ZvwiL wb‡q HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb wØgZ †bB| wZwbB `wÿYe‡½ ga¨hyMxq gymwjg cÖkvmb †K›`ª LwjdvZvev‡`i cÖwZôvZv| wLª÷xq c‡bi kZ‡K Rbc`wU Bmjvgx cÖkvmb I ms¯‹…wZi Ab¨Zg cÖvY‡K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq|56 c~e©-cwð‡g GB kn‡ii we¯Í…wZ wQj cÖvq 7 wK‡jvwgUvi/4.34 gvBj Ges 4 wK‡jvwgUi/2.48 gvBj| LwjdvZvev` bMixi DËi I c~e© cvk w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡Zv Li‡¯ªvZv ˆfie b`| cieZx©Kv‡j b`xi MwZc_ cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L evsjvi Ab¨vb¨ A‡ji gZ LwjdvZvev‡`iI ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq| Gi Awbevh© cwiYwZ‡Z kni wn‡m‡e LwjdvZvev` GK mgq ¸iæZ¡ nvwi‡q †d‡j| Gici wLª÷xq †lv‡jv-m‡Z‡iv kZ‡K wn›`y mvgšÍev`xkw³i DÌv‡bi Avg‡j ev‡MinvU mwbœwnZ A‡j wn›`y ms¯‹…wZi AbycÖ‡ek NU‡Z _v‡K| AZtci wKQzKv‡ji g‡a¨ ga¨hyMxq kniwUi wb`k©bvw` wejxb I Ae¸wÉZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Dcmsnvi eY©vX¨ I Kg©gq Rxe‡bi AwaKvix Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi AmsL¨ KxwZ©ivwR `wÿY Rbc‡`i we¯ÍxY© GjvKv Ry‡o cwie¨vß| wKQz cÖZœ wb`k©b aŸsm n‡q †M‡Q cy‡ivcywi| Avevi wKQz fMœ ü`‡q g„Zz¨i cÖni ¸Y‡Q| Zvui wbwg©Z iv¯ÍvNvU‡K †K›`ª K‡i eZ©gv‡b `wÿYe‡½i mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ †Rjvi bZzb †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q Ges wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q AvaywbK iv¯ÍvNvU| d‡j Lvb Rvnv‡bi wbwg©Z AwaKvsk iv¯ÍvNv‡Ui Aw¯ÍZ¡ GLb wejxb nIqvi c‡_| hrmvgvb¨ hv wKQz wU‡K Av‡Q ZvI Avevi msiÿ‡Yi Afve, miKv‡ii J`vmxb¨, e¨w³¯^v_©, ˆeix AvenvIqv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y H mg¯Í wb`k©b AvR we¯§„wZi AZ‡j nvwi‡q †h‡Z e‡m‡Q| AwZ m¤úªwZ lvUM¤^yR

68 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ gmwR`‡K ÕIqvì© †nwi‡URÕ †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw` lvU M¤^y‡Ri cvkvcvwk Lvb Rvnv‡bi wbwg©Z Ab¨vb¨ gmwR`, iv¯ÍvNvU, `xwNcyKzi I Acivci ¯’vcbvmg~‡ni Dchy³ msiÿ‡Yi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv †h‡Zv Zvn‡j wb:m‡›`‡n evsjv‡`k Z_v we‡k¦i ga¨hyMxq wb`k©bmg~‡ni cv‡k AwZ mn‡RB G KxwZ©mg~n ¯’vb jv‡f mÿg n‡Zv Ges RvwZ Lyu‡R †c‡Zv Zvi AZxZ BwZnv‡mi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ I DcvË| wUKv I Z_¨-wb‡`©k

1 Lvb-B-Rvnv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg wK wQj Zv Rvbv hvq bv| Zvui Ke‡ii wkjvwjwc‡Z Zvu‡K ÔDjyN Lvb-B-RvnvbÕ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU †Kv‡bv bvg bq, GwU GKwU Dcvwa Ges Gi A_© n‡”Q c„w_exi gnvb Lvb| wKš‘ wZwb me©ÎB Lvb Rvnvb Avjx Ii‡d LvÄvwj Lvb Ges ms‡ÿ‡c LvÄvwj e‡j cwiwPZ| wkjvwjwc‡Z DjyN Lvb-B-Rvnv‡bi c‡i ÔAvjvq‡nÕ A_©vr ÔDciÕ kãwU Av‡Q| Lye m¤¢e G kã †_‡KB Zvui Avjx bvg G‡m‡Q fzjµ‡g| D×…Z, Aveyj Kvjvg †gvnv¤§` hvKvwiqv, evOjv‡`‡ki cÖZœm¤ú`, w`e¨cÖKvk, XvKv, 2007, UxKv bs 1, c„. 392| 2 W. Ave`yj Kwig-Gi g‡Z, Lvb Rvnvb gvngy` kv‡ni Awab¯Í Kg©Pvwi Ges †MŠo myjZv‡bi wbKU n‡Z wZwb Dcvwa cÖvß n‡qwQ‡jb| ˆmq` gyZ©Rv Avjx ÒLvb RvnvbÓ m¤ú‡K© 25 †g 1962 jv‡nv‡ii ÔcvwK¯Ívb UvBgmÕGes 14 b‡f¤^i 1963 mv‡j Ôgwb©s wbDRÕ-G `ywU cÖeÜ cÖKvk K‡ib| Zvui g‡Z, Lvb Rvnvb w`jøxi myjZv‡bi Kg©Pvwi wQ‡jb Ges w`jøxi AivRKZvi my‡hv‡M wZwb e‡½ G‡m Bmjvg cÖPvi I ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb wd‡ivRkvn ZzNj‡Ki gš¿x Lvb-B-Rvnvb gKey‡ji †cŠÎ wQ‡jb| Z‡e G wel‡q wZwb †Kvb †Rviv‡jv Z_¨ cÖgvY Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| `ªt G. Gd. Gg. Avãyj Rjxj, my›`ie‡bi BwZnvm, Avng` cvewjwks nvDm, XvKv, 2002, c„. 277; W. MvDm wgqv Zvu‡K GKRb HwZnvwmK e¨w³ e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Avi Zvui cyi‡bv Kg©¯’j w`jøx ev †MŠ‡oi ivR`ievi wQj e‡j `„p gZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| `ªt W. MvDm wgqv, ev‡Minv‡Ui BwZnvm, †ejv‡qZ †nv‡mb dvD‡Ûkb, ev‡MinvU, 2001, c„. 64-65; Ôe‡½i RvZxq BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’ R‰bK bxjKv‡šÍi eivZ w`‡q Lvb Rvnvb‡K ÔevZkv bdiÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q- ÔLvb Rvnvb gnvgvb cvZkv bdi h‡kvi mb›` j‡q Kwij mdi Zvui gyL¨ gnvcvÎ gvgy` Zvwni gvwi‡Z evgyb †eUv nBj nvwRi|Õ ÑMÖš’Kv‡ii g‡Z, ev`kvn KZ…©K mb`cÖvß n‡q Lvb Rvnvb h‡kvi †Rjvq Av‡mb| Zvui nv‡Z `xÿvcÖvß gvgy` Zvwni Zvui cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb|Ñ`ªt gyn¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, h‡kvi †Rjvq Bmjvg, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 1989, c„: 13; Lvb-B-Rvnvb Dcvwa †_‡K g‡b nq, wZwb cÖ_g Rxe‡b †Kvb myjZvb ev ivRvi gš¿x ev †mbvcwZ wQ‡jb| c‡i wb¤œe‡½ Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ my›`ieb A‡j †cÖwiZ nb Ges mdjKvg nb| `ªt gyn¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, Lyjbv †Rjvq Bmjvg, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 1988, c„: 61| 3 gyn¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, Lyjbv †Rjvq Bmjvg, c„: 62 ; †gvnv¤§` †iRIqvbDj nK, weewZ©Z ev‡MinvU (GKwU HwZnvwmK mgxÿv), MwZaviv, XvKv, 2014, c„. 29| 4 Muhammad Mohar Ali, History of the Muslims of Bengal, Vol. I A, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, 1985, 165-166; †gvnv¤§` †iRIqvbDj nK, weewZ©Z ev‡MinvU, c„. 29| 5 †gvnv¤§` †iRIqvbDj nK, weewZ©Z ev‡MinvU. c„. 30| 6 mswÿß Bmjvgx wek^‡Kvl, cÖ_g LÛ, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 2001, c„. 353| 7 i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi, evsjv †`‡ki BwZnvm, wØZxq LÛ (ga¨hyM), †Rbv‡ij, KjKvZv, 1998, c„. 55|

cÂ`k kZKxq `wÿYe‡½i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v : cÖm½ LvÄvwj iv¯ÍvNvU 69

8 wmivRyj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z, evsjvwcwWqv, 3q LÐ, evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, XvKv, 2011, c„. 379| 9 'A khan whose title is Khaja Jahan in the reign of Mahmud Shah', Journal of the Asiatic Soceity of Bengal, Part 1, 1872, pp. 107-108; L.S.S. OÕ Malley, Bengal District Gazetteer Khulna, 1908, p. 27. 10 Shamsuddin Ahmed, Inscriptions of Bengal, Vol. IV, Varendra Research Museum, Rajshahi, 1960, p. 280; wmivRyj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z, evsjvwcwWqv, 3q LÐ, c„. 379| 11 wgRvbyi ingvb, Lyjbvi cyivKxwZ©, RvZxq mvwnZ¨ cÖKvkb, XvKv, 2017, c„. 31| 12 mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, h‡kvni Lyjbvi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv, 2001, c„. 416| 13 gyn¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, Lyjbv †Rjvq Bmjvg, c„: †jL‡Ki AviR Qq| 14 gkûi Aviwe kã| Gi A_© weL¨vZ, whwb †KviAvb-nvw`‡m AMva cvwÛ‡Z¨i AwaKvwi| 15 ˆmq` Avkivd Rvnv½xi wmgbvbxi wPwVLvbv A‡b‡KB D×…Z K‡i‡Qb| †`Lyb, W. Ave`yj Kwig, gymwjg evsjvi BwZnvm I HwZn¨, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 1994, c„. 186 ; myLgq gy‡Lvcva¨vq, evsjvi BwZnv‡mi `yÕ‡kv eQi : ¯^vaxb myjZvb‡`i Avgj, fviZx eyK ÷j, KjKvZv, 1996, c„. 508| GLv‡b W. Ave`yj Kwi‡gi D×…wZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| 16 e¨w³MZ mvÿvrKvi : cÖ‡dmi †gv: Avãyj †gvwnZ (63), †ejMvwQ †ij‡MU, PzqvWv½v| ZvwiL : 12.06.2013 wLª.| 17 cÖwZeQi 7-14 Avlvp MovBUzwc‡Z nhiZ gv‡jKzj MvDm (i.) Gi Iik Dcj‡ÿ †gjv (MovBUzwci †gjv) e‡m| `wÿYe‡½i †gjv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ MovBUzwci †gjv me©e„nr I me©cÖvPxb| †gjvq †`k-we‡`‡ki AmsL¨ `k©bv_x© I e¨emvqxi AvMgb N‡U| 18 m‡iRwgb cwi`k©bKv‡j cÖvß Z_¨vbymv‡i| cwi`k©‡bi ZvwiL : 12.07.2016 wLª.| 19 ivwRe Avn‡g`, PzqvWv½vi ¯’vbbvg, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 1998, c„: 64-65| 20 1660 wLª÷v‡ã fvb †Wb eªæK (Van den Broucke) KZ…©K Aw¼Z gvbwP‡Î G GjvKvi cwiwPwZ †`qv n‡q‡Q Oupitava. myjZvwb Avg‡ji wKQz gy`ªvi (myjZvb bmiZ kvn KZ…©K 918, 922 I 924 wnRwi‡Z RvwiK…Z) c‡ivÿ m~Î a‡i eøKg¨vb wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb LwjdvZvev` (Lwjdvi cÖwZwôZ) bvg| Ab¨w`‡K mZxkP›`ª wgÎ weªwUk kvmbvg‡ji wewea m~‡Îi Dci wbf©i K‡i G Rbc‡`i bvg wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ônv‡ewj KmevÕ| hv‡nvK †gvMj ivR¯^ wefvMxq bw_c‡Î miKvi LwjdvZvev` Ges nv‡ewj Kmev miKv‡ii D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|ÑD×…Z, †gvt †gvkvid †nv‡mb, cÖZœZvwË¡K Rwic cÖwZ‡e`b e„nËi Lyjbv, cÖZœZË¡ Awa`ßi, ms¯‹…wZ welqK gš¿Yvjq, XvKv, 2004, UxKv bs 5, c„. 45| 21 mv` Avn¤§`, ev‡ivevRv‡ii BwZnvm I HwZn¨, GKwU AcÖKvwkZ Gg. wdj w_wmm, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx, 2000, c„. 41| 22 wgRvbyi ingvb, Lyjbvi cyivKxwZ©, c„. 31| 23 †`Lyb gvbwPÎ, M. R. Tarafdar, Husain Shahi Bengal, 1494-1538 AD, A Socio Political Study, Dacca, 1965, pp. 74-75. 24 Ave`yi iwng I Ab¨vb¨, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb, XvKv, 1992, c„. 208; ivLvj`vm e‡›`vcva¨vq, ev½vjvi BwZnvm, 2q LÐ, KjKvZv, 1324 evs, c„. 165| 25 wmivRyj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z, evsjvwcwWqv, 3q LÐ, c„. 379| 26 Gg. Gg. Avj dviæK m¤úvw`Z, wSbvB`‡ni BwZnvm, wSbvB`n, 1991, c„. 60; gyn¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, Lyjbv †Rjvq Bmjvg, c„. 86| 27 ˆmq` Igi dviæK †nv‡mb, Lv‡b AvRg nhiZ Lvb Rvnvb Avjx (i:), †gvi‡k` cvewj‡Kkb, ev‡MinvU, 1982, c„. 144-152| 28 gyn¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, Lyjbv †Rjvq Bmjvg, c„. 89| 29 mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, h‡kvni Lyjbvi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 412| 30 mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, h‡kvni Lyjbvi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 413; wgRvbyi ingvb, Lyjbvi cyivKxwZ©, c„. 74|

70 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

31 gyn¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, Lyjbv †Rjvq Bmjvg, c„. 89| 32 H, c„. 107| 33 J. Westland Esq., A Report on the District of Jessore, Bengal Secretariat press, Calcutta, 1874, p. 14. 34 wgRvbyi ingvb, mvZÿxivi cyivKxwZ©, evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, XvKv, 2008, c„. 178| 35 mswÿß Bmjvgx wek^‡Kvl, cÖ_g LÛ, c„. 353; mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, h‡kvni Lyjbvi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 416| 36 Aveyj Kvjvg †gvnv¤§` hvKvwiqv, cÖv¸³, c„. 424| 37 mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, h‡kvni Lyjbvi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 417| 38 gyn¤§` Zvwn‡ii mgvwa wjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq, 863 wnRwii wRjnR¦ gv‡m (1459 wLª.) wZwb B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| gyn¤§` Zvwni wQ‡jb GKRb cÖfvekvjx eªvþY Ges Lvb-B-Rvnv‡bi Kv‡Q Bmjv‡g `xwÿZ nb| wZwb Lvb Rvnv‡bi AZ¨šÍ wcÖqfvRb I D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb| Lvb Rvnv‡bi mgvwai cv‡k Zvui mgvwa‡mŠ‡ai Ae¯’vb G wek^vm‡KB †Rvi`vi K‡i|-D×…Z, wmivRyj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z, evsjvwcwWqv, 3q LÐ, c„. 381| 39 †gvnv¤§` †iRIqvbDj nK, weewZ©Z ev‡MinvU, c„. 35| 40 mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, h‡kvni Lyjbvi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 413| 41 ˆmwbK‡`i Avevm¯’j e¨vivK bv‡g cwiwPZ| m¤¢eZ GB e¨vivK †_‡K evivKcyi bvgKiY n‡qwQj| 42 Aveyj Kvjvg †gvnv¤§` hvKvwiqv, cÖv¸³, c„. 391-392| 43 †gvt †gvkvid †nv‡mb, cÖZœZvwË¡K Rwic cÖwZ‡e`b e„nËi Lyjbv, c„. 47| 44 H, c„. 60| 45 wmivRyj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z, evsjvwcwWqv, 3q LÐ, c„. 379; gyn¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, Lyjbv †Rjvq Bmjvg, c„. 108| 46 mZxkP›`ª wgÎ, h‡kvni Lyjbvi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 431| 47 Ò...to Chittagong Khan Jahan was wont to visit a great Mahamedan Saint Bayazid Bistanu (called by J. Westland Bazid Bostan). The newly discovered Ms. History of Chittagong gives a good deal of information concerning this holy manÓ- W.W. Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal, Vol. II, London, 1877, p. 230. 48 G iv¯ÍvwU cïi b`xi Kzj †N‡ul KvUvjZjv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| DuPz iv¯ÍvwUi cÖk¯ÍZv me©ÎB 40© dz‡Ui AwaK| D×…Z, mZxkPb`ª wgÎ, h‡kvni Lyjbvi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 432| 49 †gvnv¤§` †iRIqvbDj nK, weewZ©Z ev‡MinvU, c„. 36| 50 G. Gd. Gg. Avãyj Rjxj, cÖv¸³, c„. 315| 51 J. Westland, op.cit., p. 14 ; Mohammad Mohibullah Siddiquee, Socio-Economic Development of A Bengal District : A Study of Jessore 1883-1925, Rajshahi,

52 1997, p. 115. †gv. Avãyj gwZb, weeZ©‡bi µgve‡Z© ˆfie b` : GKwU Rbc` mgxÿv, ¯^‡`kPP©v †jvK, †mvbvicyi, KjKvZv, 2006, c„. 156- 157| 53 G. Gd. Gg. Avãyj Rjxj, cÖv¸³, c„. 315| 54 Bangladesh District Gazetteers Khulna 1978, p. 375. 55 Abdul Karim, Corpus of the Arabic and Persian Inscriptions of Bengal, 1992, pp. 138-139. 56 Md. Mosharraf Hossain, Greater Jessore : Archaeological Survey Report, Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Govt. of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, 2005, p . 7.

wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X evsjvq †gvMj myev`vi : `vwqZ¡ I KZ©‡e¨i cwiwa we‡kølY W. †gvt Avwgiæj Bmjvg

[Abstract: There is no doubt that under the Mughals, Bengal was the most important and glorious province among the mughal provinces. Bengal come to be ruled by Delhi appointed viceroys as a province of the Mughal empire after 1576 A.D. But initially the Mughal authority was only nominal. After resolutely supperessing the rebellion Akbar issued a decree on 24 November 1586 promulgating a uniform administration for all the provinces. In its from the Subahder were appointed in each Subah and they were to discharge strictly defined power and responsibilities. Although the Subahder of Bengal often arrogated to themselves greater power and privileges. In this paper the author tried to explain the duties and functions of the Subahder of Bengal during the Mughal period.] f‚wgKv: mycÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjv fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AÂj wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| evsjvi A_©‰bwZK mg„w× I †fŠ‡MvwjK ¸iæZ¡ Ab¨vb¨‡`i g‡Zv †gvMj‡`iI evsjvi cÖwZ AvK…ó K‡iwQj| 1538 wLª÷v‡ã mgªvU ûgvqyb gvÎ bq gv‡mi Rb¨ †MŠo weRq Ki‡jI mgªvU AvKe‡ii mg‡q G‡m Zuvi Ab¨Zg †mbvcwZ Lvb Rvnvb 1576 wLª÷v‡ã AvdMvb‡`i civwRZ K‡i evsjvq †gvMj kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| evsjvq †gvMj‡`i ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j GUv ¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb nq †h, mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j evsjvq †gvMj kvmb cwic~Y©fv‡e mycÖwZwôZ nq Ges myk„•Lj I c~Y©v½ cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o D‡V| †gvMj kvmbvax‡b evsjv †gvMj‡`i Ab¨Zg GKwU myev ev cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ nq| myevi kvmbfvi hvi Dci Awc©Z n‡Zv Zv‡K myev`vi ejv n‡Zv| evsjvq wbhy³ myev`viMY Zuv‡`i †gav, †hvM¨Zv I `~i`wk©Zvi gva¨‡g kvmb e¨vcv‡i h‡_ó `ÿZvi ¯^vÿi iv‡Lb| DËi fvi‡Z †gvMj AwaKvi I KZ…©Z¡ m‡šÍvlRbKfv‡e w¯’wZkxj n‡j mgªvU AvKei Zuvi mvgªv‡R¨i kvmb e¨e¯’vi mgš^q mvab K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji 24Zg e‡l© A_©vr 1579-80 wLª÷v‡ã mgMÖ mvgªvR¨‡K 12wU myevq wef³ K‡ib| AvKeibvgvq myevi kvmb KvVv‡gv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvwPZ n‡jI myev¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL Kiv nqwb| bvg I ¯úóvKv‡i myev¸‡jvi eY©bv †`qv n‡q‡Q AvBb-B-AvKeix‡Z|1 myev¸‡jv n‡”Q : 1| Gjvnvev` 7| evsjv 2| AvMÖv 8| w`jøx 3| A‡hva¨v 9| Kveyj 4| AvRgxi 10| jv‡nvi 5| Avn‡g`vev` 11| gyjZvb I 6| wenvi 12| gvjIqv

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Bmjvg Lvb cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R Ae‡njv ev Ab¨‡Kvb cÖKvi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ mswkøó e¨w³‡`i K‡Vvi kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| GKevi evwbqvPs‡qi Rwg`vi Av‡bvqvi Lv‡bi fvB †nv‡mb Lvb `yM©iÿx I cÖnix‡`i ayZivi im †gkv‡bv iæwU I wgwó LvB‡q A‡PZb K‡i Rvnv½xibMi KvivMvi †_‡K wbR iv‡R¨ cvwj‡q †h‡Z mÿg nq| †m Kvi‡Y Bmjvg Lvb cuqwÎkRb cÖnix I `yM©iÿx‡K A½-cÖZ½ †K‡U UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i kvw¯Í cÖ`vb K‡ib|24 GQvov Bmjvg Lvb Zuvi weiæ‡× lohš¿ Kivi Aciv‡a Av‡bvqvi MvRx I gymv Lv‡bi fvB AvjvIj Lvb‡K AÜ K‡i †`qvi wb‡`©k †`b|25 Bmjvg Lvb Zuvi mvaviY Af¨vm Abyhvqx wbR KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡jI mgªvU Rvnv½xi Bmjvg Lv‡bi Gme J×Z¨c~Y© AvPiY m¤ú‡K© kvnx `~Z †kL †nv‡mb gvidZ AewnZ nb Ges Bmjvg Lv‡bi cÖwZ AmšÍyó nb| †kL †nv‡m‡bi wi‡cv‡U©i wfwˇZ wZwb Bmjvg Lv‡bi AvPi‡Yi wZi¯‹vi K‡ib Ges 17wU kZ© m¤^wjZ GK Riæix wewa myev`vi‡`i cÖwZ we‡kl K‡i Bmjvg Lv‡bi cÖwZ Rvix K‡i cvVvb| wZwb Gi mvgvb¨Zg wePy¨wZ bv NwU‡q G¸‡jv cvjb Kivi Rb¨ ûKyg †`b| kvnx Riæix wewa‡Z ejv nq t26

1. Lv`¨ I cvbxq m¤^Üxq Zuvi wbR¯^ nK `vexi g~jbxwZ Ges RbMY‡K Zv‡`i b¨vh¨ `vex cÖ`vb †_‡K †Kvb kvnx Kg©PvixB wePy¨r n‡Z cvi‡eb bv ev e¨env‡ii ci hv Aewkó _vK‡e Gm‡ei Dci Zuv‡`i †Kvb AwaKvi _vK‡e bv|

2. Zuviv ev`kvi Abyiƒc †Kvb cwi`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Zuv‡`i wbR¯^ c`gh©v`v Abymv‡i Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

3. gvwU †_‡K gvby‡li D”PZvi A‡a©‡Ki †P‡q AwaK D”P †Kvb ¯’v‡b (S‡ivKvq) myev`v‡ii emv DwPr bq|

4. Avgxi Igivn †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i wb¤œZg kvnx Kg©Pvix‡KI mvjvg I Kywb©k Rvbv‡Z eva¨ Kiv hv‡e bv|

5. kvnx Kg©Pvix‡`i‡K `uvo Kwi‡q ivLv Pj‡e bv| 6. †Kvb Aciv‡ai Rb¨B RxweZ Ae¯’vq gvby‡li kix‡ii Pvgov Qvov‡bv Pj‡e bv| 7. †Kvb Kvi‡Y ev †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB gvby‡li †PvL DrcvUb Kiv Pj‡e bv| 8. myev`v‡iiv Zuv‡`i wb‡R‡`i cZvKv ¯’vcb K‡i †Kvb Kg©Pvix‡KB Zv Awfev`‡b eva¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|

9. åg‡Y †ei nIqvi mgq Zuviv `vgvgv evRv‡Z cvi‡eb bv| 10. Zuviv mIqvi n‡q †Kv_vI hvIqvi mgq ev`kvi Abyiƒc Zuv‡`i m¤§y‡L evRbv evRv‡Z cvi‡eb bv| evsjvq †gvMj myev`vi : `vwqZ¡ I KZ©‡e¨i cwiwa we‡kølY 77

11. mgªv‡Ui g½‡ji Rb¨ Zuv‡`i kµ I wg‡Îi mv‡_ b¨vqm½Z e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨w³MZ Av‡µvk †gUv‡bv Pj‡e bv|

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1 Abul Fazl Allami, Ain-i-Akbari, Vol.II, Translated into English by Colonel H.S. Jarrett (Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1949), p. 129 (hereafter Ain-i- Akbari, Vol. II). 2 Sri Ram Sharma, Mughal Government and Administration (Bombay : Hind Kitabs Limited, 1951), p. 238; Jagadish Narayan Sarkar, Mughal Polity (Delhi : Idarah-I- Adabiyat-I-Delhi, 1984), pp. 40-41. 3 Ain-i-Akbari, Vol.II, p. 129. 4 Avwbmy¾vgvb (m¤úv.), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1987), c„. 2; M. Harunur Rashid, "The Geographical Background to the History and Archaeology of South- East Bengal", Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Hum), XXIV-VI, 1979-1981, p. 160. 5 P. Saran, Provincial Government of the Mughals (Bombay : Asia Pub. House, 1973), pp. 64-65. 6 wmivRyj Bmjvg (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm (1704-1971), cÖ_g LÛ (ivR‰bwZK) (XvKv t evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, 2000), c„. 60| 7 S.A.Q Hussini, Administration Under the Mughals (Dacca : The Paradise Library, 1952), p. 220 ; Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi, The Administration of the Mughal Empire (Karachi: University of Kariachi, 1966), p. 229. 8 P. Saran, op.cit., pp. 169-170; Jagadish Narayan Sarkar, op.cit., p. 142. 9 Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. II, p. 37. evsjvq †gvMj myev`vi : `vwqZ¡ I KZ©‡e¨i cwiwa we‡kølY 79

10 kãMZ A‡_© wmcvnmvjvi ej‡Z ˆmb¨evwnbxi cÖavb‡K eySvq| †gvMj weR‡qi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q myev evsjvi Mfb©i‡`i G Dcvwa hyw³hy³ wQj| †Kbbv ZLb mgMª evsjv †gvMj AwaKv‡i wQj bv Ges ivR¨ weR‡qi Rb¨ Zv‡`i hy× weMª‡n e¨¯Í _vK‡Z n‡Zv| ZLb myev evsjvi myev`v‡ii `߇ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AskB wQj mvgwiK wefvM| 11 myevn`vi Aviex kã| Gi A_© ZË¡veavqK ev w`K wb‡`©kK| `ªóe¨ - Jadunath Sarkar, Mughal Administration (Calcutta : M.C. Sarkar & Sons, 1952), p. 48. 12 bvwRg k‡ãi A_© Kvh©wbe©vnK| mvgwiK I †emvgwiK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB wZwb cÖ‡`k ev myevi cÖavb wbe©vnx wQ‡jb| bvwRg k†ãi g‡a¨ kvmb Ges myôy kvm‡bi cÖ”Qbœ Bw½Z cvIqv hvq| `ªóe¨ - wmivRyj Bmjvg (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, cÖ_g LÛ, c„. 50| 13 Ave`yj Kwig, †gvMj ivRavbx XvKv (†gvnv¤§` gywneDj¨vn wQwÏKx Ab~w`Z) (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2003), c„. 40| 14 S.A.Q. Hussini, op.cit., p. 221. 15 wmivRyj Bmjvg (m¤úv.), evsjvwcwWqv, LÛ-10 (XvKv : evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, 2003), c…. 226- 227| 16 Jadunath Sarker (ed), History of Bengal, Vol. II, (Dacca: University of Dacca, 2006), p. 406. 17 †gvt Avãyj Kwig, evsjvi cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi BwZnvm, gymwjg Avgj (1204-1757), (XvKv: myPxcÎ, 2008), c„. 78| 18 mvaviYZ: cÖv‡`wkK Mfb©i‡`i 5000 †_‡K 7000 gbme cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv| evsjvi myev`vi Kvwkg Lvb (1628-32 wLª.) 5000/5000 AvRg Lvb (1632-35 wLª.) 6000/6000 Ges myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb gvmnv`x‡K (1635-39 wLª. 5000/4000 gbme cÖ`vb Kiv nq| `ªóe¨- Khondkar Mahbubul Karim, The Provinces of Bihar and Bengal under Shahjahan (Dacca : Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1974), pp. 123-124. 19 S.A.Q. Hussini, op.cit., p. 222. 20 Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. II, pp. 37-41. 21 P. Saran, op.cit., pp. 170-171. 22 Gg.G iwng, evsjvi mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 1576-1757, wØZxq LÛ, Ab~. †gvnv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb I dR‡j ivweŸ (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1996 wLª.), c„. 43| 23 wgR©v bv_vb, evnvix¯Ívb-B-Mvqex (LvjK`v` †PŠayix Abyw`Z) (XvKv : w`e¨ cÖKvk, 2004), c„. 138| 24 Z‡`e, c„. 120| 25 Z‡`e| 26 Z‡`e, c„. 172-173| 27 Jadunath Sarker, op.cit., pp.52-53. 28 Muhammad Mohar Ali, History of the Muslims of Bengal, Vol. 1B (Dhaka: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, 2003), p. 741. 29 we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb, Luv †PŠayix AvgvbZDjøv Avng` (m¤úv.), †KvPwenv‡ii BwZnvm, 1g LÐ (†KvPwenvi: gWvY© eyK G‡RÝx cÖvq‡fU wjwg‡UW, 1990), c„. 242-253| 30 Khondkar Mahbubul Karim, op.cit., p. 127. wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZi AMÖMwZ‡Z †gvMj †n‡i‡gi Ae`vb W. †gv: Avwgiæj Bmjvg

[Abstract: It is seen that, from the initial stage to the end, some women have played a significant role in the context of the Mughal herm from political, economic, administrative, education and culture. The Mughal Emperor greatly supported the education, especially Emperor Babar and Jahangir were well-known writers.Under the patronage of the emperors, study studies of Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit language literature, such as Prasad, continued in the same era, as well as the language and literary practice in Mughal Herme. As a result, some women were able to achieve sophistication in history, language and literature in Mughal Herme. During the period of Emperor Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan and Angzeb, literary practices in Mughal Herme took a great deal of shape. The names of Gulbadan Begum, Nurjahan, Momtajamal, Jahanara, and Jebunisia among the women who have acquired archeology in Arabic and Persian language and literature during the Mughal period are particularly notable.] f~wgKv: c„w_exi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZwU ivReskB ¯’vqx‡Z¡i Rb¨ wb‡R‡`i ‡mŠh©exh© cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb Zuvi g‡a¨ †gvMj ivResk Ab¨Zg| G ivRes‡ki mybvgab¨ K‡qKRb kvmK we‡kl K‡i m¤ªvU evei, m¤ªvU ûgvqb, m¤ªvU AvKei, m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi, m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb I m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmbvg‡j wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î †gvMj m¤ªv‡R¨i ¯^Y©hyM wQj KviY D‡jøwLZ kvmKe„›` wb‡R‡`i kvmbvg‡j wkÿv `xÿvi e¨vcv‡i LyeB Zrci wQ‡jb we‡kl K‡i Zviv †n‡i‡gi Awaevwm‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Zb| Zuviv †`k-we‡`k †_‡K bvgx- `vwg, Ávbx-¸wb, cwÛZ I wkÿvwe` Avbqb K‡i †n‡i‡g DbœZ wkÿvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Zb d‡j †gvMj †n‡ig wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi Ab¨Zg ‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e we‡k^i `iev‡i we‡kl L¨vwZ jvf K‡i| wb‡¤œ †gvMj †n‡i‡g wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZi AMÖMwZ‡Z †h mg¯Í bvix‡`i †kÖô Ae`vb i‡q‡Q Zuvi mswÿß I Z_¨ wfwËK Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv : mgªvU Rwni DwÏb gynv¤§` evei diMbvi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ n‡j Zvi gvZvgnx Avqmb †`ŠjZ †eMg ¸iæZc~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| Avmb †`ŠjZ †eMg wQ‡jb wkwÿZ I Zxÿè eyw× I `vwqZ¡kxj GKRb bvix|1 cÖK…Z c‡ÿ GB bvix evei‡K ivR¨ kvm‡bi e¨vcv‡i civgk© I mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| Zuvi mnPvh© I cÖfv‡e evei mvnmx, ag©fxiæ, we`¨vb I m`vPvix n‡q I‡Vb|2 GUv m¤¢e n‡qwQj GKgvÎ Avqmb †`Šj‡Zi wkÿv I eyw×gËvi Kvi‡Y| mgªvU eve‡ii g„Zz¨i ci ûgvqy‡bi weÁ Awffvi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib eve‡ii †evb LvbRv`v †eMg| mgmvgwqK HwZnvwmK‡`i eY©bv †_‡K Rvbv hvq ‡h, LvbRv`v †eMg wQ‡jb †m hy‡Mi me©‡kªô

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1 L.F Rushbrook williams, An Empire Bulder of the sixteenth Century, (Delhi: S Chand and Co., 1918), P. 34. 2 Rekha Misra, Women in Mughal india (1526-1748 AD), (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharal, Reprinted, 1970), P. 17. 3 kvnwiqvi BKevj, †gvMj mgvR I ivRbxwZ‡Z bvix, (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1995), c„- 12| 4 †gv: gvgybyi iwk`, †gvMj Avg‡j cÖvmv` ivRbxwZ (1526-1707wLª:), AcÖKvwkZ wcGBPwW w_wmm, iv: we:, 2011, c„- 186| 5 Aveyj dRj, AvBb-B- AvKeix I AvKe‡ii Rxebx, Abyw`Z, cuvPKwW e‡›`vcva¨vq, (KjKvZv, †` eyK †÷vi, 1394), c„- 7| 6 Moni Lal, Humayun, (New Delhi: Vikas publishing House Pvt. ltd., 1975), PP. 127-128. 7 Gul- Badan Begum, Humayum- Nama, (The History of Humayun,) (Eng. Tr. A.S. Beveridge), (Delhi: Idarah-I- Adabiyat-I- Delli, 1972), P. 171. 8 kvnwiqvi BKevj, cÖv¸³, c„- 55| 9 Nuruddin Mohammad Jahangir, The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Eng. Tr. Alexander Rogers, Vol-1, (Delhi: Munshiram Manoharal, 1968), P. 232. 10 kvnwiqvi BKevj, cÖv¸³, c„-61| 88 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

11 Gm Gg Rvdi, gymwjg kvwmZ fvi‡Z wk¶v e¨e¯’v 1200-1800, Aby; ikx` Avj dviæKx (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx 1988), c„- 118| 12 Nuruddin Mohammad Jahangir, op.cit, P. 232. 13 ˆmq`v b~‡i Kv‡Q`v LvZzb, Òevsjvi mgv‡R gymwjg bvixi GKwU ZvwË¡K I HwZnvwmK ch©v‡jvPbv (1900-1947)Ó AcÖKvwkZ wc GBP wW. w_wmm, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, 2002, c„- 72| 14 Chandra Pant, Nujahan and Her Family, (Allahabad: Dendew al publishing House, 1978), P. 41. 15 gCbyÏxb, gmywjg exiv½bv, (XvKv: Avjnvgvi jvB‡eªix evsjv evRvi, 1967), c„- 123| 16 Avwbm wmwÏKx, †gvMj †n‡i‡gi AšÍiv‡j, (XvKv: gy³ aviv. 1978), c„- 261| 17 Nuruddin Mohammad Jahangir, op.cit, P, 319. 18 ; ˆmq` gvngy`yj nvmvb, gyNj nv‡i‡gi AšÍiv‡j, ( XvKv: Ávb weZiYx cÖKvkbx, 2009), c„- 54-55| 19 G‡KGg kvnbvIqvR, fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, ga¨hyM: †gvMj ce©, cÖZxK cÖKvkbv ms¯’v, XvKv- 2001, c„- 116| 20 Z‡`e, c„- 117| 21 nvmvb kixd, †gvMj mvgªv‡R¨i LÐ wPÎ, (XvKv: A¨vW©b cvewj‡Kkb, 2010), c„- 63| 22 kvnwiqvi BKevj, cÖv¸³, c„- 75| 23 Tuzuk-1-Jahangiri, PP- 224-225. 24 M.P. Srivastava, Social life Under the great Mughals 1526-1700 A D, (Allahabad: Chugh Publication, 1978), P. 102. 25 ˆmq` gvngy`yj nvmvb, cÖv¸³, c„- 68| 26 Jadunath Sarkar,Studies in Mughal India, (Calcutta: M.C.Sarker and Sans pvt ltd, 1919), PP. 22- 23. 27 Chaudra Pant, op, cit. P. 116. 28 evsjv wek¦‡Kvl, Z…Zxq LÛ, cÖavb m¤úv`K Lvb evnv`yi Ave`yj nvwKg, bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb, MÖxY eyK nvDR wj: XvKv. 1973. c„-424| 29 kvnwiqvi BKevj, cÖv¸³, c„- 80| 30 fviZ †Kvl Z…Zxq LÛ, ( KjKvZv: e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwilr, 1971), c„- 514| 31 Gm Gg Rvdi, cÖv¸³, c„- 119| 32 ˆmq` gvngy`yj nvmvb, cÖv¸³ c„. 73| 33 fviZ ‡Kvl, cÖv¸³, c„- 514| 34 Saqi Mustad Khan, Maasir-i-Alamgiri,(Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1947), P. 322. 35 Avey‡hvnv b~i Avng`, gymwjg RM‡Z gwnqmx bvix,( XvKv: wgZvjx cÖKvkbx, 1966), c„- 116-117| 36 S.M. Jaffar, Education in Muslim India (1000-1800 A.D.), (Delhi: Idarah-I-Adabiyat-I- Dilli, 1936), P. 197. 37 Ibid. 38 Ibid. wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK cÖ_v I AvPvi-Abyôvb : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv W. BgwZqvR Avn‡g`

[Abstract: The people of ancient Bengal followed various social customs and rituals. Among the customs and rituals there were child birth, first feeding, first day of school, convocation, marriage, banquet, hunting, journey, dancing, music and acting were significant. Some of these were followed even after death. Although these were originated and developed in different perspectives, they gradually became an essential part of their life. Many customs and rituals of ancient Bengal are followed in modern times. In this context, these customs and traditions of ancient Bengal demands to be discussed.] f~wgKv: mvaviYfv‡e 1200 wLª÷v‡ãi c~e© ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖvPxbKvj wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| ZLb evsjv ej‡Z AvaywbKKv‡ji b¨vq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ev GKK f‚LÐ wQj bv, evsjv ZLb wewfbœ Rbc` ev As‡k wef³ wQj| cÖvPxb evsjvq A½, e½, †MŠo, cyÛª ev cyÛªea©b, e‡i›`ª, my² ev ivp, eRª (eªþ), Zv¤ªwjwc, mgZU, nwi‡Kj, ea©gvbfzw³, K¼MÖvgfzw³, eviKgÛj, kÖxnÆgÛj, P›`ªØxc, KR½j cÖf…wZ 16wU Rbc‡`i bvg cvIqv hvq|1 Gme Rbc‡`i g‡a¨ e½, cyÛª, ivp, †MŠo, Zv¤ªwjwc, mgZU I nwi‡Kj D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj|2 Rbc`¸‡jvi †fŠMwjK mxgvbv `„‡ó aviYv Kiv hvq †h †gvUvgywUfv‡e eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k Ges fvi‡Zi cwðge½ wb‡q cÖvPxb evsjv MwVZ wQj| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K evsjvi †jvKRb wewfbœ mvgvwRK AvPvi-Abyôvb I ixwZbxwZ †g‡b Pj‡Zv| wKQz AvPvi-Abyôvb g„Zz¨i ciI gvbv n‡Zv| Hme ixwZbxwZ I AvPvi-Abyôvb cÖvPxb evsjvi RbRxe‡b IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ wQj| cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ I AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi g‡a¨ wkïi Rb¥, bvgKiY, AbœcÖvkb, Rb¥w`b cvjb, cvV`vb, mgveZ©b, weevn, †fvR, b„Z¨, Mvb, Awfbq, ågY, wkKvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj| bvbv NUbvi cUf‚wg‡Z G¸‡jvi D™¢e I we¯Ívi NU‡jI µgvš^‡q Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi Acwinvh© As‡k cwiYZ nq| AvaywbKKv‡j †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ we‡klZ wn›`y I †eŠ×‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvPxb evsjvi Gme mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ I AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv †g‡b Pj‡Z †`Lv hvq| d‡j cÖvPxb evsjvi Gme mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ I AvPvi-Abyôvb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv †h ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i Zv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv| GB †cÖÿvc‡U eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU iPbvi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q| wkïi Rb¥-g„Zz¨: cÖvPxb evsjvq †Mvov wn›`y mgv‡R wkïi gvZ…M‡f© Rb¥ †bqv †_‡K g„Zy¨ ch©šÍ Rxe‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q bvbviKg ixwZbxwZ cvjb Kiv n‡Zv; hvi A‡bK¸‡jv GL‡bv †g‡b Pjv nq| Gme Abyôv‡bi g‡a¨ Mf©vavb (wbw`©ó w`bÿY †g‡b beweevwnZv Kb¨vi cÖ_g iRt `k©‡bi lô ev Aóg w`bv‡šÍ m~h©v‡¯Íi ci mšÍvb Mf©vavb ev M‡f©¯’vcb Abyôvb m¤úvw`Z n‡Zv), cysmeb

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n‡q‡Q, ZZB ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Zvi mvRm¾vi AvK…wZ I iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| GK mgq wQj hLb gvbyl‡K Mv‡Qi jZvcvZv, Qvj, cïi Pvgov cÖf…wZ †cvkvK-cwi”Q` wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| µgvš^‡q mywZ, cvU, †ikg Ges Ab¨vb¨ Zš‘i ˆZwi e¯¿ †mB ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Q| cÖvPxb evsjvq cyiæl I bvix Df‡qiB †mjvBwenxb Kvco cwiavb wQj mvaviY ixwZbxwZ| Z‡e cyiæli‡`i †cvlvK bvix‡`i †_‡K wfbœ wQj| cyiæliv mvaviYZ aywZ ci‡Zv| kix‡ii wb¤œvsk XvKvi Rb¨ aywZ e¨eüZ n‡Zv| AwfRvZ I weËevb cyiæliv my² I wPKb aywZ ci‡Zv Ges Zv †Mvovwji MvU ch©šÍ †cuŠQv‡Zv| kix‡ii Da©vsk Ave„Z Kiv A_ev kixi my‡kvwfZ Kivi Rb¨ Zviv DËixq (Pv`i) I wbgv (Av‡avnvZv Lv‡UvRvgv) ci‡Zv| mvaviY wn›`yiv Lv‡Uv aywZ ci‡Zv| mywZi ˆZwi GB aywZ nuvUz ch©šÍ †cuŠQv‡Zv| Zviv jyw½ I cvRvgvI ci‡Zv| †hvwM I Mixe wn›`yiv KL‡bv KL‡bv †js‡M‡U ci‡Zv| kei (wkKvix) I Ab¨vb¨ Avw`evmxiv Mv‡Qi cvZv †Kvg‡i †eu‡a ivL‡Zv I ¸ß A½‡K †X‡K ivL‡Zv| KL‡bv KL‡bv Zviv Lv‡Uv aywZI cwiavb Ki‡Zv| †hv×viv Lv‡Uv aywZ A_ev nvd c¨v›Um ci‡Zv| Zviv kix‡ii Da©vsk Ave„Z Kivi Rb¨ wbgv e¨envi Ki‡Zv| †mKv‡ji mvwn‡Z¨ Pvgovi RyZv, Kv‡Vi Log Ges QvZvi D‡jøL Av‡Q| evsjvi cÖ¯Íi-g~wZ©‡Z †Kej †hv×v‡`i cv‡q KL‡bv KL‡bv RyZv †`Lv hvq| m¤¢eZ mvaviYZ Gi e¨envi n‡Zv bv| K‡qKwU g~wZ©‡Z QvZvi e¨envi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|6 A_©vr †mKv‡j Pvgovi RyZv, Kv‡Vi Log Ges QvZvi e¨envi †h wQj Zv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv| bvix‡`i †cvkvK wn‡m‡e mvaviYfv‡e kvwo cwiav‡bi ixwZ Pvjy wQj| gwnjviv cv‡qi †Mvovwj ch©šÍ kvwo ci‡Zv| m¤¢eZ kvox covi GB ixwZ cieZ©x‡Z cvjhy‡M d¨vm‡b cwiYZ nq| †Kbbv cvnvocy‡i cÖvß cÖvPxbZi cÖ¯Íi fv¯‹h© kvwo civi GB ixwZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e gv‡S g‡a¨ Zviv †PŠwj ev eÿeÜbx e¨envi Ki‡Zv Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kvgi ch©šÍ AšÍe©vm ci‡Zv| Ae¯’vcbœ gwnjviv wPKb I iwOb kvwo ci‡Zv| cÖZ¥ZvwË¡K mvÿ¨ cÖgv‡YI gwnjv‡`i bKkvK…Z my›`i, ¯^”Q I iwOb Kvco e¨env‡ii cÖgvY †g‡j| mgmvgwqK cvÐzwjwc‡Z †`ex‡`i‡K my›`i bKkvK…Z jvj, bxj I njy` i‡Oi †cvkvK cwiwnZ Ae¯’vq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|7 cÖvPxb †fŠMwjK MÖš’ Ô`¨ †cwicøvm Ae `¨ Bwiw_ªqvb mxÕ-‡Z evsjvi Mv‡½q e›`i †_‡K G‡`‡k Drcbœ my² gmwjb e¯¿ ißvwbi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|8 †m mgq Zviv NvMivI ci‡Zv| KLv‡bv KL‡bv Zviv BRvi (cvqRvgv) I Lv‡Uv BRviI cwiavb Ki‡Zv| kix‡ii Davs‡ki †cvkvK wn‡m‡e Zviv j¤^v I wXjv Rvgv, Iobv, ewWR Ges eøvD‡Ri g‡Zv Rvgv ci‡Zv| Iobv Ae¸É‡bi KvRI Ki‡Zv| `wi`ª I mvaviY gwnjviv ïay GKLÐ †gvUv Kvc‡oi e¯¿ ci‡Zv| ZvQvov mKj cÖKvi my›`i Kvco Zv‡`i bvMv‡ji evB‡i wQj| Zv‡`i kix‡ii DcwifvM Abve„Z _vK‡Zv|9 Avw_©K A¯^”QjZv Gi KviY wQj| Zv‡`i ïay mywZi †gvUv KvcoB µq Kivi ÿgZv wQj| KL‡bvI KL‡bvI Zviv mu~P w`‡q Zv‡`i wQbœ e¯¿¸‡jv †mjvB Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv| wkïiv Lv‡Uv cvqRvgv ci‡Zv| Zviv Pzj mvaviYZ ¸”Qe× K‡i ivL‡Zv Ges KL‡bv KLv‡bv Kuv‡a Szwj‡q ivL‡Zv| eZ©gvb hy‡Mi evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡`i b¨vq Zviv Mjvq bKkvhy³ †MvjvKvi nvi cwiavb Ki‡Zv| weËkvjx cwiev‡ii wkïiv cÖvqB Kv‡b †MvjvKvi KzÐj ci‡Zv Ges gv‡S g‡a¨ Zviv kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡k AjsKvi e¨envi Ki‡Zv| Zviv KL‡bv KL‡bv nuvUz ch©šÍ j¤^v aywZ ci‡Zv|10 92 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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dzj BZ¨vw`I e¨envi Ki‡Zv| mvaviY gwnjviv †cvovgvwU, Zvgv A_ev Kuv‡Pi ¸wUKv, †eªvÄ I k‡•Li ejq cÖf…wZ Aj¼vi w`‡q Zv‡`i †mŠ›`h©ea©b Ki‡Zv| bvix‡`i †ÿ‡Î we‡klZ weevwnZv bvix‡`i Rb¨ k‡•Li ev kuvLvi ejq we‡klfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡Zv| MÖv‡gi my›`ixiv wb‡R‡`i †mŠ›`h©e„w×i Rb¨ dzj I dzjMv‡Qi cvZv e¨envi Ki‡Zv| Avw`evmx gwnjviv ¸Äixi gvjv I eo †MvjvKvi KzÐj ci‡Zv|17 gwnjv‡`i †mŠ›`h©PP©vq wewfbœ cÖmvabxi e¨envi n‡Zv| Zv‡`i e¨eüZ cÖmva‡bi g‡a¨ wm›`yi, KvRj, KzgKzg, K¯‘ix, Rvdivb, P›`b, N„ZKzgvix I jvÿvi e¨vcK e¨envi n‡Zv| wn›`y gwnjviv wmuw_‡Z wm›`yi e¨envi Ki‡Zv| wm›`yi e¨envi wn›`y gwnjv‡`i weev‡ni cÖwZK wQj| Kcv‡j `vM †`Iqvi Rb¨I gwnjviv wm›`yi e¨envi Ki‡Zv| †Pv‡Li †mŠ›`h©ea©‡bi Rb¨ Zviv KvRj e¨envi Ki‡Zv| A‡b‡K Kcv‡jI KvR‡ji e¨envi Ki‡Zv| Zviv K¯‘ix I Rvdivb w`‡q kixi I gyLgÐj iO Ki‡Zv| Mv‡ji †mŠ›`h©ea©‡b Zviv N„ZKzgvix e¨envi Ki‡Zv| †VuvU ivOv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Zv jvÿv| Pzb-mycvwimn cvb †L‡q Zviv †VuvU ivOv‡Zv| jvÿvim w`‡q Zviv cv iO Ki‡Zv| weËevb gwnjviv Pzj m‡ZR ivLvi Rb¨ myMwÜ †Zj e¨envi Ki‡Zv| 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AwaKZi ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Zv| eY© AvB‡bi Aax‡b bv _vKvq Zviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| ïwPZv, cwZfw³: cÖvPxb evsjvi mgv‡R mvaviYfv‡e bvixMY ïwPZv I cweÎZv iÿvi †Póv Ki‡Zv Ges ag©civqbZv I cwZfw³‡Z me©`v m‡Pó _vK‡Zv| G¸‡jv bvix mgv‡Ri Rb¨ AbymiYxq ixwZ I Av`k© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zv| we‡klZ MÖvg¨ RbRxe‡bi Av`k© wQj mnR, mij I cweÎ| eû †cvovgvwUi dj‡K I K‡qKwU fv¯‹‡h© hyMj `¤úwËi wPÎ DrKxY© n‡q‡Q| Gme cÖwZK…wZ mgv‡R `vßZ¨ Rxe‡bi ¸iæ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi enb K‡i| †cvovgvwUi dj‡K Av‡iKwU Zvrch©c~Y© welq gv I wkï| AvRKv‡ji gZ †mKv‡jI mZx mvaŸx I myLx bvix Rxe‡bi mdjZv I my‡Li GKwU eo cwiPq wQj Zviv Rbbx| we‡klZ cyÎeZx gvZvi m¤§vb I gh©v`v mgv‡R I cwiev‡i wQj mve©Rbxbfv‡e ¯^xK…Z|39 mgv‡R bvixi GKK mËvi aviYv cÖPwjZ wQj- bvix wQj Kb¨v, Rvqv I Rbbx| gv I wkïi wPÎ DrKxY© cÖZœZvwË¡K mvÿ¨¸‡jv bvixi Rxe‡b gvZ…‡Z¡i ¸iæ‡Z¡iB cÖgvY e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq| cyiæ‡liv GKvwaK weevn Ki‡j wKsev eviewbZv‡`i Kv‡Q †M‡jI bvix‡`i‡K ¯^vgxi Kv‡Q me©`v wb‡ew`Zv n‡q _vK‡Z n‡Zv Ges Zv‡`i‡K wPšÍv-†PZbv Ges K‡g© me©`v mr _vK‡Z n‡Zv| KviY g‡b Kiv n‡Zv †h, Gme K‡g©i g‡a¨B Zvi BnKvjxb I ciKvjxb Kj¨vY wbwnZ Av‡Q| bxwZ-‰bwZKZvi Aeÿq: eZ©gvbKv‡ji b¨vq cÖvPxbKv‡jI †jvK‡`i we‡klZ AwfRvZ‡`i bxwZ-‰bwZKZv cwinvi K‡i wewfbœ AmvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ð wjß n‡Z †`Lv hvq| †MŠ‡oi wejvmwcÖq ZiæY-ZiæYx‡`i ˆbwZK ˆkw_‡j¨i we¯Í…Z eY©bv wewfbœ cÖvPxb MÖ‡š’ cvIqv hvq| ceb`~Z Kv‡e¨i eY©bv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h ZLbKvi mgvR Gme Kvg‡Kwj‡K †h †Kej MÖnY K‡iwQj ZvB bq, G¸‡jv‡K mvaviY mgvR Rxe‡bi A½ e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡Zv| †mb ivRv‡`i ivRKxq `wj‡j †ek¨v‡`i m¤ú‡K© cÖksmvm~PK ¯^xK…wZ Av‡Q| w؇Riv grm fÿY Ki‡Zv Ges Zv‡`i bvixiv AZ¨šÍ KvgvPvix wQj| M„‡n †mevi Rb¨ Ges g›`x‡i †mevi Rb¨ †hme Kzgvix Kb¨v ev `vm`vmx ivLv n‡Zv ZvivI kvmK, AwfRvZ I cy‡ivwnZ‡`i jvjmvi Kvi‡Y †hŠbvPv‡ii b¨vq A‰bwZK K‡g© wjß n‡q co‡Zv| g›`x‡i Ae¯’vbiZ `vmx I Kzgvixiv †`e- eviewYZvq cwiYZ n‡Zv|40 Kg©‡ÿÎ: AwfRvZ Ges weËevb gwnjv‡`i AšÍtcy‡i msmvi-a‡g©i KvR Ki‡Z n‡Zv, Zv‡`i evB‡i hvIqvi my‡hvM I AwaKvi †Kv‡bvUvB wQj bv| wKš‘ Mixe gwnjv‡`i Kg©‡ÿÎ wfbœZi wQj| cÖvPxb evsjvq `wi`ª I wb¤œ¯Í‡ii bvix‡`i ¯^vgxi m‡½ N‡ii wfZ‡i Ges evwn‡i Dfq¯’v‡b K‡g© wjß _vK‡Zv| Zv‡`i N‡i c‡ii w`‡bi †Kv‡bv Lvevi †RvMvo _vK‡Zv bv| d‡j eva¨ n‡qB Zv‡`i N‡i I gv‡V KvR Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Zviv m¤ú`kvjx AwfRvZ M„‡n wkïavÎx wn‡m‡e KvRI Ki‡Zv| bxPz †kÖYxi gwnjviv †bŠKv cvivcv‡ii KvR Ki‡Zv| Zviv weËevb cwiev‡i `vmx I †mweKv wn‡m‡eI KvR Ki‡Zv| Zviv ivRvmn ivRcwiev‡ii cÖnix I f…Z¨ wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zv| cY¨ †ePv‡Kbvi Rb¨ Zviv nvU-evRv‡iI †h‡Zv| Zviv cÖ‡qvRb n‡j m~Zv †K‡U, ZuvZ ey‡b A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wkíKg© K‡i ¯^vgx‡`i DcvR©‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡Zv| 100 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

KL‡bv KL‡bv A_©‡jv‡f cÖ‡ivwPZv n‡q ¯¿xiv ¯^vgx‡`i kÖwg‡Ki KvR Ki‡Z cvVv‡Zv| G e¨vcv‡i ¯¿x-iv wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i wbKU n‡Z Dr‡KvP MÖn‡Y wØav‡eva Ki‡Zv bv|41 †fvR Drme: cÖvPxb mgv‡Ri we‡kl ixwZbxwZ wQj weevn, Rb¥w`b, c~Rv-cve©Y cÖf…wZ Abyôvb Dcj‡ÿ¨ †fvR-Drme Kiv| G Dcj‡ÿ¨ weË cwiev‡i cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Lvev‡ii Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡Zv| weevn‡fv‡R eihvÎxiv mvaviY Lvevi cQ›` Ki‡Zv bv| Ae¯’vcbœ †jv‡Kiv Lvev‡ei ZvwjKvq nwiY, QvMj I cvwLi gvs‡mi Ges gv‡Qi ˆZwi Svjhy³ I bvbv cÖKv‡ii myMwÜ I cÖPzi gmjvhy³ e¨Äbvw`, bvbv cÖKv‡ii mywgó wcVv, cv‡qm I ÿxi Ges `B _vK‡Zv| †fv‡Ri ci †`Iqv n‡Zv bvbv iK‡gi gmjvhy³ cv‡bi wLwj|42 †fv‡R GZ cwigvY e¨Äb cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡Zv †h, †jv‡Kiv me †L‡q Ges MYbv K‡i DV‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| mvaviY †jv‡Kiv weevn‡fv‡R A‡Zv e¨q Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI m¤¢eZ mva¨gZ QvMj I gv‡Qi ˆZwi e¨Äb Ges `B, cv‡qm I ÿxi ivL‡Zv| `ya, bvwi‡K‡ji Rj, Bÿzim, Zvjim QvovI g`¨c RvZxq bvbv cÖKv‡ii cvbxq cÖvPxb evsjvq mycÖPwjZ wQj| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq †h, cÖvPxb evsjvi †jv‡Kiv RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l wewfbœ mvgvwRK AvPvi- Abyôvb I wbqgKvbyb †g‡b †m¸‡jv cvjb Ki‡Zv| GK mgq G¸‡jv Zv‡`i cÖvZ¨vwnK Rxe‡bi As‡k cwiYZ n‡Zv| A_© I cÖvPz‡h©i Kvi‡Y ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨, AgvZ¨, AwfRvZ Ges m¤£všÍ cy‡ivwnZiv †hfv‡e Avb›` mnKv‡i mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ I Drmemg~n cvjb Ki‡Zv `wi`ªiv A_©vfv‡e Ges ag©xq weavb I mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y †Zgbfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| mvaviY Ges `wi`ª †jvKRb Zv‡`i mva I mv‡a¨i g‡a¨ mgv‡R cÖPwjZ ixwZbxwZ I cÖ_v †g‡b Pjvi cÖqvm †c‡Zv Ges `ytL-Avb›`‡K wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ fvMvfvwM K‡i Rxeb AwZevwnZ Ki‡Zv| wUKv I Z_¨-wb‡`©k

1 bxnviiÄb ivq, ev½vjxi BwZnvm, Avw`ce© (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, dvêyb 1416), c„. 123; W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi iwng, W. Ave`yj gwgb †PŠayix, W. G.we.Gg gvngy` I W. wmivRyj Bmjvg, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, PZz`©k ms¯‹iY (XvKv : bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb, 2010), c„. 24-30; mybxwZ f‚lY Kvbyb‡Mv, evsjvi BwZnvm, cÖ_g LÐ (cÖvPxb hyM), cÖ_g ms¯‹iY (PÆMÖvg : `xc¼i Kvbyb‡Mv, 1994), c„. 28-34| 2 e„wUk evsjvq XvKv, dwi`cyi, ev‡LiMÄ I Lyjbv †Rjv e½ Rbc‡`i AšÍf©y³ wQj| cyÛª Rbc` e„nËi e¸ov, w`bvRcyi Ges ivRkvnx †Rjv Ry‡o Gi we¯Í…wZ wQj| cwðge‡½i fvMxi_xi cwðg Zx‡i gywk©`vev` †Rjv †_‡K `wÿ‡Y mgy`ª ch©šÍ ivp we¯Í…Z wQj| cwðge‡½i gvj`n, gywk©`vev`, exif~g I ea©gv‡bi wKQz Ask Ges evsjv‡`‡ki PuvcvBbeveM‡Äi wKQz Ask cÖvPxb †MŠo Rbc‡`i mxgvbv wQj| eZ©gvb cwðge‡½i †gw`wbcyi †Rjvi ZgjyK GjvKv Zv¤ªwjwc Rbc‡`i †K›`ª wQj| wÎcyiv, Kzwgjøv I †bvqvLvjx AÂj cÖvPxb mgZ‡Ui AšÍf©y³ GjvKv wQj| PÆMÖvg A‡j nwi‡Kj Rbc‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wQj| 3 we¯ÍvwiZ weei‡Yi Rb¨ †`Lyb mywßKYv gRyg`vi, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb mgvR, cÖ_g cÖKvk (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2010), c„„. 59-64)| 4 Z‡`e, c„. 64| 5 Z‡`e, c„. 67| cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK cÖ_v I AvPvi-Abyôvb : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 101

6 i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi, evsjv †`‡ki BwZnvm, cÖvPxb hyM, beg ms¯‹iY (KwjKvZv : †Rbv‡ij wcÖ›Uvm© q¨vÛ cvweøkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, 1998), c„. 196-197| 7 kvnvbviv †nv‡mb, cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm (ivRkvnx : Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, 2012), c„. 124| 8 The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, no Writer name, trans. W. H. Schoff (New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2001), p. 47. 9 †R¨vwZ wek¦vm, mܨvKib›`xi ivgPwiZ : HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK we‡kølY, cÖ_g cÖKvk (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2008), c„. 150| 10 Shahanara Husain, History of Ancient Bengal (Rajshahi : Institute of Bangladesh Studies, 2011), p. 158. 11 †R¨vwZ wek¦vm, cÖv¸³, c„. 152-153| 12 bxnviiÄb ivq, cÖv¸³,c„. 459| 13 kvnvbviv †nv‡mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 125| 14 bxnviiÄb ivq, cÖv¸³,c„. 459| 15 Shahanara Husain, op. cit., p. 240. 16 Ibid. 17 kvnvbviv †nv‡mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 125| 18 Z‡`e, c„. 126| 19 †R¨vwZ wek¦vm, cÖv¸³, c„. 153| 20 kvnvbviv †nv‡mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 77| 21 mywßKYv gRyg`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 77| 22 bxnviiÄb ivq, cÖv¸³, c„. 449-450| 23 kvnvbviv †nv‡mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 228| 24 Z‡`e, c„. 91| 25 Z‡`e, c„. 126| 26 Z‡`e, c„. 117| 27 bxnviiÄb ivq, cÖv¸³, c„ 148| 28 †R¨vwZ wek¦vm, cÖv¸³, c„. 148| 29 Z‡`e, c„. 149| 30 bxnviiÄb ivq, cÖv¸³, c„. 452| 31 kvnvbviv †nv‡mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 138| 32 bxnviiÄb ivq, cÖv¸³, c„. 473-474| 33 i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 195| 34 bxnviiÄb ivq, cÖv¸³, c„. 70-71| 35 i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 195| 36 mywßKYv gRyg`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 69| 37 Z‡`e, c„. 68| 38 kvnvbviv †nv‡mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 139| 39 Z‡`e, c„. 192| 40 mywßKYv gRyg`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 79| 41 bxnviiÄb ivq, cÖv¸³, c„. c„. 473| 42 bxnviiÄb ivq, cÖv¸³, c„. c„. 445| wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X Zvivcy‡ii nvIqvLvbv : GK Abb¨ ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b W. KvRx †gv. †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb*

[Abstract: Among the ancient zamindars of Bengal, the zamindari of Puthia at Rajshahi district is one of them. It was founded during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556-1605). After getting the zamindari, its head office was established at Puthia. To protect themselves and their palaces from enemy attacks, they dug moat surrounding their Rajbari area. They also built a large number of temples and palaces (near about 20 buildings) in this protected area. These are all architecturally and aesthetically very much attractive and most valuable to the tourists. Tarapur Hawakhana or the rath temple is one of them. It is built in the center place of a large tank, which is very rare building in Bangladesh. In the present article, there is a small effort to highlight the architectural features and importance of the Tarapur Hawakhana building to the readers, researchers and tourists.] f‚wgKv: evsjvi cÖvPxb Rwg`vwi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ivRkvnx †Rjvi cywVqvi Rwg`vwi Ab¨Zg| †gvMj m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j (1556-1605) Gi D™¢e e‡j Rvbv hvq| Rwg`vwi jv‡fi c‡i cywVqvq wbwg©Z nq Zv‡`i Rwg`vwii cÖavb Kvh©vjq| kÎæ‡`i AvµgY †_‡K wb‡R‡`i wbivc` ivLvi Rb¨ Lbb Kiv nq cwiLv Ges M‡o †Zvjv nq cwiLv‡ewóZ mywekvj ivRevwo| †gvMj m¤ªvU KZ…©K ivRv Dcvwa cÖvß cywVqvi Rwg`viiv cÖRvKj¨v‡Y †hgb L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb wVK †Zgwb ¯’vcZ¨ wbg©v‡YI cÖMvo Abyiv‡Mi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| cywVqv ivRevwo I Zvi Av‡kcv‡k wbwg©Z gw›`i ¯’vcZ¨¸‡jv Zv‡`i †mB KxwZ©gq gnxgv GL‡bv enb K‡i P‡j‡Q| Zv‡`i wbwg©Z †Zgwb GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ BgviZ n‡jv cy®‹wiYxi gv‡S ¯’vwcZ Zvivcy‡ii nvIqvLvbv| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü †mB BgviZwUi f‚wgbKkvmn ¯’vcwZ¨K ˆewkó¨ I ¸iæZ¡ M‡elK, ch©UK I mywagn‡j Zz‡j aivi ÿz`ª cÖqvm iBj| Ae¯’vb I bvgKiY ivRkvnx kni †_‡K AvbygvwbK AvVvk wK‡jvwgUvi c~e©w`‡K Ges cywVqv †_‡K cwð‡g cÖvq wZb wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i i‡q‡Q Zvivcyi MÖvg| MÖvgwU ivRkvnx bv‡Uvi gnvmo‡Ki `wÿ‡Y cÖvq Aa© wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i Aew¯’Z| GB MÖv‡giB GK e„nr cy®‹wiYxi g‡a¨ wbwg©Z i‡q‡Q wØZj wewkó GKwU BgviZ| GwU Ôi_ evwMPv ZvivcyiÕ1 bv‡g L¨vZ _vK‡jI eZ©gv‡b BgviZwU nvIqvLvbv bv‡g cwiwPZ| RbkÖæwZ Abyhvqx MigKv‡j GB BgviZwU‡Z cywVqvi Pvi Avwb ivRviv Zv‡`i ivwb‡`i wKsev iwÿZv‡`i wb‡q G‡m Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv` I VvÐv nvIqv †meb K‡i ivRvevwo‡Z wdi‡Zb| wKš‘ BgviZwUi wbg©vY‰kjx `„‡ó mn‡RB AbywgZ nq †h, GwU †jvKvqZ BgviZ bv n‡q gw›`i nIqvB ¯^vfvweK| wegjvPiY ˆg‡Îq Zuvi cywVqvi ivResk MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡ib †h,

* cÖ‡dmi, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq 104 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ cyixi Av`‡k© cywVqv‡ZI GKwU i‡_i moK wQj Ges cy®‹wiYxi g‡a¨ wQj GKwU gw›`i|2 Zuvi GB e³‡e¨i mg_©‡b cywVqv n‡Z Kv›`iv I K…òcyi †gŠRvi mxgvbv w`‡q †h iv¯Ív Zvivcy‡i wM‡q‡Q Zv GL‡bv ¯’vbxq‡`i wbKU Ôi_MwjÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| cywVqv‡Z †h eû Av‡M †_‡K i_ Drme n‡Zv Zvi A‡bK `„óvšÍ GL‡bv we`¨gvb| GgbwK i_ Drme I c~Rv-cve©Y wb‡q cywVqvi cuvP Avwb I Pvi Avwb Rwg`vi‡`i g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZviI BwZnvm i‡q‡Q| myZivs Zvivcy‡ii cy®‹wiYxi g‡a¨ wbwg©Z GB BgviZwU †h gw›`i wQj Zv mn‡RB AbywgZ nq| Z‡e nq‡Zvev cieZx©Kv‡j i_ Drme eÜ n‡q †M‡j cywVqvi cÖ‡gv` wejvmx ivRviv (Pvi Avwb) Zv‡`i ivwb‡`i wKsev iwÿZv‡`i wb‡q GB BgviZwU‡Z VvÐv evqy †meb I Avb›`dzwZ©i gva¨‡g Rxeb‡K Dc‡fvM Ki‡Zb e‡jB ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi wbKU BgviZwU nvIqvLvbv bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq| mgZj Qv` wewkó GB BgviZwU wbg©v‡Y BU I Pzb-myiwKi e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| f‚wgbKkv I MVb‰kjx cÖvq 8.33 GKi wewkó GK wekvj cy®‹wiYxi wVK †K›`ª¯’‡j GKwU eM©vKvi g‡Âi Dci wØZj wewkó GB BgviZwU wbwg©Z| g‡Âi cwigvc 48-646-6 Ges cvwb †_‡K Gi D”PZv 3 4-0| gÂwU cÖ‡Z¨K w`‡K 7wU K‡i †gvU 28wU wLjv‡bi (†Lvc †Lvc AvKv‡ii myo½ K‡i) Dci wbwg©Z| g‡Âi cÖvšÍfvM n‡Z cÖ‡Z¨Kw`‡K 5-8 `~‡i g~j BgviZwU Aew¯’Z| eY©bvi myweav‡_© gw›`iwU‡K bxPZjv Ges wØZj Ask – GB `y-fv‡M wef³ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|4

f‚wgbKkv : Zvivcyi gw›`i/nvIqvLvbv, cywVqv

Zvivcy‡ii nvIqvLvbv : GK Abb¨ ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b 105 bxPZjv mgMÖ BgviZwU cÖvq eM©vKv‡i wbwg©Z| Gi ewnf©v‡Mi cwigvc DËi-`wÿ‡Y 37-2 Ges c~e©- cwð‡g 35-2| ga¨Lv‡b BgviZwUi GKgvÎ Kÿ ev Mf©M„n Ges Mf©M„‡ni Pviw`‡K ¯^í cwimi wewkó XvKv eviv›`v i‡q‡Q| AvqZvKv‡i wbwg©Z Mf©M„‡ni cwigvc 16-09-2| KÿwUi DËi, `wÿY I c~e© w`‡K GKwU K‡i †gvU wZbwU Aa©e„ËvK…wZi LuvRwLjvb wewkó Db¥y³ cÖ‡ekc_ i‡q‡Q| KÿwUi Af¨šÍixY DcwifvM †PŠPvjv Qv‡` Av”Qvw`Z n‡jI ewnf©v‡M mgZjQv` wbg©vY K‡i Z`ycwi Bgvi‡Zi wØZj Ask wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| Mf©M„‡ni PZzw`©‡Ki eviv›`v cÖ‡¯’ c~e© w`‡K 6-9, DËi w`‡K 5-0, cwðg w`‡K 3-6 Ges `wÿY w`‡K 5-0| eviv›`vi Af¨šÍixY DcwifvM QB AvK„wZi Pvjv Qv‡` Av”Qvw`Z| eviv›`vmg~‡ni DËi, `wÿY I c~e© w`‡K wZbwU K‡i Ges cwð‡g GKwU †gvU `kwU Db¥y³ wLjvbc_ i‡q‡Q| gw›`iwUi wØZj As‡k IVvi Rb¨ Mf©M„‡ni cwðg †`qvj msjMœ 22 avc wewkó `wÿYgyLx GKwU miæ †mvRv wmuwoc_ we`¨gvb| Mf©M„n I eviv›`vi †g‡S GK mgq c‡j¯Ívivi Av¯Íi‡Y Av”Qvw`Z wQj| eZ©gv‡b c‡j¯Ívivi Av¯Íi‡Yi me¸‡jvB aŸsmcÖvß| wØZj Ask BgviZwUi wØZj As‡k wb‡gœi Mf©M„‡ni Dc‡i 3-2 D”PZv wewkó GKwU DuPz wfwË ev g‡Âi Dci GKwU gvÎ Kÿ wbwg©Z| KÿwUi cwigvc DËi-`wÿ‡Y 16-2 Ges c~e©-cwð‡g 10-5| KÿwUi c~e© †`qv‡j wZbwU Ges DËi I `wÿY †`qv‡j GKwU K‡i †gvU cuvPwU Dch©ycwi wZb¯Íi wewkó Db¥y³ LuvR wLjvbc_ i‡q‡Q| KÿwUi AšÍi¯’ DcwifvM †PŠPvjv Qv` msewjZ n‡jI ewnf©vM mgZj Qv‡` Av”Qvw`Z| KÿwUi cwðg †`qv‡j LuvRwLjvb wewkó ¯^í AvqZ‡bi GKwU cÖ‡ekc_ i‡q‡Q hv w`‡q m¤§y‡L GKwU ¯^í cwim‡ii AvqZvKvi ¸ß K‡ÿ cÖ‡ek Kiv hvq| cÖ‡ekc_wU‡Z Kv‡Vi `iRv jvMv‡bv wQj e‡j AbywgZ nq| ¸ß KÿwUi cwigvc DËi-`wÿ‡Y 1-3 Ges c~e©-cwð‡g 2-7| KÿwUi AšÍi¯’ DcwifvM QB AvK…wZi Pvjv Qv‡` Av”Qvw`Z n‡jI ewnf©vM mgZj Qv` wewkó| m¤¢eZ GB ¸ß KÿwU‡Z gw›`‡ii abm¤ú` jywK‡q ivLv n‡Zv| BgviZwUi bxPZjv n‡Z wØZ‡ji D”PZv 14-18| wØZ‡ji GB KÿwUi Pvwiav‡ii Db¥y³ Qv‡`i cÖvšÍfvM 2-0 DuPz GKwU ecÖ (parapet) Øviv †ewóZ|

Zvivcyi nvIqvLvbv (c~e©w`K †_‡K) 106 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

AjsKiY BgviZwUi Af¨šÍi I ewnf©vM m¤ú~Y©UvB c‡j¯Ívivi Av¯Íi‡Y Av”Qvw`Z| bxPZjvi Mf©M„‡ni Af¨šÍixY †`qvjmg~n KZK¸‡jv AvqZvKvi I Djø¤^ c¨v‡b‡j wef³| †PŠPvjv Qv‡`i ga¨Lv‡b GK mvwi‡Z wZbwU e„‡Ëi Qvc cwijwÿZ nq| AbywgZ nq †h, D³ e„Ëmg~‡ni g‡a¨ nq‡Zv †Kv‡bv dzj bKkv DrKxY© wQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b c‡j¯Ívivi Av¯ÍiY¸‡jv Ly‡j covq BgviZwUi †Kv‡bv AjsKiY bKkvB †Pv‡L c‡o bv| eviv›`vi wfZ‡ii †`qvjmg~‡ni cÖ‡ekc_¸‡jvi Dcwifv‡M GKwU Ges ewnf©v‡M `ywU K‡i AvqZvKvi Abyf~wgK c¨v‡bj we`¨gvb| ZvQvov Mf©M„‡ni ewnf©v‡Mi c~e© cÖ‡ekc‡_i (eviv›`vi †fZi) `yB cv‡k `ywU, Dˇi `ywU, `wÿ‡Y `ywU I cwð‡g cÖ‡ekc‡_i `yB cv‡k `ywU K‡i PviwU– †gvU ev‡ivwU wLjvbvK…wZi c¨v‡bj i‡q‡Q| wØZj As‡ki K‡ÿi AšÍi¯’ †PŠPvjv Qv‡`i ga¨Lv‡b GKwU dzj bKkv `„k¨gvb| K‡ÿi Db¥y³ wLjvbc_mg~n Dch©ycwi Qq avc wewkó LuvR bKkvq †kvwfZ| KÿwUi c~e© w`‡Ki wZb wLjvbc‡_i g‡a¨ ¯’vwcZ ¯Í¤¢ `ywU †MvjvwqZ Ges wkiv‡jv bKkvhy³| wLjvbmg~‡ni Dcwifv‡M `yB †KvYvq `ywU K‡i †jvnvi wkK‡ji wis we`¨gvb hv Øviv AbywgZ nq †h, D³ wkKj¸‡jv‡Z c`©v AvUwK‡q K‡ÿi †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv n‡Zv| KÿwUi ewnf©v‡Mi cwðg †`qv‡j wZbwU, DËi †`qv‡ji cÖ‡ekc‡_i c~e© cv‡k GKwU Ges `wÿY †`qv‡ji cÖ‡ekc‡_i `yB cv‡k `ywU– †gvU QqwU wLjvbvK…wZi c¨v‡bj we`¨gvb| ZvQvovI BgviZwUi ewnf©v‡Mi cÖwZw`‡Ki Kvwb©‡ki wbgœvsk AvqZvKvi Abyf~wgK c¨v‡b‡j wef³| bxPZjvi wLjvbc_mg~‡nI c~‡e© c`©v AvUKv‡bvi e¨e¯’v wQj e‡j AbywgZ nq| Zvivcy‡ii GB BgviZwUi Af¨šÍi I ewnf©v‡M †Zgb †Kv‡bv AvKl©Yxq AjsKiY bv _vK‡jI cy®‹wiYxi ga¨¯’‡j wbwg©Z nIqvq GwUi †mŠ›`h©‡K eûj cwigv‡Y e„w× K‡i‡Q| c~‡e© G BgviZwU‡Z †bŠKv‡hv‡M hvZvqvZ Kiv n‡jI eZ©gv‡b cy®‹wiYxi ga¨ eivei c~e©-cwð‡g GKwU AvBj w`‡q cy®‹wiYxwU‡K wef³ Kivq D³ AvBjwU BgviZwU‡Z hvZvqv‡Zi c_ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|

Zvivcyi nvIqvLvbv (DËi-cwðg w`K †_‡K)

Zvivcy‡ii nvIqvLvbv : GK Abb¨ ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b 107 wbg©vYKvj wjwLZ †Kv‡bv Z‡_¨i Afv‡e gw›`iwU wVK KLb wbwg©Z n‡qwQj Zv mwVKfv‡e Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e wegjvPiY ˆg‡Îq Zuvi MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, cywVqvi ivRes‡ki kwiK wefw³Ki‡Yi c~e© †_‡KB cywVqvq i‡_i Drme n‡Zv Ges Zvi wb`k©b¯^iƒc Zvivcy‡ii cy®‹wiYxi g‡a¨ Ôi_evwMPv ZvivcyiÕ bv‡g GKwU gw›`‡ii fMœve‡kl GL‡bv we`¨gvb| cywVqv ivRes‡ki kwiK wefw³KiY n‡qwQj AvbygvwbK 1744 mv‡j|5 myZivs Zuvi †`qv Z_¨wU mwVK e‡j a‡i wb‡j BgviZwU 1744 mv‡ji c~‡e© A_©vr Aóv`k kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© wbwg©Z e‡j AbywgZ nq|6 ¸iæZ¡ I Drm Z‡e BgviZwUi cy®‹wiYxi †K›`ª¯’‡j Ae¯’vb †ek Awfbe| G ai‡bi BgviZ evsjv‡`‡k Avi wØZxqwU Av‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvq bv| wegjvPiY ˆg‡Îq-i g‡Z cyixi gw›`‡ii Av`‡k© GB BgviZwU wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|7 Z‡e fvi‡Z Rjvk‡qi g‡a¨ wbwg©Z Bgvi‡Zi †ek wKQz `„óvšÍ i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ZzMjKvev` bMixi myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb ZzMj‡Ki mgvwa‡mŠa (1325) GKwU K…wÎg Rjvk‡qi †K›`ª¯’‡j wbwg©Z wQj|8 cieZx©Kv‡j mvmviv‡g wbwg©Z †kikvn myixi mgvwa (1540-1545), cvÄv‡ei Ag„Zm‡ii Ô¯^Y©gw›`iÕ (1760) Ges ivR¯’v‡bi Rqcyi kn‡i gvbmvMi ev gvbm‡ive‡ii †K›`ª¯’‡j wbwg©Z ÔRjgnjÕ (1799) Gi bvg D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|9 myZivs K…wÎg Rjvk‡qi g‡a¨ BgviZ wbg©vY evsjv‡`‡k weij n‡jI fvi‡Z c~e© †_‡KB Gi cÖPjb wQj Ges †m¸‡jviB AbyKi‡Y nq‡Zv cywVqvi ivRviv m‡ive‡ii †K›`ª¯’‡j G ai‡bi GKwU BgviZ wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| GwU i_gw›`i wn‡m‡e wbwg©Z n‡jI i_ Drme eÜ nIqvq cieZx©‡Z nvIqvLvbv bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Dcmsnvi cywVqv‡K ejv nq gw›`‡ii ivRevwo| GKmv‡_ GZ gw›`‡ii mgv‡ek evsjv‡`‡ki Avi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ivRevwo‡Z cwijwÿZ nq bv| cywVqvq we`¨gvb 14wU gw›`‡ii g‡a¨ cÂiZœ wkegw›`i, cÂiZœ eo †Mvwe›`gw›`i, †`vPvjv †QvU AvwýK gw›`i I eo AvwýK gw›`i, †PŠPvjv †QvU †Mvwe›` gw›`i, †PŠPvjv K…ògw›`i, PviZjv wewkó †`vjgw›`i ev †`vjg‡Âi wbg©vY‰kjx I AjsKiY AZxe AvKl©Yxq| Avevi Av‡jvwPZ cy®‹wiYxi †K›`ª¯’‡j ¯’vwcZ Zvivcy‡ii i_gw›`i ev nvIqvLvbvi ¯’vcZ¨ I cvwicvwk¦©K †mŠ›`h© `k©bv_x©i bRi Kvovi g‡Zv| wKš‘ cwiZv‡ci welq ¯’vbxq KwZcq e¨w³ eZ©gv‡b cy®‹wiYxi gv‡S AvBj w`‡q cy®‹wiYxwU fvMvfvwM K‡i †bqvq Gi Avw` †mŠ›`‡h©i h‡_ó nvwb N‡U‡Q| AvBj Zz‡j w`‡q BgviZwUi c~e© †mŠ›`h© wd‡i Avbv Avek¨K| hw`I †ek wKQzw`b n‡jv evsjv‡`k cÖZœZË¡ Awa`ßi GwUi ms¯‹vi KvR nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q Ges wKQzUv ms¯‹viI K‡i‡Q| ZvB‡Zv GLv‡bv GB BgviZwUi †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ †`k-we‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K eû `k©bv_©xi mgvMg N‡U| 108 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

wMqvmDwÏb ZzMj‡Ki mgvwa, 1325 †kikvn myixi mgvwa, 1540-1545 (eZ©gvb †mB K…wÎg Rjvkq †bB) (K…wÎg Rjvk‡qi gv‡S wbwg©Z)

cvÄv‡ei Ag„Zm‡ii Ô¯^Y©gw›`iÕ (1760) ivR¯’v‡bi Rqcyi kn‡i gvbmvM‡ii †K›`ª¯’‡j wbwg©Z ÔRjgnjÕ (1799) wUKv I Z_¨-wb‡`©k

1 wegjvPiY ˆg‡Îq, cywVqv ivResk (KwjKvZv : c¨vwim AvU© †cÖm, 1953), c„.330| 2 H, c„.331| 3 KvRx †gvt †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb, cywVqvi ivResk : BwZnvm I ¯’vcZ¨ (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2017), c„.120| 4 BgviZwUi f‚wgbKkv cÖeÜKvi KZ©„K miRwg‡b cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Ges ¯’vcwZ¨K eY©bvI miRwg‡b M„nxZ hv Zuvi iwPZ cywVqvi ivResk : BwZnvm I ¯’vcZ¨ MÖ‡š’ mwbœ‡ewkZ i‡q‡Q| cÖe‡Ü ¯’vcwZ¨K eY©bv I Bgvi‡Zi gvc‡hvM D³ MÖš’ †_‡K M„nxZ| 5 Gj.Gm.Gm. IÕg¨vjx, †e½j wWw÷ª± †M‡RwUqvi, ivRkvnx (K¨vjKvUv : †e½j †m‡µUvwi‡qU eyK wW‡cvU, 1916), c„.177; wegjvPiY ˆg‡Îq, c~‡e©v³, c„.30| 6 KvRx †gvt †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb, c~‡e©v³, c„.123| 7 H, c„.124| 8 gynv¤§` †gvL‡jQzi ingvb, myjZvbx Avg‡j gymwjg ¯’vc‡Z¨i weKvk (ivRkvnx : ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖKvkbv †evW©, 1996), c„.122| 9 KvRx †gvt †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb, c~‡e©v³, c„.124| wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X wgkixq mf¨Zvq bxj b‡`i Ae`vb W. †gvmv: Qvwq`v AvKZvi

[Abstract : Egypt is the home of the principal civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Its culture did have an important influence on both of the ancient Israel and the ancient Greece, which in turn, helped towards the formation of western civilization. Egypt is the gift of the Nile and the Nile is a river without its parallel on the earth. Its favourable weather and climate made the residing peoples' livelihood easier which in course of time also helped to the growth and development of Egyptian civilization. Egypt is a land in which civilization was nurtured with the direct result of the Nile. Hence, it is said that the Nile had made Egypt and the valley of the Nile itself is Egypt.] f‚wgKv: c„w_exi BwZnv‡m cÖvPxb mf¨Zv¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg wgkixq mf¨Zv| Z‡e wgkixq mf¨Zv me‡P‡q cÖvPxb wK bv Zv wb‡q we‡klÁ‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` Av‡Q| cÖvq 4,500 †_‡K 3,000 wLªóc~‡e©i ga¨eZx© mg‡q wgk‡i mf¨Zvi weKvk N‡U Ges cÖvq GKB mg‡q †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv mf¨ZvI DbœwZi D”P wkL‡i †cuv‡Q| AwaKvsk HwZnvwmK Ges cÖZ¥ZË¡we` g‡b K‡ib †h, †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvq mf¨Zv cÖ_g M‡o D‡VwQj|1 Zey wgkixqivB cÖ_g gvbe mf¨Zvi ïiæ K‡iwQj e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| bxj b‡`i AeevwnKvq wLªóc~e© 5,000 A‡ãi w`‡K wgkixqivB bZzb cÖ¯Íi hyM †_‡K DbœwZ jvf K‡i kni‡Kw›`ªK Rxeb M‡o †Zv‡j| kvmb e¨e¯’v, mgvR e¨e¯’v, K…wl I †mP e¨e¯’v, e¨emv- evwYR¨, ag©, mvwnZ¨, weÁvb, `k©b, ¯’vcZ¨ I wkíKjvi cÖfzZ DbœwZ mvab K‡i Zviv wek¦mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m wb‡R‡`i ¯’vb K‡i †bq| BmivBj Ges MÖxK mf¨Zvi DciI wgkixq mf¨Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve †d‡jwQj, hv cieZx©Kv‡j AvaywbK cwðgv mf¨Zv‡K M‡o Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GgbwK Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bI wgkixq mf¨Zvi cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| wgki mdiKv‡j MÖxK HwZnvwmK †n‡iv‡WvUvm e‡jb, “I shall extend my remarks to a great length because there is no country that possesses so many wonders, nor any that 2 has such a number of works which defy description.” Bs‡iRx ‘Egypt’ kãwU j¨vwUb ‘Aegyptus’ n‡Z G‡m‡Q hv cÖvPxb MÖxK ‘Aigyptus’ kã †_‡K D™¢~Z| Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki DËi c~e© †Kvbvq Aew¯’Z G †`kwUi mv‡_ Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki wmbvB DcØxc mshy³ Av‡Q| †`kwUi Dˇi f~ga¨mvMi, DËic~‡e© BmivBj, c~‡e© †jvwnZ mvMi, `wÿ‡Y byweqv (AvaywbK my`vb) Ges cwð‡g wjweqv| wgk‡ii AvqZb 385,229 eM©gvBj (9,97,739 eM© wK.wg.) G e„nr f~fv‡Mi gvÎ 14,000 eM©gvBj (36,000 wK.wg.) GjvKv †jvK emwZc~Y© Ges Aewkó GjvKv giæf~wg| bxjb‡`i AeevwnKvq cÖvq 99% RbMY 3 evm K‡i Ges G‡`i RxweKv K…wl wbf©ikxj| JL Myres e‡jb, “Egypt is the gift of

 cÖ‡dmi, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq

110 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

4 the Nile, and the Nile is a river without parallel on this earth.” iæWBqvW© wKcwjs wgki‡K dj I ZiKvixi evMv‡bi `xN© dvwj e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|5 ev¯Í‡e bxjb` wgki‡K cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg Drcw˯’v‡b cwiYZ K‡i| wgkixq mf¨Zv Ges †`‡ki cÖvY bxjb`| c„w_exi `xN©Zg b` bxj| ga¨ Avwd«Kvi Drm¯’vb n‡Z f~ga¨mvMi ch©šÍ Gi ˆ`N¨© 6,690 wK.wg. (4,187 gvBj)| cÖvq 2,849,000 eM© wK.wg. 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1 †Kvb mf¨Zv cyivZb A_ev cÖ_g †Kv_vq M‡o D‡VwQj G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb- W. G.Gd.Gg. kvgmyi ingvb, cÖvPxb c„w_ex: c~e© I cwðg Gwkqv Ges Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki mf¨Zv (RqcyinvU: G.Gd.Gg. kvgmyi ingvb, 2002), c„. 106-107| AviI †`Lyb, W. Avey †gvt †`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb, †gvt Avãyj KzÏym wmK`vi, mf¨Zvi BwZnvm cÖvPxb I ga¨hyM (XvKv: wek¦we`¨vjq cÖKvkbx, 2004), c„. 94-95| 2 D×…Z W. Avey †gvt †`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb, †gvt Avãyj KzÏym wmK`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 95| 3 W. myjZvb Avng`, BwZnvm kã mswnZv (XvKv: GKv‡WwgK KݨvjU¨v›U, 2009), c„. 72| Encyclopaedia Americana, No. 10, p. 1. 4 Henry S. Lucas, A short history of civilization (McGraw-Hill, 1943), p. 46. T. Walter Wallbank and Alas Tair M. Taylor, Civilization past and present, fourth edition Vol. 1 (Chicago: Scott, Forceman and Company, 1960), p. 42. 5 W. Avey †gvt †`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb, †gvt Avãyj KzÏym wmK`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 95| 6 GwU DMvÐv I Rvqv‡ii mxgvšÍeZx© GjvKvq Aew¯’Z| G n«‡`i cwiwa cÖvq 3300 eM© wK.wg. ev 2050 eM©gvBj| 7 Gi cwiwa cÖvq 61,100 eM© wK.wg. ev 26,700 eM©gvBj| 8 GwU Bw_Iwcqvi DËi-cwðg GjvKvq Aew¯’Z| Zvbv n«‡`i AvqZb 3625 eM© wK.wg. ev 1400 eM©gvBj| 9 AvjevU© I wf‡±vwiqv n«‡`i Rjavivi mgš^‡q m„ó bxj b‡`i cvwbi 2q e„nËg †hvMvb`vZv| bxj b‡`i wewfbœ bvgKiY cÖm‡½ †`Lyb, Seleshi Bekele Awulachew, Vladimir Smakhtin, David Molde and Don Peden (eds.), The Nile river basin- water, agriculture, Governance and Livelihoods (New York: International Water Management Institute, Routledge, 2012), p. 7. 10 bxjb‡`i cvwbi †hvMvb`vZv n«` m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb, W. myjZvb Avng`, cÖv¸³, c„. 118-119| 11 †`Lyb, Encyclopaedia Americana, p. 2. 12 wgkixq fvlvq Av‡mvqvb A_© evRvi| m¤¢eZ `wÿ‡Yi wbDweqvi giæf~wg A‡ji †e`yCb‡`i m‡½ cÖvPxb wgkixq‡`i wRwbmcÎ †jb‡`b I e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i RvqMv wn‡m‡eB wgk‡ii `wÿY cÖv‡šÍi G kniwU M‡o D‡VwQj| 13 †`Lyb, W, Avey ‡gv. †`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb I Ab¨vb¨, cÖv¸³, c„. 96| 14 Philip Lee Ralph, Robert Learner, Standish Meaoham and Edward Mc Nall Burns, World Civilization: Their history and their culture (New York: WW Norton, 1991), p. 55. wgkixq mf¨Zvq bxj b‡`i Ae`vb 117

15 McKay John P. Hill, John Bennett D. and Buckler, A history of world societies (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), p. 26. 16 Drcbœ km¨¸‡jv wQj, Mg, he, wZj, gUiïwU, kxg, wZwm; wewfbœ ai‡bi kvKmeRx I djg~j †hgb, †LRyi, Av½yi, RjcvB cÖf…wZ| †`Lyb, Henry S. Lucus, op.cit., p. 50. 17 Z‡e wgkixqiv evKx c„w_ex †_‡K wew”Qbœ wQj bv| e-Øxc GjvKvq cwð‡g wmixq‡`i mv‡_ hy× †j‡MB _vKZ| Dˇii Db¥y³ f~ga¨mvMi wgk‡ii wbivcËvi Rb¨ ûgKx¯^iƒc wQj| wmbvB DcØxc n‡q wgki I Avi‡ei g‡a¨ mnR †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v Pvjy wQj| cwðg Gwkqvevmx cÖvqB wgki ågY A_ev wgki‡K AvµgY KiZ| eûc~e© †_‡KB f~ga¨mvMi I cwð‡g Gkxq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ eÜzmyjf †hvMv‡hvM wQj| we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb, W. G.Gd.Gg. kvgmyi ingvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 577| 18 DcZ¨Kv: wMwi‡kÖYxi ga¨eZx© mgf~wg| 19 W. G.Gd.Gg. kvgmyi ingvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 533 I 622| 20 W. Avey †gvt †`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb, †gvt Avãyj KzÏym wmK`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 120| 21 c¨vwcivm m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb, W. Avey †gv. †`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb, †gv. Avãyj KzÏym wmK`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 120| 22 D×…Z, W. G.Gd.Gg. kvgmyi ingvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 626| 23 we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb, W. Avey †gvt †`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb, †gvt Avãyj KzÏym wmK`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 123| 24 G.‡K.Gg. kvn‡bIqvR, wek¦mf¨Zv (XvKv: cÖZxK cÖKvkbv ms¯’v, 1993), c„. 68| 25 †`Lyb: W. G.Gd.Gg. kvgmyi ingvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 616| 26 wgkixq m¤ªvU‡`i ejv n‡Zv dvivI| cÖPÐ ÿgZvai I wekvj cÖvmv‡` emevmKvix ivRvi Dcvwa dvivI- Gi A_© n‡”Q eo evwo| dvivI‡`i cweÎ KziAv‡b †divDb wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 27 McKay John P. Hill, John Bennett D. and Buckler, op.cit, p. 26. 28 W. G.Gd.Gg. kvgmyi ingvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 606-607| 29 Z‡`e, c„. 582| 30 Z‡`e, c„. 619| wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X Biv‡b cvnjfx ivResk: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡¤§`*

[Abstract: Iran is one of the ancient civilizations in the world. The former name of Iran was ‘Parsia’. This is the second largest country in the middle-east where the Safavid, the Afsharid, the Zand, the Quazar and at last the Pahalavi dynasty ruled with iron hands. The Pahalavi dynasty was founded by Reza Khan who was the first ruler of it. According to the supporters and many researchers, Iran steps in the age of knowledge and science with the hands of Pahalavi. In this age D. Mussadegh, the Prime Minister nationalized its oil resources and became antagonistic to the super powers of the world. As a result, he was ousted by coup. After the World War II, the king of Iran drove a new movement, which is known as the “White Revolution”, for the sake of Iran’s development in all sectors. But the ultra-modernization (pattern of western culture & development) before and after the revolution sometimes hit the religious feelings of the pious Muslims. As a consequence distraction against Pahalavi gathered slowly in the mind of the Iranian Muslims. Using this distraction of mass people, religious communities demonstrated protest against Pahalavi. However, clashes took place several times between Iranian army and the common people but the mass people got the triumph and caused Pahalavi’s downfall. The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes of the rise of The Pahalavi dynasty, their activities and their role to the modernization of Iran.] f‚wgKv: eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi eûj Av‡jvwPZ K‡qKwU †`‡ki bvg Ki‡j wewfbœ Kvi‡Y Biv‡bi bvg Avm‡e Zv m‡›`nZxZfv‡e ejv hvq| Biv‡bi †KŠkjMZ Ae¯’vb, mg„× ms¯‹…wZ I mvwnZ¨ Ges wewfbœ ivResk Zv‡`i KZ…©Z¡c~Y© kvmb‡K ¯’vqx Ki‡Z RbMY I we‡`kx iv‡óªi mv‡_ †h m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i I G¸‡jvi my`~icÖmvix dj¯ª~wZ‡Z Aí mg‡qi e¨eav‡b GLv‡b N‡U hvIqv `ywU wecøe (†k¦Z-wecøe I Bmjvgx-wecøe) Bivb Z_v c„w_exi ivRbxwZ‡Z GKwU bZzb gvÎvi ms‡hvRb NwU‡q‡Q| KvRvi es‡ki mgq †_‡K Biv‡b AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv n‡q‡Q ejv hvq|1 wKš‘ Biv‡bi GB AvaywbKZv‡K AviI MwZkxj I we¯Í…Z Ki‡Z †h eskwU me‡P‡q †ewk Ae`vb iv‡L †mwU n‡”Q cvnjfx esk (1925-79 wLª÷vã)| 1914 mv‡j cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïiæ n‡j Bivb Zvi wbi‡c¶Zv †NvlYv K‡i; hw`I G †NvlYv wQj wbi_©K| KviY G mgq †`kwU we‡`wk kw³i cÖfvevaxb Ges we‡`wk ˆmb¨‡`i c`vbZ wQj|

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122 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ cwie‡Z© wb‡R‡K Ôkvn cvnjfxÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|20 1926 wLª÷v‡ãi 25 GwcÖj †iRv kv‡ni Awf‡lK AbywôZ nq|21 wZwb 1941 wLª÷v‡ãi 16 †m‡Þ¤^i ch©šÍ ÿgZvq AwawôZ _v‡Kb| Gici Biv‡bi wmsnvm‡b Av‡mb Zuvi cyÎ †gvnv¤§` †iRv kvn hvi eqm wQj 22 eQi| wZwb ˆkke †_‡KB myBRvij¨v‡Ûi Ôj¨v †ivRxÕ ¯‹z‡j wkÿv jvf K‡ib| †`‡k wd‡i wZwb wcZvi ZË¡veav‡b ivRbxwZ I mvgwiK wel‡q wkÿv jvf K‡ib Ges ivRwmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e wcZvi ms¯‹v‡ii avivevwnKZv iÿv K‡ib| wKš‘ †gvnv¤§` †iRv kv‡ni ÿgZvq Avmvi †cÖÿvcUwU GKwU wfbœ NUbv| weªwUk miKvi ivwkqvi kvmK‡`i cÖfve Bivb I AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b covi m¤¢vebv wPšÍv K‡i Biv‡b weª‡Ub Zv‡`i cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ Zrci n‡q D‡V| Gw`‡K ivR‰bwZK fvimvg¨ iÿv I AwaK ivR‡¯^i cÖ‡qvR‡b KvRvi eskxq kvmK gyhvd&di DÏxb kvn (1896-1907) 1901 wLª÷v‡ã weªwUk bvMwiK DBwjqvg b·-wW AviwQ (William Knox D. Arcy) †K Biv‡bi DËiv‡ji 5wU cÖ‡`k e¨wZZ mgMÖ cvi‡m¨ †Zj D‡Ëvj‡bi AwaKvi †`b|22 D‡ËvwjZ †Z‡ji 16% iq¨vwjwU Bivb‡K †`qvi Pzw³ nq hvi †gqv` wQj 1961 mvj ch©šÍ| ciewZ©‡Z e„wUk‡`i Awb”Qvm‡ËI †iRv kv‡ni `„pZvq 1933 wLª÷v‡ã G Pzw³i iqvwjwU 20% G e„w× Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K Pzw³wU ¯^vÿ‡ii mgq hvi †gqv` 1961 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ wQj Zv weªwUk‡`i Pv‡c 1993 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ e„w× Kiv nq| wØZxq wek¦hy× Avi¤¢ nIqvi `k‡K Bivb Rvg©vwbi mv‡_ KzU‰bwZK I evwYwR¨K m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡j weª‡Ub I ivwkqv kw¼Z n‡q c‡o I Zviv DËi I `wÿY Dfq w`K †_‡K Bivb‡K AvµgY ïiæ K‡i hv Bivb cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| kvn DcvqvšÍi bv †`‡L mg‡SvZvq †cuŠQv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib Ges Dfq c‡ÿi mg‡SvZvi wfwˇZ Zuvi cyÎ Ô†gvnv¤§` †iRv LvbÕ †gvnv¤§` †iRv kvn Dcvwa wb‡q 1941 wLª÷v‡ãi 16 †m‡Þ¤^i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|23 cvnjfx es‡ki kvm‡bi mv‡_ Biv‡bi Av_©-mvgvwRK cwieZ©b IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| GB cvnjfx es‡ki nvZ a‡iB Biv‡b Dbœq‡bi MwZ e„w× †c‡q‡Q; Avevi GB es‡ki AwZ cvðvZ¨KiY bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖwZwµqv m¦iƒc GLv‡b Bmjvg ag©xq kvmbwfwËK cÖRvZš¿ weK‡ki c_ cÖk¯Í nq| d‡j Biv‡b cÖwZwôZ nq Bmjvgx cÖRvZš¿| GB cÖRvZš¿wU AvRI Zvi †gŠwjKZ¡‡K a‡i †i‡L cwðgv we‡k¦i mvg‡b `c©f‡i `uvwo‡q Av‡Q| 1926 wLª÷v‡ã ivResk wn‡m‡e ÔcvnjfxiÕ c_Pj ïiæ nq| ÿgZv‡K kw³kvjx I `„p Kivi Rb¨ iv‡óªi wZbwU wefv‡Mi cÖwZ mš‘wóKiYg~jK c„ô‡cvlKZv †`qv nq †h¸‡jv wQ‡jv- †mbvevwnbx, AvgjvZš¿ I `ievwi c„ô‡cvlKZv|24 GB wZbwU wefvM QvovI cvnjfx Avg‡j iv‡óªi cÖvq mKj †m±‡i ms¯‹v‡ii †Quvqvq cyiv‡bv RÄvj‡K †S‡o †djv nq; hv Bivwb RbM‡Yi Rb¨ GK bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡i| mvgwiK ms¯‹vi‡K m‡ev©”P ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q cvnjfx ivResk ivóªxq c×wZ ms¯‹v‡i Zvi c_Pjv ïiæ K‡i| c„w_exi Aí K‡qKwU iv‡óªi g‡a¨ Bivb GKwU, †h Zvi cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi bvg

123 Biv‡b cvnjfx ivResk: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv cwieZ©b K‡i Ôhy× gš¿YvjqÕ iv‡L| G cwieZ©bwU GB D‡Ï‡k¨ †h, †hb †emvgwiK RbMY G wel‡q gv_v bv Nvgvq| 1954-77 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ Bivb Zvi mvgwiK ev‡R‡Ui ev‡iv ¸Y e„w× K‡i Ges RbejI 127000 †_‡K 410000 G DbœxZ K‡i| mvgwiK ev‡R‡Ui AwaKvsk A_© AvaywbK A¯¿k¯¿ †Kbvq e¨q n‡Zv| 1975 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ cvim¨ DcmvM‡i me©e„nr †bŠ evwnbx,cwðg Gwkqvi me©e„nr wegvb evwnbx Ges c„w_exi cÂg e„nr †mbvevwnbxi AwaKvix wQj Bivb|25 Gw`‡K DcRvZxq †mbvewnbx gv‡S gv‡S ivóªxq w¯’wZkxjZv‡K webó KiZ ; GgbwK Zv‡`i AvÂwjKZv‡eva RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai D‡×© D‡V ivóªxq msnwZ‡K ûgwKi m¤§yLxY KiZ| d‡j ÿz`ª ¯^vaxb DcRvZxq †mbvevwnbxi MÖæc ¸‡jv †f‡O w`‡q GKwU RvZxq †mbvevwnbx MVb Kiv nq| 1925 mv‡ji 6 Ryb gRwjk 21 eQi eq¯‹ mKj Bivwb bvMwiK‡K cvuP eQ‡ii Rb¨ mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i Ges mvgwiK we`¨vjq ¯’vcb K‡i G‡`i Dchy³ cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i| 1938 wLª÷v‡ã cybivq GB AvBb wkw_j K‡i D‡jgv, wePviK, gv`ivmvi QvÎ, Bûw`, wLª÷vb I AwMœ DcvmK m¤úª`vq‡K mvgiwK KZ©e¨ 26 †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ †`qv nq| FBI I †gvmv‡`i mn‡hvwMZvq 1957 mv‡j cÖwZôv Kiv nq ÔmvfvKÕ27 hvi KvR wQj cvnjfx ivResk‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ KvR Kiv| GKRb weªwUk mvsevw`K mvfvK‡K kv‡ni †PvL, Kvb, I iƒp nevi Rb¨ hv `iKvi †mBme A‡½i mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|28 GQvovI cvnjfx kvmbvg‡j hy× evwnbxi D”P †eZb, †evbvm, cÖwkÿY, Avivg`vqK evm¯’vb, `ªæZ c‡`vbœwZ, wPwKrmv myweav I †cbkbmn mv‡a¨i g‡a¨ mKj wKQz wbwðZ Kiv nq|29 cvnjfx ivReskB cÖ_g hviv Bivb‡K GKwU †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii AvIZvax‡b Avb‡Z mÿg nq| 12 wW‡m¤^i 1922 wLª÷v‡ã gRwjm Ôwmwfj mvwf©m AvBbÕ Rvwi K‡i Ges Gi d‡j AvgjvZš¿ cÖewZ©Z nq| cvðvZ¨ixwZi AbyKi‡Y Bivwb‡`i cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kiv nq| Kg©Pvix‡`i wb‡qvM, e`wj, c‡`vbœwZ Ges eiLv¯Í Kivi AwaKvi miKv‡ii Dci b¨¯Í nq| cÖkvm‡bi myweav‡_© mgMÖ †`k‡K KvRvi‡`i mgq PviwU †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLvq ev AvqvjvZ (Ayalats) G wef³ Kiv nq| G AvqvjvZ ¸‡jv‡K Avevi K‡qKwU weqvjvZ (Vayalats) G fvM Kiv nq| wKš‘ G wefw³‡ZI cÖkvmwbK ˆbivR¨ Ae¨nZ _v‡K| d‡j G e¨e¯’v D‡”Q` K‡i 1938 wLª÷v‡ã Bivb‡K 10 wU †fŠMwjK I A_©‰bwZK A‡ji wfwˇZ cÖ_‡g I¯Ív‡b (Ostans) Ges I¯Ívb ¸‡jv‡K K‡qKwU kvn‡i¯Ív‡b (Sahrestans) wef³ Kiv nq| cÖkvmb †K `ÿ I MwZkxj Kivi Rb¨ kvn‡i¯Ívb ¸‡jv‡K Avevi evL&m (Bakhsh) G wef³ Kiv nq| G †ÿ‡Î cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©vMY †hgb- †gqi , cywjk Awdmvi BZ¨vw` wb‡qv‡Mi ÿgZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z wQj|30 cvnjfx Avg‡j AvgjvZš¿‡K MZvbyMwZKZv †_‡K †ei K‡i GKwU mg‡qvc‡hvMx AvgjvZš¿ ˆZwii D‡Ï‡k¨ bZzb wKQz gš¿Yvjq m„wó Kiv nq| †hgb we`y¨r, mgvRKj¨vY, Rbc` Dbœqb welqK, D”Pwkÿv, K…wó I ms¯‹…wZ, ch©Ub, M„nvqb I MÖvgxY Dbœqb welqK| d‡j Kg©Pvixi msL¨vI e„w× Kiv nq| 1975 mvj ch©šÍ †emvgwiK cÖkvm‡bi Kg©Pvix wQj 304000 Rb|

124 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

G ivResk ÿgZv‡K `„p Kivi Rb¨ `ievwi‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ`vb KiZ hv KL‡bv KL‡bv GKvšÍ wbR¯^ †jvK‡`i Aïf A_©ˆbwZK myweav cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g; Avevi KL‡bv Ki †iqvZcÖvß `vZe¨ Kvh©µg‡K mvg‡b †i‡L| 1958 wLª÷v‡ã cÖwZwôZ Ôcvnjfx dvD‡ÛkbÕ G ai‡bi 31 GKwU `vZe¨ cÖwZôvb| 1979 mv‡ji ÔThe New York TimesÕ Gi GKwU wi‡cv‡U© ejv nq, `vZe¨ Kvh©µ‡gi Avov‡j dvD‡ÛkbwU wZbwU †ÿ‡Î e¨envi n‡Zv| cÖ_gwU ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ A‡_©i Drm wn‡m‡e, wØZxqwU A_©bxwZi Dci we¯Íi cÖfve we¯ÍviK wn‡m‡e Ges Z…Zxq KvRwU wQj GB ivRes‡ki mg_©K‡`i cyi¯‹vi wn‡m‡e A_© cÖvwßi GKwU cvBcjvBb wn‡m‡e|32 G †ÿ‡Î GKwU welq cwi®‹vi †h, `vZe¨ Kvh©µ‡gi gZ GKwU gnr welq‡K mvg‡b †i‡L ivóªxq A_© jyUcv‡Ui Rb¨B cvnjfx dvD‡Ûk‡bi cÖwZôv| G ivReskwU ïay `vc‡Ui mv‡_ Biv‡b wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨B KwZcq c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡iwb; eis Bivb‡K cÖvPxb wbq‡gi RÄvj †_‡K †ei Kivi wbwg‡Ë KvR K‡i| †iRv Lvb ÿgZv MÖn‡Yi c~e© †_‡KB jÿ¨ K‡i AvmwQ‡jb Biv‡bi wewfbœ A‡j wew”QbœZvev`x `j M‡o DV‡Q| †hgb- wRjv‡b KzwUK Lvb, Lyivmv‡bi ZKx Lvb, LywR¯Ív‡b LvRAvj Ges AvRvievBRv‡bi †kL †gvnv¤§` wLqvevbx‡K civwRZ K‡i RvZxq HK¨ my`„p K‡ib| wew”QbœZvev`x Av‡›`vjb `gb K‡i Biv‡bi HK¨ ¯’vcb Ges †Mvθ‡jv `gb Kivi Rb¨ †h my`ÿ †mbvewnbxi cÖ‡qvRb wQj †iRv kvn cÖ_‡gB Zv cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ A‡_©i Kvc©Y¨ Kiv nqwb eis †m †ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi evovevwo jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡Q| †mbvewnbxi Rb¨ A_© eiv‡Ïi e¨vcv‡i evovevwo Kivi d‡jB gvwK©b A_©bxwZwe` Av_©vi wgjmc‡K A_©‰bwZK Dc‡`óvi c` †_‡K ev` †`qv nq Ges wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡ki AwbqwgZ †mbvevwnbx‡K DwV‡q †`qv nq|33 RvZxq HK¨‡K my`„p Ki‡Z G mg¯Í Kvh©µg Bivb‡KB ¯úvZ KwVb wfwËi Dci cÖwZôv K‡i Zv `„pfv‡e ejv hvq| KvRvi Avg‡j cÖPwjZ Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva wfwËK wePvi e¨e¯’v‡K †f‡O cvðvZ¨ avu‡Pi hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wePvi e¨e¯’v cÖYqb cvnjfx kvmbvg‡ji GKwU AwZ mvnmx c`‡ÿc| †iRv Lvb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h Bivb‡K ag©wbi‡cÿ iv‡óª cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi HwZn¨MZ ag©xqZË¡ †_‡K †ei n‡q G‡m AvBb wefvM Ges Zvi Aaxb¯Í AvBbx †KvU© mg~‡ni e¨e¯’vcbvq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ wZwb wePvi e¨e¯’v‡K D”P I wb¤œ Av`vj‡Z wef³ K‡i Zv‡Z K¨vWvi wfwËK wePviK wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib| GB †KvU© mg~n‡K bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi ÿgZv †`qv nq G D‡Ï‡k¨ †h, †Kvb welqwU wmwfj †Kv‡U© Avi †Kvb welqwU ag©xq †Kv‡U© hv‡e Zv myPviæiƒ‡c c„_KxKi‡bi Rb¨| G mgq D‡jgv‡`i †P‡q †÷U †Kv‡U©i wePviK‡`i gh©v`v A‡bK D”P Avm‡b cÖwZwôZ wQj| Ôkixqv AvBbÕ †KejgvÎ cvwievwiK welqmg~‡n †K›`ªxfzZ nq| 1939 mv‡j m¤úvw`Z GKwU AvB‡b mgMÖ IqvK&d m¤úwË D‡jgv‡`i nvZ †_‡K †K‡o †bqv nq|34 Gi d‡j ïay gvÎ ÔkixqvÕ †Kv‡U©i ÿgZvq mxwgZ nqwb, †gvjøv †kÖYxi cÖfveI A‡bKvs‡k Le© nq KviY, G mg¯Í IqvK&d m¤úwË †_‡K Zv‡`i RxweKv wbe©vn n‡Zv| cvnjfx Avg‡jB Biv‡b cÖ_g Ôweevn AvBbÕ cvk nq Ges weevn †iwRwóªKiY eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq| weevn AvBb Abyhvqx cyiæ‡li weev‡ni eqm b~b¨Zg 18 Ges bvixi b~b¨Zg 16 eQi wba©viY Kvi nq Ges

125 Biv‡b cvnjfx ivResk: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

Zvjv‡Ki †ÿ‡Î ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qi mgvb AwaKvi _vK‡jI ZvjvKcÖvß ¯¿xÔiv Zvi ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K fiY †cvl‡Yi A_©jv‡fi AwaKvi cvq|35 1928 wLª÷v‡ã †cvkvK AvB‡bi d‡j 1930 mv‡j n¨vU (Uzwc) eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡j mvaviY gvbyl wKQzUv weeªZ nq| 1936 mv‡j gwnjv‡`i †eviLv civ wbwl× Kiv nq Ges RvZxq Abyôv‡b Avjv`v emvi cwie‡Z© cyiæl‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î emvi wbqg Kiv nq|36 G mg¯Í wbqg Bmjvg a‡g©i †gŠwjK weav‡bi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K nIqvq Rbg‡b GKUv Pvcv †ÿvf weivR K‡i| wkÿv Dbœq‡bi wbwg‡Ë cvnjfx eskB cÖ_g mywPwšÍZ wm×všÍ MªnY K‡i| mgMÖ wkÿv e¨e¯’v‡K iv‡óªi wbqš¿b Avbv, cÖv_wgK wkÿv eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv, cÖZ¨šÍ A‡j wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv I †hvM¨ wkÿK ˆZwii Rb¨ wkÿK cÖwkÿY gnvwe`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv nq| cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z ¸iæZ¡ †`qvi Rb¨ 1922 wLª÷v‡ã †Zniv‡b GKwU KvwiMwi we`¨vjq ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g G Kvh©µg ïiæ n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z ZvweªR wmivR I B¯úvnv‡b Giƒc cÖwZôvb ˆZwi nq| 1935 wLª÷v‡ã †Znivb wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi gva¨‡gB AvaywbK wkÿvi RM‡Z Biv‡bi cÖ‡ek; hw`I ivóªxq wbqš¿‡Y _vKvq wek¦we`¨vjq Zvi ¯^KxqZv eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| Aciw`‡K wLª÷vb wgkbvix I msL¨vjNy m¤úª`v‡qi cÖwZôvb ev cvV¨m~Px †KvbwU‡ZB miKv‡ii wbqš¿b wQj bv| 1930 wLª÷v‡ã ag©xq welqwU Avewk¨K †_‡K ˆbe©vPwb‡K cwieZ©b Kiv n‡j G †ÿ‡Î †hgb QvÎmsL¨v K‡g †Zgwb wkÿKM‡Yi mvgvwRK ghv©`vI evûjvs‡k n«vm cvq|37 MÖvgxY AwkwÿZ †jvK‡`i AÿiÁvb m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ †mbvevwnbxi mnvqZvq MÖv‡g MÖv‡g †mbvwkÿK cvVv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| c‡bi gv‡mi Rb¨ ˆbkKvwjY wkÿK wn‡m‡e †mbvevwnbx KvR K‡i| d‡j 1973-78 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ cÖvq jÿvwaK †jvK wkwÿZ nq |38 cvnjfx c~e© mg‡q Biv‡b wPwKrmvi †ÿ‡Î Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c`‡ÿc †bqv nqwb| 1923 wLª÷v‡ã Wv: †Rv‡md †gmbvW©‡K †Zniv‡b GKwU wkÿv I M‡elYv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡i cwiPvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq hv wQj c¨vwi‡mi jyBcv¯‘i BÝ&wUwUD‡Ui gZ| 1927- 30 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ cÖwkÿYcÖvß wPwKrmK‡`i AwfÁZv I `ÿZv Abyhvqx jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb Ges 1930 wLª÷v‡ã ke e¨e‡”Q‡`i ixwZ cwieZ©b Kiv nq hv cy‡e© †gvjøv †kÖwYi we‡iv‡ai Rb¨ nqwb| miKvwi cÖwZôvb QvovI †ijI‡q, LwbR I wkí wefv‡M wbR¯^ wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v wQj|39 cvnjfx kvmK cÖ_g †iRv kvn RvZxqZvev‡` DØy× n‡q cviwm fvlvi DbœwZK‡í Aviwe I ZzwK© k‡ãi AwaK cÖ‡qvM iwnZ K‡i Bivwb kã ms‡hvR‡b cviwm fvlv‡K bZzb gh©v`v m¤úbœ Kivi D‡Ï¨vM †bb| wZwb Bivbx‡`i ÔcÖvPxb Avh©Õ eskxq DËivwaKvi `vex K‡i cvim¨‡K miKvwifv‡e ÔBivbÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib|40 †gvnviig gv‡m Kvievjvi NUbv ¯§i‡Y DrKU cÖ`k©wb I AvZœwbMÖn Dc¯’vcb e‡Ü AvBb cÖbqb Kiv Ges ZvwRqv wgwQj I wbwl× Kiv nq|41 Avevi †gvnv¤§` †iRv kvn 1971 mv‡j ÔBiv‡bi AvovB nvRvi eQiÕ Abyôvb D`&hvc‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnb K‡ib gnvgwZ mvBivm‡K ¯§iY K‡i| wcZv wb‡R‡K kvnvbkvn (ivRvi ivRv) Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡ib Avi Zuvi cyÎ wbR bv‡gi mv‡_ ÔAvh© †gvniÕ (Avh© cÖ`xc) bvg †hvM K‡i bZzb bvgKiY K‡ib Òkvnvbkvn †gvnv¤§` †iRv cvnjfx Avh©‡gvniÓ| D³ AbyôvbwU GZB RgKv‡jv (we‡`kx AwZ_x G‡b g`cvb I wewfbœ fv‡e ivóªxq A‡_©i AcPq) nq †h Dcw¯’Z

126 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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1 . †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; AvaywbK ga¨cÖvP¨ (2q LÐ), evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, †g-2003, c„. 4 2. gvngy`yj nvmvb Aa¨vcK W. ˆmq`; AvaywbK gymwjg wek¦ : Zzi¯‹-Bivb-AvdMvwb¯Ívb, b‡fj cvewjwks nvDm 2/3 c¨vwim`vm †ivW, evsjvevRvi XvKv-1100, c„. 217 3 . †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; cÖv¸³, c„. 35

129 Biv‡b cvnjfx ivResk: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

4. †K Avjx; ga¨cÖv‡P¨i BwZnvm; AvwRwRqv eyK wW‡cv, 38 evsjvevRvi XvKv-1100, `kg ms¯‹iY, A‡±vei- 2003, c„. 318 5 . gvngy`yj nvmvb W. ‰mq`; Bmjvg I AvaywbK wek¦, DËiY 39, evsjvevRvi XvKv-1100, Ryb 2004, c„. 341 6 . Lenczowsky George;The Middle East in world Affains, Cornell University Press;

7 Ithaba, New York-1962, p. 175 . †K Avjx; cÖv¸³, c„. 318 8. ÔKkvKÕ n‡”Q c~e©-¯øvwfK fvlvfvwl RbMY hv‡`i cwiwPwZ wQj MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡a wek¦vmx ,¯^vaxb‡PZv I myk„•Lj Rxebhvc‡b Af¨v¯Í GKwU m¤úª`vq wn‡m‡e| Zv‡`i emevm wQj c~e© I `wÿb BD‡µb I `wÿb ivwkqvq| Zviv BD‡µb I ivwkqvi mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| ÔcviwmK KkvK weª‡MWÕ wQj KkvK g‡W‡ji GKwU c`vwZK BDwbU hv 1879 mv‡j MwVZ nq| GUv ˆZwi n‡qwQj ivwkqvi ivRKxq †mbvevwnbxi K‡Kwkqvb KkvK †iwR‡g‡›Ui Av`‡j| 1920 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ GUv ivwkqvb †mbv KgvÛvi‡`i c` I cÖfv‡ei Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡Zv| 1921 wLª÷v‡ã G evwnbxi c~Y© wbqš¿Y †bb †iRv Avjx Lvb| KvRvi kvmbvg‡j G weª‡MW Lye Kvh©Kvix I `ÿZvi cwiPq †`q| 1921 wLª÷v‡ãi 6 wW‡m¤^i †iRv Avjx Lvb G weª‡M‡Wi wejywß †Nvlbv K‡ib| 9. gvngy`yj nvmvb W. ‰mq`; Bmjvg I AvaywbK wek¦, c„. 342 10 . †nv‡mb GweGg; ga¨cÖv‡P¨i BwZnvm: A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ †_‡K RvwZivóª, evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb, †g 2011, c„. 328 11. Bqvn&Bqv AvigvRvwb; ga¨cÖvP¨: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, Abev`y-gynv¤§` Bbvg-Dj-nK, RvZxq MÖš’ cÖKvk, 67 c¨vwik †ivW, XvKv-1100, Ryb-2008, c„. 350 12. gvngy`yj nvmvb W. ‰mq`; Bmjvg I AvaywbK wek¦, c„. 343 13 . †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; cÖv¸³, c„. 39 14 . Abrahamian Ervand; A History of Modern IRAN, Cambridge University Press, 200, p. 64 15. gvngy`yj nvmvb Aa¨vcK W. ˆmq`; AvaywbK gymwjg wek¦ : Zzi¯‹-Bivb-AvdMvwb¯Ívb,c„. 234 16 . gvngy`yj nvmvb W. ‰mq`; Bmjvg I AvaywbK wek¦, c„. 343 17 . Lenczowsky George; p. 179 18 . Abrahamian Ervand; Iran Between Two Revolution, Princeton University , New

19 Jersey, p. 120 . †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; cÖv¸³,c„. 80 20. †nv‡mb GweGg; cÖv¸³, c„. 328 21 . gvngy`yj nvmvb Aa¨vcK W. ˆmq`; AvaywbK gymwjg wek¦ : Zzi¯‹-Bivb-AvdMvwb¯Ívb, c„. 235 22. cÖv¸³, c„. 190 23 . †nv‡mb GweGg; cÖv¸³,c„. 332 24 . Abrahamian Ervand; Iran Between Two Revolution, P. 136 25 . Abrahamian Ervand; A History of Modern IRAN,P. 124 26 . gvngy`yj nvmvb W. ‰mq`; Bmjvg I AvaywbK wek¦, c„. 343 27 . SAVAK (Sazeman-e-Ettela’at va Amnyat-e-Keshvar) 1957 wLª÷v‡ã cÖwZwôZ †gvnv¤§` †iRv kv‡ni †Mvcb cywjk evwnbx| 28 . Abrahamian Ervand; A History of Modern IRAN, P. 126 29 . Ibid, P. 126 30 . gvngy`yj nvmvb W. ‰mq`; Bmjvg I AvaywbK wek¦, c„. 346 31 . Abrahamian Ervand; A History of Modern IRAN, P. 127

130 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

32 . Ibid, P. 128 33. †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; cÖv¸³, c„. 42 34 . †nv‡mb GweGg; cÖv¸³, c„. 330 35. gvngy`yj nvmvb W. ‰mq`; Bmjvg I AvaywbK wek¦, c„. 349 36 . †nv‡mb GweGg; cÖv¸³, c„. 330 37. †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; cÖv¸³, c„. 46, 47 38 . †nv‡mb GweGg; cÖv¸³, c„. 336 39. gvngy`yj nvmvb W. ‰mq`; Bmjvg I AvaywbK wek¦, c„. 347 40 . †nv‡mb GweGg; cÖv¸³, c„. 331 41 . †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; cÖv¸³, c„. 48 42 . †nv‡mb GweGg; cÖv¸³, c„. 337 43 . †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; cÖv¸³, c„. 72 44 . cÖv¸³, c„. 74 45 . †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; cÖv¸³, c„. 76 46 . gvngy`yj nvmvb Aa¨vcK W. ˆmq`; AvaywbK gymwjg wek¦ : Zzi¯‹-Bivb-AvdMvwb¯Ívb, c„. 260 47 . cÖv¸³, c„. 262 48 . †Rvqvi`vi mwdDÏxb; cÖv¸³, c„.48 49 . Abrahamian Ervand; A History of Modern IRAN, P. 126

wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X e‡i›`ª AÂj : †fŠMwjK Ae¯’vb I BwZnvm cwiwPwZ W. †gv. Rvnv½xi Avjg

[Abstract: Varendra, Varendri or Barind was a region of Bengal, now in Bangladesh. It included the ancient janapada of Pundra or Pundravardhana or Pundra Kingdom region currently part of Rajshahi and Rangpur Division of the northern Bangladesh, situated in the old Pleistocene land formation, the Barind Tract, the janakabhu of the Palas, and mentions its location with the streams of Ganga and Karatoya flowing on either side. According to Cunningham the boundary of Varendra was the Ganges and the Mahananda on the west, the Karatoya on the east, the Padma on the south and the land between Koochbihar and the Terai on the north.] f‚wgKv: Ôe‡i›`ªÕ A_© Hk¦h©c~Y© ¯’vb| e‡i›`ªf~wg ej‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki DËivÂj ev DËie½ Z_v eZ©gvb ivRkvnx I iscyi wefvM‡KB eySvq hv wewfbœ mg‡q bvbv ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK GjvKvi AšÍfy©³ wQj| evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-cwðgv‡ji †Rjvmg~n‡K mvaviYfv‡e DËie½ ev DËivÂj wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| 1947 mv‡j fviZ wefv‡Mi c~‡e© Zv wQj ALÐ evsjviB GKwU Ask| wKšÍy 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi c~‡e© AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`‡k DËivÂj bv‡g †Kvb Rbc‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ AvRvbv| eis ¯^vaxbZv cieZx© evsjv‡`‡ki ivRkvnx wefvM cÎ- cwÎKv, Le‡ii KvMR, †eZvi, †Uwjwfkb, cÖeÜ, Mªš’, mvgwqKx cÖf„wZ Ges †jvKgy‡L DËi Rbc`, DËie½ ev DËivÂj wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K| A_P cÖvPxbKv‡j D³ AÂj cyЪea©b Ges gymwjg Avg‡j e‡i›`ªx ev e‡i›`ª bvgK Rbc‡`i Ask wn‡m‡eB we‡ewPZ| cieZx©Kv‡j e‡i›`ª AÂjB DËie½ bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| weªwUk Avg‡j w`K- wfwËK DËie½, `w¶Ye½, c~e©e½, cwðge½ bvgKiY nq| cÖvPxb evsjvi wewfbœ Rbc‡`i g‡a¨ cyЪª, e‡i›`ª I †MŠo eZ©gv‡bi DËie‡½i g‡a¨ c‡o| A`¨vewa e„nË¡i ivRkvnx wefvM DËie½ ev DËivÂj bv‡g Ges Rb‡Mvôx DËivÂj ev DËie‡½i Awaevmx wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ| GK_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h, e‡i›`ªf~wg †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e †hgb cÖvPxb, HwZnvwmKfv‡eI †Zgwb cÖvPxb KviY cyЪ-e‡i›`ªx Ges ivp-ZvgªwjwßB evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZg cjjf~wg wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|1 f~-cÖK…wZ, Awaevmx, BwZnvm, mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡¶‡Î evsjvi DËi-cwð‡g Aew¯’Z e‡i›`ª A‡ji ˆewkó¨ j¶¨bxq| cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hy‡M evsjvq RbemwZ ¯’vwcZ n‡q mgvR I ms¯‹…wZi weKvk N‡U Ges HwZnvwmK hy‡M ¶z`ª ¶z`ª iv‡R¨i Afy¨Øq nq| ivR¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ DËiv‡ji cyЪivR¨B Kvjµ‡g me©vwaK ¶gZvkvjx n‡q I‡V Ges Gi cÖvav‡b¨i Rb¨ mgMÖ AÂjB

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K‡ib| evYMoB ZzK©x kvmbvg‡j †`I‡KvU, †`ex‡KvU ev †`e‡KvU bv‡g mycwiwPZ|6 evsjvq ZzK©x kvm‡bi GB cÖv_wgK ce© GKwU wbw`©ó PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨mn 1338 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ Ae¨vnZ wQj| cieZx© `y‡kv eQi wQj evsjvi myjZvb‡`i Ae¨vnZ ¯^vaxbZvi hyM| BL&wZqv‡ii g„Zy¨i ci 1227 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ cÖvq 20 eQi Zvi wZb mnPi KZ©…K D³ ivR¨ kvwmZ n‡jI Zv wQj AšÍwe©‡iv‡a c~Y©, hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z w`jøxi myjZvb‡`i evsjvq KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZôvi c_ myMg nq| 1227 wLª÷v‡ã w`jøxi myjZvb BjZzrwg‡ki cyÎ bvwmi DwÏb gvngy‡`i wbKU wMqvm DwÏb BIqvR LjRx (1212-1227) civwRZ I wbnZ n‡j evsjv w`jøxi GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ nq Ges 1287 wLª÷vã A_©vr myjZvb wMqvm DwÏb eje‡bi g„Zy¨ ch©šÍ jL‡bŠwZ w`jøxi Aaxb wQj| 1281 wLª÷v‡ã wMqvm DwÏb ejeb evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvb gyMxm DwÏb‡K civwRZ I ¯^xq cyÎ eyNiv Lvb‡K jL‡bŠwZi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ Ki‡j evsjvq Avevi w`jøxi kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq| 1287 wLª÷v‡ã wcZvi g„Zy¨i ci eyNiv Lvb ¯^vaxb myjZvb wn‡m‡e bvwmi DwÏb gvngy` kvn& Dcvwa MªnY K‡ib| Zvi cyÎ iæKb DwÏb KvqKvDmI (1291-1301) ¯^vaxbfv‡e ivR¨ kvmb K‡ib| †mB mgq ivR¨mxgv wKQyUv m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡jI BLwZqvi cieZ©x kvgm DwÏb wd‡ivR kv‡ni (1301-1322) mg‡qB evsjvi gymwjg mvgªv‡R¨i me©vwaK we¯Ívi j¶¨Yxq|7 w`jøxi myjZvb wMqvm DwÏb ZzNjK KZ©…K 1324 wLªóv‡ã mv‡j jL‡bŠwZ wewRZ n‡j evsjvq w`jøxi kvmb cybtcÖwZwôZ nq| †mB mgq bvwmi DwÏb Beªvnxg jL‡bŠwZi kvmK wbhy³ nb| Z‡e wMqvm DwÏb evnv`yi gyw³ jvf Ki‡j evnivg Lv‡bi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e †mvbviMuvi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ nb, wKšÍy 1327 wLª÷v‡ã we‡`ªvn †NvlYv Ki‡j evnivg Lvb Zv‡K civwRZ I nZ¨v K‡ib| 1338 wLª÷v‡ã evnivg Lv‡bi g„Zy¨i ci Zvi eg©i¶K ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i dLi DwÏb gyeviK kvn Dcvwa MªnY K‡ib| ZLb †_‡K evsjvq ¯^vaxb myjZvbx Avgj ïiæ nq, hvi †kl 1538 wLª÷v‡ã| †gvMj mgªvU ûgvq~b KZ…©K 1538 wLª÷v‡ã †MŠo weRq ch©šÍ evsjvi kvmbKvj‡K mvaviYfv‡e myjZvbx Avgj bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| BwZnv‡mi `„wó‡Kvb n‡Z evsjvi myjZvbx kvmb‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ_g fvM w`jøxi myjZv‡bi Aaxb¯’ cÖv‡`wkK kvmbvgj Ges wØZxq fvM ¯^vaxb myjZvbx Avgj| cÖv‡`wkK kvmbvg‡j we‡`ªvn I ¯^vaxbZv †NvwlZ n‡jI †mB mgq evsjv cy‡ivcywi ¯^vaxb wQj bv| eis Bwjqvm kvnx (1342-1357) kvmbvgj †_‡KB evsjv cÖK…Z ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| myjZvb nvRx kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn (Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki cÖ_g kvmK) ¯^vaxb myjZvb wn‡m‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Gw`‡K K`i Lvb I B¾ywÏb †hŠ_fv‡e dLiæwÏb‡K AvµgY I civwRZ Ki‡jI cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i dLiæwÏb Avev‡iv †mvbviMuv `Lj K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K K`‡ii g„Zy¨‡Z jL&‡bŠwZi AvwiR ev †mbva¨¶ wb‡RB AvjvDwÏb Avjx kvn& bv‡g gmb‡` e‡m cwðge‡½i gvj`n †Rjvi cvÐyqv ev wd‡ivRvev‡` ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib| mvwe©K Aw¯’iZvi my‡hvM MªnY K‡i Avgxi nvRx Bwjqvm Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i 1342 wLª÷v‡ã jL‡bŠwZi ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib Ges 1346 wLªóv‡ã mv‡j mvZMuv `Lj K‡ib| wZwbB me©cÖ_g mgMÖ evsjv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Ôkvn& B-ev½vjvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|

134 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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cÖvY-Pv‡j¨i m„wó n‡qwQj Zv e¨vnZ nq| ¯^vaxb bevex hy‡MiI †MvivcËb ïiæ nq †m mgq †_‡KB Ges †`Iqvb gywk©`Kzwj Lvb myevn& evsjvi cÖK…Z ¯^vqËkvm‡K cwiYZ nb| 1717 wLª÷v‡ã myev`vi gywk©`Kzwj Lv‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ evsjv wQj w`jøxi GKwU cÖ‡`k gvÎ, wKšÍy myRvDwÏb Lv‡bi (1727-1739) mgq †_‡K ¯^vaxb bevex Avgj ïiæ nq| wmivR-D`-†`Šjøvi bevex Avg‡j 1757 wLª÷v‡ã Af¨šÍixY I ewnivMZ †ewbqv‡`i loh‡š¿i Kvi‡Y Zvi cZb I wbnZ nevi ga¨w`‡q evsjvq bevex kvmbvemv‡bi m~Pbv nq Ges †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi †MvovcËb nq| B‡Zvc~‡e©I beve cwieZ©‡bi lohš¿ n‡q‡Q| ïRvDwÏb Lvb Ges Avwje`x© Lvb Pµv‡šÍi gva¨‡gB wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡iwQ‡jb wKšÍy we‡`kx kw³i mvnv‡h¨ bevex cwieZ©b GB cÖ_g| c~e© cwiKíbv Abyhvqx B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi mg_©‡b 1757 wLª÷v‡ã gxiRvdi Avjx Lvb evsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨vi beve wbhy³ nb| wKšÍz lohš¿ Pzw³i kZ©vewj c~i‡Y e¨_© n‡j †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡K AcmviY K‡i 1760 wLª÷v‡ã gxi Kvwkg‡K gmb‡` emvb| Z‡e gy‡½‡i ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍimn kvmb msµvšÍ wel‡q †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ Zvi Pig gZwe‡iva I e·v‡ii hy‡× civwRZ n‡j gxiRvdi cybivq beve wbhy³ nb Ges g„Zy¨i ci Zvi cyÎ bRg D`&-†`Šjøv beve n‡q 1766 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †Kv¤úvwbi MfY©i jW© K¬vBf mgªvU kvn Avjg‡K evrmwiK wbhvgZ cÖkvm‡bi Rb¨ 53 j¶ UvKv Ges 26 j¶ UvKv ivR¯^ †`evi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z 12B AvM÷ 1765 wLª÷v‡ã †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ evsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨vi †`Iqvbx jvf K‡ib Ges cÖK…Z c‡¶ Gi mv‡_ mv‡_B bevwe Avg‡jiI cwimgvwß N‡U| e·v‡ii hy× cieZ©x bvgme©¯^ beve‡`i Øviv evsjv kvwmZ nq| 1765 wLª÷vã †_‡K 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi we‡`ªvn ch©šÍ mgqKv‡j B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb evsjv kvmb K‡i| evsjvi BwZnv‡mi GB mgqKvj‡K Ô†K¤úvwbi kvmbvgjÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|10 136 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î Aóv`k kZvãx‡K mgvb `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvqÑGi cÖ_gv‡a© bevwe kvm‡bi DÌvb I weKvk Ges wØZxqv‡a© bevwe kvm‡bi cZb I weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖwZôv| 1650 wLª÷v‡ã weªwUk B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb evsjvq e¨emv cÖmv‡ii P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MªnY K‡i Ges †mB D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjvi evwYR¨‡K›`ª ûMjx‡Z Zv‡`i evwYR¨KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i 1651 wLª÷v‡ã| KzwV ¯’vc‡bi ci †_‡KB G‡`‡k Bs‡iR‡`i evwYR¨ ¯^v_© I ivR‰bwZK cÖfve `ªæZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| Gici e¨vcK evwY‡R¨i m¤¢vebvq 1657 wLª÷v‡ã †KvU© Ae WvB‡i±m© Gi wb‡`©‡k gv`ªv‡Ri †dvU© †m›U RR© †_‡K e¨emv c„_K K‡i evsjvq GKwU ¯^vaxb evwYR¨-G‡RÝx cÖwZwôZ nq| Gi wVK kZel© ci msNwUZ nq cjvkxi hy× Ges cÖwZwôZ nq G‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwbi ivRZ¡| †Kv¤úvwbi G‡R›U Re Pvb©K 1690 wLª÷v‡ã myZvbywU MÖv‡g KzwV ¯’vcb K‡ib| Gici AvBb-k„sLjvi AebwZ I cwieZ©xZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z myev`vi wcÖÝ AvwRgym-kvb (1697-1712)-Gi Avg‡j wba©vwiZ ivR¯^ `v‡bi k‡Z© †Kv¤úvwb myZvbywU, †Mvwe›`cyi I w`wn KwjKvZv-G wZbwU MÖv‡gi Rwg`vwi mb` (1698) jvf K‡i| cjvkx hy‡×i ci 1765 wLª÷v‡ã †Kv¤úvwb KZ©…K evsjv-wenvi-Dwol¨vi †`Iqvbx jvf e¯‘Zt 1698 wLª÷v‡ãi Rwg`vwi m‡Ë¡iB c~Y© weKvk|11 1764 wLª÷v‡ã e·v‡ii hy‡×i ci ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv `Lj K‡i mivmwi Bs‡iR kvmb cÖwZôv bv K‡i wKQy ev¯Íem¤§Z Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwb †gvMj miKv‡ii mv‡_ ¶gZv fvMvfvwM K‡i †bq| ïiæ nq G¨vs‡jv-†gvMj †hŠ_ kvmb (1765-1772)|12 GB ˆØZZvi Aemvb NwU‡q 1772 wLª÷v‡ã †K¤úvwb mivmwi †`‡ki †`Iqvbx kvmb MªnY K‡i Ges †gvMj AvgjvZ‡š¿i e`‡j †Kv¤úvwbi AvgjvZš¿ cÖwZôv K‡i| µgea©gvb Ae¨e¯’v `~i Ki‡Z 1773 wLª÷v‡ã weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U Kvh©wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ †i¸‡jwUs G¨v± cÖeZ©b K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi fviZ¯’ GjvKvi `vwqZ¡fvi GKRb MfY©i-†Rbv‡ij I Pvi m`‡m¨i GK kvmb-cwil‡`i Dci b¨v¯Í K‡i| evsjvi MfY©i Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm (1774-1785) n‡jb fvi‡Zi cÖ_g MfY©i †Rbv‡ij| cieZ©x MfY©i jW© Kb©Iqvwjm (1786-1793) ivR¯^ msMÖ‡ni msKU wbimbK‡í 1793 wLª÷v‡ã wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| †mB e¨e¯’vbyhvqx w¯’i nq †h, Rwg`viMY ivR¯^ msMÖn K‡i Zvi bq-`kgvsk erm‡ii wbw`©ó w`‡b m~h©v‡¯Íi c~‡e© †Kv¤úvwb‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡eb Ges euvKx GKvsk ivR¯^ Zviv eskvbyµ‡g †fvM Ki‡eb| mgq I cÖ‡qvRbgZ MfY©i cwieZ©b K‡i Gfv‡eB Pj‡Z _v‡K †Kv¤úvwb kvmb, mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i welqwU AwggvswkZB †_‡K hvq| Ae‡k‡l `xN©w`b ci 1813 wLª÷v‡ã weªwUk cvjv©‡g›U KZ©…K †Kv¤úvwbi PvU©vi bevq‡bi mgq †NvlYv Kiv nq †h, weª‡U‡bi ivRv ev ivbxB n‡”Qb weªwUk fvi‡Zi Awemsevw`Z mve©‡fŠg KZ©v Ges weªwUk iv‡Ri c‡¶ †Kv¤úvwb †`‡ki kvmbKZ©v| Gi c‡ii ermi A_©vr 1814 wLª÷v‡ã c¨vwim Pzw³‡Z fvi‡Z †Kv¤úvwb AwaK…Z GjvKvi Dci weªwUk mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯’vc‡bi AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq|13 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Kvjµ‡g LvBevi †_‡K KzgvwiKv AšÍixc ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z Dcgnv‡`‡ki wekvj f~-fvM Zv‡`i m¤ú~Y© c`vbZ nq| wKšÍy †Kv¤úvwbi `vwqZ¡nxbZv I `ytkvmb, Afvebxq AivRKZv, †kvlYgyLx ivR¯^bxwZ, A_©‰bwZK wech©q, m¤ú` cvPvi, `ywf©ÿ I g„Zz¨i gg©š‘` cwi‡ek G‡`‡ki RbMY‡K †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvnx K‡i †Zv‡j| Ae‡k‡l 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni e¨_©Zvi ci †Kv¤úvwbi kvm‡b Av‡m Avg~j cwieZ©b| 1858-i b‡f¤^‡i †Kv¤úvwbi cwie‡Z© mivmwi weªwUk miKvi fviZe‡l©i kvmb ¶gZv MªnY K‡i| cÖvq 15 Rb MfY©i wewfbœ †gqv‡` kvmbKvh© Pvjv‡bvi ci 1858 wLª÷v‡ã ÔgnvivbxÕ wf‡±vwiqvi mvgªv‡R¨i GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ nq fviZ| Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivbx Zvi fviZxq cÖRv‡`i fvi‡Zi kvmb e¨e¯’vq AwaKZi Ask`v‡bi bxwZ †NvlYv K‡ib| ÔweªwUk kvmbvgjÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ D³ mgqKv‡j ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK myweav‡_© 1905 wLª÷v‡ã c~e©e½ Ges Avmvg cÖ‡`k wb‡q e½ wefvM Kiv nq| bZzb cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx nq XvKv| weªwUkiv wPivqZ cš’vq Òwe‡f‡`i gva¨‡g kvmbÓ- Gi KzUbxwZ Aej¤^b Ki‡jI Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L hyw³ †`wL‡q 1911 wLª÷v‡ã e½f½ i` K‡i| e½ f½ i` Kivi ci weªwUk-fvi‡Zi ivRavbx KwjKvZv †_‡K w`jøx‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| eûwea HwZnvwmK cwieZ©‡bi c_ a‡i evsjv I evOvwj RvwZi fvM¨ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z weMZ wZb kZvãx‡Z m„wó n‡q‡Q 4wU m¤ú~Y© wfbœag©x DËivaxKvi-ivóª, †hgb-bevex ivóª, weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK ivóª, cvwK¯Ívb ivóª Ges evsjv‡`k ivóª| †MvUv Ewbk kZvãx wQj fviZxq RvZxqZvev` I gymwjg wew”QbœZvev‡`i D‡¤§lce© Ges wesk kZvãxi ivRbxwZi ˆewkó¨ wQj weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb, kvmbZvwš¿K weKvk, wn›`y-gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ m¤cÖxwZi AebwZ, mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½v-nv½vgv Ges cwi‡k‡l fviZ I evsjv wefvM| e½f½ Ggb GK ai‡bi MY-Af¨yÌvb Ges MY-we‡¶vf I cÖwZev‡`i So m„wó K‡iwQj hvi gva¨‡g Jcwb‡ewkK bxwZi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` aŸwbZ nq mgMÖ fviZe‡l©| 1905-1911 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ AbywôZ MYwe‡¶vf, weªwUk cY¨ eR©b Avi ivR‰bwZK mš¿vm kvmK‡kªwYi AvZ¥wek¦vm†K cÖejfv‡e cªKw¤úZ I `ye©j K‡i †`q| d‡j Zv‡`i kvm‡bi mvwe©K Kvh©KvwiZvI A‡bKvs‡k e¨vnZ nq| eva¨ n‡q ZLb weªwUkiv e½f½ i` K‡i| Gici bvbv ai‡Yi ms¯‹vi I c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi Øviv Pj‡Z _v‡K fvi‡Z weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb, wKšÍy wØZxq wek¦hy× cieZ©x cwiw¯’wZ I ZrcieZ©x 1947 wLª÷v‡ã cÖej MY-Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L m¤ú~Y© ag©wfwËK RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwˇZ ÔBwÛqvb BbwW‡c‡ÛÝ wejÕ cv‡ki gva¨‡g fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k fviZ BDwbqb Ges cvwK¯Ívb bv‡g `yÕwU Avjv`v iv‡óªi m„wó nq| e½‡`k wØLwÐZ n‡q hvq Avev‡iv| Gi c~e©vsk c‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi fv‡M Ges cwðgvsk fvi‡Zi fv‡M| ïiæ‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi c~e© Ask A_©vr eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k c~e©-cvwK¯Ívb bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Gici cÖvq `yB hyM cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Øviv kvmb-†kvl‡Y Ges Dfq As‡ki g‡a¨ we`¨gvb ˆel‡g¨i cÖwZev‡` Pj‡Z _v‡K Av‡›`vj‡bi ci Av‡›`vjb, hvi cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e 1971 wLª÷v‡ã 9 gvm mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi ga¨w`‡q c~e©- cvwK¯ÍvbB evsjv‡`k bvg aviY K‡i ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg †`k wn‡m‡e we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i|14 138 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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1 bxnviiÄb ivq, evOMvjxi BwZnvm, Avw` ce© (KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, 1402), c„. 101-2, 378; W. gyn¤§` Avãyj Rwjj, DËie‡½i Avw`evmx †jvKRxeb I †jvKmvwnZ : IivIu (XvKv: wek¦mvwnZ¨ feb, 1999), c„. 39; kixd DwÏb Avn‡g` (m¤úv.), w`bvRcyi : BwZnvm I HwZn¨ (XvKv: evsjv‡`k BwZnvm mwgwZ, 1996), c„. 52 I 331 2 bxnviiÄb ivq, c~‡e©v³, c„. 102; gynt ggZvRyi ingvb (m¤úv.), e‡i›`ª A‡ji BwZnvm (ivRkvnx: wefvMxq Kwgkbv‡ii Kvh©vjq, GwcÖj 1998), c„. 526; m~bxwZf~lY Kvbyb‡Mv, evsjvi BwZnvm, cÖvPxb hyM (PÆMÖvg: `xc¼i Kvbyb‡Mv, 1994), c„. 1 3 Majumdar, R. C. [ed.]. The History of bengal. Vol.1 (Dacca: Dacca University, 1943, Second impression, 1963), P.55; bxnviiÄb ivq, c~‡e©v³, c„. 123-124; †gv. Rvnv½xi Avjg, iscyi wefvM : BwZnvm I cÖZœm¤ú` (XvKv: Avng` cvewjwks nvDm, 2018), c„. 26 4 Abdul Momin Chowdhury, Dynastic History of Bengal, (Dacca: The Asiatic society of Pakistan, 1967) P.3; kªx i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, (KwjKvZv: †Rbv‡ij wcÖ›Uvm© GÛ cvewjkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, 1992), c„. 38; Ave`yj Kwig, ev½vjv I ev½vjx, evOvjxi AvZœcwiPq, (ivRkvnx: Bwbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 1991), c„. 70; mybxj P‡Ævcva¨vq, cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi BwZnvm, 2q LÐ, (KwjKvZv: cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯ÍK cl©`, 1992) c„. 274; Avjx Bgvg, evOjv bv‡g †`k (XvKv: Abb¨v, 1997), c„. 150 5 †gv. Rvnv½xi Avjg, gMa DËi fviZ I evsjvi cÖvPxb BwZnvm (ivRkvnx : wPý cÖKvkbv, 2018), c„. 39 6 eZ©gvb fvi‡Zi cwðge½ iv‡R¨i AšÍf©y³ w`bvRcyi †Rjvi evYM‡o wZwb ¯’vqx ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| evYMoB gymwjg Avg‡j †`I‡KvU ev †`ex‡KvU bv‡g mycwiwPZ| BLwZqvi LjRxi b`xqv R‡qi ZvwiLwU weZwK©Z n‡jI AvaywbK BwZnvmwe`MY 1204 wLª÷vã‡KB MÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b K‡ib| Ave`yj Kwig, c~‡e©v³, c„. 61; G. we. Gg. †nv‡mb, e‡i›`ª A‡ji BwZnvm, c~‡e©v³, c„. 426; kªx i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 2 7 ivLvj`vm e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, evsjvi BwZnvm (2q LÐ) (KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, 1996), c„. 45; gynv¤§` nvweeyi ingvb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 33-39 8 cieZx©Kv‡j ev½vjvn †e½‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges mg¯Í cÖvPxb †fŠ‡MvwjK I ivR‰bwZK wefvM Gi AšÍf©y³ nq| mye„nr GKwU cÖ‡`k wn‡m‡e GK mgq †e½‡ji mxgvbv wQj cwð‡g †ZwjqvMwo, c~‡e© PUªMÖvg, Dˇi wngvj‡qi cv`‡`k Ges `w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvMi| iæûj KzÏym †gv: mv‡jn, c~‡e©v³, c„. 11; Abdur Rahim, Social and cultural History of Bengal, Vol.1 (Karachi: Pakistan Historical society,1963), P. 2 9 Ave`yj Kwig, ÒcÖv‡`wkK kvmb KvVv‡gvq myev evsjvÓ, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm (XvKv: GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU Ae evsjv‡`k, 1993), c„. 39; wmivRyj Bmjvg, (m¤úv.), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm (1704-1971), ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm, 1g LÐ (XvKv: GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU Ae evsjv‡`k, wW‡m¤^i, 1993), c„. 36 10 wmivRyj Bmjvg, evsjvi BwZnvm: Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbKvVv‡gv (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1984), c„. 10-11 11 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm (1704-1971), ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 5 e‡i›`ª AÂj : †fŠMwjK Ae¯’vb I BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 143

12 BLwZqvi Dwχbi AvMgb n‡Z gxi Rvd‡ii g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ Z_v ·qv`k kZvãxi m~PbvjMœ †_‡K 1765 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ cÖvq 560 eQ‡i evsjvi kvmK wn‡m‡e 134 R‡bi bvg cvIqv hvq| iscyi wefvM : BwZnvm I cÖZœm¤ú`, c~‡e©v³, c„. 58 13 Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbKvVv‡gv, c~‡e©v³, c„. 54-60 I 80-82 14 Kvj© gvK©m, fviZxq BwZnv‡mi KvjcÄx (664-1858) (g‡¯‹v: cÖMwZ cÖKvkb, 1971), c„. 187-197 15 byiæj Bmjvg Lvb (m¤úv.), evsjv‡`k †Rjv †M‡RuUxqvi, e„nËi ivRkvnx (XvKv: evsjv‡`k miKvix gy`ªYvjq, 1991, c„.39; gMa DËi fviZ I evsjvi cÖvPxb BwZnvm, c~‡e©v³, c„. 41 16 H, c„. 41, 139; iscyi wefvM : BwZnvm I cÖZœm¤ú`, c~‡e©v³, c„. 51 17 gynv¤§` BKevj Ry‡eix, Ôe‡i›`ª A‡ji cwi‡ek : †mKvj GKvjÕ, e‡i›`ª A‡ji BwZnvm, c~‡e©v³, c„.34; evsjv‡`k †Rjv †M‡RuUxqvi, e„nËi ivRkvnx, c~‡e©v³, c„. 40 18 H, c„. 54; gynv¤§` BKevj Ry‡eix, c~‡e©v³, c„. 34 19 W. gyn¤§` Ave`yj Rwjj, c~‡e©v³, c„. 39-41 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv W. †gvnv¤§` gywneDj¨vn wQwÏKx

[Abstract: The Ulema and Sufi-saints played a very unique role towards preaching of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. After the establishment of Muslim rule in this act, the Muslim rulers were very much helpful towards patronizing them in different times. Before the occupation of Lakhnawti by Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, there prevailed in Bengal very acute disparity concerning creed and colour. The local Budhists and lower caste Hindus had been the victim of numerous inhuman behaviour of higher caste Hindus along with the human sacrifice for years together. The Rajshahi region was not an exception to this practice. In the prevailing situation, the Sufi-saints appeared in front of the local peoples with the slogan of Islamic equality for the salvation of humanity. The people were charmed with the magnanimity of Islam for their untiring endeavour. Consequently, with the passage of time, the spread of Islam took place in Rajshahi region. Afterwards various types of educational institutions were established with the assistance of the Muslim rulers and all these institutions got their patronization. The endeavours of the Sufi-saints and the patronage of the Muslim rulers combinedly helped towards the rapid spread of Islam in Rajshhai region.] f~wgKv: Dcgnv‡`‡k Bmjvg cÖPv‡i ivRv-ev`kvnMY †Zgb †Kvb Kvh©Kix f~wgKv MÖnY K‡ibwb, eis Bmjvg cÖPvwiZ I cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q gymjgvb Avwjg-Ijvgv Ges m~dx-`i‡ek‡`i cÖ‡Póvq| Zuv‡`i mnR, mij, Abvo¤^i Rxeb hvc‡b, Bmjv‡gi kvwšÍi evYx‡Z, mvg¨ I åvZ…‡Z¡i wkÿvq gy» n‡q `‡j `‡j mvaviY gvbyl Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i| Bmjv‡gi AvMg‡bi cÖv°v‡j Dcgnv‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’v wQj c½y, wn›`y‡`i eY©‰el‡g¨i d‡j †jvKRb wech©¯Í n‡q c‡owQj| wVK Ggwb mg‡q Bmjv‡gi Avwef©ve nq Ges Bmjv‡gi cZvKv enb K‡i wb‡q Av‡mb kvwšÍKvgx, mnR, mij, Abvo¤^i, `xbnxb m~dx-`i‡ek Ges Avwjg mgvR| Zuv‡`i cÖfv‡e Bmjvgx ZvnRxe ZgÏy‡bi Qvc Dcgnv‡`‡ki RvZxq Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i my›`ifv‡e cÖwZwôZ I cÖwZdwjZ nq| †`‡ki kn‡i, e›`‡i, MÖv‡g gmwR`, gv`ªvmv I LvbKv ¯’vwcZ n‡q †`‡ki iƒc cvj‡U hvq; ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í, fvlvq, ˆ`bw›`b RxebhvÎvq Ges GgbwK ¯’v‡bi bvgKi‡YI Bmjvgx Qvc cwiùzU n‡q I‡V| `yB kÕ eQi Bs‡iR kvm‡bi d‡j gymjgvb‡`i ag©, mgvR, ZvnRxe I ZgÏyb wech©¯Í n‡jI m¤ú~Y© †f‡½ c‡owb| m~dx-`i‡ek I Avwjg‡`i Kj¨v‡YB Zv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| myZivs Avgv‡`i RvZxq Rxe‡b m~dx‡`i f~wgKv AvRI A¤øvb Ges †``xc¨gvb|1 Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü ivRkvnx gnvbMixi mswÿß cwiwPwZ cÖ`v‡bi ci m~dx-

 cÖ‡dmi, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRknx wek¦we`vjq, ivRkvnx-6205 146 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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Rvjvj DwÏb kvn myi Lv‡gvk KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ gL`ygx ZvwiKvi gv`ªvmvq wkÿv-`xÿv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb Kv‡`wiqv ZwiKvi †kÖô gKv‡g DbœxZ nb Ges Bmjvgx Áv‡bi mKj wel‡q †kÖôZ¡ AR©b K‡i ÔgL`ygÕ †LZve f~wlZ nb|16 AZci wZwb w`jøx‡Z Ae¯’vbiZ wcZv I cwievi-cwiR‡bi mv‡_ wgwjZ nb| ZLb w`jøxi myjZvb wQ‡jb bvwmi DwÏb whwb Avhvjøvn kvn (in.) Ges Zuvi †hvM¨Zg mšÍvb‡`i‡K AZ¨šÍ m¤§v‡bi mv‡_ MÖnY K‡ib| nvjvKz Lvb g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j Avhvjøvn kvn (in.) ¯^xq Rb¥f~wg evM`v‡` wd‡i †M‡jb Ges Zuvi wZb cy·K fvi‡Zi c~e©v‡j Øxb cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ †i‡L †M‡jb| AZtci wMqvmDwÏb ejeb fvi‡Zi myjZvb n‡jb| Zvi mgqKv‡j evsjvi kvmK ZzwNªj Lvb we‡`ªvn Ki‡j wMqvmDwÏb ejeb ¯^xq cyÎ †evNiv Lvbmn we‡`ªvn `g‡b Av‡mb| ZzwNªj Lvb‡K nZ¨v K‡i we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i †evNiv Lvb‡K evsjvi kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM K‡ib| myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb eje‡bi evsjv AwfhvbKv‡j nhiZ Ave`yj KzÏym kvn gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in.), Zuvi `yB fvB, GK †evb mn kZvwaK Abymvix Zuvi AbyMvgx nb| Awfhvb †k‡l †evNiv Lvb‡K evsjvi kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM w`‡q myjZvb ejeb w`jøx P‡j †M‡j kvn gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in.) Zvi m½x-mv_xMYmn †evNiv Lv‡bi mv‡_ †MŠ‡o Ae¯’vb K‡ib|17 nhiZ Ave`yj KzÏym kvn gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in.) Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ Zuvi `jej wb‡q †MŠo †_‡K evsjvi `wÿYv‡j AvR‡Ki †bvqvLvjx GjvKvq Mgb K‡ib| †mLv‡b †mvbvBgyox _vbvi k¨vgcyi gnjøvq cÖ_g Av¯Ívbv ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi eo fvB gxivb kvn eZ©gvb jÿxcyi †Rjvi KvÂvbcyi gnjøvq LvbKvn& ¯’vcb K‡ib| gxivb kvn (in.) Ges Zv‡`i †evb gvRhyev †eM‡gi mgvwa KvÂvbcy‡i Aew¯’Z Ges mvaviY gymjgv‡bi wRqvi‡Zi ¯’vb| kvn gvL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in.) 1287 mvj †_‡K 1289 mvj ch©šÍ k¨vgcyi LvbKvq †_‡K Øxb cÖPvi K‡ib| cÖPzi †jvK Zuvi nv‡Z Bmjvg MÖnY K‡ib| AZtci wZwb Zvi wcÖq QvÎ Ges wkl¨ RwKDwÏb †nvmvBbx‡K LvbKvi `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i k¨vgcyi Z¨vM K‡ib|18 ZLb ivRkvnx A‡ji bvg wQj gnvKvjMo| gnvKvjM‡oi †`I RvwZ †`I gw›`‡i †`I †`eZvi c~Rv Ki‡Zv Ges Zv‡`i ivRv‡K †`I ivRv ejv n‡Zv| eQ‡i wbw`©ó w`‡b Zviv biewj w`Z| AÎ GjvKvq kvn gL`y‡gi wcÖq wkl¨ nhiZ kvn ZziKvb (in.) †`I RvwZi nv‡Z kvnv`vZ ei‡Yi msev` kvn gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in.) Gi wbKU †cuŠQvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wZwb k¨vgcyi Z¨vM K‡i 1289 mv‡j Zuvi m½x w`jvj †evLvix (in.); ˆmq` AveŸvm (in.); myjZvb kvn (in.); Kig Avjx kvn (in.) cÖgyL wkl¨mn gnvKvjMo n‡Z 26 gvBj `~‡i evNvq Dcw¯’Z nb|19 evNvi wbK‡U wZwb GKwU wKjøv wbg©vY K‡i hy‡×i cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡ib| Bmjvg cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ gyRvwn` ˆZwii Kv‡R AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i gnvKvjMo AwaKvi Kivi mg¯Í cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡ib| evNvq Zuvi Ae¯’vb Ges hy× cÖ¯‘wZi Le‡i gnvKvjM‡o †`I ivRØq fxZ mš¿¯Í I D‡ËwRZ n‡q c‡o| hy× cÖ¯‘wZ †k‡l kvn gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in.) †bŠc‡_ evNv †_‡K gnvKvjMo †cuŠ‡Qb| mgKvjxb hy× †KŠkj Abymv‡i wZwb Zuvi mn hvÎxMYI ¯’vbxq RbMY‡K wb‡q †bŠevwnbx, c`vwZK evwnbx 151 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv

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Gi Ji‡l 1471 mvj †gvZv‡eK 12 eRe, 875 wnRix‡Z wbR evox‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|23 m¤ú‡K© wZwb kvn gL`yg 152 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ iƒ‡cvk (in.) Gi Avcb fvwZRvi eskai wQ‡jb| wcZvi wbKU cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvß K‡i ZrKvjxb evM`v‡`i †kÖó wkÿv cÖwZôvb gv`ivmv‡q Kv‡`wiqv n‡Z D”P wkÿv jvf K‡ib| AZci wZwb eo cxi nhiZ kvn Ave`yj Kv‡`i wRjvbxi `iMv‡ni Lvw`g wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| nhiZ kvn byi (in.) 1525 mv‡j Avcb es‡ki weaev Kb¨v gwiqg wewe‡K we‡q K‡ib| Zvi Ji‡k nhiZ kvn Avwid (in:) Ges nhiZ kvn Kexi (in.) bv‡g `yB cyÎ mšÍv‡bi Rb¥ nq| wZwb wb‡R ¯^xq cy·`i cÖv_wgK wkÿv cÖ`vb K‡i D”Pwkÿvi Rb¨ gv`ivmv‡q Kv‡`wiqv‡Z fwZ© Kivb| †Zvqvwi‡Li †jLK wjL‡Qb ZLb ÒGKw`b ivw·Z gL`yg mv‡ne `k©b w`qv ewj‡Z‡Qb wcÖq byi Avgvi `wÿYv½u Zzwg ev½vujv †`‡k ivgcyi †evqvwjqvi †gvKv‡g Avgvi ¯’v‡b Avgvi Lwjdv c‡` wbhy³ iwnqvQ I †f` evK¨vw` AwQqZ `vb Kwi‡jb Ges Av‡`k w`‡jb Z_v‡Z †Zvgvi ¯^cwiR‡b wPiKv‡ji ¯’vb gKii nBqv‡Q|Ó24 G NUbvi wKQzw`b ci nhiZ kvn byi (in.) iv‡Î †gvivKvev Ae¯’vq †`L‡Z †c‡jb nhiZ Ave`yj Kv‡`i wRjvbx (in.) Zv‡K Av‡`k w`‡q ej‡Qb- ÒwcÖq byi hvI, †Zvgvi gyKviivwi †gvKvg ev½uvjvi ivgcyi †evqvwjqv I Z_vq hvBevi mye¨e¯’vi c_ kÖxNª †Zvgvi m¤§y‡L Dcw¯’Z nB‡Z‡Q, Zzwg cÖ¯‘Z _vwK‡e|Ó25 Gi ci ivR¨nviv †gvMj m¤ªvU ûgvqyb Ges cvim¨ivR evM`v‡` nhiZ Ave`yj Kv‡`i wRjvbxi `iev‡i wM‡q nhiZ kvn byi (in.) Gi wbKU AvkÖq wb‡jb| †mLv‡b Df‡q mvZ w`b-mvZ ivZ Ae¯’vb K‡i Avjøvni `iev‡i mv¤ªvR¨ wd‡i cvIqvi †`vqv Ki‡jb| nhiZ kvn byi (in.)I ev`kvn ûgvqy‡bi Rb¨ †`vqv Ki‡jb| AZci nhiZ kvn byi (in.) ev`kvn ûgvqyb‡K ej‡jb, ÒAvcbvi †`vqv Keyj n‡q‡Q, Avcwb nviv‡bv mv¤ªvR¨ wd‡i cv‡eb Ges G e¨vcv‡i cvim¨ivR Avcbv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb|Ó ¯^cœv‡`‡k eo cxi mv‡ne kvn b~i (in.) †K ev½uvjvi ivgcyi †evqvjxqv hvIqvi wb‡`©k m¤ªvU ûgvqyb‡K Rvbv‡j †gvMj m¤ªvU Ges cvim¨ivR Df‡q LyeB Lykx nb Ges m¤ªvU kvn b~i (in.) Gi m½x nIqvi Rb¨ we‡kl AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i| †Zvqvwi‡Li †jLK wj‡L‡Qb- ÒûgvDb Avbw›`Z nBqv RbvB‡jb Avwg wmsnvmb cÖvß nB‡jB Avcbvi cÖwZcvjb Rb¨ 2500 (AvovB nvRvi) weNv Rwg Avcbv‡K w`eÓ|26 BwZg‡a¨ cvim¨ivR nhiZ kvn b~i (in.) Gi gywi` n‡q hvb| wZwb wbשvwiZ mg‡q nhiZ kvn b~i (in.) Ges Zvi cwiev‡ii mKj m`m¨‡K ¯^m¤§v‡b ivgcyi-‡evqvwjqvq †cŠwQ‡q w`‡jb| nhiZ kvn gL`y‡gi `iMv‡ni Lv‡`gMY AZ¨šÍ Avb›` wP‡Ë I m¤§v‡b mv‡_ Zv‡K MÖnY K‡ib| G msev` gL`yg bM‡i †cuŠQ‡j †mLvb †_‡K ZrKvjxb Lwjdvmn Ave`yj nvwg` `vwbkgv›` Dcw¯’Z n‡q kvn gL`y‡gi IqvwmqZ g‡Z nhiZ kvn byi (in.)‡K gL`ywgqv †Ljvd‡Z AwawôZ K‡ib| cvim¨iv‡Ri cÖ`Ë A¯¿-m¯¿, †Mvjv-eviæ` I †mbv-mvgšÍ wb‡q †gvMj m¤ªvU ûgvqyb 1554 mv‡j Kv›`vnvi I Kveyj Rq K‡ib| AZci 1555 mv‡j wekvj evwnbx wb‡q miwn‡›`i wmKv›`vi kvn m~i‡K civwRZ K‡i w`jøx cyb`©Lj K‡ib| w`jøxi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ n‡q mv‡_ mv‡_ kvn b~i (in.) Gi Rb¨ AvovB nvRvi weNv m¤úwËi jv‡LivR cÖ`v‡bi wb‡`©k †`b| fzj 153 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv ekZ: †h mb` ivgcyi-‡evqvjxqvq kvn b~i (in.) Gi wbKU †cuŠ‡Q Zv‡Z AvovB nvRvi weNvi e`‡j AvovB kZ weNv wjLv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z nhiZ kvn byi (in.) LyeB gbÿzbœ n‡jb| †Zvqvwi‡Li †jL‡Ki AwfgZ n‡jv G Kvi‡Y- ÒûgvDb ivR¨ cvBj e‡U wKš‘ †fvM Kiv bwm‡e nBj bv, nVvr g„Zz¨ nBj|Ó27 ev`kvn ûgvqyb KZ…©K m¤úwË`v‡bi K_v `iMvn msµvšÍ dvimx Zvqv`v‡` D‡jøwLZ Av‡Q hv ivRkvnx K‡j±‡iU †iKW© iæ‡g iwÿZ Ges G Z‡q`v` 1793 mv‡ji wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi mgq miKvix ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| 4. nhiZ kvn †evinvbDÏxb gv`vi (in.) fviZe‡l© GK ai‡bi m~dx †`Lv hvq huviv GK gvRvi †_‡K Ab¨ gvRv‡i wRqvi‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ ågY Ki‡Zb| mvaviYZ Zviv AvRgx‡ii LvRv gyCbDÏxb wPkwZi gvRvi †_‡K G ågY ïiæ Ki‡Zb| AZci wenvi I evsjvi cÖavb cÖavb gvRvimgyn wRqviZ K‡i †eov‡Zb| G ai‡bi GKRb m~dx n‡jb nhiZ kvn †evinvbDÏxb gv`vi (in.)| wZwb AvRgx‡ii Awaevmx wQ‡jb whwb 12 eQi hver nRiZ LvRv gyCbDÏxb wPkwZi gvRv‡ii Lv‡`g wQ‡jb| wRqvi‡Zi ågY cwiµgvq wZwb 1664 mv‡j ivRkvnx G‡m †cŠu‡Qb| kvn gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (iv.) Gi gvhvi wRqviZ K‡i wZwb gwZnvi bvgK ¯’v‡b eZ©gvb ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †gBb †MB‡Ui `wÿY w`‡K GKwU Av¯Ívbv ˆZix K‡i Avjøvni wRwKi-AvhKv‡i gk¸j nb| G mgq Zvi eû KvigZ cÖKvk †c‡j A‡bK Agymwjg Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i| G my‡hv‡M wZwb †n`vq‡Zi evYx cÖPvi K‡ib| d‡j GZ`A‡j Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi I cÖmvi nq| Ggwb fv‡e Øx‡bi `vC wn‡m‡e GKvwaKµ‡g `k eQi KvR K‡i 1674 mv‡j Bb‡ZKvj K‡ib| Zuvi ûRivLvbvi DËi w`‡K eZ©gvb ivRkvnx bv‡Uvi †iv‡Wi 4/5 iwk Dˇi Zuv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq| 1676 mv‡j Pv›` Lv bvgK GK mvI`vMi ZrKvjxb cvKv BU w`‡q Zvi gvRvi I ûRivLvbv ˆZix K‡i w`‡qwQj| gvhv‡ii cv‡k GKwU cvKzi MvQ wQj|28 cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M Zuvi gvRviLvbv fMœ Ae¯’vq c‡owQj| Ôc~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvIwjqv `i‡ekÕ MÖ‡š’i †jLK wj‡L‡Qb- ÒMZ 1966 L„óv‡ã ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©cÿ D³ gvRvi kixdwU ¯^gy‡j aŸsm Kwiqv wbwðý Kwiqv †dwjqv‡Qb Ges Dnv‡K nwK †Ljvi gv‡V iƒcvšÍwiZ Kwiqv‡Qb| Bnv eoB cwiZv‡ci welq †h GKwU gymwjg iv‡óª gymwjg Awdmvi Øviv gymjgvb‡`i GKwU ¯§„wZ wPý ¯^gy‡j webvk cÖvß nIqv; Bnv m¤ú~Y© Am¤¢e I A‡kvfbxq|Ó29 G Z_¨wU Ab¨‡Kvb m~‡Î cvIqv hvq bv| eis †Kvb †Kvb wjLK wj‡L‡Qb- gwZkvn Ges †evinvbDwÏb kvn GK‡Î GLv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb| Øxb cÖPvi Kv‡j gwZkvn gviv †M‡j †evinvbDÏxb kvn Ab¨Î P‡j hvb|30 GLb eySv hv‡”Q D‡jøwLZ Z_¨ mZ¨ bq| †evinvbDÏxb kv‡ne gvhvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wfZ‡i nwK †Ljvi gv‡Vi g‡a¨ wejxb n‡q †M‡Q| G Z_¨ cÖ`vbKvix †jLK cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x Ges m~dx| ZvB Zuvi mvÿ¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨| GLbI Zvi ûRivLvbvwU ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb dU‡Ki Ges ivRkvnx bv‡Uvi †iv‡Wi `wÿYcv‡k¦© AÿZ i‡q‡Q| D³ ûRivLvbvwUi 32 kZvsk wb¯‹i Rwg Av‡Q Ges e„wUk Avg‡j n‡Z gymjgvb‡`i GKwU KwgwU GwU ZËv¡eavb K‡i| ZLb miKvix LwZqv‡b wjwLZ wQj ÒMÖvg¨ gymjgvb‡`i c‡ÿ wR¤§v`vi AviRyjøv gÛjÓ Ges cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j miKvix LwZqv‡b wjwLZ 154 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wQj- ÒMÖvg¨ gymjgvb‡`i c‡ÿ wR¤§v`vi †gv: KvwkgyÏxb miKviÓ| Zuvi gvRv‡ii †L`g‡Z jvLvivR m¤úwË wQj| miKvix LwZqv‡b Dnv Ôcxicvj gv`vi mv‡neÕ e‡j D‡jøL Av‡Q| A‡bK wR¤§v`vi, gÛj ev cÖfvekvjx e¨w³ D³ m¤ú` AvZ¥mv‡Zi †Póv K‡i e¨_© Ges ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡q‡Q|31 nhiZ †evinvbDÏxb gv`v‡ii ûRiv‡Z 7 eQi a¨vb K‡i w`by dwKi bv‡g GK e¨w³ wmw× jvf K‡i Ab¨Î P‡j †M‡Qb| gwdRDÏxb dwKi G ûRiv‡Z 6 eQi a¨vb gMœ †_‡K wmw×jvf K‡i Ab¨Î P‡j †M‡Qb| wZwb Zvi wb‡Ri bvgvw¼Z cvKv BUØviv gvRv‡ii mxgvbv cÖvPxb wbg©vb K‡i eû Avg-KvVv‡ji MvQ †ivcb K‡ib| cÖvq mgq 2/1 Rb dwKi †mLv‡b a¨vb gMœ †_‡K wmw× jv‡fi cÖ‡Póvq _v‡Kb|32 5. nhiZ Ave`yj jwZd Avj-Kv‡`ix (in.) nhiZ Ave`yj jwZd Avj Kv‡`ix (in.) 1873 mv‡j nvIov †Rjvi AvgZv _vbvi b¨vwiU MÖv‡g Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg nhiZ Ave`yi ingvb Avj-Kv‡`ix| Zvi cÖwcZvgn evM`v` n‡Z Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ evOjvq G‡m b¨vwiU MÖv‡g emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zvi cwievi bevex Avg‡j wKQy cxi cvj m¤úwËi gvwjK wQ‡jb| nhiZ Ave`yj jwZd Avj-Kv‡`ix (in.) Zvi PvPv nhiZ iIkb Avjx Avj Kv‡`ixi wbKU evBqvZ nb| PvPvi ZË¡veav‡b †_‡K K‡Vvi mvabvi gva¨‡g nvwKKZ I gv‡idZ Áv‡b we‡kl Kv‡gwjqvZ AR©b K‡i wLjvdZ jvf K‡ib|33 nvIov I KjKvZvq Zvi eû gywi` i‡q‡Q| Kv‡`ixqv ZixKv cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb 1948 mv‡j ivRkvnx‡Z AvMgb K‡ib| ivbxbMi gnjøvq GKwU fvov evwo‡Z wKQzw`b Ae¯’vb Kivi ci wZwb gwZnvi _vbvi KvRjv GjvKvq GKwU evwo Lwi` K‡i †mLv‡b Av¯Ívbv ˆZwi K‡i Kv‡`ixqv ZixKv cÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb A‡jŠwKK kw³ m¤úbœ Kvkdzj Kzjy‡ei Ijx wQ‡jb| wZwb cÖvq Qq eQi K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i ivRkvnxevmx‡K Kv‡`ixqv ZixKvq `xÿv cÖ`vb K‡ib| AZci 1954 mv‡ji 14 †deªæqvwi AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mKj gyix`‡`i mvg‡b †kL †gvt Aveyj †nv‡mb Avj-Kv‡`ix‡K Ôkvgmyj gv‡idvZÕ Dcvwa w`‡q †LjvdZ `vb K‡ib Ges Zvi AvbyM‡Z¨i kc_ Kwi‡q †bb|34 Zvici nhiZ Ave`yj jwZd Avj Kv‡`ix (in.) 1954 mv‡ji 14 †deªæqvwi wbR Rb¥f‚wg nvIov P‡j hvIqvi Rb¨ mKj gyix`‡`i wbKU n‡Z we`vq MÖnY K‡ib| ivRkvnx n‡Z †Uª‡b KjKvZv wM‡q K‡qK w`b †mLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i evwo P‡j hvb| evwo †cuŠ‡Q GK mßvn ci Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o 1954 mv‡ji 2 GwcÖj B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| nvIov †Rjvi b¨vwUi MÖv‡g Zvi gvRvi i‡q‡Q|35 cÖwZ eQi D³ w`‡b ivRkvnxi ivbxbMi Ges nvIovi b¨vwUi MÖv‡g nhiZ Ave`yj jwZd Avj Kv‡`ix (in.) Gi BQv‡j QvIqve AbywôZ nq| Rb¥, g„Zz¨, `iMvn †KvbUvB ivRkvnx‡Z bv n‡jI wZwb ivRkvnxi Kv‡`ixqv ZixKvi m~dx wn‡m‡e MY¨| KviY wZwb ivRkvnx gnvbMi GjvKvi gvbyl‡K mvivRxeb Kv‡`ixqv ZixKvq `xÿv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|

155 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv

6. nhiZ †kL †gvt Aveyj †nv‡mb Avj-Kv‡`ix (in.) nhiZ †kL †gvt Aveyj †nv‡mb Avj Kv‡`ix (in.) evsjv 1331 m‡bi 9 †cŠl †gvZv‡eK 1924 mv‡j ivRkvnx gnvbMixi ivbxbMi gnjøvq Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg kixqZzjøvn Avj-Kv‡`ix| wZwb wcZv-gvZvi ˆRô¨ cyÎ| cÖ_g Rxe‡b wZwb ivRkvnx gv`ªvmv n‡Z cvm K‡i wmwfj mvcøvBi Awd‡m PvKzix †bb| D³ PvKzix gbcyZ bv nIqvq B¯Ídv w`‡q wKQz w`b ivRkvnx kn‡i bv‡q‡e KvRxi c‡` Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| K‡qK gvm ci bv‡qe KvRxi c` cwiZ¨vM K‡i ivRkvnx wgDwbwmc¨vj GBP.B ¯‹zj (eZ©gvb †KvU© GKv‡Wgx)‡Z wkÿKZv K‡ib| wkÿKZv †Q‡o Uv½vBj †nvwgI K‡jR †_‡K Gg.we.GBP wWwMÖ jvf K‡i ivRkvnx‡Z †nvwgI wPwKrmK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib|36 wZwb GKRb Kwe| Zvi iwPZ gvidZx, gy‡k©`x I cjøxMxwZ wewfbœ wkwí Øviv msM„nxZ n‡q ivRkvnx †eZv‡i GK mgq wbqwgZfv‡e cÖPvwiZ n‡Zv| nhiZ †kL †gvt Aveyj †nv‡mb Avj Kv‡`ix (in.) 1948 mv‡j nhiZ Ave`yj jwZd Avj Kv‡`ix (in.) Gi nv‡Z Kv‡`ixqv ZixKvi evBqvZ MÖnY K‡ib| cÖvq 6/7 eQi K‡Vvi mvabvq wbgMœ _v‡Kb| cxi mv‡ne Zv‡K we‡kl Zvwjg I Avgwjqv‡Zi e¨e¯’v K‡i Zv‡K Kvwgwjqv‡Zi `iRvq †cuvwQ‡q `b| AZci cxi mv‡ne Zv‡K wLjvdZ †`b Ges mKj gyix`‡`i mvg‡b Zv‡K Ôkvgmyj gv‡idZÕ AvL¨v †`b| Zvici mKj wkl¨‡`i wbKU n‡Z cxi mv‡ne nhiZ †kL †gvt Aveyj †nv‡mb Avj Kv‡`ix (in.) Gi cÖwZ AvbyM‡Z¨i kc_ Kwi‡q †bb| G Wv. †kL †gvt Aveyj †nv‡mb Avj Kv‡`ix (in.) Ôc~eŸ© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvIwjqv `i‡ekÕ MÖ‡š’i weÁ cÖ‡YZv| wZwb mgKv‡ji ivRkvnx gnvbMixi †kÖô gv‡idvZ we‡klÁ wQ‡jb| Zvi cÖYxZ MÖš’wU 1969 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m e¸ovi mvwnZ¨ KzwUi n‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| m~dx Rxebx wn‡m‡e MÖš’wU m~ax gn‡j cÖkswmZ n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡k m~dx, Ijx, `i‡ek †jv‡Kiv mvaviYZt wRwKi-AvRKvi, Zmexn-Zvnjxj cÖf…wZ Avgj wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡Kb| MÖš’ cÖYqb Zv‡`i †ÿ‡Î weij NUbv| nhiZ †kL †gvt Aveyj †nv‡mb Avj Kv‡`ix (in.) G †ÿ‡Î mZ¨B e¨wZµg| 7. nhiZ m~dx kvn gynv¤§` gyLZvi Kv‡`ix †ZMx eLkx (in.) nhiZ m~dx kvn gynv¤§` gyLZvi Kv‡`ix †ZMx eLkx (in.) 1931 mv‡j 1 Rvbvqvwi fvi‡Zi MvRxcy‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg gynv¤§` Avãyi ingvb I gv‡qi bvg kvwn`vb LvZzb| MvRxcyi wW.G.we K‡jR †_‡K Gd.G cvm K‡i Aviex-dvm©x fvlvq eyrcwË AR©b K‡ib| AZci wenv‡ii GK m¤£všÍ cwiev‡ii Kb¨v †gvQv¤§vr Rwmbv wewe‡K weevn K‡ib| wZwb 1950 mv‡j ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b P‡j G‡m ivRkvnx K‡j‡R wkÿv MÖnY K‡ib| 1952 mv‡j wZwb WvK wefv‡Mi mnKvix †cv÷ gv÷vi wn‡m‡e PvKzix‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib|37 nhiZ m~dx kvn gynv¤§` gyLZvi Kv‡`ix †ZMx eLkx (in.) †QvU †ejv †_‡K ci‡nRMvi wQ‡jb| kiqx Rxeb-hvc‡bi cvkvcvwk ZixKZ m¤ú‡K©I mRvM wQ‡jb| wZwb 1967 mv‡j Ryb gv‡m nhiZ m~dx kvn gynv¤§` bex eLk †ZMx (in.) Gi wbKU evBqvZ MÖnY K‡ib| m~dx 156 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ mvabvq Kv‡gwjqvZ AR©b K‡i 1968 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m wLjvdZ jvf K‡ib| wLjvdZ jv‡fi ci wZwb evBqv‡Zi KvR ïiæ K‡ib Ges LvbKvn eLkxqv, ivbxevRvi¯’ cxi mv‡n‡ei evwo‡Z ¯’vb cvb| wZwb evwoi wbK‡U GKwU †dviKvwbqv gv`ªvmv Pvjy K‡ib| ¯’vqxfv‡e e„nËi cwim‡i LvbKvn cÖwZôvi Rb¨ 1984 mv‡j b‡f¤^i gv‡m ivbxevRvi n‡Z LvbKvn eo ebMÖv‡g ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| †m m‡½ ¯^xq cxi mv‡n‡ei ¯§„wZ¯^iƒc G GjvKvi bvgKiY K‡ib m~dxbMi|38 wZwb 1989 mv‡ji 11 A‡±vei m~dxbM‡i ¯^xq evmfe‡bi wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib| AZci 1992 mv‡ji 15 b‡f¤^i g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j Zv‡K †mLv‡b mgvwnZ Kiv nq Ges Zvi Ke‡ii Dci mgvwa ‰Zwi Kiv nq|39 Zvi cÖwZwôZ ÔLvbKvn eLkxqv `iev‡i gyLZvixqvÕ LvbKvn, gvRvi, gmwR`, g³e, gv`ªvmv, evm¯’vb Ges evMvb wg‡j GKwU eûgyLx m„Rbkxj cÖwZôvb| 8. nhiZ LvRv kvn& m~dx †gv. GQgvBj †nv‡mb wPk&Zx (in.) ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÙv b`xi ZxieZ©x bv‡Uvi †iv‡Wi DËi cv‡k¦© †evqvwjqv _vbvi AšÍM©Z Avng`cy‡i nhiZ LvRv kvn& m~dx GQgvBj †nv‡mb wPk&Zx (in.) Gi `iMvn Aew¯’Z| wZwb GK m¤£všÍ gymwjg cwiev‡i 1894 mv‡j ivRkvnxi ivgP›`ªcyi MÖv‡g Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg †gv. Beªvnxg I gvZvi bvg ‡gvQv. gv‡jKv LvZzb| Zuvi wcZv GKRb e¨emvqx wQ‡jb| gv‡jvcvovq Zuvi nvW©Iqv‡ii †`vKvb wQj|40 kvn& mv‡ne wQ‡jb Zuvi wcZvi †R¨ô cyÎ| wZwb ivRkvnx nvB gv`ªvmvq cÂg †kÖYx ch©šÍ †jLvcov K‡ib| Gici wcZvi nvW©Iqv‡ii e¨emv †`Lvïbv Kivi Rb¨ Zuv‡K †jLvcov †Q‡o w`‡Z nq| e¨emv †`Lvïbvi Rb¨ †jLvcov †Q‡o w`‡jI wZwb wQ‡jb G mg¯Í welq-Avm‡qi cÖwZ D`vwmb| hvi d‡j Zuv‡`i A‡bK g~j¨evb m¤úwË wbjv‡g D‡V hvq| Kw_Z Av‡Q w`jøxi cÖL¨vZ Iwj‡q Kv‡gj nhiZ ˆmq` LvRv Kv‡kg Avjx Kvwjgx (in.) hLb ivRkvnx md‡i Av‡mb, ZLb wK‡kvi kvn& mv‡ne (in.) Zuvi bR‡i c‡ob| Gici Kvwjgx mv‡ne (in.) Zuvi wcZv‡K GB wK‡kv‡ii hZœ †bIqvi Rb¨ Dc‡`k †`b| wZwb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb, GB †Q‡j eo n‡q GKRb eo mvaK n‡eb| Kvwjgx mv‡n‡ei (in.) ‡cÖwiZ cÖwZwbwa nhiZ gvIjvbv Avn¤§`Rxcyi b~ix (in.) Gi wbKU kvn& mv‡ne (in.) 18-19 eQi eq‡m evqÕAvZ MÖnY K‡ib Ges mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨ wZwb Ava¨vwZ¥K mvabvq wmw×jvf K‡ib Ges †LjvdZ cÖvß nb| Gici wZwb e¨emv †Q‡o wbR evox‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e a¨vb Kivi wb‡`©k cvb| †mB Abyhvqx K‡Vvi a¨vb mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| GK mgq Zuvi ZvmvD‡di wkÿv I Av`k© PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q c‡o Ges `‡j `‡j †jvK G‡m Zuvi evqAvZ MÖnY K‡i|41 msmv‡ii cÖwZ J`vmxb¨ †`‡L gvZv kvn& mv‡ne (in.) Gi gvÎ 12/13 eQi eq‡m †nv‡mbxMÄ wbevmx †gv. †Kei wgTv bvgK GK weËkvjxi 6/7 eQ‡ii Kb¨v †gvQv. mv‡jgv LvZz‡bi m‡½ kv`x w`‡q †`b| wZwb PvicyÎ I mvZ Kb¨vi RbK, Zb¥‡a¨ †R¨ôcyÎ Zuvi RxeÏkvq Bb‡ZKvj K‡ib|42 1969 mv‡j Gi gvSvgvwS mgq wZwb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Zuvi P‡j hvIqvi mgq G‡m‡Q| ZvB mevB‡K †W‡K we`vq †bqv ïiæ Ki‡jb| AZtci 10 RyjvB wZwb BwšÍKvj K‡ib|43 157 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv

Zuvi msmvi wQj ¯¿x-cyÎ-Kb¨v cwiRb wb‡q GKvbœeZ©x cwievi hv wQj †¯œn-ggZvi AvKi| GQvov `iev‡i Ae¯’vbiZ `y¯’ I gywi`vbmn cÖwZw`b cÖvq 60/70 R‡bi ivbœv nZ| kvn& mv‡n‡ei wQj gvby‡li cÖwZ Mfxi fvjevmv| wZwb wQ‡jb D`vi ˆbwZK I gvbeZvev`x| †ivM- e¨vwa I wewfbœ mgm¨vq kvn& mv‡ne (in.) Gi Kv‡Q cÖPzi †jvK Avm‡Zv| wZwb Zv‡`i †flR wPwKrmv Ges †`vqv-ZvweR, Svo-dzuK w`‡Zb| Zuvi GB †flR wPwKrmv I †`vqv-Zvwe‡Ri mybvg GLbI Aÿzbœ Av‡Q| kvn& mv‡ne (in.) wQ‡jb wkÿvbyivMx| Zuvi `ievi †_‡K-‡L‡q A‡bK Mix‡ei mšÍvb †jLvcov K‡i gvbyl n‡q †M‡Q| wZwb ivYxbM‡i Aew¯’Z ivRkvnx Av`k© ¯‹z‡ji (c~‡e© Kv‡q‡` Avhg ¯‹zj) cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ wQ‡jb|44 ZvmvD‡di wkÿv cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ kvn& mv‡ne (in.) DËie½mn wewfbœ ¯’v‡b eûevi mdi K‡i‡Qb| d‡j ivRkvnx, bv‡Uvi, bIMuv, beveMÄ, Kzwóqv, XvKv I fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½ K‡qK nvRvi Abymvix ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| Zuvi cÖfv‡e A‡bK mgv‡RB kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv I †mvnv`©-m¤úªxwZ cÖwZôv n‡qwQj| wZwb bIMuvi KzkvWv½v‡K †NvlYv w`‡qwQ‡jb ÔKvwjgxi evMvbÕ wnmv‡e| GQvov bIMuvi ivbxbM‡ii KPzqv I Pjbwe‡ji wejmvi wewfbœ Abyôv‡b wZwb Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Zb| Zuvi D‡`¨v‡M, bv‡Uvi, PuvcvBbeveM‡Äi wkeMÄ, bIMuv I Kzwóqvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b A‡bK LvbKvn& cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| Gme LvbKvn&i gva¨‡g mswkøó gyix`vb‡`i g‡a¨ †mvnv`©-m¤úªxwZ I `xwb‡dRv Kv‡qg n‡qwQj| kvn& mv‡ne (in.) wQ‡jb Ava¨vwZ¥K wkÿK| A‡bK‡KB wZwb mdjZvi Z_v dvbvwdjøvi `iRvq †cuŠ‡Q w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ bIMuvi Avgxi Puv` wgTv (huv‡K mevB eo fvB e‡j m¤§vb Ki‡Zb), †mv‡jgvb wgTv, BDmyd Avjx Ges ivRkvnxi LvRv Kv‡kg wPkZx I iwkg wgTv mv‡ne D‡jøL‡hvM¨|45 kvn& mv‡ne (in.) 1956 mv‡j `iev‡i Kvwjgx cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| GB `iev‡ii eviv›`vi wSwjø‡Z †kL mv`x (in.)Õi D×…wZ w`‡q wZwb wj‡L †M‡Qb- ÒG¯‹ gvney‡e †Lv`v Avq w`j whm‡Kv nvwmj †bwn, jv‡Lv †gvwgb †nv gvMvi Cgvb †g Kv‡gj †bwn, †RvPv‡nv wg‡jMv `iev‡i Kvwjgx, weMox evb hvwZ mv`‡K Kvwjgx, ni `i`& wK `vIqv nvq bv‡g Kvwjgx|Ó46 kvn& mv‡n‡ei (in.) GB Cgv‡bi AvnŸvb hy‡M-hy‡M gvbyl‡K Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMv‡”Q Ges fwel¨‡ZI †hvMv‡e| BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv G Dcgnv‡`‡k wewfbœ Zvwš¿K mvabvi cÖfv‡e gymwjg mgv‡R evDj I ‰eòe a‡g©i cÖfve c‡o| d‡j weåvšÍ n‡q †KD †KD m~dx mvabv‡K msMxZ cÖavb evDj‡`i mv‡_ GK K‡i †`Lvi cÖqvm cvq| G my‡hv‡M †KD †KD m~dxev` wb‡q cÖZviYv I e¨emvq duv` †c‡Z e‡m| d‡j mvaviY gvbyl a‡g©i bv‡g cÖZvwiZ nq| Zviv wb‡R`i‡K muvB, evev, cxievev, cvnvox `i‡ek evev, njy`evevRx, mvay evev, `qvj evev, gw›`i evev cÖf…wZ bvbv we‡køl‡Y cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb A_ev †jv‡K Zv‡`i‡K G me bv‡g Wv‡K| ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡Z †h mKj gvRvi Av‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ gvRvi ¸‡jv Qvov Aewkó gvRvi ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQz gvRvi m¤ú‡K© mwVK BwZnvm cvIqv hvq bv| BwZnvm cvIqv †M‡jI Zv cÖK…Z m~dx `i‡ek e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq bv| evDj, muvB ev kixqZ cwicš’x nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zviv m~dx ev `i‡ek n‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY Bj‡g 158 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

ZmvD‡di wfwË n‡jv †Kvivb-nv`xm| GLv‡b kixqZ Agvb¨ Kivi, Mvb evRbv Kivi, A½‡mevi bv‡g †hŠbvPvi Kivi, bvix-cyiæl GK‡Î evevi †mev Kivi, MuvRv-g` LvIqvi, bvix cyiæl GK‡Î †Lvjv cÖvšÍ‡i ivwÎ hvcb Kivi, `j †eu‡a bvP Mvb Ki‡Z Ki‡Z ågY Kivi †Kvb AeKvk †bB| G mKj Kg©m¤úv`bKvix e¨w³ A_ev Zv‡`i ¸iæ Avi hvB †nvK m~dx `i‡ek bq- G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| Dcmsnvi evsjvi Ab¨vb¨ A‡ji g‡ZvB kvn ZziKvb (iv:) I kvn gL`yg (iv:) Gi cÖ‡Póv, kvnv`vZ Ges P~ovšÍ hy‡×i gva¨‡g G AÂj Rq K‡i Bmjvg cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| Bmjvg‡K GKwU weRqx Av`‡k© DbœxZ Ki‡Z mdj n‡q‡Qb| `viæj-Kzddvi‡K `viæj Bmjv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| cÿ¯Í‡i nhiZ kvn byi (iv:) †_‡K cieZ©x m~dx‡`i cÖ‡Póvq ivRkvnx gnvbMwi GjvKvq Bmjvg cÖPvi I cÖmvi mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Ges †m aviv Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q- GUvB BwZnv‡mi mvÿ¨|

UxKv I Z_¨ wb‡`©wkKv

1 Ave`yj Kwig, PÆMÖv‡g Bmjvg (PÆMÖvg: Bmjvwg ms¯‹…wZ †K›`ª, wØZxq ms¯‹iY, 1980), c„. 94| 2 KvRx †gvt †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb, ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖZœ BgviZ (XvKv: MÖš’ KzwUi, 2019), c„. 19| 3 M.K.U. Molla, ‘The Growth and Development of Rajshahi Municipal Town’, S. A. Akanda (ed.), The District of Rajshahi: Its Past and Present (Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies, 1983), p. 139. 4 mvwq¨` Aveyj nvmvb Avjx b`fx, ZvhwKqvn I Bnmvb, gnv¤§` Aveyj evmvi AvL›` Ab~w`Z (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, 1987), c„. 16| 5 W. †gvnv¤§` †Mvjvg imyj, m~dxZ‡Ë¡i BwZnvm (XvKv: RvZxq MÖš’ cÖKvkb, 2018; Dr. Muhammad Gholam Rasul, Chisti-Nizami Sufi Order (Till Mid 15th Century) and its Socio- religious Contribution (Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat, 1990); K.A. Nizami, Religion and Politics in India during the Thirteenth Century (Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat, 1974); Abdul Karim, Social History of the Muslims of Bengal (Chittagong: Bait- us-Sharaf, 2nd edition, 1985) MÖš’mg~n cvV K‡i m~dxev` m¤ú‡K© cÖKvwkZ gZvgZmg~n‡K m¤^š^q K‡i wbR¯^ wPšÍv-‡PZbvmn BwZnvmZvwË¡K we‡køwlZ AwfgZ cÖKvk Kiv nj| 6 gynvg&` Avey Zvwje (m¤úv.), nhiZ kvn gL`~g iƒ‡cvk (in.) Gi Rxe‡bvwZnvm (XvKv: evsjv‡`k eyK Ki‡cv‡ikb wj:, 1969), c„. 95| 7 Ô†ZvqvwiLÕ dvl©x kã hvi A_© BwZnvm| GLv‡b †ZvqvwiL ej‡Z kvn kL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in.) Gi Rxebx I BwZnvm‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †gvMj m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re cÙv b`x c‡_ hvÎvKv‡j G `i‡e‡ki Kvwnbx ï‡b Zvi whqviZ K‡ib Ges Zvi Rxeb cÖYq‡bi ûKzg †`b| †m g‡Z 1666 mv‡j Ô†ZvqvwiLÕ cÖYxZ nq& cvÐzwjwcLvbv 10×12 Ges Gi c„ôv msL¨v 29| gynv¤§` Avey Zvwje Zvi cÖYxZ I m¤úvw`Z nhiZ gvn gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in.)Gi Rxe‡bwZnvm MÖ‡š’ D‡jøwLZ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| dvm©x cvÐzwjwc gL`yg †k‡i¯Ívq bó n‡q hv‡”Q †`‡L 1838 mv‡j KwZcq wkwÿZ gymjgvb Zv evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib| evsjvq Ab~w`Z Ô‡ZvqvwiLÕ gynv¤§` Avey Zvwj‡ei MÖ‡š’ mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| gynv¤§` Avey Zvwj‡ei MÖš’wU 1969 mv‡j XvKv¯’ cvwK¯Ívb eyK K‡c©v‡ikb wjwg‡UW n‡Z cÖKvwkZ nq| †Zvqvwi‡Li cÖ‡YZvi bvg Rvbv hvqwb| G cÖm‡½ †`Lyb M.G. Rasul, ‘Sufis and aints of Rajshahi’, S. A. Akanda (ed.), The District 159 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv

of Rajshahi: Its Past and Present (Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies,

8 1983), p. 83. Z‡`e, c„. 96| 9 Z‡`e| 10 W. Avey †bvgvb, ivRkvnxi cÖ_g Bmjvg cÖPviK nhiZ ZzK©vb kvn (in.) (ivRkvnx: †nwi‡UR ivRkvnx, 2018), c„. 171 11 W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi iwng, evsjvi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, †gvnv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb Ab~w`Z (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1982 wLª.), c„. 66-139| 12 gynv¤§` †Rvniæj Bmjvg, nhiZ kvn gyL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in:) Gi we®§qKi Rxeb I Kg© (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, 2008), c„. 41| 13 ‡gv: Aveyj Kv‡kg, nhiZ kvn gyL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in:) hyM gvbm (ivRkvnx: `iMvn G‡÷U, 2010), c„. 163; ZvQvov nhiZ kvn gyL`y‡gi `iMvn kix‡d G kRiv Kv‡Vi dj‡K wjwce× i‡q‡Q| 14 gyn¤§` Avey Zvwje (m¤úvw`Z), cÖv¸³, c„. 31-32| 15 Z‡`e, c„. 5| 16 ‡gv: Aveyj Kv‡kg, cÖv¸³, c„. 152| 17 Z‡`e, c„. 163| 18 gynv¤§` Avey Zvwje, cÖv¸³, c„. 31| 19 Z‡`e| 20 ‡gv: Aveyj Kv‡mg, cÖv¸³, c„. 166| 21 Z‡`e, c„. 167| 22 gynv¤§` †Rvniæj Bmjvg, cÖv¸³, c„. 155| 23 Z‡`e, c„. 150| 24 Avey Zvwje (m¤úv.), cÖv¸³, c„. 105| 25 Z‡`e| 26 Z‡`e, c„. 106| 27 Z‡`e, c„. 107| 28 †kL †gvt Aveyj †nv‡mb Avj Kv‡`ix, c~eŸ© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvIwjqv `i‡ek (e¸ov: mvwnZ¨ KzwUi, 1969), c„. 24| 29 Z‡`e| 30 W. Aveyj nvmvb †PŠayix, ÔivRkvnx gnvbMixi gvRvi LvbKv †Kw›`ªK ag©PP©vÕ, †gvt gvneyeyi ingvb (m¤úv.), ivRkvnx gnvbMi: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, 2q LÐ (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 771| 31 c~eŸ© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvIwjqv `i‡ek, c„. 24| 32 Z‡`e, c„. 24| 33 Z‡`e| 34 Z‡`e| 35 Z‡`e| 36 Z‡`e| 37 W. Aveyj nvmvb †PŠayix, cÖv¸³, c„. 771| 38 Z‡`e, c„. 781| 39 Z‡`e| 160 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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[Abstract: The life circle of human being advances rapidly centering the society he belongs to. The institutional shape of society and culture generally take different shape with the difference of opinions and beliefs. As a result of which thorough review of activities relating to various socio-cultural institutions like meeting, society and association reveal the identity of civilization, society and culture of a particular country or place. Basically different institutions and organizations are formed keeping in purview the attempt of building excellent society and culture alighting all sorts of crisis and problems. The Rajshahi region is not an exception to this. This region has got its enriched history in connection with art-literature and also cultivation of culture along with its education. All these organizations and societies have been playing a very extensive role towards the development of human values. The present paper is a humble attempt to review briefly the related organizations and societies pursuing historical methodology.] f‚wgKv: †kÖYx‡PZbv I msNe× g‡bvfve †_‡K mfv-mwgwZ MVb Kiv nq| †Kbbv ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv AwR©Z AvPiY KvVv‡gvi mymsnZ e¨e¯’v; hv mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨mg~n wPwýZ K‡i|1 †mB †PZbv †K DcRxe¨ K‡i M‡o DVv evsjvq cÖ_g mvgvwRK msMVb wn‡m‡e aiv nq ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq MwVZ ÔAvZ¥xq mfvÕ| GwU 1815 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| Gici agx©q mfv wn‡m‡e 1829 mv‡ji eªvþmgvR, mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK mfv wn‡m‡e 1831 mv‡ji j¨vÛ †nvìvm© G‡mvwm‡qkb Ges mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb wn‡m‡e 1838 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ ZË¡‡evabx mfv‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| mg‡qi e¨eav‡b gymwjg ga¨weË †kÖwYi g‡a¨I M‡o I‡V wewfbœ mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb| 1855 mv‡j AvÄygv‡b Bmjvgx, 1863 mv‡j beve Ave`yj jwZ‡di †bZ…‡Z¡ †gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iix †mvmvBwU Ges 1878 mv‡j ˆmq` Avgxi Avjxi †bZ…‡Z¡ †m›Uªvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb G‡mvwm‡qkb cÖwZwôZ nq|2 †KvjKvZvq cÖwZwôZ n‡jI G¸‡jvi e¨vßx wQj †MvUv †`ke¨vcx| 1825 mv‡j bv‡Uvi †_‡K ivRkvnx †Rjvi m`i `ßi ivgcyi-†evqvwjqvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nIqvi ci GLv‡bI wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb I cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V| G cÖe‡Ü 3652 eM©gvB‡ji3 e„nËi ivRkvnx †Rjvi mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK msMV‡bi BwZnvm bq eis 1984 mv‡ji cÖkvmwbK we‡K›`ªxKiYbxwZi AvIZvq M‡o DVv eZ©gvb ivRkvnxi mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK msMVbmg~n‡KB Av‡jvPbvi AvIZvf‚³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 cÖ‡dmi, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRknx wek¦we`vjq, ivRkvnx-6205 162 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ eªv þmfv ivRkvnxi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb msMVb| wLªw÷q 1864 mv‡ji w`‡K ivRkvnx kn‡i eªv‡þi msL¨v e„w× †c‡qwQj e‡j Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|4 †mBwfwˇZ †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib 1864 mv‡ji Av‡MB ivRkvnx‡Z eªv þmfv cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii wcZv gnwl© †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi ¯^qs ivRkvnx kn‡i G‡m ivRKzgvi miKv‡ii mnvqZvq eªv þmfv 5 cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| ÔivRkvnx †cÖmÕ Gi mv‡_ eªv þmgv‡Ri m¤úK© wQj| †m m~‡Î aviYv Kiv hvq †h, kn‡iB ivRkvnx eªv þmfvi kvLvwU cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K ivRkvnx‡Z eªv‡þi msL¨v e„w× cvIqvi Kvi‡Y wn›`ymgvR kw¼Z n‡q c‡o| ZvB eªv þmgv‡Ri AMÖMwZ‡K cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z ZrKvjxb ivRkvnxi wewkó e¨w³eM© 1864 mv‡jB ag©mfv bv‡g GKwU msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib| hv`eP›`ª evMPx I gyKz›` †PŠayix ag©mfvi m¤úv`K I mnm¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ nb| ag© I mgvR msµvšÍ wePv‡ii cª‡qvR‡b m¤úv`K Kvh©wbe©vnx mfv †W‡K ag©kv¯¿ I mvgvwRK wewa †gvZv‡eK Ges cwÐZ I KzjvPv‡h©i gZvg‡Zi †cÖwÿ‡Z welqwU mfvcwZ I mn-mfvcwZi †MvP‡i G‡b Zv‡`i m¤§wZ wb‡q myivnv Ki‡Zb Ges cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| cÖwZ eQi †`vj cywY©gvq gnvmgv‡iv‡n †`vjDrme cvwjZ n‡Zv| 1279 mv‡ji 7 kÖveY †gvZv‡eK 1872 wLª÷v‡ã ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkb cÖwZwôZ nq|6 GB msMV‡bi cÖ_g mfvcwZ I m¤úv`K wbhy³ nb h_vµ‡g ivRv cÖg_bv_ ivqevnv`yi Ges evey ivRKzgvi miKvi|7 mvsMVwbKfv‡e ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Kg©KvÐ A‡bK myk„•Lj Ges kw³kvjx wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ wQj| mgv‡Ri m‡e©v”P cÖZvckvjx, gh©v`vevb I abvX¨ e¨w³eM© Gi cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ hy³ wQ‡jb| wn›`y mgv‡Ri DaŸ©Zb e¨w³eM©QvovI nvRx jvj †gvnv¤§` mi`vi Ges †kL Ave`yj nvwg`Õi g‡Zv cÖfvekvjx gymjgvb e¨w³ivI G msMVb cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ hy³ wQ‡jb| 1892 mv‡ji 26 b‡f¤^i Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkb Av‡qvwRZ mfvq Ôwkÿvi †ni‡diÕ kxl©K cÖeÜ cvV K‡ib| G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi mfvcwZ bv‡Uv‡ii gnvivR RMw`›`ªbv‡_i mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b Av‡jvPbv iv‡Lb ivRkvnxi Kv‡j±i †jv‡Kb cvwjZ, cÖ‡dmi Kzgyw`bxKvšÍ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, cÖ‡dmi ˆmq` Ave`ym mv‡jK, AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq, cÖ_g †PŠayix cÖgyL| wjwLZ MVbZ‡š¿ mw¾Z wQ‡jv msMVbwU| Rwg`vi‡`i ¯^v_©-mswkøó wel‡q KvR Ki‡Zv e‡j ivRkvnx mfv‡K †KD †KD ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae Rwg›`vm© ev ÔRwg`vi mwgwZÕ e‡jI D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| cieZx©‡Z BwÛqvb G‡mvwm‡qkb, KwjKvZv G‡mvwm‡qkb BZ¨vw`i c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkbI RbwnZKi Kv‡R e¨vc„Z nq| ivRkvnx K‡jR‡K wWwMÖ K‡j‡R DbœxZKiY, K‡jR †nv‡÷j wbg©vY, ivRkvnx‡Z 1936 mv‡j emšÍKzgvi GwMÖKvjPvi Bbw÷wUDU I K…wldvg© ¯’vcb, iv¯Ív-Nv‡Ui ms¯‹vi mvab, 1929 mv‡ji 14 gvP© ivRkvnxi mv‡_ Ave`yjcyi-Avgbyiv †ijc_ wbg©vY K‡i ivRkvnx‡Z †ijI‡q ms‡hvM ¯’vcb, ivRkvnx kn‡i nvmcvZvj cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi mywPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| GQvov 1937 mv‡j gnvivYx †ngšÍKzgvix IqvUvi IqvK©mÕi gva¨‡g cvwbi Kj ¯’vc‡bi e‡›`ve¯ÍKiY, ivRkvnx UvDb nj ev ivRv cÖgv`vbv_ UvDb nj ¯’vcbmn eûwe` Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|8 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb n‡j AwaKvsk wn›`y Rwg`vi I abvX¨‡kÖwY fvi‡Z cvwo Rgvb| Gi d‡j ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Kg©KvÐ wKQzUv `ye©j n‡q 163 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv c‡o| G‡mvwm‡qkb fe‡b wbwg©Z nq AjKv wm‡bgv nj| G Ae¯’v †_‡K ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkb‡K cybiæ¾xe‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq 1985 mv‡j| wejyßcÖvq msMVbwU‡K Avev‡ev mPj Kivi cÖqv‡m m¤úwË Rwic, bZzb MVbZš¿ ˆZixmn bvbvwea Kg© m¤úvw`Z n‡q cÖwZôvbwU‡K bZzb hvÎvq wb‡q hvIqv nq| me©‡k‡l cÖYxZ MVbZš¿ Abyhvqx 1985 mv‡ji 29 Ryb G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi mfvq 21 m`‡m¨i GKwU Kvh©wbe©vnx cwil` MVb Kiv nq|9 D³ KwgwUi cÖ‡Póvq 1987 mvj †_‡K ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvi hvÎv ïiæ nq| 1989 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i 2q msL¨v, 1994 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j 3q msL¨v Ges 2000 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq Ô¯§iwYKv 2000Õ| bZzb D‡`¨v‡M KvR ïiæ nevi c‡i G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi cyivZb feb †f‡O 6 Zjv fe‡bi KvR Pj‡Q| cøvb Abyhvqx 1g Zjvq kwcs Kg‡cø·, 2q Zjvq evwYwR¨K Awdm, 3q Zjvq ivRv cÖg`vbv_ nj, mfvKÿ, †mwgbvi nj Ges G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Awdm, 4_©-5g-6ô Zjvq evwYwR¨K Awd‡mi cwiKíbv i‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ 3qZjv ch©šÍ KvR †kl n‡jI fe‡bi KvR Pjgvb Av‡Q| gnvivbx wf‡±vwiqvi Avg‡j (1837-1901) Z`vbxšÍb KzwVqvj I ¯’vbxq Rwg`vi‡`i cÖ‡Póvq 1882 mv‡j ivRkvnx kn‡i Aew¯’Z cywVqvi cuvP Avwbi gq`v‡b Ôwf‡±vwiqv K¬veÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| we‡jwZ †Ljvayjvi PP©vB wQj GB K¬v‡ei gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| cÖavbZ GLv‡b wµ‡KU, nwK, dzUej cÖf„wZ †Ljv AbywôZ n‡Zv| cvðvZ¨ †Ljvayjv GLvb †_‡KB ivRkvnx Z_v DËie‡½i bvbv¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o|10 mg‡qi weeZ©‡b cuvP Avwbi gv‡Vi eûjvsk cÙvM‡f© wbgw¾Z n‡q hvq| Bs‡iR‡`i we`v‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ G K¬v‡ei Aw¯ÍZ¡I wejyß nq| we‡bv`‡bi Ab¨Zg Av‡iv GKwU cÖwZôvb eyqvwjqv K¬ve| ÔivRkvnx †evqvwjqv K¬veÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡jI KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi-Gi ÔivRkvnxi BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’ Ôeyqvwjqv K¬veÕ-Gi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †h‡nZz ivRkvnxi c~e©bvg wQj Ôivgcyi-eyqvwjqvÕ, †m‡nZz Ôeyqvwjqv K¬veÕ-B m½Z e‡j g‡b nq| D”Pc`¯’ ivRKg©Pvix‡`i wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ 1884 mv‡j GwU cÖwZwôZ nq| GLv‡b †Ljvayjv, Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv`, †fvM-wejvm, g`-AvÇv cÖf…wZi e¨e¯’v wQj| K¬v‡ei Avw` BgviZ cÙvM‡f© wbgw¾Z n‡j cvbwmcvovi Rwg`vi †gvwnbx‡gvnb iv‡qi ¯^v¯’¨wbevm KzwVwU fvov K‡i K¬ve ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| K¬v‡ei D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Ljvayjvi g‡a¨ wewjqvW© †Ljv wQj cÖavbZg| G †Ljvq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ my`~i KjKvZv I w`jøx †_‡KI Bs‡iR mv‡neMY ivRkvnx‡Z Avm‡Zb|11 wewjqvW© e‡ji AvK…wZ †MvjvKvi weavq ¯’vbxq †jvKRb GwU‡K ÔAvÛvNiÕ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Ki‡Zb| cvb‡fvRbI wQj ZLbKvi w`‡b K¬ve fe‡bi 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K¬ve cÖwZwôZ nq| GB K¬v‡ei kvLv wn‡m‡e ivRkvnx‡Z 1906 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq †gvnv‡gWvb †¯úvwUs K¬ve|15 1884 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ ivRkvnx †gvnv‡gWvb G‡mvwm‡qkb-Gi fe‡bB †gvnv‡gWvb †¯úvwUs K¬ve-Gi Awdm wQj| dzUej K¬ve wn‡m‡e ¯’vbxqfv‡e G K¬v‡ei †ek RbwcÖqZv wQj| Ôwkÿv cwiPiÕ GKwU mgvRDbœqbg~jK cwÎKv| G cwÎKvi m¤úv`K‡K mnvqZv cÖ`vbmn RvZxq mvwnZ¨ we¯Ívi I wkÿv cwiPh©vi gnr D‡Ï‡k¨ 1297 e½vã †gvZv‡eK 1890 mv‡j wkÿv cwiPi mwgwZ bv‡g GKwU ms¯’v MwVZ nq| wewkó †jLK AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq G mwgwZi m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ nb| hw`I Ôwkÿv-cwiPiÕ cwÎKvwU cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv cywVqv †_‡K| wKš‘ mwgwZi m¤úv`‡Ki wVKvbv Ges mwgwZi Awa‡ekb ¯’vb wba©vwiZ n‡Zv ivgcyi-eyqvwjqvq A_©vr ivRkvnx kn‡i|16 gymwjgmgv‡Ri ag©PP©v I ¯^Kxq ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡k we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i AvÄyg‡b †ngv‡qZ Gmjvg| mvwnwZ¨K I mvsevw`K wgR©v †gvnv¤§` BDmd Avjx 1891 mv‡j ivRkvnx‡Z GwU cÖwZôv K‡ib| agx©q wel‡q gymjgvb‡`i mwVK aviYvi m„wó, mvgvwRKfv‡e Zv‡`i AZxZ HwZ‡n¨i c‡_ †div‡bv Ges gymwjg mgv‡R wkÿvi DbœqbB wQj G cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨| GKwU gyw`ªZ ÔAbyôvb cyw¯ÍKvÕq G msMV‡bi Rb¥ m¤úwK©Z Z‡_¨ ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAvgiv AZ¨šÍ Avn¬v` mnKv‡i RvbvB‡ZwQ †h, MZ 11B I 12B †cŠl e„n¯úwZevi I ïµevi (1298) †evqvwjqv †nZvg Luv gmwR‡` GKwU gnZx mfvi Awa‡ekb nq|Õ G mfvi D‡Ïk¨ AZxe gnr Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQj e‡j D‡jøL K‡i msMVb cÖwZôvi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© PviwU aviv D‡jøL Kiv nq| K. agx©q wel‡qi a¨vb-aviYvi weï×KiY, L. gymjgvb‡`i jyß †MŠie wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv, M. gymjgvb‡`i cwiï× Rxeb-RxweKv Z_v A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvab, N. gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv| †mBmv‡_ G me wel‡q miKv‡ii `„wófsMxi welqwUI †Lqvj †i‡L kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q Kg©m¤úv`b KivB G mfvi D‡Ïk¨ e‡jI D‡jøL Kiv nq| ÔBmjvg cÖPviKÕ cwÎKvi Avwk¦b 1298 msL¨vq GUv‡K Ôag©xq mfvÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Q| GB cwÎKvi ˆekvL 1299 msL¨vq AviI D‡jøL Kiv nq †h, DËie‡½i ag©exi †gŠjex nv‡mb Avjx mv‡n‡ei Dc‡`‡k ivRkvnx‡Z †ngv‡qZ Bmjvg mfv ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| gvj`n †Rjvi `wÿY-c~e©vs‡ki MY¨gvb¨ wkwÿZ-m¤£všÍ e¨w³MY G cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡R GwM‡q G‡mwQ‡jb e‡jI D‡jøL Kiv nq| G cÖwZôvb †_‡K 1893 mv‡j Ave`yj AvwRR bv‡g R‰bK †jL‡Ki ÔAvie¨ I cvim¨ 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AvL¨vc‡Î †jLv n‡Zv Ôb~i-Aj- Cgvb mgvR KZ©„K m¤úvw`Z I KwZcq myweÁ †gŠjfx mv‡n‡ei wjwLZ I Aby‡gvw`Z welq wgR©v †gvnv¤§` BDmd Avjx KZ…©K k„•Ljve× I m¾xK…Z|Õ cwÎKvwU Ômgv‡Ri mf¨M‡YiÕ g‡a¨ webvg~‡j¨ weZiY Kiv n‡Zv| gvwmK ejv n‡jI cÖwZgv‡m cwÎKvwU cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| AwbqwgZfv‡e PviwU msL¨v cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj e‡j Rvbv hvq| 1308 mv‡ji kÖveY msL¨vwU Gi me©‡kl msL¨v wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q _v‡K| cy¯ÍK cÖKvkbx wn‡m‡eI Gi f‚wgKv wQj cÖksmbxq| GLvb †_‡KB wgR©v †gvnv¤§` BDmd Avjxi Ô`y»-m‡iveiÕ Ges Ô†mŠfvM¨ ¯úk©gwbÕ (Cgvg Mv¾vjxi ÔwKwgqv-B-mv`r-Gi e½vbyev`) 5 L‡Ð cÖKvwkZ nq| Abyev` KwgwUi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ cwi`k©K wn‡m‡e wQ‡jb †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj AvwRR, Avey Avjx, †gvnv¤§` mv‡ei DÏxb Avwgb| Abyev`K wn‡m‡e wQ‡jb wgR©v †gvnv¤§` BDmd Avjx| bKjKviK ev Abywjwc ˆZwi‡Z wQ‡jb gybkx †gvnv¤§` Avwjg Ges mnKvix m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e wQ‡jb Lqiæ¾vgvb Luv| GuivB msMVb I cwÎKv cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ RwoZ wQ‡jb e‡j AbywgZ nq| gymwjg mgv‡Ri RvMiY I wkÿvwe¯Ív‡i G msMVb Abb¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| msMV‡bi ¯’vbxq Kg©xiv gywóPvj I Pv`v Av`vq K‡i Mixe Qv·`i 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bvbvwea Kzms¯‹vi `~ixfzZ KivB G msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wba©vwiZ nq| cieZx©‡Z G msMV‡bi AbyKi‡Y ivRkvnx‡Z 1918 mv‡j ivRkvnx †Rjv gymjgvb wkÿv mwgwZ cÖwZwôZ nq| wgR©v †gvnv¤§` BDmd Avjx wQ‡jb G mwgwZi cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K| ZuviB m¤úv`bvq 1326 ˆekvL †gvZv‡eK 1921 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m mwgwZi gyLcÎ wn‡m‡e Ôgymjgvb wkÿv-mgevqÕ wk‡ivbv‡g mwgwZi PZz©gvwmK ÔmvgwqK wi‡c©vUcÎÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi m~wPc‡Î wQj- AeZiwYKv, ivRkvnx †Rjvi gymjgvb wkÿv we¯Ívi, wkÿv we¯Ív‡i Gnmvb †Kv- Acv‡ikb I mgevq, MÖvg¨ mwgwZ, MÖvg¨ Znwej I gywó, Avgv‡`i K_v BZ¨vw`| mwgwZi m¤úv`K wgR©v †gvnv¤§` BDmd Avjx GwU cÖKvk Ki‡Zb wgR©vevM wfjv, ivRkvnx †_‡K| mwgwZi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ GwU webvg~‡j¨ weZiY Kiv n‡Zv|20 msMVK I mgvRms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e GwUB wgR©v †gvnv¤§` BDmd Avjxi †klKxwZ© e‡j Rvbv hvq| gymjgvb‡`i ga¨Kvi wkK©-we`AvZ `~ixf‚Z Kivi cÖZ¨‡q ivRkvnxi weqvNv‡U ÔAvÄyg‡b Avng`xÕ bv‡g GKwU msMV‡bi AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U| cÖwZôvi mwVK BwZnvm bv cvIqv †M‡jI 1298 mv‡jI Gi Kg©KvÐ †Pv‡L c‡o| AvÄyg‡b Avng`xÕi m`m¨e„›` Bmjv‡gi kixqvnÕi wel‡q †ek KÆicš’x wQ‡jb| G‡`i‡K ˆmq` Avng` knx` Ges ˆmq` Avng` †eªjfxi wkl¨ e‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| H mg‡q gvbyl Keic~Rvmn bvbvgywL kixqZ we‡ivax Kv‡R Rwo‡q c‡o| we‡klZ mvay RvgvZf‚³ wKQz gvbyl evDj ev dwKixcš’x wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K cwiPq w`‡q bvgvR †ivRvmn Bmjv‡gi †gŠwjK Bev`Zmg~n‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z _v‡K| kixqZcš’x Avwjg‡`i mv‡_ h‡_ó gZcv_©K¨ †`Lv †`q| RbmvaviY‡K mnxn Bmjv‡gi Ávb`v‡bi cvkvcvwk dwKicš’x evDjg‡Zi gvbyl¸‡jv‡K Bmjv‡gi mnxn Ávb cÖ`v‡b G msMVb we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Bmjvg cÖPviK cwÎKvi 1298 e½v‡ãi Avwk¦b msL¨vq D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, ÔAvÄyg‡b Avng`x mfvi Kvh©cwiPvjKMY Avgvw`M‡K wjwLqv RvbvBqv‡Qb †h, H A‡ji mvay RgvZf‚³ †jvK¸wj bgvR †ivRv cÖf…wZ ag©vbyôv‡bi m¤ú~Y© weiæ×vPvix| Bnviv bgvR †ivRv cÖf…wZ Kvh©‡K evûj¨ g‡b K‡i Ges †jvKw`M‡K Hiƒc wec‡_ jBevi †Póv K‡i| Avgiv †`wL‡ZwQ GB ÔdKxi gZvej¤^xÕ †jvK¸wj cweÎ a‡g©i cweÎ †R¨vwZ w`bw`bB webó Kwi‡Z‡Q| mK‡jB Bnv‡`i RvZ nB‡Z AvZ¥iÿv Kiv DwPZ|Õ21 G mwgwZi m`m¨‡`i ga¨ †_‡KB cieZ©x‡Z ÔAvn‡j nv`xmÕ bv‡g msMV‡bi m~Pbv nq| ivRkvnx‡Z bvU¨ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi Ab¨Zg cv`cxV wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i G‡m‡Q Ôwf‡±vwiqv WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klw`‡K †evqvwjqvcvovi †Mvcvj iv‡qi wbR evwo‡Z wbqwgZ bvU‡Ki gÂvqb n‡Zv| †mB m~Î a‡iB 1893 mv‡j †Mvcvj iv‡qi AvLov †_‡KB BwZnvmwe` AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq, bvU¨vPvh© Awk¦bxKzgvi ˆgÎ Ges my‡ib ˆgÎÕi cÖ‡Póvq G K¬vewU cÖwZwôZ nq| ivRv cÖg`vbv_ ivq Ges AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq K¬v‡ei cÖ_g mfvcwZ I mvaviY m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|22 Rbv, wej¦g½j, KY©v¾yb, mxZv, dzjøyiv, cÖdzjø, ewj`vb cÖf…wZ cvjv gÂvqb K‡i K¬vewU RbM‡Yi g‡bvićb mg_© nq| ivRkvnx‡Z ms¯‹…wZPP©v we‡klZ bvU¨PP©vi cÖvPxbZg cv`cxV kKzšÍjv bvU¨mwgwZ| 1897 mv‡j ivYx wf‡±vwiqvi ÔWvqgÐ RywejxÕ Abyôvb Dcj‡ÿ AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq kKzšÍjv bvU¨mwgwZ bv‡g 167 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv

G msMVbwU M‡o †Zv‡jb| G ms¯’vi gva¨‡g wZwbB cÖ_g ÔkKzšÍjvÕ I Ô†ebxmsnviÕ bvgK `ywU ms¯‹…Z bvUK g¯’ K‡ib| 1901 mv‡j ivRv GWIqv‡W©i ivR¨vwf‡lK Dcj‡ÿ ms¯‹…Z-g evsjv-g‡Â iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges kKzšÍjv bvU¨mwgwZi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i Ôwf‡±vwiqv w_‡qUvi cvwU©Õ bvgKiY Kiv nq|23 Ab¨w`‡K Qv·`i Kj¨v‡Y ÔKwjKvZv ÷z‡W›Um G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ Gi Kg©KvÐ wQj †ek cÖksmbxq| we‡klZ wn›`y Qv·`i †jLvcovi Dbœq‡b G msMVbwU we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| ZviB AbyKi‡Y 1904 mv‡ji w`‡K ivRkvnx QvÎmfv bv‡g GKwU msMVb cÖwZwôZ nq| Qv·`i ¯^v_©-mswkøó welq Z`viwK KivB wQj GB mfvi KvR|24 my‡jLK AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq Dfq msMV‡bi mv‡_B RwoZ wQ‡jb| AvÄygv‡b gwd`yj Bmjvg GKwU †mevg~jK mwgwZ| GwU 1907 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq| ¸jvB‡qi Rwg`vi nvRx jvj †gvnv¤§` mi`vi wQ‡jb Gi cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ Ges †gŠjfx KwdjDwÏb Avn‡g` cÖwZôvZv mvaviY m¤úv`K| Rwg`vi nvRx jvj †gvnv¤§` mi`vi cieZ©x‡Z ÔivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ cwiPvjbv KwgwUi m`m¨ wQ‡jb|25 wZwb evsjv miKv‡ii AvBbmfvi m`m¨ (GgGjwm) wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| e‡i›`ª A‡ji BwZnvm AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ nq e‡i›`ª AbymÜvb mwgwZ| 1910 mv‡j Kzgvi kirKzgvi ivq‡K mfvcwZ, AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq‡K cwiPvjK Ges igvcÖmv` P›`‡K A‰eZwbK m¤úv`K K‡i msMVbwUi Kg©KvÐ ïiæ nq| gywk©`vev` KvwkgevRv‡i AbywôZ 1314 e½v‡ã AbywôZ e½xq mvwnZ¨-mw¤§j‡bi cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡bi wØZxq w`‡b 18B KvwZ©K cÖvPxb cuyw_, DcK_v, wKse`šÍx, cyivKxwZ© BZ¨vw` msMÖn-msKjb Ges msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq e‡½i †K›`ª¯’‡j GKwU Ômvi¯^Z febÕ cÖwZôvi AvbyôvwbK cÖ¯Íve Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| 1910 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m e¸ovi LÄbcy‡i iv‡R›`ªjvj AvPvh© I kÖxivg ˆgÎ-Gi mgš^‡q GK Av‡jvPbvq wb‡R‡`i msMwVZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ mwgwZ MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve DÌvwcZ nq Ges †mLv‡bB mfvcwZ, cwiPvjK I A‰eZwbK c` w¯’ixK…Z nq| AZtci †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq, kirKzgvi I igvcÖmv` ivRkvnx‡Z GKwÎZ nb Ges AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mwgwZi D‡Øvab †NvlYv K‡ib|26 e‡i›`ª M‡elYv Rv`yNi GB mwgwZiB †mvbvwj dmj| ÔRxe‡mevB wke‡mevÕ ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›`i GB Av`k©‡K Aej¤^b K‡i 1919 mv‡j ivRkvnx‡Z Rb¥ †bq mgvR †meK m•N| ˆbkwe`¨vjq cwiPvjbv, cvVvMv‡ii DbœwZ weavb, `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq cwiPvjbv, gnvcyiæl-¯§„wZ-Drme cvjbÕ, gv`KZv wbeviY I A¯ú„k¨Zv `~ixKiY, `wi‡`ªi Abœe‡¯¿i mvnvh¨ Ges m‡•Ni Kg©x‡`i KvwqK I gvbwmK DbœwZ mvab wbwðZ Kiv wQj G cÖwZôv‡bi g~j jÿ¨| m‡•Ni cwiPvjbvq PviwU ˆbk we`¨vjq wQj| Gi wZbwU kn‡i, GKwU kn‡ii mwbœK‡U beveMÄ MÖv‡g| eZ©gv‡b G MÖvgwU cÙvM‡f© wejxb n‡q †M‡Q| RvwZ ag© wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡jB G mg¯Í we`¨vjq †_‡K cvV MÖnY Ki‡Zv| 1335 m‡bi wn‡me Abyhvqx cÖvq 100 Rb QvÎ-QvÎx PviwU we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov Ki‡Zv| m‡•Ni cÖ‡Z¨K ¯‹z‡j †eZb‡fvMx wkÿK wQ‡jb| we`¨vj‡q ïay cuyw_MZ we`¨vB bq, nv‡Z-Kj‡g RxebgywL wkÿviI e¨e¯’v wQj| we‡klK‡i QvÎxiv †jLvcovi mv‡_ mv‡_ hv‡Z M„nK‡g©i wbcyYZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, GRb¨ m~wPwkí I Ab¨vb¨ M„nwk‡íiI wkÿv †`qv n‡Zv| G e¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cÖwZ eQi 168 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ iPbv I KzUxiwk‡íi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡Zv| ms‡Ni cÿ †_‡K 1332 e½v‡ã GKwU †nvwgIc¨vw_K `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq ¯’vcb Kiv nq| mgvR †meK m‡•Ni GKwU wbR¯^ MÖš’vMvi wQj| 1335 e½v‡ã G MÖš’vMv‡i MÖ‡š’i msL¨v wQj 1200| Gi g‡a¨ Bs‡iwR 550 Ges evsjv 650| Rxebx, BwZnvm, ivRbxwZ, mgvRbxwZ BZ¨vw` welqK MÖš’B GLv‡b ivLv n‡Zv| D³ MÖš’Mv‡ii m`m¨‡`i †Kvb Puv`v w`‡Z n‡Zv bv| cy¯ÍK QvovI wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii 15 Lvbv cwÎKv MÖš’vMv‡i ivLv n‡Zv| cÖwZ eQi m‡•Ni m`m¨iv ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›`i R‡b¥vrme cvjb Ki‡Zb| Z`ycj‡ÿ `wi`ª‡`i †fvR‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡Zv| 1928 mv‡j †bZvRx myfvlP›`ª emy G mwgwZi Awdm D‡Øvab K‡ib Ges Ks‡MÖ‡mi f~Zc~e© mfv‡bÎx kÖxgwZ m‡ivwRbx bvBWz mgvR †meK m•N cwi`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb|27 gvbweK †mevKvh©µg cwiPvjbvi wbwg‡Ë 1920 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq ÔivRkvnx gymwjg †Mvi¯’vb mwgwZÕ| B‡Zvc~‡e© nvmcvZv‡j g„ZeiYKvix †eIqvwik jvk‡K cÙvq fvwm‡q †`qv n‡Zv| †mBmv‡_ e„wUk kvwmZ evsjvq AwaKvsk gymjgv‡bi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Lye Lvivc wQj| †KD †KD Kvd‡bi Kvco †Kbvi g‡ZvI mvg_© ivL‡Zb bv| nvmcvZv‡ji †eIqvwik jvk Ges Mixe gymjgvb‡`i jvk Bmjvgx kixqvn †gvZv‡eK `vd‡b mnvqZvi Rb¨ G mwgwZwU KvR ïiæ K‡i| Ave`yj Lv‡jK Ges †kL I‡g` Avjx wQ‡jb G mwgwZi cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ I mvaviY m¤úv`K| `xN©w`b hver Kvw`iMÄ †Mvi¯’vbwU G mwgwZi ØvivB cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| †n‡Zg Luv †PŠiv¯Ívi †gv‡o m`i nvmcvZv‡ji wecix‡Z Gi eZ©gvb Kvh©vjq i‡q‡Q| bvix Dbœq‡bi GKwU mdj msMVb ivRkvnx gwnjv mwgwZ| 1330 e½v‡ãi Avlvp gv‡m A_©vr 1923 mv‡j msMVbwU cÖwZwôZ nq| gwnjv mwgwZi m`m¨iv gnvZ¥v MvÜxi Av`‡k© DØy× wQ‡jb| PiKv KvUv Ges Lχii ˆZwi Kvco eybb QvovI gwnjv mwgwZ avÎx wkÿv †K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g cÖwkwÿZ avÎx ˆZwi Kiv Ges Kb¨v`vqMÖ¯’ I `yt¯’ gwnjv‡`i mvnvh¨ Kiv, gv‡qi †mev I mgv‡Ri †mevq DrmvwnZ Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q AvšÍwiKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Zv| gwnjv mwgwZi ZË¡veav‡b GKwU Abv_ AvkÖg Ges GKwU bvix Kg©gw›`i cÖwZôvi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| bvix wkÿvi Dbœq‡b ÔivRkvnx gwnjv mwgwZÕ we‡klfv‡e Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡Zv| ivRkvnxi weRqbv_ miKv‡ii Kb¨v kÖxgZx gvayix †PŠayix 1924 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K we.G cixÿvi cvm Ki‡j ÔivRkvnx gwnjv mwgwZÕ Zuv‡K Awfb›`bcÎ cÖ`vb K‡i ¸YMÖvnxZvi cwiPq †`q| ivYx †ngjZv ivq mfvcwZ I kÖxhy³v myeY©Kzgvix †`ex m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ K‡ib| myeY©Kzgvix †`ex m¤úv`‡Ki c` †_‡K c`Z¨vM Ki‡j Z`&¯’‡j Awfwl³ nb Wv³vi kÖxhy³ j²xgbx ¸ßv| AwP‡iB wZwb gviv †M‡j mwgwZi mnKvix m¤úv`K kÖxhy³v evmšÍx gRyg`v‡ii m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡jI wZwb KjKvZv P‡j hvb| ZLb m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cÖvß nb kÖxivavivbx †`ex| cÖwZ gv‡mB ivRv cÖg_bv_ evwjKv we`¨vj‡q mwgwZi Awa‡ekb em‡Zv| 1925 mv‡ji 19 AvM÷ Wv³vi †gv‡i‡bvi cÖ¯Ív‡e evsjv KvDw݇ji AwaKvs‡ki mg_©‡b †g‡q‡`i †fvU †`Iqvi AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z n‡j ivRkvnx gwnjv mwgwZ we‡klfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ nq| 1925 mv‡j gnvZ¥v MvÜx ivRkvnx G‡j gwnjv mwgwZ Zuv‡K AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Awfb›`b Rvbvq Ges bvbviKg Dcnvi mvgMÖx cÖ`vb K‡i m¤§vwbZ K‡ib| 1928 mv‡j 169 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv

†bZvRx myfvlP›`ª emy Ges kÖxgwZ m‡ivwRbx bvBWz ivRkvnx G‡j Zuv‡`i‡KI gwnjv mwgwZ h_vixwZ Awfb›`b I Dcnvi mvgMÖx cÖ`vb K‡i h‡_vwPZ gh©v`vq f~wlZ K‡ib|28 m‡ivwRbx bvBWy‡K GKwU wm›`y‡ii †KŠUvmn mwgwZi myZv w`‡q ˆZwi Mvp jvj Lχii kvwo Ges jvj Lχii Kvc‡oi gvjv Dcnvi wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb Ki nq| ivRkvnxi mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav msMVb ivRkvnx mvwnZ¨ mfv| 1924 mv‡ji w`‡K msMVbwU nq| mvwnZ¨ mfvi wbqwgZ Awa‡ek‡b ivRkvnxi mvwnwZ¨Ke„›` GKwÎZ n‡Zb| Zuv‡`i iPbv-m¤¢vi cwVZ n‡Zv Ges Av‡jvwPZ n‡Zv| ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri ZrKvjxb Aa¨ÿ ivq kÖxhy³ Kzgyw`bxKvšÍ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq evnv`yi g‡nv`‡qi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ ivRkvnx mvwnZ¨ mfvi GK Awa‡ek‡b Ômvov eªx‡Ri MvbÕ bv‡g GKwU Mvb MvIqv nq|29 ZrKvjxb mg‡q ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖvq-mg¯Í AbyôvbB ivRkvnx cvewjK jvB‡eªix‡Z AbywôZ n‡Zv| mvwnZ¨ mfv¸‡jvI AbywôZ n‡Zv †mLv‡bB| Gme Abyôv‡b ivRkvnxi wkíx-mvwnwZ¨MY QvovI evB‡ii AwZw_ _vK‡Zb| we‡klK‡i Rjai †mb, wW.Gj ivq cÖgyL mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Dcw¯’wZi K_vI Rvbv hvq|30 gymwjg mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ wkÿv m¤úªmviY, mvgvwRK DrKl©Zv I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœqb Ges gymjgvb‡`i ga¨Kvi cvi¯úvwiK mn‡hvwMZv I åvZ…Z¡‡eva mymsnZ Kivi cÖqv‡m 1925 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq ÔLv‡`gyj Bmjvg mwgwZÕ| ¯’vbxq BwZnvmwe` KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi msMVbwUi bvg ÔLv‡`gyj Bmjvg msNÕ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖwZôv mvj e‡j‡Qb 1332 e½vã|31 ivRkvnx kn‡ii ivbxbM‡i msMVbwU cÖwZwôZ nq| 1927 mv‡j mv‡ne evRvi eo gmwR‡`i cybtcÖwZôvq G mwgwZi f‚wgKv wQj cÖksmbxq| gymjgvb mgv‡Ri †KD g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j kixqvn †gvZv‡eK Kvdb-`vd‡bi e¨e¯’vKiY, Mixe-Amnvq gymjgvb‡`i Kvd‡bi Kvco µ‡q mnvqZv cÖ`vbmn wcwQ‡q cov Amnvq gymjgvb‡`i ¯^vej¤^x Kivi cÖqv‡m KvR ïiæ K‡i G mwgwZ| bvgvR Av`vq Ges KziAvb wkÿvi Rb¨ cÙvb`xi av‡i GKwU gmwR` wbg©vY Kiv nq| gmwR`wU b`xM‡f© wewjb n‡q †M‡j wek kZ‡Ki Pwjø‡ki `k‡K eZ©gvb ivYxbM‡i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b gmwR`wfwËK nvwdwRqv gv`ivmvI Pvjy Av‡Q| ZvjvBgvix- mv‡neevRvi mo‡Ki cv‡k¦© ivYxbMi GjvKvi gymjgvb‡`i wbiÿiZv `~wiKi‡Y mwgwZi cÿ †_‡K GKwU bvBU ¯‹zj cÖwZôv Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z 1951 mv‡j Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg cÖv_wgK evwjKv we`¨vj‡q iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| miKvwiKi‡Yi c‡i Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq wn‡m‡e †Q‡j-†g‡q mK‡ji Rb¨ Db¥y³ Kiv nq| 1992 mv‡j evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii d¨vwmwjwUwR wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui AvIZvq 7 Kÿwewkó PviZjv fe‡b ¯‹z‡ji cvV¨Kg©KvÐ cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| G mwgwZi D‡`¨v‡M 1966 mv‡j ivbxbM‡iB Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg evwjKv D”Pwe`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq| cieZx©‡Z GwU‡K Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg ¯‹zj GÛ K‡j‡R iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZôvbwU‡Z wkï‡kÖwY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Øv`k‡kÖwY ch©šÍ cvV`vb Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| PiKv mwgwZ GKwU Av_©-mvgvwRK msMVb| 1332 e½v‡ãi 10 ˆekvL †gvZv‡eK 1925 mv‡j K‡qKRb ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri Qv‡Îi D‡`¨v‡M G mwgwZi Rb¥ nq| gv‡V e‡m PiKvq m~Zv KvUvi 170 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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Ave`yj nvwKg Lvb †PŠayix|34 RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg K¬vewU D‡Øvab K‡iwQ‡jb wKsev K¬v‡ei el©c~wZ© Abyôv‡b †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| W±i †Mvjvg mvKjvq‡b e‡jb, Ô1929 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡mi †kl w`‡K Kwe bRiæj ivRkvnx‡Z AvMgb K‡ib|Õ35 Ab¨w`‡K, 28 wW‡m¤^i 1928 Zvwi‡Li ÔmvßvwnK mIMvZÕ-Gi eivZ w`‡q †KD †KD 1928 mv‡ji 16 ev 17B wW‡m¤^i‡K bRiæj Bmjv‡gi AvMgb-ZvwiL wba©viY K‡i‡Qb| K¬veevwl©Kx‡Z G‡m _vK‡j K¬v‡ei cÖwZôv 1927 mv‡j n‡Z cv‡i|36 wKš‘ †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi 1929 mvj‡K G msMV‡bi cÖwZôvmvj e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, 1929 mv‡ji 20†k Ryb Kwe bRiæj Bmjv‡gi AvMg‡b evMavbxi KvPvix cÖv½‡Y AvûZ mymw¾Z mfvg‡Â ivRkvnxi Z`vbxšÍb †Rjv RR †PŠayix wU.AvB.Gg b~iæbœexi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ GK weivU mfvi Awa‡ek‡b ¯’vbxq QvÎ I hyeKe„‡›`i cÖ¯Íveµ‡g AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ÔivRkvnx gymwjg K¬veÕ bv‡g GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥jvf nq|37 hv †nvK, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K wN‡i ivRkvnx gymwjg K¬v‡ei evwl©K Awa‡ekb Drme m¤úbœ n‡qwQj| †mw`bB G msMV‡bi cÖwZôv n‡Z cv‡i wKsev G msMV‡bi Avgš¿‡Y wZwb ivRkvnx‡Z G‡mwQ‡jb G wb‡q weZK© †_‡KB hv‡”Q| ivRkvnx gymwjg K¬ve cÖv½‡Y KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ ¯’vbxq D‡`¨v³v‡`i GKwU d‡Uv‡mkb AbywôZ nq| †m MÖæcQwei wcQbc‡U GKwU †ev‡W© msMV‡bi bvg wn‡m‡e THE RAJSHAHI MUSLIM CLUB †jLv Av‡Q| QwewU hw` Abyôv‡bi w`‡b †Zvjv n‡q _v‡K Z‡e mvBb‡evW© cÖgvY K‡i †h KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg K¬v‡ei evwl©Kx Abyôv‡bB G‡mwQ‡jb| †m wbwi‡L wePvi Ki‡j ivRkvnx gymwjg K¬v‡ei cÖwZôv ZvwiL 1927 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤^i n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZôvbwU cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j ÔwRbœvn BmjvwgK Bbw÷wUDUÕ bvg MÖnY K‡i Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv K‡i| ivRkvnxi Ô†gwW‡Kj ¯‹zjÕ ¯’vc‡b msMVbwU ewjô f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| †gwW‡Kj ¯‹zjwU GLb nv‡Zg Luv wmwfj mvR©‡bi Kvh©vjq wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j cÙvi Zx‡i QqweNv Rwgi Dci cuvPwU `vjvbNi wb‡q Bbw÷wUDUwU wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZg~jK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv K‡i G‡m‡Q| eZ©gv‡b ¯’vcbv¸‡jv‡Z kvn gL`yg Bbw÷wUDU cvewjK jvB‡eªixmn mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ wel‡q KvR Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K ivRkvnx kn‡ii ZiæY‡`i‡K RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R msMwVZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1929 mv‡j ÔBqs‡gbm G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| ivRkvnxi Kvw`iM‡Ä cÖwZwôZ G G‡mvwm‡qkb-Gi D‡`¨v‡M GKwU jvB‡eªwi, GKwU †nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmvjq, GKwU ˆbk we`¨vjq I GKwU ZuvZ we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq| ¯’vbxq wgqv cwievi G mwgwZ cwiPvjbvq cÖavb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib|38 ivRkvnx K‡j‡R ÔMxZvmfvÕ cÖwZwôZ nq 1929 mv‡ji 17B wW‡m¤^i †gvZv‡eK 1336 e½v‡ãi †cŠl gv‡m| Aa¨vcK kÖxhy³ Avw`Z¨Kzgvi fÆvPv‡h©i wQ‡jb Gi g~j cwiKíK| ivgK…ò cignsm †`‡ei ÔhZ gZ ZZ c_Õ-Gi gZev`‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡ZB ÔMxZv mfvÕ cÖwZôv Kiv n‡qwQj| we‡klZ Ad wcwiqW ev wUwdb wcwiq‡Wi Aemi mg‡q mvaviYZ wn›`y QvÎMY Mí¸Re, nvwm-Zvgvk, ˆnû‡jøvo BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g mgq bó Ki‡Zv, ZvB GB mgqUv bó bv K‡i MxZv a‡g©i gvnvZ¥¨ I ZË¡K_vi Av‡jvPbvq mgqUv e¨q Kivi Rb¨ K‡jR PZ¡‡i ÔMxZv mfvÕ cÖwZwôZ nq e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib| cÖwZ eQi 17-18 wW‡m¤^i GB `yÕw`b MxZv mfvi evwl©K Drme cvwjZ n‡Zv| H mg‡q ivRkvnx K‡j‡R Ô÷z‡W›U GBW 172 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ dvÛÕ bv‡g GKwU Znwej wQjÑ hvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Aa¨vcK K…òab e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| MxZv mfvi evwl©K Drme mgvwßi ci GZ`ycj‡ÿ AwR©Z A‡_©i DØ„Zvsk GB Znwe‡j Rgv †`Iqv n‡Zv|39 ivRkvnxi cvVvbcvovq me©¯Í‡ii RbM‡Yi mnvqZvq ÔcvVvbcvov G¨v_‡jwUK G¨vÛ WªvgvwUK K¬ve, ivRkvnxÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| ˆmq` gnv¤§v` Avjx, L›`Kvi Ave`yj nvwg`, ˆmq` gn¤§` Gikv` Avjx, wewkó¨ MvwqKv iæbv jvqjvi wcZv ˆmq` gn¤§` Gg`v` Avjx, ˆmq` gn¤§` †gvnmxb Avjx, Wvt ˆmq` gn¤§` mv¾v` Avjx, ˆmq` gn¤§` nvmvb Avjx, gn¤§` KvImvi Avjx, BmgvBj †nv‡mb, kvgmywÏb Avng`, kÖx Awk¦bxKzgvi ˆgÎ, evey mbrKzgvi ˆgÎ, kÖx‡ni¤^ cvj †PŠayix, kÖxg‡b›`ª bv_ ˆgÎ, AbyRKzgvi ˆgÎ, kÖx‡`eKzgvi ˆgÎ cÖgyL e¨w³eM© GB K¬ve cÖwZôvq AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| 1936 mv‡j K¬v‡ei Kvh©cwiwa we¯Í…Z K‡i Gi mv‡_ åvg¨gvb jvB‡eªwi, wRgb¨vw÷K K¬ve, mgvRKj¨vY mwgwZ BZ¨vw` hy³ nq| 1947 mv‡j Gi mv‡_ gyKzj †dŠR, AwMœ wbe©vcK `j Ges wePv‡ii Rb¨ gÐj wbe©vPb cÖf…wZ AšÍ©fz³ Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z 1970 mv‡j GB K¬vewUi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i ÔivRkvnx µxov I mvs¯‹…wZK msNÕ ivLv nq|40 1947 mv‡j †`kwefvM c~e©Kv‡j nv‡Z †Mvbv †h K‡qKwU K¬ve gymjgvb mgvR‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z KvR K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ÔivRkvnx G¨vjvBW K¬veÕ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q| ivRkvnxi `iMvn cvovi gymjgvb hyeK‡`i D‡`¨v‡M 1930 mv‡j K¬vewU cÖwZwôZ nq| D‡`¨v³iv cÖ_‡g K¬v‡ei bvgKiY K‡ib, ÔnhiZ kvn gL`yg K¬veÕ| wKš‘ Zvm-cvkv, fwj, dzUej, wµ‡KU BZ¨vw` †Ljvayjv Ges Mvb-evRbv-bvUK BZ¨vw` mvs¯‹…wZK Kvh©µg ZvcmKzjiZœ nhiZ kvn gyL`yg (in.)-Gi bvgvw¼Z K¬v‡ei AbyK‚j bq we‡ePbvq 1932 mv‡j K¬v‡ei bvg cwieZ©b K‡i ÔG¨vjvBW K¬veÕ ivLv nq| wkÿv, ms¯‹…wZ, µxov cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î gymjgvb mgv‡R RvMiY m„wó‡Z Lye mdj bv n‡jI bvU¨v‡›`vj‡bi †ÿ‡Î A‡bKUvB A‡bKUvB mdj f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj msMVbwU| 1945 mv‡j ÔkvnRvnvbÕ bvU‡K gwnjv wkíx‡`i g‡Â bvwg‡q †ek mvnwmKZvi cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb mswkøó KZ©ve¨w³iv| K¬v‡ei cÖ_g mfvcwZ Ges m¤úv`K wQ‡jb h_vµ‡g: Aa¨ÿ BDbym Avjx Ges g‡qbDÏxb Avn‡g`| 1930 n‡Z 1980 mvj ch©šÍ mfvcwZi †h ZvwjKv cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡Z GUvB cÖgvwYZ nq †h, ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri Aa¨ÿ g‡nv`qB c`vwaKvi e‡j K¬v‡ei mfvcwZ n‡Zb|41 wKQz D‡`¨vMx e¨w³e‡M©i Øviv ÔUvDb K¬veÕ bv‡g GKwU dzUej K¬veI cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| nvm¨imvZ¥K cwi‡ek m„wói R‡b¨ GKwU gRvi msMVb wQj ÔAvlv‡p K¬veÕ| 1934 mv‡ji w`‡K G K¬v‡ei Rb¥ n‡qwQj e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| 1937 mv‡j ¯^bvgL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K Abœ`vk¼i ivq ivRkvnxi †Rjv g¨vwR‡÷ªU wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK GK iPbvq ÔAvlv‡p K¬v‡eÕi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, ÔivRkvnx‡Z Avlv‡p K¬ve e‡j GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôvb wQj| Avlvp gv‡mi cÖ_g w`e‡m †mLv‡b huviv wgwjZ n‡Zb Zuviv Avlv‡p Mí ej‡Zb I ïb‡Zb| Avgv‡KI Zuviv Avgš¿Y K‡iwQ‡jb Avlv‡p Mí †kvbv‡Z| Avwg Zvi e`‡j mvwnZ¨ cÖm‡½ Avgvi e³e¨ ïwb‡qwQjvg| GQvov Zuv‡`i Ab¨vb¨ AbyôvbI wQj| Zuviv 173 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv wbgš¿Y K‡iwQ‡jb wW.Gj iv‡qi cyÎ w`jxcKzgvi ivq‡K|... wZwb Avlv‡p K¬v‡ei AvûZ mfvq GKwU wjwLZ fvlY †`b| Avlv‡p M‡íi Kvi‡YB ÔAvlv‡p K¬veÕ bvgKiY n‡jI GLv‡b m½xZ-PP©vI n‡Zv| N‡ivqv cwi‡e‡k GLv‡b cÖwZeQi Avlvp gv‡m weL¨vZ m½xZ wkíxiv KjKvZv †_‡K Avm‡Zb Ges ivZw`b AvKvk evZvm gyLwiZ Ki‡Zb|42 Bmjv‡gi bxwZ-Av`k© cÖPvi I cÖmviK‡í 1938 mv‡j ÔBmjvg wgkbÕ bv‡g GKwU msMVb cÖwZwôZ nq| †gŠjvbv wRqvDj nK wQ‡jb cÖwZôvZv‡`i Ab¨Zg|43 gymjgvb mgv‡R Bmjv‡gi mnxn a¨vb-aviYv cÖ`v‡b msMVbwU we‡kl f‚wgKv cvj‡b m‡Pó _vK‡jI msMVbwUi Avqy¯‹vj wQj gvÎ wZb/Pvi eQi| bvU¨PP©vi m~wZKvMvi wn‡m‡e Ôwf‡±vwiqv WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ wKsev Ôwf‡±vwiqv w_‡qUvi cvwU©Õi f‚wgKv cÖksmbxq n‡jI Gi Pjgvb BwZnvm Lye †ewk `xN©¯’vqx nqwb| AwP‡iB G me WªvgvwUK K¬ve †_‡K Rb¥ †bq bZzb bZzb msMVb| we‡kl K‡i 1929 mv‡j hZx›`ªbv_ miKv‡ii D‡`¨v‡M wf‡±vwiqvi wm÷vi K¬ve wn‡m‡e ÔwmwU WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| ivqevnv`yi K¬v‡ei cÖ_g mfvcwZ Ges eªRejøf mvnv mvaviY m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjY K‡ib| c‡_i †k‡l, msMÖvg I kvwšÍ, kvnRvnvb, †K`vi ivq, wUcy myjZvb, wmivRy‡ÏŠjv, weivR †eŠ, mxZv cÖf…wZ bvU‡K Awfbq K‡i FwZ¡K Kzgvi NUK, Awbj eÜz ivqmn A‡b‡KB Awfb‡q L¨vwZi kx‡l© P‡j Av‡mb| Ab¨w`‡K GB K¬v‡ei mgmvgwqKv‡jB 1930 mv‡j mvMicvovq cÖfvm jvwnox, †Mviv wgÎ, wb‡iv`v PµeZx© cÖgy‡Li D‡`¨v‡M ÔexYvcvwb WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| AwP‡iB ÔwbD ÷vi WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ Ô†gwi WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ ÔivYxbMi WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ Ô†Nvovgviv WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ Ges 1936 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq ÔcvVvbcvov WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ 1938 mv‡j Ô†Nvovgviv bvU¨gw›`i, ivRkvnx‡Z cywj‡ki Gm.wc wbhy³ n‡q G‡mwQ‡jb BmgvBj bv‡g R‰bK ms¯‹…wZgbv ew³| Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq 1938-39 mv‡j M‡o D‡VwQj ÔBmgvBj cywjk WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ| G mgqB 1940 mv‡j Ômy`k©b ¯§„wZK¬veÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| 1947 mv‡ji †`kfv‡Mi c~‡e© GZ¸‡jv K¬ve- mfv-mwgwZi-m‡•Ni Dcw¯’wZ G K_vB cÖgvY K‡i ZrKvjxb ivRkvnx †Ljvayjv, m½xZ, w_‡qUvi, mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ mew`‡KB †ek mg„× wQj| Gi wKQzKvj c‡iB 1949 mv‡j Ô†Nvovgviv WªvgvwUK K¬veÕ Ges ÔivRkvnx wkíx cwil`Õ cÖwZwôZ nq|44 GKB eQ‡i `ywU bvU¨ ms¯’v M‡o IVvi d‡j Df‡qi g‡a¨ GKwU my¯’ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiæ nq| Gi gvÎ `yÕeQ‡ii gv_vq 1951 mv‡j `iMvcvovq Ô†d«Ûm K¬veÕ ÔiƒcvqbÕ dvêybx K¬veÕ 1958 mv‡j D¯Ív` Ave`yj gv‡jK Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ myievYx m½xZ we`¨vjq, 1959 mv‡j ÔivRkvnx AvU©m KvDwÝj, ÔDËiv mvs¯‹…wZK †Mvôx, 1961 mv‡j ÔPjwšÍKv Køve, 1963 mv‡j Ô†Nvovgviv bvU¨Pµ, 1965 mv‡j Ô†Lqvjx msNÕ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|45 G me msMV‡bi Kg©Kv‡Ð Pwjøk, cÂvk Ges lv‡Ui `kK ivRkvnxi bvU¨PP©vq igigv wQj| G me K¬v‡ei bvU¨Rb‡`i A‡b‡KB ïay evsjv‡`‡k bq, †MvUv Dcgnv‡`‡ki weL¨vZ Awf‡bZv I bvU¨wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e L¨vwZi kxl©¯’vb jvf K‡ib| ÔeÜ K‡iv ivRkvnxi cÖwZ Ae‡njvÕ †køvMvb‡K mvg‡b wb‡q wek kZ‡Ki beŸB‡qi `k‡K ÔAvgiv ivRkvnxevmxÕ bv‡g GKwU mvgvwRK msMV‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib RvgvZ Lvb| ivRkvnxi Av_©-mgvwRK I mvs¯„‹wZK Dbœq‡bi aviv‡K †eMevb ivL‡Z Gi Kg©cwiwa e„w× K‡i †mLvb 174 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

†_‡KB 2000 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq ÔivRkvnx iÿv msMÖvg cwil`Õ| fvlv‰mwbK †gvkviid †nv‡mb AvLywÄ, G¨vW‡fv‡KU †gvnv¤§` Bqvwnqvmn ivRkvnxi mgvRm‡PZb bvMwiK‡`i cÖ‡Póvq msMVbwU AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i|46 cvBcjvB‡b M¨vm mieivn, M½v e¨v‡iR ev¯Íevqb, ivRkvnx kni iÿv euv‡ai ms¯‹vi, ivRkvnx‡Z K…wlwfwËK Bwc‡RW ¯’vcb, AvBwU wf‡jR ¯’vcbmn ivRkvnxi Dbœq‡b wewfbœ `vex-`vIqv wb‡q Av‡›`vjb-msMÖvg Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q msMVbwU| evsjv‡`‡k †ivUvix K¬v‡ei hvÎv e„wUk Avg‡j ïiæ n‡jI Ô†ivUvix K¬ve Ae ivRkvnxÕi hvÎv ïiæ nq 1977 mv‡j| †ivUvwiqvb Wv. myjZvb Avn‡g` I †ivUvwiqvb cÖ‡dmi Avwgiæ¾vgvb Lvb K¬v‡ei mfvcwZ I mvaviY m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡ib| †¯^”Qv‡mex G mvgvwRK msMVbwU bvbvgywL mgvRKj¨vYg~jK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Ô†ivUvix K¬ve Ae ivRkvnxÕi cvkvcvwk 2001 mv‡ji 2 wW‡m¤^i Ô†ivUvix K¬ve Ae cÙv ivRkvnx, 2004 mv‡ji 30 Ryb Ô†ivUvix K¬ve Ae †g‡UªvcwjUb ivRkvnxÕ Ges 2014 mv‡ji 30 Ryb cÖwZwôZ n‡q KvR K‡i hv‡”Q Ô†ivUvix K¬ve Ae ivRkvnx nwj wmwU ivRkvnxÕ|47 cÖwZwU K¬v‡ei AvIZvq GK ev GKvwaK †ivUvi¨v± K¬ve Av‡Q| Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡b †ivUvix K¬v‡ei f‚wgKv cÖksmbxq| mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ I µxovi Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ivRkvnxi Kvw`iMÄ GjvKvq 1976 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq ÔAvievb K¬veÕ| wmivRyj Kwig ev”Pz Ges RyjwdKvi Avjx Rwj h_vµ‡g mfvcwZ I mvaviY m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ n‡q 15 m`‡m¨i KwgwU G K¬v‡ei Kg©KvÐ GwM‡q wb‡q hvb| K¬v‡ei Ab¨Zg m`m¨ gy³vi †nv‡mb 1978 mv‡j moK `yN©Ubvq wbnZ n‡j Zuvi ¯§„wZ iÿv‡_© msMV‡bi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i Ôgy³v½bÕ ivLv nq| 1981 mv‡j mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii wbeÜb wb‡q 1982 mvj †_‡K myweavewÂZ wkï‡`i Rb¨ Ôgy³v½b wbiÿiZv `~wiKiY †K›`ªÕ Pvjy Kiv nq|48 eZ©gv‡b ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi mnvqZvq ÔivRkvnx wmwU cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †K›`ª 15 bs IqvW©Õ bv‡g cÖwZwôvbwU cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q Ôgy³v½bÕ| ivRkvnx kn‡i wLªw÷qvb wgkbvix KZ…©K Av_©-mvgvwRK Kg©KvÐ myPviæfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ 1979 mv‡j MwVZ nq Ôwµw÷qvbm¨vÛ-ivRkvnx †d«Ûwkc KwgwUÕ| ivRkvnx wLªw÷qvb wgkb nvmcvZv‡ji ZrKvjxb mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U Wv. BDGb gvjvKv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ Gi Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| Wv. RyevB`v LvZzb I Wv. c¨vwUªK wecyj wek¦vm mfvcwZ I m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡ib| ivRkvnx wLªw÷qvb wgkb nvmcvZv‡j wkï IqvW© I wmwbqi bvwm©s †Uªwbs †m›Uvi ¯’vcb, ivRkvnx K¨vÝvi nvmcvZv‡ji †fŠZ AeKvV‡gv wbg©vY, ivRkvnx ev‡ivBcvov cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq ¯’vcb, muvIZvj Rb‡Mvôxi wkÿvDbœq‡b 15wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq ¯’vc‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKvmn wewfbœ †mevg~jK Kg©KvÐ Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q msMVbwU| my¯’ ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡k 1981 mvj †_‡K KvR K‡i hv‡”Q cÖZ¨q wkíx †Mvôx ivRkvnx| Wv³vi Avãyi ingvb I Aa¨vcK nvweeyi ingv‡bi cÖ‡Póvq mvB‡ib wkíx‡Mvôx bv‡g hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡jI gynv¤§` BDmyd Bmjvg mvB‡ib bvg cwieZ©b K‡i cÖZ¨q wkíx †Mvôx bvgKiY K‡ib| msMxZ, 175 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv w_‡qUvi, cÖKvkbv, Ave„wË I wkï wefvMmn wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wbqwgZ Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q msMVbwU| 1985 mvj †_‡K ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q weKí mvwnZ¨ mvs¯‹…wZK msm` Ab¨Zg gbbkxj avivi mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb wn‡m‡e Kg©ZrciZv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i RvZxq `vqe×Zvi wbwi‡L wbw`©ó wel‡qi M‡elYvi cvkvcvwk RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK welqvejx‡Z wb‡R‡`i eyw×e„wËK AskMÖnY e„w×i cÖqv‡m 2004 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq †jLK †dvivg| ¯^Kxq wek¦vm, g~j¨‡eva I †`k‡cÖ‡g D¾xweZ n‡q †`k-RvwZi Kj¨v‡Y gbbkxj M‡elYv I m„Rbkxj †jLv‡jwL‡K kw³kvjx wfwËi Dci cÖwZôvi Rb¨ eyw×Rxwe †kÖwY‡K Av‡iv †ewk DØy× Ki‡Yi cÖqv‡mB G msMV‡bi hvÎv| wkÿK-Kg©KZ©v‡`i gv‡S †jLv‡jwLi †PZbv‡eva RvMÖZKiY I my߇gavi cwiõzU‡b cv‡k `uvov‡bvB G msMV‡bi KvR|49 †mBmv‡_ RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK Bmy¨mn mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ Ges mgvR-mf¨Zvi bvbv wel‡q †mwgbvi †m¤úywRqvg, Db¥y³ Av‡jvPbv, wbqwgZ †jLKmfvmn bvbv ai‡bi Kg©m~wP cvjb K‡i _v‡K G msMVbwU| 1980 mvj ch©šÍ mvs¯‹…wZK A½‡b ivRkvnxi ¯^Y©hyM Ae¨vnZ wQj| Gic‡i mvs¯‹…wZK A½‡b wKQzUv fvUv cwijwÿZ n‡jI 1985 mv‡j üZ‡MŠie wd‡i Avb‡Z cÖwZwôZ nq ÔivRkvnx w_‡qUviÕ| bvU¨Rb Av‡bvqviæj Bmjvg I ZvRyj Bmjvg G w_‡qUv‡ii cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ I m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡cvjb K‡ib| ivRkvnxi Ab¨Zg mvs¯‹…wZK e¨w³Z¡ mv‡jn DÏxb †eexi †bZ…‡Z¡ ÔAeKvk bvU¨`jÕI bvU¨PP©vq we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| D¯Ív` iweDj †nv‡mb, Ag‡ik ivq †PŠayix, Kvby‡gvnb †Mv¯^vgx cÖgy‡Li †bZ…‡Z 1977 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡q wn‡›`vj mvs¯‹…wZK †Mvôx mvs¯‹…wZK AsM‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q| AbykxjbÕ79 †_‡K GLb ÔAbykxjb bvU¨`jÕ ivRkvnxi GKwU †MŠiegq bvU¨ msMVb|50 Aa¨vcK gjq †fŠwgK, Aa¨vcK Gm.Gg AveyeKi Ges gvmyg †iRvi g‡Zv bvU¨ew³Z¡ G msMV‡bi g~j †cÖiYv| ivRkvnxi Ab¨Zg cÖavb I mwµq mvwnZ¨ msMVb cwiPq ms¯‹…wZ msm`| 1981 mv‡j GwU cÖwZwôZ nq| Gi cÖwZôvZv AvnŸvqK wQ‡jb ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Bs‡iwR wefv‡Mi cÖ‡dmi W. G‡KGg gwnDÏxb| cÖwZôv Kvj Gi m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb RvB`yi ingvb, bvwRe Iqv`y`, mi`vi Avãyi ingvb, gy¯Ívdv web Rvg‡k`, gwgbyi ingvb gwgb cÖgyL| cieZx©Kv‡j mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib K_vwkíx bvwRe Iqv`y`, QovKvi I cÖeÜKvi mi`vi Ave`yyi ingvb, MíKvi †`Iqvb †gvnv¤§` kvgmy¾vgvb, Kwe Lyiwk` Avjg evey, Kwe I MxwZKvi gvndzRyi ingvb AvL›` cÖgyL| cwiPq ms¯‹…wZ msm` 2005 mvj †_‡K ÔwmuwoÕ bv‡g GKwU m„Rbkxj mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡i Avm‡Q|51 GQvov wbqwgZ mvwnZ¨ Avmi Ges wewfbœ Dcj‡ÿ¨ Av‡jvPbv mfv, †mwgbvi, Kg©kvjv, eB‡gjvi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K| RvZxqfv‡e miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi AvIZvq †Rjv wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx I wkï GKv‡Wgx ivRkvnxi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi A½‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q| RvZxq msMV‡bi kvLv wn‡m‡e †ek wKQz msMV‡bi Kg©KvÐI D‡jøL‡hvM¨| we‡klK‡i D`xPx wkíx †Mvôx, evsjv‡`k MYwkíx ms¯’v, dzjKuywo Avmi, wK‡kviKzuwoi †gjv, dz‡ji †gjv, Puv‡`i nvU, †LjvNi, KwPKuvPvi †gjv, iv‡mj wkï-wK‡kvi msMV‡bi bvg AMÖMvgx| Gme msMVb g~jZ wkï‡`i gvbwmK weKv‡k KvR 176 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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msN, b`x I cwi‡ek euvPvI Av‡›`vjb, AvšÍR©vwZK dviv°v KwgwU, BDbvB‡UW K¬ve, evsjv‡`k gyw³‡hv×v msm`, bRiæj GKv‡Wwg, e‡i›`ª GKv‡Wwg, eq ¯‹vDU GÛ Mvj©m MvBW, e‡i›`ª cyivKxwZ© msiÿY cwil`, AviwWG e¨emvqx mwgwZ, e¯¿ e¨emvqx mwgwZ cÖf…wZ|54 ivRkvnxi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡k G mKj msMVb Ges cÖwZôvbI †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q- G K_v m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e ejv hvq| mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb I cÖwZôvb‡K eyw×e„wËK mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`v‡b wcÖw›Us †cÖm I cÎ- cwÎKvi f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| G †ÿ‡Î ivRkvnxi AvDqvj wcÖw›Us †cÖm, gWvY© wcÖw›Us †cÖmÕi Ae`vb D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv| cÎ-cwÎKvi †ÿ‡Î cÖg_ evey kÖxbv_ wmsn iv‡qi m¤úv`bvq 1866 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ agx©q gvwmK cwÎKv Ôwn›`y-iwÄKvÕ 1870 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔÁvbv¼ziÕmn cieZx©‡Z ÔgvwmK wkÿvcwiPi, ÔˆÎgvwmK HwZnvwmK wPÎ, ÔmvßvwnK ivRkvnx mgvPvi, ÔwPwKrmv, we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j 1951 mv‡j w`kvix mvwnZ¨ gRwj‡ki Ôw`kvix, 1954 mv‡j gvwmK ÔcÖevn, 1960 mv‡j ˆÎqgvwmK ÔhvÎxÕ 1962 mv‡j ˆÎqgvwmK Ôc~e©‡gNÕ mviv‡`‡k Av‡jvob m„wó‡Z mÿg n‡qwQj|55 cieZx©‡Z ivRkvnx †Rjv cwil‡`i A_©vq‡b Ave`ym mvgv‡`i m¤úv`bvq ÔivRkvnx evZ©v, †gvnmxb †iRv m¤úvw`Z Ômywb‡KZ gjøvi, W±i ghnviæj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z ÔDËi A‡š^lv, kvn bvRgyj nK †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z mvßvwnK ÔDËi evsjv, mi`vi AvgRv` m¤úvw`Z Ô†mvbvi evsjvÕ Ievq`yi ingvb m¤úvw`Z Ôevsjvi K_vÕ mvB` DÏxb m¤úvw`Z ÔbZzb KvjÕ ivRkvnxi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q|56 1976 mv‡j ˆ`wbK evZ©v cÖKvkbvi ga¨ w`‡q ïiæ nq mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi bZzb †XD| mËi `k‡Ki †klw`‡K 1979 mv‡j BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûk‡bi AvIZvq wefvMxq kni¸‡jv‡Z ÔBmjvgx mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ªÕ Pvjy nq| Kwig mycvi gv‡K©‡U ivRkvnx wefvMxq Kvh©vjq ¯’vcb K‡i 178 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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1 Sufia Ahmed, Muslim Community in Bengal, 1884-1912, (Dhaka: OUP, 1974), pp. 179- 80. 2 IqvwKj Avng`, Ôe‡i›`ª A‡ji mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK msMVbÕ e‡i›`ª A‡ji BwZnvm, (ivRkvnx: e‡i›`ª A‡ji BwZnvmMÖš’ cÖYqb KwgwU, 1998), c„. 1209| 3 Ashraf Siddiqui (ed.) Bangladesh District Gazetteers: Rajshahi District, (Dhaka: Bangladesh Government Press, 1976), pp. 1-2. IqvwKj Avng`, Ôe‡i›`ª A‡ji mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK msMVbÕ e‡i›`ª A‡ji BwZnvm, (ivRkvnx: e‡i›`ª A‡ji BwZnvmMÖš’ cÖYqb KwgwU, 1998), c„. 1209| 4 wn›`y iwÄKv (we‡kl msL¨v), Avlvp 1335, c„. 2| 5 AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq, ÔAvkxeŸ©`Õ, wn›`yiwÄKv (we‡kl msL¨v), Avlvp 1335, c„. 15| 6 Kgj †PŠayix, (msKjb I m¤úv`bv) ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, 2007, c„. 221| 7 Z‡`e, c„. 222-224| 8 Gm.Gg. Avãyj jwZd ÔkZvãxi HwZn¨evnx msMVb: ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ, ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, 1gel©, 1g msL¨v, RyjvB 1987, c„. 1-3| 179 ivRkvnx gnvbMixi m~dx-`i‡ek: BwZnvmwfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv

9 ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖ‡dmi Gm.Gg Ave`yj jwZd, ZrKvjxb ivRkvnx †Rjv cÖkvmK G‡KGg Ave`ym mvjvg ZrKvjxb †Rjv wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi KvjPvivj Awdmvi Ave`yi iwk`, †Rjv wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi mvaviY m¤úv`K gyw³‡hv×v †gvnv¤§` bI‡ki Avjx, fvlv‰mwbK Aveyj Kvjvg †PŠayix, G¨vW‡fv‡KU Gg`v`yi ingvb, b~iæbœex Puv`, W. ZwmKzj Bmjvg ivRv cÖgyL e¨w³MY G †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| ivRkvnx †Rjv cÖkvmK wn‡m‡e c`vwaKvi e‡j mfvcwZ c‡`i `vwqZ¡ †bb ZrKvjxb ivRkvnx †Rjv cÖkvmK G‡KGg Ave`ym mvjvg| †mBmv‡_ mnmfvwZ wn‡m‡e G¨vW‡fv‡KU †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj nv`x, mvaviY m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib Gm.Gg Ave`yj jwZd| [Gm.Gg. Avãyj jwZd ÔkZvãxi HwZn¨evnx msMVb: ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ, ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, 1gel©, 1g msL¨v, RyjvB 1987, c„. 1-3| D‡jøL¨, c`vwaKvi e‡j ivRkvnx †Rjv cÖkvmK mfvcwZ _vK‡jI 2000 mvj †_‡K W. ZwmKzj Bmjvg ivRv msMVbwUi mvaviY m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb| 10 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, 1g I 2q LÐ, (XvKv: MwZaviv, 2007), c„. 86-87| 11 W. ZwmKzj Bmjvg, ÔivRkvnx †evqvwjqv K¬v‡ei BwZe„ËÕ, K¬v‡ei kZel© Dcj‡ÿ cÖKvwkZ ¯^viKcÎ, 1996, c„. 13| 12 G¨vW‡fv‡KU Avãym mvjvg, Ô†evqvwjqv K¬ve: wKQz ¯§„wZÕ, K¬v‡ei kZel© Dcj‡ÿ cÖKvwkZ ¯^viKcÎ, 1996, c„. 28| 13 Wv. myjZvb Avn‡g`, ÔwKQz K_v, wKQz ¯§„wZÕ, K¬v‡ei kZel© Dcj‡ÿ cÖKvwkZ ¯^viKcÎ, 1996, c„. 30| 14 IqvwKj Avng`, Ewbk kZ‡K evOvwj gymjgv‡bi wPšÍv-†PZbvi aviv, cÖ_g LÐ, (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1983), c„. 169| 15 W. †gv. gvneyei ingvb ÔivRkvnx gnvbMixÕ, ivRkvnx gnvbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb ¯§viKcÎ, Rvbyqvix 2010, c„. 31| 16 dRjyj nK, HwZnvwmK AÿhKzgvi ˆg‡Îq: Rxeb Kg©, (XvKv: gy³aviv, 1991), c„. 13| 17 IqvwKj Avng`, Ôe‡i›`ª A‡ji mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK msMVbÕ, c„. 1211| 18 wgwni I myavKi, 25 Avwk¦b 1308| 19 ˆmq` gZ©yRv Avjx, ÔDËie‡½i mvwnZ¨Õ, evsjv GKv‡Wgx cwÎKv, ˆekvL-kÖveY msL¨v, 1365| 20 KvRx Ave`yj gvbœvb, AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZ¨ I gymwjg mgvR, (XvKv: Zv.we, 1990), c„. 325-53| 21 Bmjvg cÖPviK, Avwk¦b 1298, c„. 68| 22 my‡Lb gy‡Lvcva¨vq, ÔivRkvnxi mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨: AZxZ I eZ©gvbÕ e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi: mvd‡j¨i 3 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, 2011), c„. 194| 23 wÿZxkP›`ª miKvi, ivRkvnx K‡jR g¨vMvwRb, msL¨v-29, †deªæqvwi 1939, c„. 10| 24 dRjyj nK, Ôe„wUk Avg‡j ivRkvnxi K¬ve-mfv-mwgwZmg~‡ni mswÿß weeiYÕ, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012, c„. 901| 25 Gm.Gg Ave`yj jwZd, ÔkZvãxi HwZn¨evnx msMVb : ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qkb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, 1gel© msL¨v, RyjvB 1987, ivRkvnx, c„. 16-17| 26 kÖx wbg©jP›`ª †PŠayix AÿqKzgvi ˆg‡Îq: Rxeb I mvabv, (`vwR©wjs: DËie½ wek¦we`¨vjq, 1984), c„. 91| 27 kÖxm‡Z¨›`ª‡gvnb ˆgÎ I kÖxbKz‡jk¦i †PŠayix, ÔmgvR †meK m•NÕ, wn›`yiwÄKv (we‡kl msL¨v), Avlvp 1335, c„. 40-41| 28 kÖxivavivbx †`ex, ÔivRkvnx gwnjv mwgwZÕ, wn›`yiwÄKv (we‡kl msL¨v), Avlvp 1335, c„. 44-46| 29 e½evbx, KvwZ©K, 1331, c„. 366| 30 bwjbxiÄb cwÐZ, ÔKvšÍKwe iRbxKvšÍÕ, wRÁvmv, KjKvZv, wW‡m¤^i 1968, c„. 9| 180 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

31 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, 1gLÐ c„. 212| 32 kÖxbbx‡Mvcvj ˆgÎ, ÔPiKv mwgwZÕ, wn›`yiwÄKv (we‡kl msL¨v), Avlvp 1335, c„. 43-44| 33 Z‡`e| 34 W±i †Mvjvg mvKjv‡qb, ÔivRkvnx‡Z KvRx bRiæj BmjvgÕ, kZel© ¯§viKMÖš’ ivRkvnx mvaviY MÖš’vMvi, 1984, c„. 60| 35 Z‡`e, c„. 56| 36 †gvev‡k¦i Avjxi ÔbRiæj I mvgwqKcÎÕ, bRiæj Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv, †deªæqvwi 1994, c„. 44| 37 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 210-11| 38 Z‡`e, c„. 214| 39 ivRkvnx K‡jR cwÎKv, †deªæqvix 1939, EbwÎsk LÐ, 1g msL¨v, c„. 44| 40 †gvnv¤§` wbqvgZ Djøvn, ÔivRkvnx µxov I mvs¯‹…wZK msN: mswÿß BwZnvmÕ, ¯§iwYKv, cÖKvkKvj: 8 †deªæqvwi 1983, c„. 7-8| 41 W±i gyn¤§` gwRiDÏxb, ÔG¨vjvBe K¬v‡ei bvU¨-cÖqvm: bvU¨vbyôvbÕ, ¯§iwYKv 1983, c„. 1| 42 Aa¨vcK G.‡K.G. nvmvby¾vgvb, ÔivRkvnx msMxZ PP©v¯§iwYKv: gvme¨vcx RvZxq mv¯‹…wZK Abyôvb, ivRkvnx, 1977, c„. 42| 43 IqvwKj Avng`, Ôe‡i›`ª A‡ji mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK msMVbÕ, c„. 1213| 44 dRjyj nK, ÔivRkvnx‡Z bvU¨ Av‡›`vjb : kZe‡l©i mvjZvgvwgÕ, ivRkvnx gnvbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, (ivRkvnx: AvBweGm, 2012) c„. 523| 45 my‡Lb gy‡Lvcva¨vq, ÔivRkvnxi mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨: AZxZ I eZ©gvbÕ, c„. 195-97| 46 M‡elK m‡iRwg‡b msMV‡bi Awd‡m wM‡q Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| 47 K¬v‡ei Kg©KvÐ GL‡bv mPj i‡q‡Q| 48 my‡Lb gy‡Lvcva¨vq, ÔivRkvnxi mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨: AZxZ I eZ©gvbÕ, c„. 195-97| 49 D‡jøL¨, cÖwZôvjMœ †_‡K 2016 mvj ch©šÍ ivwe †jLK †dviv‡gi mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb W. gvndzRyi ingvb AvL›`| eZ©gv‡b cÖ‡dmi gynv¤§v` kwidzj Bmjvg mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb| 50 evey ingvb, ÔivRkvnxi m½xZ-ms¯‹…wZ ci¤úivÕ, e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi: mvd‡j¨i 5 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, 2013), c„. 343, 346| 51 M‡elK m‡iRwg‡b msMV‡bi Awd‡m wM‡q Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| 52 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z †`Lyb: gwbm iwdK, ÔcÙvcv‡oi FwZ¡K NUKÕ, e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi: mvd‡j¨i 5 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, 2013), c„. 327-330; evey ingvb, ÔivRkvnxi m½xZ-ms¯‹…wZ ci¤úivÕ, c„. 343, 346; G QvovI M‡elK m‡iRwg‡b msMVbmg~‡ni Awd‡m wM‡q Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| 53 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb, iv‡k`v Lv‡jK, ÔmgvR MV‡b ivRkvnxi bvix‡`i Ae`vbÕ, e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi: mvd‡j¨i 5 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, 2013), c„. 268-292| 54 M‡elK m‡iRwg‡b msMV‡bi Awd‡m wM‡q Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| 55 ZwmKzj Bmjvg, ÔivRkvnxi mvwnZ¨ I mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ Ges DËivwaKviÕ, evsjv‡`‡k †dvK‡jvi PP©vi BwZe„Ë I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ, (XvKv: evZvqb cÖKvk, 2004) c„. 153-54| 56 my‡Lb gy‡Lvcva¨vq, ÔivRkvnxi mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨: AZxZ I eZ©gvbÕ, c„. 195-97| wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X Igi ˆLqvg I Zuvi iæevBqvZ : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv W. †gvt gbRyi Kvw`i

[Abstract: Omar Khayyam is a medieval Persian scientist, poet and philosopher. Before the Nineteenth century, the idea about him in the scholar society was little. He was known as an astronomer and mathematician for that long time. But his philosophy of poetry was recognized as a special contribution at the end of the nineteenth century and throughout the twentieth century. English poet and translator Fitzerald translated ‘Rubiyat’ or ‘Quatrain’ the immortal creation of Omar Khayyam. For this reason, a mental awaking and revolution was created in the west. Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat, written thousands of years ago was the first spoken protest and consciousness against the social evils and religious fanaticism. Those were a small effective weapon to fight against torture and oppression, which is also an ideal weapon of present era.]

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 cÖ‡dmi (Ae:), Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ, ivRkvnx K‡jR 182 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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184 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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K…cY wQ‡jb e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|9 Z‡e m¤úªwZ †ZnivY †_‡K cÖKvwkZ I Avwe®‹…Z Igi ˆLqv‡gi ÔZweqZbvgvÕ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q gy¯Ívdv wg‡bvwf †nwKg-Igi ˆLqvg wel‡q PgKcÖ` wKQz Z‡_¨i m‡½ `y-GKwU †Km-wnw÷ª D‡jøL K‡ib| Aek¨ 1320 wLª÷v‡ã e`‡i RvR‡ivwg KZ©„K wjwLZ Ô†gvqv‡bœmyj AvniviÕ MÖ‡š’I G cÖm‡½ D‡jøL Av‡Q| DwjøwLZ `ywU MÖš’B dvwm© fvlvq iwPZ| Igi ˆLqv‡gi wPwKrmv c×wZ wQj ZrKvwjb me©vaywbK BDbvwb ev †nwKwg c×wZ| GUv wZwb iß K‡iwQ‡jb Zuvi gš¿¸iæ Be‡b mxbvi wPwKrmv-welqK MÖš’vw` Aa¨qb K‡i| D‡jøL¨, Be‡b mxbv cÖvPxb wMÖK wPwKrmv c×wZi AbyKi‡Y gymwjg we‡k¦ bZzb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| ejvevûj¨ Be‡b mxbv I Zuvi Abymvixiv BDbvwb wPwKrmv Av`k©‡K kÖ×vi m‡½ MÖnY K‡ib Ges iÿv K‡ib| GUv mZ¨ †h, Igi ˆLqvg wPwKrmv Ki‡Z wM‡q GKUv e` Af¨v‡mi Rb¨ wbw›`Z n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K †ivMx‡K Ab¨ †h-‡Kv‡bv `vIqv w`‡jI c_¨ wn‡m‡e mKvj-mܨv w`‡b `yevi `y PvgP K‡i myiv ev g` cv‡bi K_v e¨e¯’vc‡Îi m‡½ wj‡L w`‡Zb| Aek¨ Aíwe¯Íi myivcvb †m hy‡Mi cÖPwjZ ixwZ wQj| ag© m¤^‡Ü Igi ˆLqv‡gi gZ Igi ˆLqv‡gi MÖš’cv‡V Rvbv hvq, ag© m¤^‡Ü Zuvi g‡Zi m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxbZv wQj| wZwb †Kv‡bv kv¯¿xq DcK_v wek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv| †KvbI AvPvi-c×wZ ev wµqvKvÛ Øviv †h weavZvi gb¯‘wó Kiv hvq, GK_v wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| kv‡¯¿ Kw_Z e¨w³Z¡-wewkó AvjøvÕ‡Z wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb wK bv, ZvI wbwðZfv‡e wbY©q Kivi Dcvq †bB| Z‡e Zuvi ÔK‚RvbvgvÕq †`Lv hvq, c„w_exi GKRb ¯ªóv Av‡Qb Ges wZwb Mvd&dvi, cwiYZ eq‡m Kwe GK_v wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| Igi ˆLqvg †kl Rxe‡b nR K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †jv‡K e‡j, nR Zuvi Avmj D‡Ïk¨ wQjbv| wZwb Zuvi Ôgy³-eyw×iÕ `yb©vg öj‡bi Rb¨ Zx_© `k©‡b wM‡qwQ‡jb| mywd bhgywÏb ivÕhx Zuvi ÔBikv`-Dj-Bev`Õ MÖ‡š’ (1223 wLª.) Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Qb-Ò`vk©wbK, bvw¯ÍK I Roevw`MY Ggb GKRb weØvb e¨w³ Øviv c_åvšÍ n‡q‡Q whwb Zv‡`i wbKU weÁvb I ZË¡Áv‡bi Rb¨ weL¨vZ| Bwb Igi ˆLqvg| weåvwšÍ I c_åvwšÍi P‚ovšÍ Rvb‡Z n‡j GB e¨w³i KweZv cvV Kiv KZ©e¨|Ó10 Kw_Z Av‡Q, nR n‡Z wd‡i G‡m wZwb mKvj-mܨv gmwR‡` †h‡Zb, e„× eq‡m ag©ZË¡ Av‡jvPbvqI †hvM`vb Ki‡Zb| Zuvi e„× eq‡mi KwZcq KweZvq ˆeiv‡M¨i Avfvm cvIqv hvq| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i-Igi wK Z‡e cy‡ivcywi bvw¯ÍK wQ‡jb? G cÖ‡kœi mgvavb AwbwðZ| Z‡e Zuvi AšÍ‡ii AšÍt¯’‡j †h wZwb Avjøvni Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Mfxi Av¯’v ivL‡Zb, Z`xq KweZvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Q‡Î Zvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| †kl eq‡mi KweZvq Gi cÖKvk my¯úó| Kwe nvwd‡Ri b¨vq IgiI GK¯’v‡b Zuvi wb‡Ri w`j‡K m‡¤^vab K‡i e‡j‡Qb- giY SÅv wbf‡j †`DwU emyav †Zvgvq j‡e wK †Kv‡j? wKš‘ Kwe Zuvi fwel¨r m¤^‡Ü G‡Kev‡i wbivk bb| wZwb wQ‡jb cig weÁ| evqnvKx Zuv‡K ÔûRRvZzj nKÕ ev m‡Z¨i cÖgvY e‡j 186 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Kwe wbhvgx Aviæhx e‡j‡Qb, Ômviv `ywbqvq Avwg Zuvi gZ Avi Kv‡KI †`‡Lwb|Õ G‡nb e¨w³i Rxe‡b hw` †Kv‡bv ÎæwU wePz¨wZ N‡U, Zv wbZvšÍB wewawjwc ej‡Z n‡e|11 Kwe Igi e‡j‡Qb- mvabvq gwb hw` KLbI LyuwR bvB GB Rxe‡b, Ze ivn& cv‡b gyL wdivBqv Pwj bvB Kfz fze‡b, Zey Ze K…cv KwYKv nB‡Z bv-D¤§x` Avwg nBwb, Zzwg †Zv Rv‡bv, GK‡K `yB Rxe‡b KLbI ewjwb| hZB Rxe‡bi Aemv‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi nq, ZZB g„Zz¨ I ci‡jv‡Ki cÖkœ Mfxi n‡Z MfxiZi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡q gvby‡li wPˇK wbcxwoZ K‡i| gvbyl Gi GKUv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ e¨vKzj nq| Igi ˆLqv‡gi iæevBqv‡Zi †fZi GB cÖ‡kœi cÖwZaŸwb D‡V‡Q GKRb gy³cÖvY mZ¨v‡š^lxi gi‡gi gg©¯’j n‡Z| †h mg‡q Ig‡ii iæevBqvZ BD‡iv‡c cÖPvwiZ nq, ZLb G Kvi‡YB BD‡iv‡ciI Gi cÖ‡qvRb n‡qwQj| Ig‡ii ci‡jvKMgb kvnveywÏb gyn¤§` †Nvixi mfvKwe Ges Igi ˆLqv‡gi wcÖq wkl¨ mgiK›` wbevmx wbhvgx Aviæhx Zuvi ÔPvnvi gvKvjvÕ MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb, Avwg 512 wnRix‡Z nR hvÎvi c‡_ Avgvi fw³fvRb I¯Ív` Ig‡ii mv‡_ mvÿvr Ki‡Z Ges Zuvi Avkxe©v` wb‡Z wM‡qwQjvg| wZwb GK igYxq D`¨v‡bi †fZi wenvi KiwQ‡jb| ZLb Zuvi e„× eqm| Avgv‡K K_v cÖm‡½ ej‡jb, Zzwg wd‡i G‡m †`L‡e ÒAvgvi Ggb ¯’v‡b Kei n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b †gŠmyg-evqyi MwZ cÖevn Avgvi mgvwai Ici be be cy®úivwk el©Y Ki‡e|Ó GB NUbvi wZb eQi c‡i Avwg wbkvcyi hvB Ges Zuvi mgvwa †`L‡Z cvB| †`Ljvg, GK D`¨v‡bi cvk¦©‡`‡k Zuvi †kl-wPý mgvwnZ i‡q‡Q Ges D`¨vb¯’ e„ÿivwRi kvLv¸wj Giƒcfv‡e ewa©Z n‡q Zuvi mgvwai Ici QvqvcvZ K‡i‡Q †h, `wLbv evZv‡m Iiv `y‡j `y‡j cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© AmsL¨ cÎ I gyKzjivwk Zuvi cweÎ mgvwai Ici wb‡ÿc Ki‡Q| mgvwai cÖ¯Íi dj‡K Ig‡iiB iwPZ GKwU ¯§iYxq Q‡Î †jLv Av‡Q-hvi evsjv Abyev` Giƒc: -Ô†n w`j, hgvbv hLb †Zvgv‡K `ytL †`‡eB Ges cÖvYcvwLI †`n-wcÄi n‡Z †h-‡Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z© cvLv †gj‡Z cv‡i, ZLb GB mey‡Ri Ici e‡m `ywU w`b ù‚wZ©‡Z KvUvI-‡Zvgvi mgvwai Ici meyR Nvm MRvevi c~‡e©| wLª÷xq 1123 m‡b Igi ˆLqv‡gi we‡`ªvnx KÉ wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ bxieZv jvf K‡i|12 wKš‘ Zuvi evYx g~wZ©gZx n‡q AvR mgMÖ c„w_ex‡Z wePiY Ki‡Q| †h Dnv ï‡b‡Q, †m gy» n‡q‡Q|

187 Igi ˆLqvg I Zuvi iæevBqvZ : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

Igi ˆLqv‡gi iæevBqvZ (PZz®ú`x Kve¨) ga¨hyMxq ag©xq Av‡e÷bxi †fZ‡i cvi‡m¨i gy³eyw×i †gavex KweMY AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki gva¨g wn‡m‡e GKUv cš’v LyuRwQj| ag©xq evavwb‡la ev mvgvwRK evavm‡Ë¡I Zuv‡`i gvbweK wPšÍv‡eva †_‡K iæevB cÖKvk †c‡qwQj e¨vcKfv‡e| iæevB iPbv dvwm© Kwe‡`i ev dvwm© Kv‡e¨i GKwU Abb¨ ‰ewkó¨| cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K Kwe iæevB iPbv K‡i Zuv‡`i nvZ cvKv‡Zb| KviI KviI aviYv dvwm© Kwe‡`i nv‡Zi †Rvi †evSvi Rb¨ iæevB n‡”Q Kwócv_i| k‡ãi †Ljv ev kã‡K evM gvbv‡bvi ÿgZv Kwei nv‡Z †Kgb Zv ey‡S cvVK Zuvi Kve¨‡mŠ‡a cÖ‡ek Ki‡Zb| wPÎwk‡íi wgwb‡qPvi ˆkjx ev ÿz`ªvK…wZ iƒc wbg©vY †hgb, wVK †Zgwb iæevB nj Kve¨-wgwb‡qPvi| Igi ˆLqvg †Kej iæevBqv‡Zi †Rv‡i DuPz¯Í‡ii Kve¨gh©v`v †c‡q †M‡Qb Ges †kl ch©šÍ iæevB n‡q †M‡Q Igi ˆLqvg Aejw¤^Z ˆkjx ev wWKmb (dicson)| wVK †Zgwb gmbwe nj iæwgi Avi w`Iqvb nj nvwd‡RiGUv †hb Zv‡`i †UªW gvK©| Igi ˆLqv‡gi iæevB iPbvi †cÖÿvcU Igi ˆLqvg Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq †kÖô cwÛZ n‡jI Kve¨ iPbvi †ÿ‡Î wZwb wQ‡jb †eRvq †e‡Lqvj| ZvB iæevB iPbv Zuvi c‡ÿ †Zgb Awf‡cÖZ wQjbv| wbZvšÍ †Lqv‡ji e‡m A_ev AvZ¥we¯§„Z n‡q wZwb iæevB iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GQvov †nwKwgwe`¨vq cvi`wk©Zvi Kvi‡Y bvbvRb bvbv gvbZ wb‡q Zuvi Kv‡Q AvmZ| `vIqv (c_¨) wn‡m‡e wZwb Zv‡`i nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z ev Mv‡Qi cvZvq Pvi jvB‡bi KweZv e¨e¯’vcÎ wn‡m‡e wj‡L w`‡Zb| Kv‡RB †Kv‡bv digv‡qkx ZvwM‡` ev †gvmv‡nex‡Z AvµvšÍ n‡q wZwb iæevB iPbv K‡ibwb| iæevB iPbvq †h `k©bZË¡ wZwb e¨envi Ki‡Zb, †mUvI wZwb m¯ú~Y© duvm K‡i †`bwb| Igi ˆLqvg iwPZ iæevB‡Z Zuvi DuPzgv‡ci gvbwmKZv I wbtk¼wP‡Ëi J¾¡j¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| ˆLqvg Zuvi iæevB‡Z Kvwe¨K iÿYkxjZv cwinvi K‡i‡Qb, ivR‰bwZK Mv¤¢xh© †g‡b †bbwb; eis Zv‡Z evK-mshg I gb¯ÍvwË¡K cÖwµqv-RwoZ fve I hyw³ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡Z K‡i wZwb wewfbœ D™¢U wek¦v‡mi wfwËf‚wg‡K cvj‡U w`‡q‡Qb, Kzms¯‹v‡ii weiæ‡× we‡`ªv‡ni aŸRv Zz‡j‡Qb; dwKwi, †gvjøvwg I fÛvwgi cÖwZ Z¡K‡”Q`x †mvRvmywR cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| iæevBqvZ-Gi A_© I D‡Ïk¨ iæevB-Gi cÖK…Z D”PviY iæevC, eûeP‡b iæevBq¨vZ| Gi dvwm© cÖwZkã ÔZviv‡bÕ-hvi A_© Pvi cOwZ ev Pvi jvB‡bi KweZv| Bs‡iwR‡Z iæevB-Gi A_© quatrain ev PZz®ú`x †køvK| iæevB-Gi mvaviY wbqg nj-cÖ_g jvB‡bi m‡½ wØZxq I PZz_© jvB‡bi wgj, Z…Zxq jvB‡b Qvo| Z‡e Z…Zxq jvB‡bi m‡½ wgj _vKv AMÖvn¨ bq| Gi gv‡b nj Z…Zxq jvBb‡K m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e mgv‡jvPK‡`i fvlvq, Z…Zxq jvBb Uc‡K PZz_© jvB‡b wM‡q Q‡›`i D`¨Z QzwiKv †hb ey‡Ki Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZvB G ¯^vaxbZv| D`vniY¯^iƒc Igi ˆLqv‡gi GKwU weL¨vZ iæevB-Gi evsjv Abyev` GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i : GK †evZj Pzwbjvj g` Avi GKwU KweZvi eB Rxeb euvPv‡Z PvB Avi GKUz iæwU-m‡½ Zzwg mB; 188 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

hw` †KvbI Qvqv”Qbœ weivb gv‡Vi †Kv‡Y e‡m Ggb †e‡nk&Z Kv‡iv fv‡M¨ †Rv‡U bv wbðqB| iæevB bvg Aviwe n‡jI cviwmKivB cÖ_g G X‡Oi KweZv D™¢veb I Av¯^v`b K‡i| c‡i Aek¨ AvieivI Zv iß K‡i‡Q| iæevB nj Lye mshZ Kve¨ m„wó| Kg kã LiP K‡i †ewk K_vi ¯’vb msKzjvb KivB n‡”Q iæevB iPbvi D‡Ïk¨| iæevB‡qi ïiæ GKUv mvaviY eY©bv ev wPšÍvc~Y© †køl cÖ‡qvM ev cÖ”Qbœ we`ªƒc K‡i| †kl jvB‡b _v‡K Suvwc‡q cov cwiYvg Ges AuvK‡o aiv gxgvsmv Lyu‡R cvIqvi cÖqvm| Z‡e Zv‡Z eY©bv I wPšÍvi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB, Av‡Q ïay jNy¸iæi GKUv A™¢zZ wgkÖY gvÎ|13 Igi ˆLqv‡gi iæevBqv‡Zi msL¨v Igi ˆLqvg iwPZ iæevBqv‡Zi msL¨v wba©viY GK `yiƒn e¨vcvi| Drmvnx AbymÜvb-wekvi`‡`i Kj¨v‡Y Zuvi iæevB-Gi m„wó wQqvËi †_‡K ev‡iv k‡ZiI E‡aŸ© D‡V‡Q| wKš‘ †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †Lv` Igi ˆLqvg KZ©„K iwPZ, Zv wbY©q Ki‡ZI cvwÛZiv Mj`Ng© n‡q‡Qb| ˆLqv‡gi mgmvgwqK †Kv‡bv iæevBqvZ-msMÖ‡ni n¯Íwjwc AvRI cvIqv hvqwbhvi Øviv †gvUvgywUfv‡e Avgiv GKUv wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQ‡Z cvwi| wØZxqZ, iæevB¸‡jv AvK…wZ I iPbv‰kjxi w`K w`‡q Ges fveavivi ˆewk‡ó¨ GZB Zzj¨g~j¨ †h, my`ÿ dvwm© fvlvwe`‡`i c‡ÿI Zvi †Kv‡bvwUi cÖK…Z iPwqZvi bvg wbiƒcY Kiv ixwZg‡Zv `yiƒn e¨vcvi| AbymwÜrmy cwÐZMY M‡elYv Øviv Igi ˆLqv‡gi bv‡g evRv‡i PjwZ iæevB¸‡jvi cÖK…Z iPwqZv wn‡m‡e wÎk R‡biI †ewk weL¨vZ gbxlxi bvg Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| Zb¥‡a¨ Avbmvix, nvwdR, iægx, Zzlx cÖgy‡Li bvg we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|14 Igi ˆLqv‡gi iæevBqv‡Zi Kve¨g~j¨ Igi ‰Lqv‡gi Pvi jvB‡bi iæevBqv‡Zi Kve¨g~j¨ Kg bq; G‡K A‡b‡K MxwZmswnZv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Kve¨iƒ‡ci wewPÎ e¨envi Ges evKg~wZ© AmvaviY wkíiæwPm¤§Z e¨Äbv e‡j Avgv‡`i gy» K‡i| †m Kvi‡Y nq‡Zv G Kve¨-m½x‡Zi m¤ªvU `ywbqvi Ab¨Zg †kÖô Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Qb| Igi ˆLqv‡gi iæevBM‡jv‡K †gvUvgywU cuvPwU wefv‡M †kÖwYe× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Awf‡hvM, we`ªƒc, †cÖg, †mŠ›`h© Ges ag©| ˆLqvg D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i kãPq‡b cvi½g| Zuvi Kv‡e¨i mnR myi, D¾¡j MwZ Ges m‡im e¨½ AwZkq RxešÍ I g~Z©| iƒcK¸‡jvi ¯^vfvweKZv †mŠ›`‡h©i AZzj mvgMÖx n‡q‡Q| Zuvi eY©bvfw½, kãe¨envi Ges `vwk©wbK MfxiZv dvwm© Kv‡e¨i †kÖôZ¡ `vb Ges Ab¨‡`i Av`‡k©i Drm| ˆLqvg dvwm© Kv‡e¨ †h †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Qb, we‡klZ kive I mvwK QvovI Ab¨Zg `iKvwi wRwbm nj mvnwmKZv I g‡bi ¯^vaxbZv| ZvB ivRZ‡š¿i cÖZv‡ci g‡a¨I myjZvb‡`i cÖkw¯Í Zuvi Kv‡e¨ ¯’vb cvqwb| Zuvi Kv‡e¨i jÿ n‡”Q gvbe-gvbexi ÿY¯’vqx Rxeb‡K kvwšÍ I gvayh©gwÛZ K‡i †Zvjv A_ev Zvi mv_©KZvi mÜvb Kiv| 189 Igi ˆLqvg I Zuvi iæevBqvZ : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

Igi ˆLqv‡gi iæevBqv‡Zi Abyev` Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© Rvg©vwbi gnvKwe †M¨‡Ui Av`‡k© gymwjg cÖfvweZ mvwn‡Z¨i †kÖô I GKgvÎ Ae`vb n‡”Q Bs‡iwR‡Z wdU‡Riv‡ìi Igi ˆLqvg| GUv wVK ZR©gv ev Abyev` bq, Bs‡iwRi gva¨‡g dvwm© Kv‡e¨i Ac~e© mswgkÖ‡Y ¯^Zš¿ m„wó| G‡Z Dwbk kZ‡Ki BD‡ivcxq ms¯‹…wZ‡Z GMv‡iv-ev‡iv kZ‡Ki wbkvcyix Kwei Abyfe wbLyuZfv‡e ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q|

Bs‡iR Kwe I Abyev`K wdU‡RivÛ (Edward. Fitzerald) 1859 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_‡g 75wU Ges me©‡kl 101 wU iæevB-Abyev` cÖKvk K‡ib| Ab¨vb¨ Bs‡iR, Rvg©vwb, divwm, iæk Abyev`KivI wdU‡Rivì‡K AbymiY K‡ib| Z‡e Zuv‡`i A‡b‡KB g~j †_‡K mwVK Abyev` bv Ki‡jI g~‡ji fve h‡_ó Av`vq Ki‡Z cÖqvm cvb| Biv‡bi mv‡`K †n`v‡qZ 1934 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_g e¯‘wbô iæevBqvZ msMÖn Ges †m¸‡jvi Kve¨g~j¨ D`NvUb K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, ˆLqvg †gv‡U 96wU iæevBqvZ iPbv K‡i _vK‡eb, Zey wZwb 143wU iæevBqvZ im‡hvM¨ Abyfe K‡ib|15 biI‡qi cwÛZ wµm‡Ubmb, iæk cwÛZ ï‡Kvfw¯Íi ˆLqvg-M‡elYvI RMrL¨vZ| Ab¨ huviv G hveZ Abyev‡`i Rb¨ wek¦‡Rvov bvg †c‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨B B. GBP. DBb wdì, G‡jb d«vwÝm _¤úmb Ges hyM¥fv‡e Rb wn_-÷vim I wcUvi Gfvwii bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gfvwi I wn_ Avm‡j mv‡`K †n`v‡q‡Zi 143wU Ges dviæMxi 178wU msKwjZ iæevBqv‡Zi M`¨-Abyev` cÖKvk K‡ib| evsjvq cÖvq 102 Rb ˆLqv‡gi iæevBqv‡Zi Ici KvR K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ KvwšÍ P›`ª †Nvl, b‡i›`ª †`e, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, kw³ P‡Ævcva¨vq cÖgy‡Li bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Igi ˆLqvg me‡P‡q †ekx iæevBqvZ iPbv K‡i‡Qb `vk©wbK Ges cwÐZ‡`i weiæ‡×| †mLv‡b wZwb †R¨vwZwe©` Igi‡KI ev` †`bwb| †hgb- Aw¯Í-bvw¯Í †kl K‡iwQ, `vk©wb‡Ki Mfxi Ávb exRMwY‡Zi m~Î-‡iLv †hŠe‡b †gvi wQjB a¨vb;

we`¨vi‡m hZB Wzwe, gbUv Rv‡b g‡b w¯’i `ªvÿvi‡mi ÁvbUv Qvov imÁv‡b bB Mfxi| (Abyev`-KvwšÍ †Nvl)

Igi ˆLqvg LuvwU Pve©vKcš’x Ges H RvZxq †jvKvqZx‡`i gZ bb| ÔFY K‡i wN LvI, KviY †`nf¯§xf~Z n‡j FY †Zv Avi †kva Ki‡Z n‡e bvÕ, A_©vr Bn‡jv‡K wKsev ci‡jv‡K Ab¨ Kv‡iv cÖwZ †Zvgvi †Kv‡bv ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ †bB-G Z‡Ë¡I Igi wek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv| ZvB Zuvi GKgvÎ Dc‡`k Kviæi cÖv‡Y `yL& w`I bv, K‡iv eis nvRvi cvc, 190 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

c‡ii g‡b kvwšÍ bvwk evwoI bv Avi gb¯Ívc| Agi-Avwkm& jv‡fi Avkv iq hw`, †n eÜz †gvi, Avcwb mÕ‡q e¨_v gy‡Qv c‡ii ey‡Ki e¨_vi Qvc| (Abyev`-KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg) cvðvZ¨ I cÖv‡P¨ iæevBqv‡Zi cÖfve Igi ˆLqv‡gi iæevBqvZ BD‡iv‡c †hiƒc Av`i jvf K‡i‡Q Ggb Avi Kv‡iv MÖš’ K‡i wb| 1859 wLª÷v‡ã weL¨vZ Bs‡iR Kwe wdU‡Rivì me©cÖ_g iæevBqv‡Zi Abyev` cÖKvk K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j BD‡iv‡ci cÖvq mKj fvlvq iæevBqv‡Zi Abyev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges hLb †h fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q AwZ Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B Gi jÿ jÿ msL¨v wewµZ n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨, GKevi Bsj¨v‡Û GKLÛ iæevBqvZ †`o nvRvi UvKvq weµq n‡qwQj| GK mgq Igi ˆLqv‡gi MÖš’cv‡Vi Rb¨ BD‡iv‡c GKUv gv`KZv G‡mwQj| Gi `ywU KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_gZ, Gi Q‡›`i jvwjZ¨ I kãweb¨v‡mi gvayh© hv mK‡jiB wPËvKl©Y K‡i| wØZxqZ, welqwU mK‡jiB cÖv‡Yi wRwbm, Avi †Zgwb cÖv‡Yi fvlvq Dnv MÖw_Z| GQvov G‡Z Av‡Q gvby‡li cwiYvg, ¯^M©-biK, m„wói D‡Ïk¨, b¨v‡qi cyi¯‹vi, Ab¨v‡qi cÖvqwðËhv hyM hyM a‡i gvby‡li wPšÍv‡K weeªZ, ü`q‡K Av‡jvwoZ K‡i‡Q|16 wKš‘ cÖvP¨ †`k¸‡jv‡Z Ebwesk kZvãxi c~e©ch©šÍ ˆLqv‡gi iæevBqvZ †Zgb cÖwmw× jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Avie, cvim¨, fviZel© cÖf…wZ †`‡ki †jvK eiveiB cyivZbcš’x ev KbRvi‡fwUf| Giv hv wKQz Av‡M †_‡K P‡j Avm‡Q ZviB cÿcvZx| hv wKQz bZzb, hv wKQz AcwiwPZ Zv‡K Af¨_©bv Ki‡Z †Zgb cÖ¯‘Z bq| ZvB cÖvP¨ †`‡k Ig‡ii myiI †evanq wkwÿZ mgv‡Ri Ici †Zgb cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| G †`‡ki †jvK Ig‡ii myi‡K `yivMZ m½x‡Zi g‡Zv ïay gvay‡h©i Rb¨ Av`i Ki‡Q, wKš‘ Dnvi evYx Zv‡`i ü`‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e †Kvb cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwb| Igi ˆLqv‡gi iPbvewj Igi ˆLqv‡gi iPbv wQj eûgyLx| Zuvi iPbvewji †fZi G ch©šÍ †QvU-eo †gvU AvVviwU cy¯Í‡Ki mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| Zuvi MwYZ I weÁvb-msµvšÍ MÖš’mg~n Ges `k©‡bi `ywU MÖš’ Aviwe‡Z wjwLZ| Aewkó A_©vr `k©‡bi Avi GKwU MÖš’, Be‡b mxbv iwPZ Aviwe `vk©wbK MÖ‡š’i Abyev` Ges iæevBqvZ I KzRvbvgv (KweZvbvgv) dvwm© fvlvq iwPZ| ÔhxP gvwjKkvnxÕ cyw¯ÍKvwU ZrKZ©„K ms‡kvwaZ GKwU †R¨vwZlx K¨v‡jÛvi ev cwÄKv-hv Aviwe‡Z wjwLZ| GQvov Zuvi wKQzmsL¨vK Aviwe KweZv I Aviwe iæevBqvZI wQj; Ges wKQz MÖš’ nqZ †gv½j‡`i Avµg‡Yi d‡j webó n‡q _vK‡e| Igi ˆLqvg iwPZ MÖš’ ZvwjKv 1| Aviwe MÖš’¸wji bvg : exRMwYZ gvKvjvZz wdÕj Rewi Iqvj gyKvwejvn& (gyj MÖš’) 191 Igi ˆLqvg I Zuvi iæevBqvZ : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

eM©gyj I Nbg~j wb®‹vk‡bi fviZxq c×wZ Ges w·KvYwgwZi mvnv‡h¨ exRMwY‡Zi mgxKiY mgvavb c×wZ| R¨vwgwZ- g~mvw`ivZz wKZve-B-DKwj`vm| BDwK¬‡Wi R¨vwgwZi ¯^Ztwm׸wj m¤^‡Ü Bnv Av‡jvPbv MÖš’| MwYZ- gyk&wKjvZzj wnmve| MvwYwZK KwZcq RwUj mgm¨v msµvšÍ Bnv Abykxjbx| gxhvb Dj& wnK&g&| Bnv Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ cwigvcK hš¿ m¤ú‡K© cyw¯ÍKv| f‚‡Mvj- jvIqvwhgy Avg&wKbv-FZzcwieZ©‡bi ˆbmwM©K KviY msµvšÍ cyw¯ÍKv| imvqb I c`v_©weÁvb- Avj‡Kgx ev avZe c`v‡_©i ivmvqwbK we‡kølY I wgkÖ‡Yi nvi msµvšÍ GKLvwb cy¯ÍK| MÖš’wUi bvg Rvbv hvq bvB| Bnv †flR weÁvbI e‡U| `k©b- KDb Iqv ZK&jxd (m„wó I gvby‡li ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡)|

Dnvi cwiwkó (Supplement)| Avi-wimvZzj-Djv wdÕj IRy` (ev¯Íe RM‡Zi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I ¯^iƒc)- cÖ_g I wØZxq LÛ| 2. dvimx MÖš’mg~n : KzwjøqvZzj IRy`-Aw¯ÍZ¡ (Reality)| Avey mxbvi Aviex `vk©wbK MÖ‡š’i Abyev`| iæevBqvr I KzRvbvgv (KweZv MÖš’)|17

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Notes and references : 1. John Andrew Boyl: Omar Khayyam, Astronomer, Mathematician and Poet, 1969. 2. ¯^vgx †Mvwe›` Zx_© : The Nectar of Grace: Omar Khayyam’s life and works, Delhi, 1941. 3. Whinfield, F. H. : Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam with Persian Texts, 1883. 4. Edward. Fitzerald: Rubaiyat Omar Khayyam, Bodlian, England, 1859. 5. Peter Avery and Heath Stibs : Rubayat of Omar Khayyam, 1979. 6. Von Hammar : Divan, Berlin, 1819 7. GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqv weªUvwbKv Vol-22. Vol-9 (Epicurus) 8. Edward. Fitzerald: Rubaiyat Omar Khayyam, Bodlian, England, 1859. 9. A. S. Arberry : Classical Persian LItarature, London, Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1958. 10. Ruben Levy : An Introductioin to Persian Literature, Coloumbia University, Press, 1969. 11. bhgywÏb ivÕhx : Bikv`-Dj-Bev`, 1223 wLª:| 12. wbhvgx Aviæhx : Pvnvi gvKvjv, †Znivb, 1923 wLª.| 13. R.A. Nicholson : A Literary History of the Arabs, 2nd Ed. Cambridge Univesity Press, 1930, wbKjmb e‡jb, 1121 wLª÷v‡ã (wnRix 575) Igi ˆLqv‡gi g„Zz¨ nq| AvaywbK g‡Z 1132 wLª: Zuvi g„Zz¨ mb| 14. Edward. Fitzerald: Rubaiyat Omar Khayyam, Bodlian, England, 1859. 15. Avãyj gI`y` : gymwjg gbxlv, gvIjv eªv`vm©, XvKv, 2006, c„: 139| 16. mv‡`K †n`v‡qZ : Zviv‡b nvqx ˆLqvg iæevBqvZ, †Znivb, 1934| 17. †gvnv¤§` eiKZzjøvn : cvim¨ cÖwZfv, mvwnZ¨ cÖKvkbvjq, XvKv, 2011, c„: 127| 18. cÖv¸³, c„: 119| wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X evnivB‡bi kxÔqv-mybœx ؇›Øi cÖK…wZ I cÖfve W. gynv¤§` wgRvbyi ingvb

[Abstract: Bahrain is one of the most important countries of the Persian Gulf. It hase been considered a significant center for business from the ancient period for its geographical location. From the 4500 BC to the 20th century Bahrain was famous for deriving pearl fisheries and its marketing all over the world. At present, Bahrain has the same fame evrywhere of the world for her pearls business, banking and insurance, tourism industry etc. And Bahrain is one of the enriched countries of the Middle East. But the very country is predominated with the political unrest which started in 1782 AD. The main reason of this political unrest is the conflict between two big sects of Muslims Shi`a-Sunni. In this conflict Iran the neighbouring country and its alliance support Shi`a sect, on the other hand Saudi Arabia`s its alliance support Sunni sect. With this patronization of Iran and Saudi Arabia this unrest has been turned into the clash. And this clash severely affects the politics of the Middle East as well as the politics of the world.] f~wgKv: `wÿY-cwðg cvim¨ DcK~‡ji 33 wU ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Øx‡ci mgš^‡q MwVZ ivóª evnivBb| GwU Kz‡q‡Zi wb‡¤œ, KvZvi Ges mDw` Avi‡ei ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z| evnivB‡bi cwð‡g †mŠw` Avie, DËi-c~‡e© cvim¨ DcmvMi I Bivb, Ges `wÿ‡Y KvZvi Aew¯’Z| †fŠ‡MvwjK 0 0 w`K †_‡K evnivBb 26 1′ 39″ wWwMÖ DËi Aÿvsk Ges 50 33′ 0″ wWwMÖ c~e© `ªvwNgvs‡k Aew¯’Z| Gi †gvU AvqZb 300.5 eM©gvBj| 2019 mv‡ji wn‡me Abymv‡i †jvKmsL¨v cÖvq 15,43,300 Rb| Zb¥‡a¨ cÖevmx cÖvq 8,48,815 Rb| hv †gvU Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq 55%|1 evnivB‡bi RbMY cÖvq 100% gymwjg| Zb¥‡a¨ 62% kxÔqv Ges 38% mybœx| msL¨vMwiô Rb‡Mvôx kxÔqv n‡jI 1783 mvj †_‡K ivóª cwiPvjbv I Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î mybœx‡`i KZ…©Z¡ †ewk| evnivB‡bi cÖvPxb BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© my¯úó wKQz Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e aviYv Kiv nq ÔeªÄ hy‡M evnivB‡b w`jgvb mf¨Zv cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Aek¨ weªwUk wgDwRqv‡g msiwÿZ my‡gwiq wjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq, wLªóc~e© Pvi-cuvP nvRvi eQi Av‡M evnivBb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi my‡gwiq I Av°vw`q mf¨Zvi Aax‡b wQj| my‡gwiq I Av°vw`q‡`i cZ‡bi ci GLv‡b w`jgvb mf¨Zv cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Ges e¨wej‡bi KvmvBU ivRes‡ki Aax‡b cÖvq 1370-707 wLªóc~e©vã ch©šÍ kvwmZ nq|2 KvmvBU‡`i cZ‡bi ci evnivBb A¨v‡mwiq (707-681), K¨vjwWq (681- 538), A¨vwKwgwbq (538-336), †gwm‡Wvwbq (336-323), cvw_©qvb‡`i (323-226) Aax‡b kvwmZ nq| cvw_©qvb mv¤ªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi ci evnivBb cvi‡m¨i mvmvwbq mv¤ªv‡R¨i Aax‡b Av‡m Ges Bmjvg AvMg‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ mvmvwbqiv evnivBb kvmb K‡i| mßg kZ‡K 628 mv‡j û`vqweqvi mwÜi ci gnvbex (mv.) Gi `~Z Avjv-Avj-nvRivwgi gva¨‡g

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GjvKvq wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq|9 weªwUk‡`i `gbbxwZi Kvi‡Y we‡`ªvn AvcvZZ cÖkwgZ nq| wKš‘ evnivB‡bi me©Î kxÔqv Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ Pig Am‡šÍv‡li m„wó nq| 1919-1923 mv‡ji g‡a¨ weªwUk miKvi evnivB‡b cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi mvab K‡i| Zviv ÔwW d¨v‡±vÕ iæ‡ji AvIZvq 1926 mv‡j Pvjm© †ej‡MÖf‡K (1926-1957) Cmv web Avwj Avj- Lwjdvi cÖavb Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM K‡i| Pvjm© †ej‡MÖf Lwjdvi Dc‡`óv n‡jI Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨ †m cÖkvmK, cÖavb wePviK Ges cywj‡ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wKš‘ wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ kvmb e¨vcv‡i †ej‡MÖf I Lwjdvi g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva n‡j 1932 mv‡j nvwKg Cmv web Avwj‡K ÿgZv †_‡K AcmviY Kiv nq Ges Zvi cyÎ †kL nvgv` web Cmv Avj-Lwjdv‡K (1932-1942) nvwKg wbhy³ Kiv nq| GQvovI Lwjdv cwiev‡ii A‡bK cÖfvekvjx m`m¨‡K †mŠw` Aviemn wRwmwmfz³ Avie †`kmg~‡n cvwV‡q †`qv nq| Z‡e †ej‡MÖ‡fi kvmbvg‡j evnivB‡bi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, wkÿv cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms¯‹vi mvwaZ nq| Zvi cÖ‡Póvq 1931 mv‡j evnivBb cÖ_g †Zj D‡Ëvjb Ges ißvwb ïiæ K‡i| d‡j cÖPzi cwigv‡Y ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv Avq nq| †ej‡MÖf G gy`ªv AeKvVv‡gv LvZmn wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð wewb‡qvM K‡ib| d‡j evnivBb `ªæZ AvaywbKZvi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| Zvi mgq gy³v e¨emviI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|10 †ej‡MÖ‡fi hy‡Mvc‡hvMx cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi Ges ev¯ÍegyLx wKQz c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi d‡j evnivBb GKw`‡K †hgb AvaywbK hy‡M cÖ‡ek K‡i| Aciw`‡K Dcwb‡ewkK gvbwmKZvi Av`‡j evnivB‡bi kxÔqv-mybœx m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ mv¤úª`vwqK ؛؇K Dm‡K w`‡q wekvj ÿZ m„wó K‡i; hvi i³ÿiY Av‡Rv Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| 1892 mv‡j weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK kvmb Pvjyi gva¨‡g Avj-Lwjdvi miKvi Biv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© wQbœ Ki‡jI HwZnvwmK Kvi‡Y Bivb KL‡bv evnivB‡bi Ici Zv‡`i `vwe Z¨vM K‡i wb| Dciš‘ Bivb me mgq evnivBb‡K Zv‡`i GKwU cÖ‡`k wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡i| 1927 mv‡j Bivb evnivB‡bi Ici Biv‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ `vwe K‡i wjM Ae †bkb‡m (UN) Av‡e`b K‡i Ges evnivBb‡K Zv‡`i †PŠÏZg cÖ‡`k wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i| GQvovI Zviv evnivB‡bi cÖwZwbwa‡`i Rb¨ gRwjm Avj-m~ivq (msm`) `yBwU AvmbI eivÏ iv‡L|11 Biv‡bi `vwei cÖwZwµqvq evnivB‡bi weªwUk cÖkvmb Ges Avj-Lwjdvi miKvi Gi Zxeª cÖwZev` K‡i| Pvjm© †ej‡MÖf evnivB‡bi Ici Biv‡bi cÖfve n«v‡mi Rb¨ weªwUk miKv‡ii wbKU cvim¨ DcmvM‡ii bvg (Persian Gulf) cwieZ©b K‡i Avie DcmvMi (Arabian Gulf) bvgKi‡Yi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| hw`I weªwUk miKvi Pvjm© †ej‡MÖ‡fi cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i (1939-1945) ci we‡k¦i wewfbœ Dcwb‡ewkK †`‡ki RbM‡Yi b¨vq evnivB‡bi RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ weªwUk we‡ivax g‡bvfve e„w× cvq| evnivB‡bi me©Î kxÔqv-mybœx m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v msNwUZ nq| 1950 mv‡j weªwUk we‡ivax kxÔqv we‡ÿvfKvixiv GKwU RvZxq KwgwU MVb K‡i| Zviv Rbmgw_©Z wbe©vwPZ cwil` MVb, Pvjm© †ej‡MÖ‡fi AcmviY wewfbœ `vwei †cÖwÿ‡Z we‡ÿvf, wgwQj-wgwUs, Ae‡iva cÖf…wZ Kg©m~Px cvjb K‡i| 1953 mv‡j kxÔqv‡`i GKwU agx©q †kvfv hvÎvq cv_i †Qvovi Awf‡hv‡M kxÔqv Rb‡Mvôx cÖwZ‡ekx GKRb mybœx gymjgvb‡K AvµgY K‡i| G‡Z kxÔqv-mybœx m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ evnivB‡bi kxÔqv-mybœx ؇›Øi cÖK…wZ I cÖfve 197

D‡ËRbv e„w× cvq| kxÔqv-mybœx m¤úª`vq G‡K-Aci‡K AvµgY I cvëv AvµgY K‡i Ges Zv 1955 mvj ch©šÍ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| kxÔqv Rb‡Mvôx G NUbvi Rb¨ nvwKg mvjgvb web nvgv` Avj-Lwjdvi (1942-1961) fvB Lwjdv web mvjgvb‡K (1937-eZ©gvb) `vwq K‡i| Gi d‡j evnivBwb RbMY kxÔqv-mybœx `yBwU wPicÖwZØ›Øx `‡j wef³ n‡q c‡o| †ej‡MÖf evwn¨Kfv‡e kxÔqv‡`i cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZ †`Lv‡jI ev¯Í‡e we‡ÿvfKvix‡`i‡K K‡Vvi nv‡Z `gb Kiv nq Ges Avj-evwKi, mvgjvb Ges Ave`vwj AvjvqvZ bv‡g wZbRb kxl©¯’vbxq kxÔqv †bZv‡K †m›U †n‡jbv Øx‡c wbe©vmb †`qv nq|12 we‡ÿvf Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j wbivcËvi ARynv‡Z 1956 mv‡j nvgv` Avj-Lwjdv ivRavbx gvbvgv †Q‡o mybœx Aay¨wlZ ÔivdvÕ GjvKvq emevm ïiæ K‡ib| kxÔqv Rb‡Mvôxi Ae¨vnZ we‡ÿv‡fi gy‡L 1957 mv‡j †ej‡MÖf‡K evnivBb †_‡K cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bqv nq Ges j¨vb n¨vÛvimb‡K (1927-2013) MfY©i wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM Kiv nq| 1965 mv‡j evnivB‡bi †Zj wd‡ìi kÖwgKiv ag©N‡Ui WvK w`‡j me©¯Í‡ii kxÔqv Rb‡Mvôx Zv‡Z Ask MÖnY K‡i Ges we‡ÿvf gvme¨vcx P‡j| weªwUk MfY©i n¨vÛvimb K‡Vvi nv‡Z G we‡ÿvf `gb K‡ib| Zvi wb‡`©‡k A‡bK we‡ÿvfKvix‡K fviZ, †Kwbqvmn wewfbœ Dcwb‡ewkK GjvKvq wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq|13 Dcwb‡ewkK hy‡Mi Aemvb Ges evnivB‡bi µgea©gvb ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i 1968 mv‡j weªwUk miKvi evnivBb †_‡K P‡j hvIqvi †NvlYv †`q| wKš‘ evnivB‡bi Ici KZ©„Z¡ wb‡q †mŠw` Avie I Biv‡bi g‡a¨ bZzb K‡i ؇›Øi m~Pbv nq; hv Av‡Rv Ae¨vnZ| Bivb `vwe K‡i, evnivB‡bi 70% Rb‡Mvôx kxÔqv| ZvQvov mvmvwbq mv¤ªvR¨ †_‡K Rv›`esk (226-1793) ch©šÍ evnivBb Biv‡bi Awab¯Í GKwU cÖ‡`k wn‡m‡e kvwmZ nq| myZivs HwZnvwmK I agx©q Kvi‡Y evnivB‡bi kxÔqv Rb‡Mvôxi Ici Zv‡`i KZ…©‡Z¡i `vwe †hŠw³K| Aciw`‡K †mŠw` Avi‡ei `vwe evnivB‡bi 30% Rb‡Mvôx mybœx n‡jI Gi Ae¯’vb †mŠw` DcK~‡j| G Kvi‡Y Zvi wbivcËvi Rb¨ evnivB‡bi Ici Zvi AwaKvi Riæix| D‡jøL¨ †h, evnivB‡bi mybœx RbmsL¨v †mŠw` Avi‡ei b¨vq KÆicš’x Invwe gZvej¤^x Ges m½Z Kvi‡YB Zviv †mŠw` Avi‡ei eÜzZ¡cÖv_x©| Aciw`‡K msL¨vMwiô kxÔqv Rb‡Mvôx Biv‡bi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vc‡b cÖqvwm| Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z weª‡Ub G Ø›Ø Aemv‡bi Rb 1968-1970 mvj ch©šÍ bvbv ai‡Yi K~U‰bwZK ZrciZv Pvjvq| Ae‡k‡l evnivB‡bi RbM‡Yi fvM¨ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ RvwZms‡Ni gva¨‡g GKwU MY‡fv‡Ui Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| MY‡fv‡U RbMY Kv‡iv mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bv n‡q wb‡R‡`i ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖwZ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i| Ae‡k‡l 1971 mv‡j weªwUk‡`i KvQ †_‡K evnivBb ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i|14 1973 mv‡j evnivB‡b cÖ_g mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| wKš‘ wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i gva¨‡g miKvi cwiPvjbvi cwie‡Z© 1975 mv‡j cvj©v‡g›U †f‡½ †`qv nq Ges msweavb ¯’wMZ K‡i Cmv web mvjgvb Avj- Lwjdv‡K (1971-1999) Avwgi wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq|15 Z‡e cieZx© `yB gv‡mi g‡a¨ mvaviY wbe©vPb †`qvi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`qv n‡jI cÖvq 22 eQi ch©šÍ †mLv‡b †Kvb wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq wb| Dciš‘ RvwZms‡Ni nvBKwgkb di widzwRi (UNHCR) Z_¨ g‡Z, 1975 mvj cieZx© `yB `kK ch©šÍ evnivB‡b e¨vcKfv‡e gvbevwaKvi jsNb Kiv nq| wgwWqv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i me©‡ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii K‡Vvi wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kiv nq| 1975 mv‡j MYZvwš¿K kvm‡bi

198 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ cwie‡Z© ivRZvwš¿K kvm‡bi †NvlYv, cieZx© mg‡q evnivB‡b kxÔqv-mybœx m¤úª`v‡qi mv¤úª`vwqK msNv‡Zi Rb¨ `vwq e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib|16 1979 mv‡j Biv‡b Bmjvwg wecøe msNwUZ n‡j evnivB‡bi kxÔqv Rb‡Mvôx DrmvwnZ nq Ges wKQz wKQz kxÔqv †bZv evnivB‡b Bgvg †Lv‡gbxi (1902-1989) wecøex Av`k© ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Zrci nq| Zviv mybœxcš’x ivRZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× we‡ÿvf ïiæ K‡i| 1981 mv‡j ÔBmjvwgK d«›U di `¨ wjev‡ikb Ae evnivBbÕ (IFLB) bv‡g GKwU kxÔqv Rw½ msMVb Biv‡bi Av`‡k© mybœx ivRZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× GKwU e¨_© Afz¨Ìv‡bi †Póv K‡i| d‡j kxÔqv-mybœx RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Zxeª D‡ËRbvi m„wó nq| Avwgi Cmv web mvjgvb †mŠw` Avi‡ei mvgwiK mnvqZvq †m mgq D‡ËRbv cÖkwgZ K‡ib| msMV‡bi cÖavb BivwK agx©q †bZv AvqvZyjøvn nvw` Avj-gy`viwimx Ges evnivBwb †bZv Avj-û¾vZ Avj-Bmjvg‡K Biv‡b wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq|17 1990 mv‡j MYZš¿ cybiæ×vi, 1973 mv‡ji msweav‡bi cybtcÖwZôv cÖf…wZ `vwe‡Z kxÔqv wfwËK evg `j, BmjvwgK `j, D`vi MYZvwš¿K `j, (IFLB) `j, evnivBb wfwËK kxÔqv msMVb †nReyjøvnmn cÖf…wZ msMVb mw¤§wjZfv‡e Av‡›`vjb ïiæ 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1 "General Tables", Bahraini Census, 2010. 2 Background note : Bahrain-profile (Online), Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, Electronic Information Department of State Web Site, USA., 2007, (www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26414.htm). 3 Farhad Daftary, The Ismailits: Their History and Doctrrines, (London : Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 221; †kL gynv¤§` jyrdi ingvb, Bmjvg ivóª I mgvR, (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1977), c„. 282| 4 Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, (London : I.B. Tauris, 2007), p. 50. 5 Tahiyya Lulu, "The real story of Bahrini`s devided Socity", The Gurdian, 3 March, 2011. 6 James Onley, "The Politics of Protection in the Gulf: The Arab Rulers and the British Resident in the Nineteenth Century", (USA :University of Exeter Press, 2004), p. 30. 7 Done Peretz, The Middle East Today, (London : Holt, Rinehart and winstone, 1978), p. 342. 8 Ibid. 9 Jane Kinninmont, "Bahrain's Re-Reform Movement", Foreign Affairs, 28 February, 2011. 10 Sultan Sooud Al Qassemi, "Treasure troves of history and diversity", Gulf News, 25 January, 2013. evnivB‡bi kxÔqv-mybœx ؇›Øi cÖK…wZ I cÖfve 203

11 Piruz Mojtahedzadeh, Bahrain : How was separated from Iran, Iran Chamber Society, Based on extracts from 1995, "Bahrain : the land of political movements", Rahavard, a Persian Journal of Iranian Studies XI (39)17 June, 2012. 12 Adam Curtis, "If you take my advice-I'd repress them", BBC News, 27 June, 2012. 13 Adam Curtis, op. cit., BBC News, 11 May, 2012. 14 G we Gg †nv‡mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 322| 15 Adam Curtis, op. cit., BBC News, 11 May, 2012. 16 Joe Stork, ÒRoutine Abuse, Routine Denial: Civil Rights and the Political Crisis in BahrainÓ, Human Rights Watch. (UNHCR), New York, Washington DC., 1 January, 2006. 17 Strobe Talbott, "Gulf States: Stay Just on the Horizon, Please", The New York Times, 25 October, 1982. 18 Joe Stork, op. cit., Human Rights Watch (UNHCR), 1 January, 2006. 19 "The Kingdom of Bahrain: The Constitutional Changes", The Estimate: Political and Security Analysis of the Islamic World and its Neighbors, 22 February, 2002. 20 Michele Dunne,ÒThe Deep Roots of Bahrain’s UnrestÓ, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 18 February, 2011. 21 Ibid. 22 "Bahrain Activists in 'Day of Rage", Al Jazeera, 14 February, 2011. 23 Mahmoud Cherif Bassiouni, op.cit., Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, 23 November, 2011. 24 "Bahrain's Shias demand reform at mass rally", Al Jazeera, 10 March, 2012. 25 Bobby Ghosh "Behind the Sunni-Shi'ite Divide", The New York Times, 5 March, 2007. 26 wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain#cite_ref-VOCI_30-0 27 www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle-east/130315/bahrain- growing-sunni-shia-rift. 28 Amirisefat Mahdi, "Bahraini rulers importing extremism", Press TV, 15 Feb., 2009. 29 Barrett Raymond "Bahrain emerging as flashpoint in Middle East unrest", Christian Science Monitor,15 February, 2011. 30 اﻟﺒﺤﺮﯾﻦ : ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ وزﯾﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ,Sheikh Rashed bin Abdulla Al-Khalifa Bahrain: an interview with the ministry of interior Al-Arabiya, 19 October, 2011. 31 World Report 2011: Bahrain, Human Rights Watch. 32 "Staff writer, "Iran Condemns Bahraini Assault", Reuters, (via The Irish Times).

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AvdMvwb¯Ívb wef³ _vKvq G‡`i cÖfve †mLv‡b AwaKZi w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’vi m~Pbv K‡i| wnivZ I wmšÍvb cvi‡m¨i fv‡M †_‡K hvq Ges Kveyj †gvMj mv¤ªv‡R¨i fv‡M c‡o| Acic‡ÿ Kv›`vnvi KL‡bv †gvMj kvmbvax‡b Ges KL‡bv cvi‡m¨i kvmbvax‡b P‡j hvq| †gvMj kw³ µgk wn›`yKz‡ki `wÿ‡Y mxgve× n‡q c‡o| GgZve¯’vq 1524 wLª÷v‡ã kvn&& BmgvBj Ges 1530 wLª÷v‡ã evei gviv hvb| evei -Gi mgvwa Kvey‡ji DcK‡É A`¨vewa we`¨gvb| fvi‡Z †gvMj mv¤ªvR¨ Ges cvi‡m¨ mvdvfx mv¤ªvR¨ cÖvq GKB mgq DwÌZ nq Ges cÖvq GKB mgq cZb N‡U| `yB mv¤ªv‡R¨i g‡a¨ m¤úK© †gvUvgywU fv‡jv wQj| Z‡e `yB mv¤ªv‡R¨i kvmKiv Bmjvg a‡g©i Abymvix n‡jI †gvMj m¤ªvUMY Bmjv‡gi mybœx gZev‡` Ges mvdvfx kvnMY© wkqv gZev‡` wek^vmx wQ‡jb| †h Kvi‡Y ag©xq gZcv_©‡K¨i d‡j Dfq kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ gv‡S gv‡S m¤ú‡K© AebwZ N‡U| `yB mv¤ªv‡R¨i g‡a¨ AvdMvwb¯Ívb ga¨eZ©x ivóª (buffer state) wn‡m‡e we`¨gvb| mv¤ªv‡R¨i ga¨eZ©x Kv›`vnvi K‡qKevi nvZ e`j nq| †gvMj m¤ªvU eve‡ii g„Zz¨i ci Z`xq cyÎ bvwmi DÏxb †gvnv¤§` ûgvqyb m¤ªvU wnmv‡e †gvMj wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb| wZwb Kvey‡ji mv‡_ Kv›`vnvi hy³ K‡i †gvMj mv¤ªv‡R¨i kvmbvax‡b Avbqb K‡ib| Aciw`‡K kvn&& BmgvB‡ji g„Zz¨i ci kvn Zvngvm&c mvdvfx kvn wbhy³ nb Ges ¯^xq åvZv mvg gxh©v‡K wniv‡Zi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡ib| m¤ªvU ûgvqyb Zvi åvZv Kvgivb‡K Kveyj, Kv›`vnvi I cvÄv‡ei kvmK wbhy³ K‡ib| mvdvfxiv Kv›`vnvi‡K Zv‡`i AwaK…Z Lyivmv‡bi mvgšÍivR¨ g‡b Ki‡Zv| †h Kvi‡Y mvggxh©v AZwK©Z Kv›`vnvi AvµgY K‡i wedj nb| GgZve¯’vq AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi ivR¨vsk wb‡q †gvMj I mvdvfx‡`i g‡a¨ Ø›Ø-msNvZ Pj‡Z _v‡K| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †ki kv‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ myi I AvdMvb‡`i mw¤^wjZ Afz¨Ìv‡b †gvMj m¤ªvU ûgvqyb wmsnvmbPy¨Z n‡q wmÜz n‡Z Kv›`vnv‡ii `wÿY¯’ gyiæf‚wgi ga¨ w`‡q wmšÍvb I c‡i cvi‡m¨ kvn Zvngvm&‡ci `iev‡i AvkÖq MÖnY K‡ib| GgZve¯’vq Kvgivb Kveyj‡K ivRavbx K‡i ev`vLmvbn‡Z Kv›`vnvi ch©šÍ mgMÖ GjvKv Zvi wbR kvmbfz³ K‡ib| 1544 wLª÷v‡ã ûgvqyb mvdvfx `ievi nv‡Z mvnvh¨ jvf K‡i wniv‡Zi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡q Kvgiv‡bi Aaxb¯’ eym&Z kni `Lj K‡ib| Aí mg‡qi e¨eav‡b ûgvqyb Kv›`vnvi `Lj K‡ib| G NUbvq kvn&& Zvngvm&c fxlY ÿzä nb Ges ûgvqy‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ N‡U| AZci ûgvqyb Kveyj `Lj K‡ib| G mgq wZwb Zuvi wZb eQi eq‡mi cyÎ AvKe‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ nb| 1553 wLª÷v‡ã ûgvqyb Kveyj I Kv›`vnvi n‡q fviZel© cybiæ×v‡ii Rb¨ cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib| 1555 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb w`jøxi wmsnvmb cybiæ×vi K‡i ÿgZvq AwawôZ nb| 1556 wLª÷v‡ã m¤ªvU ûgvqyb gviv hvb, d‡j Z`xq cyÎ Rvjvj DÏxb †gvnv¤§` AvKei w`jøxi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb| GgZve¯’vq myjvqgvb gxh©v ûgvqy‡bi cyÎ gynv¤§` nvKxg gxh©v‡K Kvey‡j Aeiæ× K‡i wKš‘ AvKe‡ii ˆmb¨evwnbx Dcw¯’Z n‡j myjvqgvb ev`vLkv‡b wd‡i hvq| AvKe‡i `ievi n‡Z mvnvh¨ †c‡q gynv¤§` nvKxg gxh©v Kveyj n‡Z wmÜz b` Ges Kv›`vnvi n‡Z I wn›`yKzk ce©Zgvjv c©šÍ wekvj GjvKvi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ nb| 1556 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨ wZwb jv‡ni AwaKvi K‡ib| 1585 wLª÷v‡ã nvgxg gxh©v g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j m¤ªvU AvKevi †KvKv‡K Kvey‡ji kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡i AvKe‡ii mv¤ªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| ckZzb cÖvK AvdMvb BwZnvm : †nvUvK mv¤ªvR¨ 213

DcRvwZi mv‡_ GKvwaKevi AvKe‡ii †mbvevwnbxi hy× nq 1605 wLª÷v‡ã m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii g„Zz¨i ci Z`xq cyÎ b~iæÏxb †gvnv¤§` Rvnv½xi Kv›`vnvi AwaKvi K‡i Kvey‡ji mv‡_ GKwÎZ K‡ib| AZci wZwb wnivZ, wmÜz, gyjZvb, Kv›`vnvi I Kveyj‡K GKwÎZ K‡i MvRx Lvb‡K kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡ib| Rvnv½xi 1606 wLª÷v‡ã Kveyj mdiKv‡j kvn †eM‡K AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡ib| 1621 wLª÷v‡ã gnvb kvn&& AveŸvm Kv›`vnvi AwaKvi K‡i mvdvfx mv¤ªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| 1627 wLª÷v‡ã Rvnv½xi g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j Z`xq cyÎ kvnRvnvb †gvMj mv¤ªv‡R¨i m¤ªvU wn‡m‡e ÿgZv jvf K‡ib| m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi ivRKxq bvg ÔAveyj †gvRvddi wknve DwÏb gynv¤§` mv‡ne-B-wKivbv- Avm-mvbx kvnRvnvb cv`kv MvRxÕ| m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi mgq Zxivn, †c‡kvqvi, Kveyj, MRbx, evsMvk cÖf…wZ GjvKvq hy× PjwQj| G my‡hv‡M ej‡Li kvmbKZ©v bvhvi †gvnv¤§` Lvb DËi AvdMvwb¯Ívb Rq K‡i Kveyj AwaKvi K‡ib, d‡j †gvMj †mbvevwnbx Kvey‡j G‡m Ae‡iva gy³ K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z AvdMvb DcRvwZiv †c‡kvqv‡i AvµgY cwiPvjbv Ki‡j †gvMj †mbvevwnbx Zv‡`i weZvwoZ K‡i| 1637 wLª÷v‡ã m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb Kv›`vnvi AvµgY Kivi Rb¨ †mbvevwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| d‡j mvdvfx kvmbKZ©v Avjx g`©vb Lvb Kv›`vnvimn m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb-Gi wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z kvnRvnvb wn›`yKzk n‡Z Kv›`vnvi ch©šÍ mgMÖ GjvKv †gvMj mv¤ªv‡R¨i AšÍfz©³ K‡ib| 1646 wLª÷v‡ã AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi DËi AÂj AvµgY K‡i ev`vLLvb n‡Z ejL ch©šÍ †gvMj mv¤ªvR¨ ewa©Z K‡i ivR¨mxgv Avgy`wiqv ch©šÍ cÖmvwiZ K‡ib| 1648 wLª÷v‡ã cvi‡m¨i kvn&& wØZxq AveŸvm mvgwiK Afz¨Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g †gvMj‡`i wbKU n‡Z Kv›`vnvi `Lj K‡i, hv cieZ©x‡Z Avi KL‡bv †gvMj mv¤ªv‡R¨i AšÍfz©³ nq wb| †gvMj Ges mvdvfx mv¤ªvR¨Øq hLb ch©vqµ‡g AvdMvwb¯Ívb kvmb KiZ ZLb Kv›`vnv‡ii DÌvb-cZb Qvov Avi †Zgb †Kv‡bv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv N‡U wb| Z‡e µgea©gvb cÖkvmwbK i`e`j I Ø›Ø msNv‡Zi d‡j †fZ‡i †fZ‡i AvdMvb DcRvwZ¸‡jvi ¯^vaxbZv cÖvwßi Rb¨ cÖfve-cÖwZcwË I Rbej `ªæZ e„w× †c‡Z Zv‡K| aviYv Kiv nq, G mgq †_‡KB Ave`vjx I MxjhvB m¤úª`vq cve©Z¨ Avevm cwiZ¨vM K‡i Kv›`vnvi I wbKU¯’ De©i mgf‚wg Ges De©i DcZ¨Kv GjvKvq emwZ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|11 we‡kl K‡i ZvRxK †MvÎ evisevi †gvMj‡`i Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| Zv‡`i c~e©w`‡Ki ce©Zgvjv ewnkÎæ Øviv D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e AvµvšÍ bv nIqvq wMwic‡_i ga¨ w`‡q fviZe‡l© jyÉb Kivi ¯ú„nv e„w× cvq| Iciš‘ Zv‡`i ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi ¯’vb msKzjvb I wbM©g c‡_i cÖ‡qvR‡b c~e©w`‡Ki fviZe‡l©i mgZj f‚wg A‡j Zviv Qwo‡q c‡o Ges †glcvjK DcRvwZ¸‡jvI cwðg w`‡K we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| cve©Z¨ DcRvwZ¸‡jv me©cÖKvi wbqš¿Ygy³ †_‡K Kvh©Z ¯^vaxbZv iÿv K‡i P‡j| Kvey‡ji †gvMj kvmb Zv‡`i‡K bv‡ggvÎ kvmb Ki‡jI cÖK…Z kvmb ÿgZv Db¥y³ DcZ¨Kvmg~‡n mxgve× wQj| fviZel© Ges cvi‡m¨ evi evi miKvi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Kv›`vnvi cÖ‡`‡k †hvMv‡hvM I lohš¿ µgvš^‡q e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K, d‡j AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi †MvÎxq kw³¸‡jv fviZel© I cvi‡m¨i kvmK‡`i cv¯úi‡K D¯‹vwb w`‡Z _v‡K| GgZve¯’vq Kv›`vnvi DcK‡É emevmKvix Ave`vjxiv 214 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ cvi‡m¨i gnvb kvn AveŸv‡mi wbKU n‡Z h‡_ó cwigvY my‡hvM-myweav Av`vq K‡i Ges cÖavb wn‡m‡e Ômv`yÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡i| GivB µgvš^‡q BwZnv‡m mv`yRvB esk wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|12 cieZ©x‡Z mv`yRvB †Mv‡Îi GKwU Ask‡K Am`vPi‡Yi Kvi‡Y wniv‡Z AcmvwiZ Kiv nq| †h Kvi‡Y wMjvBiv Kv›`vnvi DcK‡É cÖwZcwË jvf K‡i| wMjhvB cÖavb gxi Iqv‡mK cvi‡m¨i weiæ‡× lohš¿ Ki‡j, ¸iMxb bvgK R‰bK RiwRqvb †MvÎ cÖav‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Kv›`vnv‡i Zv‡K AvUK Kiv nq| e›`x Ae¯’vq †m cvi‡m¨i kvn&& ûmvB‡bi mg_©b jvf K‡i wbR †Mv‡Î wd‡i hvq Ges Aí wKQz w`‡bi †ga¨ ¸iMxb‡K †fvRmfvq Avgš¿Y K‡i nZ¨v K‡i Kv›`vnv‡i wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i| Ave`vjx †Mv‡Îi GKwU kvLv wnivZ cÖ‡`‡ki KZ…©Z¡ jvf K‡i| wMjhvB †bZv gvngy` cvi‡m¨i mv‡_ msN‡l© wjß nIqvi my‡hv‡M Ave`vjxiv †Lvivmv‡b Qwo‡q c‡o Ges gvknv` Ae‡iva K‡i| †gvMj mvdvfx cÖvav‡b¨i Kv‡j AvdMvb ckZzb †MvÎmg~n cÖ_g HK¨e× nIqvi cÖqvm Pvjvq 1667 wLª÷v‡ã BDmydRvB‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡| 1672 wLª÷v‡ã Avwd«w`iv Avevi HK¨e× n‡Z †Póv K‡i| G mgq LvUK, †mvibx Ges wMjhvBiv Zv‡`i mv‡_ †hvM †`q Ges c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv `vwe K‡i| AvKgj Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Zviv K‡qKevi †gvMj evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡i, wKš‘ †gvMj m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei bxwZi `iæY Zviv wef³ n‡q c‡o| ckZzb kw³i cieZ©x DÌvb N‡U Kv›`vnv‡i| GLv‡b cZbkxj mvdvfx kw³ RwR©qvb wcÖÝ kvn&& †bIqv‡Ri m‡½ GKwÎZ nq| AvdMvbiv kvn&& †bIqvR‡K ÔkqZv‡bi exR Ges RbMY‡K jyÉbKvixÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i| 1709 wLª÷v‡ã †nvUvwK †Mv‡Îi cÖavb wgiIqvBR †nvUv‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ wMjhvBiv Zv‡`i Dˇii NvwUmg~n n‡Z G‡m Kv›`vnv‡ii Mfb©i‡K nZ¨v K‡i Ges †mbvNvwU aŸsm K‡i kni `Lj K‡i| GiB mg‡q ckZzb‡`i Aci GKwU kvLv wnivZ Rq K‡i|13 Gme NUbvewj n‡Z mvdvfx‡`i `ye©jZv cwiùzU nq| d‡j wMjhvB Ak^v‡ivnx evwnbx cvi‡m¨ Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡i Ges wewfbœ kn‡i jyÉb Pvjvq| Giƒc GKwU Awfhv‡b wgiIqvB‡Ri †Q‡j gvn&gy` †nvUvK mvdvfx ivRavbx B¯úvnv‡bi DcK‡É Dcw¯’Z nq| AKg©Y¨ kvdvfx kvn&& gyjZvb ûmvBb AvµgYKvixi wbKU ¯^xq wmsnvmb mgc©Y K‡ib| d‡j AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b †nvUvK mv¤ªv‡R¨i kvmb ïiæ nq| wgiIqvBR †nvUvK (1709-1715) wgiIqvBR Lvb †nvUvK, kvn& wgiIqvBm wMj&wR bv‡gI cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi cy‡iv bvg nvwR †gvnv¤§` BmgvBj wgiIqvBR Lvb †nvUvK| AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Kv›`vnv‡i mywi (Suri) bvgK ¯’v‡b 1673 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg †mwjg Lvb, gvZvi bvg bvRy ZwL (Nazo Tokhi) Ges ¯¿xi bvg LvbRv`v mv`yRvB (Khanzada Sadozai)| wZwb Kv›`vnv‡ii cÖfvekvjx wMj&wR cykZzb DcRvZxq †MvÎxq cÖavb wQ‡jb| cÖvK AvdMvb BwZnvm : †nvUvK mv¤ªvR¨ 215

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1707 wLª÷v‡ã Kv›`vnv‡i cvi‡m¨i wkqv mvdvfx Ges fvi‡Zi mybœx †gvMj mvgªv‡R¨i weiæ‡× hy× nq| G mgq mybœx DcRvZxq cÖfvekvjx I RbwcÖq †bZv wgiIqvBR Lvb cvi‡m¨ ivR‰bwZK ew›` wQ‡jb| c‡i Zuv‡K B¯úvnv‡b mvdvfx wePvivj‡q †cÖiY Kiv nq| gyw³ †c‡q wZwb kvn& myjZvb ûmvBb Gi mv‡_ wbqwgZ mv¶vr Ki‡Zb| Dmgvbxq mvgªv‡R¨i mn‡hvwMZvq wZwb g°vq nR¡eªZ cvj‡bi AbygwZ jvf K‡ib| Gi ci †_‡K wZwb nvRx (Hajji) bv‡g mgvwa©K cwiwPZ nb| G mg‡qi kw³kvjx mvdvfxiv Af¨šÍixY ¶gZvi Ø›`¡, ivR‰bwZK I mvgwiK evwnbxq öjb, eûgvwÎK M„nhy‡× RR©vwiZ wQj| ZLb wgiIqvBR mvdvfxq mvgwiK evwnbxi `ye©j w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡ib| mvdvfx kvmbvg‡j we‡`kx kvmKMY wbR gvZ…f‚wg‡Z ejc~e©K ckZzb †Mv·K mybœx gZvej¤^x †_‡K wkqv gZev‡` iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z _v‡K| g°vq _vKvKvjxb mg‡q ag©xq †bZv‡`i wbKU †_‡K †MvwR©b Lvb G e¨vcv‡i KiYxq wVK Kivi Rb¨ GKwU d‡Zvqv msMÖn K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z Zuvi Aby‡gv`b µ‡g ag©všÍwiZ Kivi weiæ‡× cÖ_‡g B¯úvnvb I c‡i Kv›`vnv‡i cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zv‡jb| 1709 GwcÖ‡j wZwb †`ke¨vcx e¨vcK Rbms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡ib| cvi‡m¨i ˆmb¨evwnbxi weivU GKwU Ask kn‡i we‡`ªvn Ki‡j wZwbI Zvi mg_©K‡`i mv‡_ msN‡l© wbnZ nb| MwR©b Lv‡bi wbn‡Zi ci †nvUvwK ˆmb¨iv kni I cÖ‡`‡ki ¶gZv `Lj K‡i| wgiIqvBR Kv›`vnv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i mKj Awaevmx‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ †NvlYv K‡ib Ò¯^M© †_‡K Avmv Abvwej-AevwiZ kvwšÍ I ¯^vaxbZv jv‡f ab¨ G‡`‡k hw` †KD _vK‡Z bv PvI, Zv‡K Ab¨ myLx †`k Lyu‡R †bqvi AbygwZ †`qv n‡jvÓ (GwcÖj-1709)|15 wgiIqvBR-Gi ˆmb¨iv cvi‡m¨i wekvj evwnbx‡K civ¯ÍK‡i `LjK…Z GjvKv cybiæ×vi K‡i| gxiIqvR Lvb wekvj Kv›`vnvi A‡ji AwaKZ©v nb (eZ©gvb AvdMvwb¯Ívb Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi I †ejywP¯Ív‡b ckZzb AÂj)| hv c~e©vÂjxq †gvMj mvgªvR¨ Ges DËicwðgvÂjxq Ave`vjx ckZzb cÖ‡`k c~e© Dˇi Aew¯’Z wQj| ivRv Dcvwa cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i wgiIqvBR AvdMvbevmx‡`i †`qv †LZve wcÖÝ Ae Kv›`vnvi Ges RvZxq ˆmb¨evwnbxi †Rbv‡ij Dcvax aviY K‡ib| wgiIqvBR 1715 wLª÷v‡ãi b‡f¤^i g„Zz¨ei‡Yi c~e© ch©šÍ ¶gZvq wQ‡jb, wZwb g„Zz¨i c~‡e© Avcb fvB Ave`yj AvwRR‡K DËivwaKvi g‡bvqb †`b| c‡i wgiIqvBR Gi †Q‡j gvngy` Gi nv‡Z Ave`yj AvwRR wbnZ nb| gvngy` Ae‡k‡l Kv›`vnv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv cvi‡m¨i wbKU 216 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib| wgiIqvBR‡K Kv›`vnv‡ii cwðg mxgvšÍ KzKviY GjvKvq mgvax¯Í Kiv nq| AvdMvb, we‡kl K‡i ckZzb‡`q wbKU wZwb AmvaviY RvZxq exi wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ wQ‡jb| wZwb cvi‡m¨i weivU Ask Rq K‡i †bb| 2004 wLª÷v‡ã Steven Otfinoski wjwLZ AvdMvwb¯Ívb bvgK MÖ‡š’ wgiIqvBR‡K AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi RR© IqvwksUb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|16 AvdMvwb¯Ívb I Kv›`vn‡ii wewfbœ A‡j wgiIqvBR Gi ¯§i‡Y eû nvmcvZvj, nvB ¯‹zj, e¨emvqxK cÖvY †K›`ª M‡o I‡V| eZ©gvb ch©šÍ †nvUvK †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ wgiIqvBR-Gi b¨vq Lye KgB DËim~ix i‡q‡Q| Ave`yj AvwRR †nvUvK (1715-1717) kvn& Ave`yj AvwRR †nvUvK eZ©gvb AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Kv›`vnv‡ii MxjRx †nvUvK mv¤ªv‡R¨i wØZxq kvmK wQ‡jb| Zvi fvB wgiIqvBR †nvUv‡Ki g„Zz¨i ci 1715 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb †nvUvK mv¤ªv‡R¨i PZz_© kvmK Avkivd †nvUv‡Ki wcZv| Ave`yj AvwRR Kv›`vnv‡ii HwZn¨evnx abx ivRbxwZK cwiev‡i Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi cwievi `xN©w`b Av_©-mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ð RwoZ wQ‡jv| Zvi wcZvi bvg †mwjg Lvb Ges gvZvi bvg bvRy ZwL (Nazo Tokhi), `v`v Kv‡ivg Lvb Ges cÖwcZv BmgvBj Lvb wQ‡jb gvwjLvBi eskai (cÖvPxb †nvUvK es‡ki cÖavb)| cykZzb DcRvZxq‡`i g‡a¨ MxjwR DcRvZxq cÖavb kvLv n‡jv †nvUvK | nvRx Avgvbyjøvn †nvUvK Zvi wjwLZ eB‡q MxjwR DcRvwZ‡K †Mvo (Ghor or Gherj) Gi Avw` emwZ e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| GB DcRvwZ `w¶Y c~e© AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi wekvj f‚wg AwaMÖnY K‡i emevm K‡i|17 gvn&gy` †nvUvK (1717-1725) kvn gvn&gy` †nvUvK, kvn gvn&gy` wMj&Rx bv‡gI cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| Ave`yj AvwRR †nvUvK Gi ci wZwb AvdMvb †nvUvK mvgªv‡R¨i kvmb ÿgZvq AwawôZ nb| wZwb 1722 wLª÷v‡ã exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ cvim¨ †_‡K cZ‡bv¤§yL mvdvfx mv¤ªv‡R¨i cZb NwU‡q †nvUvK mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡i 1725 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ cvim¨ cwiPvjbv K‡ib| kvn gvn&gy` †nvUvK 1697 wLª÷v‡ã Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi cy‡iv bvg gxi gvn&gy` kvn& †nvUvK| wZwb AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi MxjwR cykZzb †Mv‡Îi cÖavb wgiIqvBR-Gi ˆR¨ô mšÍvb| Zuvi kvixwiK MVb wQj ga¨g D”PZvi, Nvi wQj LyeB LvU, g‡b n‡Zv Kva †_‡KB gv_v †Rvov †`Iqv, gyLgÐj wQj A‡bK eo, bvK wQj P¨vcUv, `vwo wQj Aí jvj e‡Y©i, †PvL wQj bxj i‡Oi wKš‘ wZwb wQ‡jb Amxg mvnmx I eyw×gËvi AwaKvix| wZwb 1709 wLª÷v‡ã cvim¨ mvgªv‡R¨i wbqš¿Yvaxb †_‡K Kv›`vnvi AÂj‡K ¯^vaxb K‡ib| wgiIqvBR 1715 wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY Kivi ci Zvi fvB Ave`yj AvwRR wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib, wKšÍÍ Mxj&wR AvdMvb RbMY kvn gvn&gy` †nvUvK‡K wmsnvmvb `Lj Kivi Rb¨ AvnŸvb K‡ib| GiB †cwÿ‡Z 1717 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb PvPv Ave`yj AvwRR‡K nZ¨v K‡i wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib| 1720 wLª÷v‡ã gvngy` I MxjvRvBiv AvdMv‡bi Ave`vwj †MvÎxq‡`i civ¯Í K‡ib| Gi ci cÖvK AvdMvb BwZnvm : †nvUvK mv¤ªvR¨ 217

gvn&gy` ¯^qs cvim¨ mvgªv‡R¨i iƒcKí ˆZwi K‡ib| wZwb †Kigvb (Kerman) Gi weiæ‡× 1719 wLª÷v‡ã we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z 1721 wLª÷v‡ã cybivq †Kigvb `L‡ji †Póv e¨_© n‡j 1722 wLª÷v‡ãi cÖ_g w`‡K BqvR&` `Lj K‡i kv‡ni ivRavbx B¯úvnvb Awfg~‡L hvÎv K‡ib| cÖ_‡gB wZwb ¸jbvev‡` hy‡× cviwmK‡`i civ¯Í K‡ib| mxwgZ msÿ¨K AvdMvb †mbvevwnbx wb‡qB kn‡ii Av‡k-cv‡ki wKQz AÂj `Lj K‡ib| gv‡P©i 8 Zvwi‡L kvn myjZvb ûmvBb ¸jbvev‡` gvngy‡`i mv‡_ m¤§yL hy‡× civ¯Í n‡q weaŸ¯Í Ae¯’vq B¯úvnv‡b wd‡i hvb| cvim¨ ivRKxq ˆmb¨evwnbx AvdMv‡bi giæ A‡j cðv`c` n‡Z _v‡K| kvn myjZvb ûmvBb kn‡i Ae¯’vb K‡iB Zuvi †mbvevwnbx‡K cvk¦©eZ©x cÖ‡`kmg~n †_‡K ˆmb¨ msMÖn K‡i †mbvevwnbxi msL¨v e„w× Kivi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| G my‡hv‡M gvn&gy` †nvUvK B¯úvnvb Ae‡iva K‡ib| G Ae‡iva 1722 wLª÷v‡ãi gvP© †_‡K A‡±vei ch©šÍ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| d‡j B¯úvnv‡b cÖej `ywf©ÿ Ges gnvgvwi †`Lv †`q| Gi d‡j cÖvq 80 nvRvi mvaviY bvMwiK gviv hvq| Ae‡k‡l 23 A‡±vei 1722 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb ûmvBb wbiæcvq n‡q gvngy` †nvUvK‡K cvi‡m¨i bZzb kvn wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`b|18 gvngy` cvi‡m¨i kvmb ¶gZvq Av‡ivnY K‡i ïiæ‡ZB ivRKxq cwiev‡ii ¯^v”Q›` I wbivcËvmn ivRavbx‡Z ch©vß Lv`¨ mieivn I wPwKrmv cÖ`vb K‡ib| wKš‘ AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e 1722 wLª÷v‡ãi b‡f¤^‡i myjZvb ûmv‡bi cyÎ Zvngvm&c wb‡R‡K cvi‡m¨i kvn wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| djkÖwZ‡Z Zvngvm&c Gi NuvwU wn‡m‡e L¨vZ KvRwe‡b gvngy` AvdMvb †mbvevwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| Zvngvm&c cjvqb Ki‡j AvdMvb evwnbx KvRwe‡bi c~Y© wbqš¿b MÖnY K‡i| AvdMvb evwnbxi e¨env‡i KvRwe‡bi RbmvaviY AwZó I weÿzä n‡q 1723 wLª÷v‡ã Rvbyqvwi‡Z cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| G MYwe‡ÿv‡f KvRwe‡bi RbmvaiY Rq jvf K‡i|19 wKQz msL¨K AvdMvb ˆmwbK Rxeb wb‡q wd‡i Av‡mb| G NUbvq gvngy` AwZkq wPwšÍZ, fxZ I gvbywlKfv‡e Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o| GgZve¯’vq gvngy` cvi‡m¨i gwš¿eM©, weL¨vZ e¨w³eM©, mykxj mgv‡Ri wewkó bvMwiK‡`i ev‡bvqvU wel‡q cwiKwíZfv‡e mfvq Avgš¿Y K‡i Avgwš¿Z mKj‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡ib| G QvovI wZwb cviwmK ivRKxq evwnbxi 3000 ˆmb¨‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡ib| G nZ¨vhÁ wQj Zvi gvbwlK Aw¯’iZv I ¶gZv nviv‡bvi f‡q c~e© cwiKwíZ wbôziZv| G Ae¯’vi my‡hv‡M cvi‡m¨i ivRKxq kÎæ, Dmgvbxq I ivwkqvi my‡hvM mÜvbxiv cvi‡m¨i A‡bK f‚LÐ Zv‡`i wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q hvq| d‡j gvngy‡`i mv¤ªvR¨ †QvU n‡q Av‡m| cvi‡m¨ mykvmb cÖwZôvq e¨_© gvngy` gvbwmK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ I m‡›`ncÖeb n‡q c‡i| GgbwK wZwb wb‡Ri †jvK‡`i wek¦¯ÍZvqI m‡›`n Ki‡Z _v‡K| †h‡nZz Zuvi PvPvZ fvB Akivd‡K A‡bK AvdMvb cQ›` Ki‡Zb| 1725 wLª÷v‡ãi †deªæqvwi‡Z myjZvb †nvmvB‡bi cyÎ mvwd wgR©v cjvqb K‡i‡Q-G wg_¨v RbkÖæwZi Dci wfwËK‡i gvngy` mKj mvdvfx wcÖ݇K (myjZvb †nvmvBb e¨vwZZ) nZ¨v Kivi Av‡`k †`b| myjZvb †nvmvBb G nZ¨vhÁ eÜ Kivi †Póv K‡i AvnZ nb| hw`I †kl ch©šÍ myjZvb †nvmvBb Gi `yB wkï cy·K cÖvY wfÿv `vb K‡ib|20 218 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ gvngy` ax‡i ax‡i gvbywlKfv‡e AviI †ewk Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o| GKB mv‡_ wZwb kvwiixKfv‡eI `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K| 1725 wLª÷v‡ãi 22 GwcÖj GK`j AdMvb Awdmvi Avkivd Lvb‡K gvngy‡`i eÜxkvjv †_‡K gy³ K‡i †`q| Gi d‡j cÖvmv` loh‡š¿i gva¨‡g Avkivd Lvb wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib|21 Gi wZb w`b ci 25 GwcÖj gvn&gy` †nvUvK gviv hvq| ZLb ejv n‡qwQj gvngy` Amy¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y gviv †M‡Qb wKš‘ Zuv‡K k¦vm‡iva K‡i nZ¨v Kiv n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i e‡j A‡b‡K aviYv K‡ib| g„Zz¨Kv‡j Zuvi eqm wQj gvÎ 27 eQi|

Avkivd †nvUvK (1725-1729) Avkivd †nvUvK, kvn Avkivd Mxj&wR bv‡gI cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb Ave`yj AvwRR †nvUvK Gi mšÍvb Ges †nvUvK kv¤ªv‡R¨i PZz_© kvmK| gvn&gy` †nvUv‡Ki mgq cvi‡m¨i mvdvfx ˆmb¨evwnbxi cÖPÐ we‡`ªv‡ni mgq wZwb †hvM¨Zv I ewjôZvi mv‡_ †mbvcÖavb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wZwb ¸jbvev‡`i hy‡×I AskMÖnY K‡ib| 1725 wLª÷v‡ã PvPvZ fvB gvngy‡`i g„Zz¨i ci wZwb cvi‡m¨i kvn wn‡m‡e ÿgZvq AwawôZ nb| wZwb wQ‡jb wgiIqvBR †nvUv‡Ki åvZzlcyÎ| Zzi¯‹, ivwkqv Ges cviwm©qvb ˆmb¨evwnbxi Pv‡c Zuvi kvmbKvj `ªæZB †kl n‡q hvq| D‡jøL¨ †h, Avkivd Lvb ivwkqv Ges ZzK©x we‡`ªvn k³ nv‡Z `gb K‡ib| †nvUvK‡`i c~e©kÎæ Dmgvbxq mvgªvR¨ cvi‡m¨i mvdvfx‡`i cybivq ÿgZvq cÖwZôvi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡j B¯úvnv‡bi †Kigv‡bi wbKUeZ©x hy‡× Avkivd †nvUvK Zv‡`i civwRZ K‡ib| GgZve¯’vq Dfq c‡ÿi g‡a¨ ÒmvejvBg †cv‡U©Ó bvgK GKwU kvwšÍPzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| G Pzw³ Abyhvqx Avkivd †nvUv‡Ki cÖwZwbwaiv c~e©v‡j Lwjdv wbhy³ n‡eb Ges cwðgv‡j Lwjdv wbe©vwPZ n‡eb Dmgvbxq myjZv‡bi Øviv| GwU Dmgvbxq‡`i gv‡S †ÿv‡fi m„wó n‡jI †klch©šÍ Dmgvbxq‡`i †KŠkj wn‡m‡e nvgv`v‡b 1727 wLª÷v‡ãi †ng‡šÍ G Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq|22 1729 wLª÷v‡ãi A‡±ve‡i kvn myjZvb †nvmvB‡bi cyÎ wØZxq kvn Zvgvm&‡ci cviwmK ivRKxq ˆmb¨ bvw`i kv‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ Avkivd Lv‡bi ˆmb¨evwnbx‡K `vgNv‡bi hy‡× civwRZ K‡i Akivd Lvb‡K wbe©vwmZ K‡i| GKB eQi B¯úvnv‡bi wbKU †gvP©v‡Lv‡i Aci GKwU hy× msMwVZ nq| G hy‡×I AvdMvbiv civwRZ nq Ges 12 nvRvi †jvK gviv hvq| Avkivd Lvb kni Z¨v‡Mi c~‡e© e¨vcK aŸsmhÁ Pvjvq, cÖv³b kvn& †nvmvBb‡K nZ¨v K‡ib, ivRKxq gwnjv‡`i AcniY Ges ivRKxq †KvlvMvi jyU Kiv nq| 9 wW‡m¤^i wØZxq Zvgvm&c hLb B¯úvnv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i †Kej gvÎ Zuvi e„× gv‡K †`L‡Z cvb| Zuvi gv `vwmi †cvlv‡K QÙ‡ek aviY K‡i Avkivd Lv‡bi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvb| bvw`i Zvgvm&c‡K B¯úvnv‡b ÿgZvq AwawôZ K‡i AvdMvb‡`i †LuvR Kivi Rb¨ `wÿYv‡j AMÖmi nb| bvw`i `wÿYv‡ji cviwm‡cvwj‡m AvdMvb‡`i‡K cÖPÐ Avµg‡Yi gva¨‡g weaŸ¯’ K‡i †`b| Avkivd wmivR n‡Z cjvqb K‡i Zuvi wbR †`‡ki w`‡K iIqvbv nb| wKš‘ cw_g‡a¨ cÖPÐ kxZ, ÿzav Ges ¯’vbxq Awaevwm‡`i Amn‡hvwMZvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Zvi wm×všÍ cwieZ©b K‡i ˆmb¨evwnbxmn Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡` wjß nb| Gfv‡eB wZwb mg¯Í m¤ú` †kl K‡i eÜx‡`i‡K †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ nb| †kl ch©šÍ 1730 wLª÷v‡ã GK `j †ejyR DcRvwZi nv‡Z a„Z nb Ges LvjvZ gxi gneŸZ †ejy‡Ri nv‡Z wbnZ nb|23 g~jZ cÖvK AvdMvb BwZnvm : †nvUvK mv¤ªvR¨ 219

Avkivd †nvUv‡Ki g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡qB cvi‡m¨ †nvUvK kvm‡bi mgvwß N‡U| hw`I 1738 wLª÷v‡ã bvw`i kvn KZ©„K Kv›`vnvi R‡qi c~e© ch©šÍ AvdMvwb¯Ívb kvn †nvmvBb †nvUv‡Ki kvmbvaxb wQj| †nvmvBb †nvUvK (1725-1738) kvn †nvmvBb †nvUvK wQ‡jb wgiIqvBR †nvUv‡Ki cyÎ| wZwb wQ‡jb †nvUvK mv¤ªv‡R¨i cÂg Ges †kl kvmK| wZwb Zuvi fvB gvngy` †nvUv‡Ki g„Zz¨i c‡i 1725 wLª÷v‡ã AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi ÿgZvq Avmxb nb| wZwb GKRb cykZz fvwl KweI wQ‡jb| GKB mg‡q Zvi PvPvZ fvB Avkivd Lvb B¯úvnv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i cvim¨ kvmb Ki‡jI †nvmvBb Kv›`vnv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i AvdMvwb¯Ívb kvmb Ki‡Zb| 1729 wLª÷v‡ã Avkivd Lv‡bi g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡q cvi‡m¨ †nvUvK kvm‡bi Aemvb n‡jI 1738 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †nvmvBb †nvUv‡Ki Øviv AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b †nvUvK es‡ki kvmbKvj Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| †nvmvBb †nvUvK 1738 wLª÷v‡ã Kv›`vnv‡i g„Zz¨eib K‡ib| Kv›`vnv‡i Zuv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq| AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b Zuvi cieZ©x kvmK Avn‡g` kvn& Ave`vjx| 1738 †_‡K 1747 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ mgqKvj wQj g~jZ AvdMvb mv¤ªvR¨ Ges AvaywbK AvdMvwb¯Ívb cÖwZôvi AšÍeZ©xKvjxb mgq| G mgq ch©šÍ cvi‡m¨i kvmK bvw`i kvn µgvš^‡q Kveyjmn AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi wewfbœ AÂj `Lj K‡i kvmb Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| cvi‡m¨i cybiæ×v‡ii exi wQ‡jb bvw`i kvn&& Avdmvi| wZwb 1688 wLª÷v‡ã †Lvivmv‡bi KvjvK‚n bvgK ¯’v‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv DËi Biv‡bi Avdmvix ZzK©x †Mv‡Îi WvKvZ I †glcvjK Bgvg Kzjx kvn&& Zvngvm&c wgh©vi Aax‡b ˆmb¨ wn‡m‡e PvKwi‡Z †hvM`v‡bi ci †mbvcwZi c` jvf K‡ib| 1736 wLª÷v‡ã mvdvfx es‡ki me©‡kl kvmK kvn&& Z…Zxq AveŸvm‡K AcmvwiZ K‡i kvn&& Dcvwa aviY c~e©K bvw`i kvn& cvi‡m¨i wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb K‡ib| d‡j `xN© 235 eQ‡ii cvi‡m¨i HwZn¨evnx mvdvfx wkqv ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U| cvi‡m¨i wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ek‡bi c~‡e©B bvw`i kvn&& AvdMvb kw³‡K civwRZ K‡ib| ch©vqµ‡g bvw`i kvn&& Kv›`vnvi I wnivZ `Lj K‡ib Ges wMjhvB kw³‡Z m¤ú~Y©fv‡e aŸsm K‡ib| mvaviYfv‡e AvdMvb DcRvwZ‡`i †ÿ‡Î wZwb Avcmg~jK bxwZ Aej¤^b K‡i AwaKmsL¨K e¨w³‡K †mbv`‡j fwZ© K‡ib| eûmsL¨K wMjhvB fviZe‡l© †gvMj ivR‡Z¡i Aax‡b Kveyj cÖ‡`‡k AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i| G e¨vcv‡i bvw`i kv‡ni cÖwZev‡`i †Kv‡bv cÖKvi DËi fviZ n‡Z bv Avmvq Kveyj AvµgY K‡i Zuvi Aax‡b Avbqb K‡ib| 1737 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb Kv›`vnv‡ii c~Y© wbqš¿Y MÖnY K‡ib| d‡j mgMÖ AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b bvw`i kv‡ni AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nq| AvdMvwb¯Ívb‡KB wZwb fviZe‡l© AvµgY cwiPvjbvi wfwËiƒ‡c e¨envi K‡ib| bvw`i kv‡ni †MŠieRbK weRq Awfhv‡bi Rb¨ Zuv‡K cvi‡m¨i †b‡cvwjqb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| 1738 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb Kv›`vnvi I Kveyj m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `Lj K‡ib| Gici wZwb e„nr †gvMj evwnbx‡K civ¯Í K‡i w`jøx AwaKvi K‡ib| gq~i wmsnvmbmn †gvMj‡`i mg¯Í m¤ú` wb‡q wZwb cvi‡m¨ wd‡i Av‡mb| Gici Zuvi Awfhvb wmÜzi Avwgi, Dmgvbxq ZzK©x I †evLvivi DR‡eK‡`i weiæ‡× †cÖwiZ nq| d‡j wZwb †MŠi‡ei D”P wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡ib| †kl Rxe‡b wZwb Bivwb ˆmb¨‡`i †P‡q AvdMvb ˆmb¨‡`i Ici AwaKZi wbf©ikxj wQ‡jb| Bivwb ˆmb¨iv 220 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wkqv gZvej¤^x nIqvi d‡j m¤¢eZ m¤úK© wkw_j n‡q c‡o| Ave`vjx‡`i cÖwvZ wZwb AwaKZi AbMÖn cÖ`k©b K‡ib, we‡kl K‡i ZiæY m`©vi Avn¤§` Lvb‡K (Avn‡g` kvn&& Ave`vjx) wZwb cQ‡›`i ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc †mbvevwnbxi D”P c‡` AwawôZ K‡ib| †kl Rxe‡b bvw`i kvn&& AZ¨waK m‡›`n cÖeY I wbôzi n‡q D‡Vb| d‡j 1747 wLª÷v‡ã Bivwb wKwRjevk †mbv Awdmvi‡`i Avµg‡Y wZwb wbnZ nb| bvw`i kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Avn‡g` kvn&& Ave`vjx weivU †mbvevwnbx wb‡q Kv›`vnvi AwaKvi K‡ib Ges wb‡R‡K ev`kvn wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| GLvb †_‡KB AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi eZ©gvb BwZnvm ïiæ nq| Dcmsnvi cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi BwZnvm, Af¨šÍixY ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©b, ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© Ges GKwU ¯^vaxb †`k wn‡m‡e Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ga¨, cwðg Ges `wÿY Gwkqvi ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z †`kwUi †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| kZ‡Ki ci kZK a‡i wewfbœ RvwZ G GjvKv AwZµg K‡i‡Q| HwZnvwmK Avb©ì U‡qbexi eY©bvq hvbv hvq, AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b A‡bK RvwZMZ I fvlvMZ wgkª‡Yi mgš^q i‡q‡Q| AvaywbK Z_v cÖvPxbKv‡jI wekvj me ˆmb¨evwnbx AvdMvwb¯Ívb AwZµg K‡i‡Q Ges ¯’vbxqfv‡e wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i Bivb I DËi fvi‡Z AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| gvbe BwZnv‡mi A‡bK eo †XD AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Ici w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e we¯§‡qi welq GUv †h, †Kv‡bv kw³B GLv‡b ¯’vqx mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡i †h‡Z cv‡i wb| d‡j G A‡ji †MŠiegq BwZnvm †ei Kiv AZ¨šÍ RwUj n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| cvwk©qvb, wMÖK, fviZxq, ˆPwbK, ûb, †gv½j, †gvMj Ges †kl w`‡K BD‡ivcxq c¨vMvb, wn›`y, †eŠ×, gymwjg, wLª÷vb mK‡jB AvdMvwb¯Ívb cøvweZ K‡i Rq K‡i‡Q Ges †kl ch©šÍ ¯’vbxq †Mv‡Îi wbKU civwRZ n‡q‡Q| G me ¯’vbxq †MvÎ HwZnvwmK †¯ªv‡Z wnRiZ K‡i AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b G‡m‡Q, msNl© I hy‡×i gva¨‡g AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b AvµgY I cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i‡Q| hw`I `yB mnmªvã a‡i G GjvKvwU wQj e„nr mvgªvR¨ I mg„× evwY‡R¨i cxV¯’vb; Z_vwc Øv`k kZvãx ch©šÍ GUv cÖK…Z ¯^vaxb †`k wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i wb| 1709 wLª÷v‡ã †nvUvwK †Mv‡Îi cÖavb wgiIqvBR †nvUv‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ wMjhvBiv Zv‡`i Dˇii NvwUmg~n n‡Z G‡m Kv›`vnv‡ii Mfb©i‡K nZ¨v K‡i Ges †mbvNvwU aŸsm K‡i kni `Lj K‡i AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b †nvUvK mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1729 wLª÷v‡ã Avkivd Lv‡bi g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡q †nvUvK kvm‡bi Aemvb n‡jI 1738 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †nvmvBb †nvUv‡Ki Øviv AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b †nvUvK es‡ki kvmbKvj Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| 1738 †_‡K 1747 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ cvi‡m¨i kvmK bvw`i kvn µgvš^‡q Kveyjmn AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi wewfbœ AÂj `Lj K‡i kvmb Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| 1747 wLª÷v‡ã bvw`i kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Avn‡g` kvn&& Ave`vjx weivU †mbvevwnbx wb‡q Kv›`vnvi AwaKvi K‡ib Ges wb‡R‡K ev`kvn wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| d‡j AvaywbK AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi hvÎv ïiæ nq| Avng` kvn& Ave`vjxi cÖwZwôZ ivResk 1978 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ ivRZ¡ K‡ib| myZivs AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi mvgwMÖK BwZnvm ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm| G BwZnv‡m `LjxKiY n‡q‡Q, †MvÎxq Ø›Ø I e¨w³MZ D”Pwfjvm m¤§y‡L Gm‡Q| G †nb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡bi aviv †h e¨nZ n‡e Zv ¯úó| cÖK…Zc‡¶ nvRvi eQi c~‡e©i cÖvK AvdMvb BwZnvm : †nvUvK mv¤ªvR¨ 221

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1 W. K, Fraser-Tytler, Afghanistan : A Study op Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia, (London, New York : Toronto Oxford University Pres, 1953). 2 W.W, Tam, The Greeks in Bactria and India, (England : Cambridge, 1938). 3 Amold Fletcher, Afghanistan: Highway of Comquest, (New York : Comell University Press, 1965), p. 27. 4 Mohammed Qasim Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mohamedan Power in India till the year 1612, (Calcutta : 1908). 5 Procopius, History of the Wars, Book-I, (England Cambridge, 1930), p. 13. 6 Mohammed Habib, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni : A Study (India : Bombay, 1927) 7 Mohammed Habib, op.cit., p. 47. 8 W. K. Fraser-Tytler, op. cit. pp. 28-30. 9 Mohammed Zahir-ud-din-Babur, The Babur Nama in English, Vol, 1. [tr.], (London : 192). 10 Sir Richard Burn (ed.), The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV (The Mughul Period) (Cambridge : Cambrige University Press : 1937). 11 Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl, LÐ cÖ_g (evsjv‡`k : Bmjvgx dvD‡Ûkb, Rvbyqvwi, 1986)| 12 Z‡`e, c„. 408| 13 Arnold Fletcher, op. cit. p. 38. 14 Malleson, George Bruce, History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878, (London: Elibron.com, 1878), p. 227. 15 Ibid, 16 Otfinoski, Steven, Afghanistan (Infobase Publishing, 2004), p. 8. 17 http://www.beepworld.de/members4/wolas/mirwaisneeka.htm. 18 Axworthy, Michael, Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant. (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2006), pp.39-55. 19 Ibid, pp. 64-65 20 Ibid, pp.65-67. 21 Edward Granville Browne."AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722–1922)" (London: Packard Humanities Institute), p. 31. 22 Jonas Hanway, The Revolutions of Persia, (1753), p. 254. 23 Edward Granville Browne, op.cit, p. 30. wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X Kv`wiqv m¤cÖ`vq : Dc‡kÖwY I †gŠwjK wPšÍvaviv W. hvnvi-B-Zvkbxg

[Abstract: After the demise of the Prophet (sm) and especially after the days of the Pious Caliphs the concept of Ijtihad arose in the Muslim society for the solvation of some peculiar problems. But differences of opinion took place among the theologians over the question of rewards and punishments regarding the honest and evil deeds as well as materialism in the name of predestination and freedom of human activities. Consequently, in the early days of Islam religious based sects like the Murjites, the Jabrites and the Qadarites emerged in its natural course. The main aspect of the belief of the Qadirite doctrines is not in conformity with the place of fate in human life. Since the human beings are absolutely free to act independently, so the willingness and unwillingness of Allah are not in any way associated with it. But afterwards as a result of the growth and reactions to these doctrines, a number of other sects i.e., the Asharites, the Mutajites and Ahl-e-Sunnat al–Jamat emerged in Islam and these sects did have the opportunity were to spread their dogmatic influence on the religious belief system, akidah or creed and activities of the Muslims. With the passage of time, discourses, review or reconsideration and strifes took place and this trend continued over the years among the ulema, Muhaddis, jurists and theologians till the decline and fall of the Abbasid caliphate.The positive and negative influences of all these aspects played a very vital role towards stirring the court life as well as the life of the general masses.The Qadarite itself is divided into a number of sub-sects and each sect possess different thoughts and beliefs.] f‚wgKv: Kv`wiqv Bmjv‡gi cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi ag©wfwËK wdiKv| Avevi †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h, Kv`wiqv I gyÔZvwhjv GKB m¤cÖ`v‡qi bvg|1 cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Kv`wiqv wn‡m‡e D™¢e n‡q weKvk jvf K‡i gyÔZvwhjv gZev‡` iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e `yÕwU wdiKv ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖwZôvZv I ˆewkó¨vewj wfbœ wfbœ nIqvq `yÕwU ¯^Zš¿ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv †hŠw³K| Kv`wiqv m¤cÖ`v‡qi †Mvov cËb K‡i‡Qb mxm&Iqvn| Avi gyÔZvwhjv m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖwZôvZv n‡”Qb Iqvwmj Beb AvZv| beg kZ‡Ki ïiæ ch©šÍ Kv`wiqv m¤cÖ`v‡qi we`¨gvbZv Luy‡R cvIqv hvq| Zvici gyÔZvwhjv m¤cÖ`vq kw³kvjx I my`„p nIqvq Kv`wiqv‡`i wejywß cÖvq AZ¨vmbœ n‡q D‡V| G gZev‡`i g~j wek¦vm wQj ZvK`xi ej‡Z wKQy †bB, gvbyl Kv‡R K‡g© m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb, Avjøvni B”Qv-Awb”Qv Zvi mv‡_ hy³ bq|

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Kv`wiqv m¤cÖ`vq : Dc‡kÖwY I †gŠwjK wPšÍvaviv 227

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4. Avj-gvwiwmqv: ÔgyiwRqv‡q evM`v`Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ G `jwU n‡jv weki Avj-gvwiwmi Abymvix| weki Bmjvwg wdK‡ni †ÿ‡Î Bgvg Kvhx Ave~ BDmyd‡K (in.) AbymiY Ki‡Zb| Zvici wZwb hLb KziAvb gvLj~K G g‡g© ivq cÖKvk Ki‡jb ZLb Bgvg Ave~ BDmyd Zv‡K eR©b K‡ib|20 kvniv¯Ívbx Aek¨ Kv`wiqv‡`i mv‡_ G‡`i K_v Av‡jvPbv K‡ibwb| Z‡e Avãyj Kvwni Avj-evM`v`x G‡`i‡K Kv`wiqv bq, eis gyiwRqv‡`i mv‡_ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

5. Avj-gvÔgvwiqv: GwU n‡jv gvÔgvi Beb AveŸvm Avj-mvjvgxi Abymvix `j| wZwb wQ‡jb Ôgyjwn`Õ †kÖwYi gv_v Ges Kv`wiqv‡`i †jRyo ¯^iƒc| G AwfgZ Avãyj Kvwni evM`v`xi| wZwb wnRwi 220/835wLª. g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|21

6. Avj-bv¾vwgqv: bv¾vg bv‡g cwiwPZ Ave~ BmnvK Beªvnxg Beb mvIqv‡ii AbyMZ `j (ﺟﺰء ﻻ ﯾﺘﺠﺰى) Avj-bv¾vwgqv bv‡g L¨vZ| BmnvKI `vk©wbK‡`i gZ AwefvR¨ Aby A¯^xKvi Ki‡Zb| wZwb `vk©wbK‡`i AmsL¨ MÖš’ Aa¨qb K‡i‡Qb| Zvici `vk©wbK‡`i wewfbœ gZ I `k©b‡K gyÔZvwhjv‡`i gZ I `k©‡bi mv‡_ wgwkÖZ K‡i Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb emivq Zmexi `vbv Mv_vi KvR Ki‡Zb weavq Ôbv¾vgÕ (†h `vbv k„•LwjZ K‡i) bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q c‡ob| 221 wn./ 835 wLª. Ges 223wn/ 837 wLª÷v‡ãi ga¨eZx©Kv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|22

7. Avj-wnkvwgqv: Giv g~jZ: wnkvg Beb ÔDgvi Avj-dzqvZx Avk-kvBevbxi Abymvix| ZvK`xi wel‡q Ab¨vb¨ m½x‡`i Zzjbvq Zvi evovevwoUv wQj cwigv‡Y †ewk Ges gvÎvq Zxeª| 226wn./ 840wLª÷v‡ã Zvi g„Zz¨ nq|23

8. Avj-wgi`vwiqv: G `‡ji †bZv n‡jv Cmv Beb mvexn&| Dcbvg Ave~ g~mv, Dcvwa wgi`vi| Zv‡K gyÔZvwhjv wdiKvi ivwne ev c_ wb‡`©kK ejv nZ| bv¾vg gyÔZvwhjxi b¨vq wZwbI g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, gvbyl PvB‡j KziAv‡bi Abyiƒc MÖš’ iPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK Zvi 228 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

†P‡qI D”P mvwnZ¨gvb m¤úbœ MÖš’ iPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wZwb 226 wn./ 840 wLª÷v‡ãi †kl w`‡K g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|24

9. Avj-RvÔdwiqv: RvÔdi Beb nvie AvQ-QvKvdx I RvÔdi Beb gyevkwki Avj-nvg`vbxi AbymvixMY Avj-RvÔdwiqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zviv DfqB Dc‡ivwjøwLZ wgi`v‡ii wkl¨| G‡`i g‡a¨ RvÔdi Beb nvie åvwšÍ I †Mvgivnxi †ÿ‡Î ¯^xq D¯Ív` wgi`v‡ii c_‡KB Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e †m mv‡_ Av‡iv bZzb wKQy hy³ K‡i‡Qb| cÿvšÍ‡i RvÔdi Beb gyevkwki g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, G D¤§‡Zi hviv dvwmK Zviv Bûw`, wLª÷vb, AwMœDcvmK I whw›`K ev ag©ZvMx‡`i †P‡qI Aag| A_P wZwb ej‡Zb, dvwmK gyIqvn&wn` Z‡e gywgb bq Ges KvwdiI bq| Zvi aviYv g‡Z g`¨cvqx‡K †`viiv gvivi wel‡q mvnvev‡q wKiv‡gi (iv.) BRgv fyj wQj| KviY Zuviv wb‡R‡`i iv‡qi wfwˇZB G wel‡q HKgZ¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| RvÔdi Beb nvie 234 wn./ 848 wLª÷v‡ã Ges RvÔdi Beb gyevkwki 236 wn./ 850 wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|25 kvniv¯Ívbx G `jwUi K_v Av‡jvPbv K‡ibwb|

10. Avj-BmKvwdqv: Giv n‡jv Ave~ RvÔdi gynv¤§v` Beb Avãyjøvn Avj-BmKvdxi Abymvix| wZwb K`i msµvšÍ åvwšÍg~jK gZev` †c‡q‡Qb RvÔdi Beb nvie †_‡K| Zvici cÖvmw½K wKQy wKQy wel‡q Zvi we‡ivwaZvI K‡i‡Qb| BmKvdxi aviYvcÖm~Z ÔAvKx`vewji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Avjøvn hv‡`i AvKj eyw× †bB †hgb wkï, cvMj cÖf„wZ‡K hyjyg Ki‡Z mÿg wKš‘ AvKj I we‡eK m¤úbœ‡`i‡K hyjyg Ki‡Z mÿg bb| Zvi g„Zz¨ nq 240 wn./ 854 wLª÷v‡ã|26 kvniv¯Ívbx G `jwUi K_v D‡jøL K‡ibwb|

11. Avj-ûhvqwjqv: Aveyj ûhvqj gynv¤§v` Beb Avj-ûhvq‡ji AbymvixMY Avj-ûhvqwjqv bv‡g AwfwnZ| Zviv ÔAvjøvdÕ bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPZ wQj| Avãyj Kvq‡mi Av`vqK…Z †Mvjvg Ges emivi gyÔZvwhjv‡`i kvqL Aveyj ûhvqj ÔAvjøv‡di bv‡gB Zv‡`i G cwiwPwZ M‡o I‡V| Zvi g„Zz¨Kvj 226 wn./ 840 wLª÷vã|27

12. Avj-AvmIqvwiqv: G `jwU ÔAvjx Avj-AvmIqvixi Abymvix| Avj-AvmIqvix wQ‡jb Aveyj ûhvq‡ji AbyMZ GKRb| c‡i wZwb bv¾v‡gi `‡j P‡j hvb|28 kvniv¯Ívbx G `jwUi bvgI D‡jøL K‡ibwb|

13. Avk-kvn&nvwgqv: Giv n‡jv Ave~ BqvK‚e BDmyd Beb Avãyjøvn Beb BmnvK Avk- kvn&nv‡gi Abymvix| Aveyj ûhvq‡ji wkl¨ G Ave~ BqvK‚eB wQ‡jb emivi gyÔZvwhjv‡`i mgKvjxb †bZv|29 kvniv¯Ívbx G `jwUi K_vI D‡jøL K‡ibwb|

14. Avj-RyeŸvBqv: Ave~ ÔAvjx gynv¤§v` Beb mvjvg Avj-RyeŸvCi AbymvixMY Avj-RyeŸvBqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| Lywh¯Ív‡bi Awaevmx‡K wZwbB †Mvgivn K‡iwQ‡jb| emiv I Avn&Iqv‡hi w`‡K Lywh¯Ív‡bi GKwU kn‡ii bvg n‡jv RyeŸx| †m A‡ji evwm›`v e‡jB Zv‡K Avj- RyeŸvC ejv nZ Ges wZwb wQ‡jb Avj-RyeŸvBqv `j cÖav‡bi wcZv|30

Kv`wiqv m¤cÖ`vq : Dc‡kÖwY I †gŠwjK wPšÍvaviv 229

15. Avj-evnkvwgqv: GwU n‡jv Ave~ ÔAvjx gynv¤§v` Avãyj Iqvnve Avj-RyeŸvCi cyÎ Ave~ nvwkg Avãym mvjvg Avj-RyeŸvCi Abymvix `j| kvniv¯Ívbx GwU‡K c~‡e©v³ `‡ji mv‡_ mswgwkÖZ K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| Z‡e Ave~ nvwkg †ek wKQy wel‡q Zvi wcZvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb †h, GwU Zvi wcZv ZØxq D¯Ív` Aveyj ûhvq‡ji mv‡_ K‡i‡Qb| Ave~ nvwkg 321 wn./ 835 wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| G `jwU †h‡nZz KvR bv Kivi Kvi‡Y wZi¯‹…Z nIqvi ÔAvKx`v †cvlY K‡i, ZvB Zv‡`i‡K ÔAvh& hvw¤§qvÕI ejv nq|31

16. Avj-nvwewZqv: bv¾vg gyZvwhjxi wkl¨ Avng` Beb nvwe‡ZiAbymvixMY Avj-nvwewZqv bv‡g mgv`„Z| Avng` `vk©wbK‡`i MÖš’vewj cov‡kvbv K‡ib| Zvi bZzb gZev‡`i g‡a¨ wQj ZvbvmyL ev cybR©b¥ev‡` wek¦vm Kiv| cybR©b¥ev` ejv nq gvbyl gviv hvIqvi ci Zvi cÖvY c~e© Avgj Abycv‡Z wewfbœ AvK…wZ‡Z cybe©vi G c„w_ex‡Z AvMgb Kiv‡K| wZwb Cmv‡K (Av.) ei ej‡Zb| wLª÷vb‡`i gZ wZwbI g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, wKqvg‡Zi w`b Cmv (Av.) mK‡ji wnmve wb‡eb| evM`v`x Ges kvniv¯Ívbx G `jwUi mv‡_ nvw`wmqv `j‡K hy³ K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| nvw`wmqv n‡jv dRj Avj-nv`vwmi Abymvix `j| Ônvw`mvÕ dzivZ b`xi ZxieZx© GKwU kni| †mLvbKvi evwm›`v e‡j dRj‡K nv`vwm ejv nq| Zvi wPšÍvaviv wQj Avng` Be‡b Lvwe‡Zi wPšÍv avivi gZ| Avng` g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 232 wn./ 846 wLª÷v‡ã, Avi nv`vwm g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 257 wn./ 870 wLª÷v‡ã|32

17. Avj-Lvq¨vwZqv: GwU n‡jv Aveyj ûmvBb ÔAvgi AvjÑLvq¨v‡Zi `j| G‡`i‡K gvÔ`~wgqvI ejv nq| KviY Zviv ev¯Íe RM‡Zi A‡bK wKQyi Kvh©ÿgZv I ¸Yvewj‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| ZvQvov G Lvq¨vZ Le‡i Iqv‡n`‡K kixÔAv‡Zi `wjj wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi Ki‡Zb bv| Zvi g„Zz¨ mb 330 wn./ 941 wLª÷vã|33

18. Avj-KvÔweqv: Avj-KvÔex bv‡g cÖwm× Aveyj Kvwmg Avãyjøvn Beb gvng~` Avj-evjvLxi Abymvix `j| KvÔex wQ‡jb Dc‡ivwjøwLZ Aveyj ûmvBb Avj-Lvq¨v‡Zi QvÎ| kvniv¯Ívbx GwU‡K Avj-Lvq¨vwZqvi mv‡_B D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| A_P KvÔex †ek wKQy wel‡q Zvi D¯Ív‡`i mv‡_ wfbœ gZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK wZwb Le‡i Iqv‡n` †h kixÔAv‡Zi `wjj G wel‡q MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges hviv GwU‡K kixÔAv‡Zi `wjj wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv Zv‡`i‡K c_åó e‡j cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb| Avj-KvÔex 319 wn./ 931 wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|34

19. Avj-wekwiqv: weki Beb Avj-gyÔZvwg‡ii AbymvixMY Avj-wekwiqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| weki wQ‡jb gyÔZvwhjv‡`i †miv ÔAvwjg‡`i GKRb| Zviv bvbvwea weåvwšÍKi wPšÍvavivi g‡a¨ wQ‡jb| †KD hw` Kexiv ¸Yvn Kivi ci ZvIev K‡i cybivq Kexiv ¸Yvq wjß nq Zvn‡j †m c~‡e© ZvIevK…Z Kexiv ¸YvniI kvw¯Í cv‡e| ZLb Zv‡K cÖkœ Kiv n‡jv- Av”Qv, hw` †Kvb Kvwdi ZvIev K‡i gymjgvb n‡q hvevi ci cybivq g` cvb K‡i Ges G †_‡K ZvIev Kivi c~‡e©B gviv hvq Zvn‡j wK Avjøvn Zv‡K c~‡e©i Kzdixi Avhve w`‡eb? Zv‡K ejv n‡jv Zvn‡j †Zv Kvwdi‡`i kvw¯Íi g‡ZvB gymjgvb‡`i kvw¯Í n‡q 230 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

†Mj| wKš‘ wZwb ej‡jb, nu¨v! ZLb Zvi g‡Z AwePj _v‡Kb| wZwb 326 wn./ 937 wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|35

20. Avj-Rvwnwhqv: GwU n‡jv ÔAvgi Beb evni Ave~ ÔDmgvb Avj-Rvwn‡hi `j| wZwb wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg gyÔZvwhjv ÔAvwjg I †jLK| AveŸvmxq mvwn‡Z¨i Bgvg I cw_K…Z| Zvi fvlv-eY©bv wb‡q Zvi Abymvixiv Me©‡eva KiZ| `k©b kv‡¯¿i cÖPzi MÖš’ wZwb Aa¨vqb K‡ib| Zvi cÖvÄj I wkí-†mŠKh©c~Y© fvlvq `k©b kv‡¯¿i cÖPzi welq wgwkªZ K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi gyLveqi wQj Kzwkª| G‡ÿ‡Î eis wZwb wQ‡jb Dcgv-cyiæl| G †Mj Zvi Kzrwmr AvK…wZi weeiY| Avi Zvi KzrwmZ wPšÍvavivi weeiY n‡jv wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb †Kvb e¯‘ GKevi m„wó nevi ci Zv aŸsm nIqv Am¤¢e hv g~jZ G K_v‡KB cÖgvY K‡i †h, Avjøvn m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ib Z‡e aŸsm Ki‡Z Aÿg|36

21. Avj-wngvwiqv: Giv gyÔZvwhjv‡`iB GKwU †Mvôx| Zviv Kv`wiqv‡`i †_‡K we‡kl wKQy †Mvgivnx MÖnY K‡i‡Q| †hgb Beb LvweZ †_‡K cybR©b¥ev` `k©b‡K MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i aviYv, gvbyl KL‡bv KL‡bv wewfbœ iKg cÖvwY‡K m„wó K‡i| †hgb gvsm‡K hLb gvbyl gvwUi bx‡P cy‡Z iv‡L wKsev Zv‡Z m~‡h©i Zvc †`qv nq ZLb Zv †_‡K bvbv iK‡gi KxU m„wó nq| Zv‡`i aviYv gvbylB Gme Kx‡Ui m„wóKZ©v|37

22. Avmnvey mv‡jn& KzeŸv:Avj-dviK evqbv Avj-wdivK MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv G‡`i‡K Kv`wiqvi mv‡_ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e G‡`i †Kvb e¨vL¨v †`bwb| Zvici gyiwRqv‡`i Av‡jvPbvq Avevi G‡`i‡K D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ges gyiwRqv‡`iB AšÍfy©³ e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, Kv`wiqv wKsev Rvewiqv‡`i AšÍfy©³ bq|38 Kv`wiqv m¤cÖ`v‡qi †gŠwjK wPšÍv I ÔAvKx`v-wek¦vm Kv`wiqv m¤cÖ`v‡qi A‡bK kvLv I Dc`j i‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU wdiKv ev Dc`‡jiB wKQy wfbœZi wPšÍv I wek¦vm i‡q‡Q hvi Av‡jv‡K †m Ab¨`j †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| Z‡e GLv‡b Ggb wKQy †gŠwjK wek¦vm Ges wPšÍvI i‡q‡Q hv mgwš^Zfv‡e cÖwZwU `jB aviY I †cvlY K‡i Ges me¸‡jv `‡ji g‡a¨ Kg †ewk †hme wPšÍv I ÔAvKx`v i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc|39

1. Avjøvni Abvw` ¸Yvewj h_v- Bj&g, Kz`iZ, nvqvZ, kÖeY, `k©b BZ¨vw`‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ib| Zviv e‡jb ÔAbvw`¸YÕ Z_v wmdv‡Z Avhvjx e‡j wKQy †bB| AwaKš‘ Zviv GI e‡jb †h, Abvw`Kv‡j Avjøvni †Kvb bvg ev ¸YB wQj bv| Avnj mybœvn Iqv Avj- RvgvÔAv‡Zi ÔAvKx`v n‡jv, Avjøvn Zuvi ¸Yvewji mv‡_ Abvw`Kvj †_‡KB we`¨gvb Av‡Qb Ges AbšÍKvj ch©šÍ we`¨gvb _vK‡eb|

2. Zviv e‡jb, gvby‡li †Pv‡L Avjøvn‡K †`Lv Am¤¢e| Zuv‡`i aviYv n‡jv, Avjøvn wb‡RI †`‡Lb bv Ges Ab¨ †KDI Zuv‡K †`‡Lb bv| wKš‘ Avjøvn Ab¨‡K †`‡Lb wK-bv! G wel‡q Zv‡`i g‡a¨I gZwe‡iva Av‡Q| Zv‡`i GK`j e‡jb, †`‡Lb, Avevi Ab¨ `j Zv A¯^xKvi K‡ib| Avnj mybœvn Iqv Avj-RvgvÔAv‡Zi ÔAvKx`v n‡jv, G c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li

Kv`wiqv m¤cÖ`vq : Dc‡kÖwY I †gŠwjK wPšÍvaviv 231

†Pv‡L Avjøvn‡K †`Lv m¤¢e bq| Avi Zv ev¯Í‡e NU‡e ciKv‡j †e‡nk&Zevmx‡`i Rb¨| Avi Avjøvni GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸Y n‡jv wZwb evQxi ev me©`ªóv|

3. Zviv G wel‡q GKgZ †h, Avjøvni ÔKvjvgÕ m„ó ev AwbZ¡ Zuvi Av‡`k, wb‡la, msev` meB m„ó| Zv‡`i mK‡jiB aviYv, Avjøvni Kvjvg AwbZ¡ Ges m„ó| evM`v`x (g„. 429 wn./ 1037 wLª.) e‡jb, AvRKvj Zv‡`i AwaKvskB e‡jb, Avjøvni Kvjvg gvLj~K ev m„ó| Avnj mybœvn Iqv Avj-RvgvÔAv‡Zi ÔAvKx`v n‡jv Avjøvni Kvjvg gvLj~K bq|

4. Zv‡`i ÔAvKx`v n‡jv gvbyl †hme KvR Kg© K‡i Avjøvn †m¸‡jvi m„wóKZ©v bb| cÖvwY RM‡Zi Kv‡iv †Kvb Kv‡RiI Avjøvn m„wóKZ©v bb, eis gvby‡li Gme AR©b I mgMÖ cÖvwY RM‡Zi K‡g©i †ÿ‡Î Avjøvni †Kvb nvZ I cwiKíbvB †bB| Zviv g‡b K‡ib, gvbyl wb‡R wb‡RB Zv‡`i KvRKg© Ki‡Z mÿg| Avi G Kvi‡YB gymjgvbMY Zv‡`i bvg w`‡q‡Qb ÔKv`wiqvÕ| cÿvšÍ‡i Avnj mybœvn Iqv Avj-RvgvÔAv‡Zi wek¦vm n‡jv wbðq Avjøvn mewKQyi m„wóKZ©v| mKj m„wó I Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wZwbB Drm| Avi ev›`v †Kej Zv AR©bKvix, m„RbKvix bq|

5. Zviv `vwe K‡ib, G D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ hviv dvwmK Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb n‡jv `yկ͇ii ga¨eZx© ¯Íi| †m dvwmK; gywgbI bq KvwdiI bq| Rgûi D¤§vni gZ †Q‡o G wfbœZi Awfbe gZ MÖnY Kivq gymjgvbMY Zv‡`i bvg w`‡q‡Qb gyÔZvwhjv ev `jQyU †jvK| Zviv †Kvb gymjgvb Kexiv ¸Yvn Ki‡j Zv‡K Cgv‡bi MwÐ †_‡KB †ei K‡i †`b| Avevi LvwiRx‡`i gZ Kvwdi e‡jI †NvlYv †`b bv| Zviv eis Cgvb I Kzd‡ii gvSLv‡b GKUv ¯Íi gv‡bb| Avi Avnj mybœvn Iqv Avj-RvgvÕAv‡Zi ÔAvKx`v n‡jv, wdmK Ges Kexiv ¸Yvni Kvi‡Y †Kvb gymjgvb Cgv‡bi mxgvbv †_‡K †ewi‡q hvq bv| Avnj mybœvn Iqv Avj-RvgvÔAvZ G ga¨eZx© ¯Íi‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i bv|

6. Zv‡`i wek¦vm n‡jv ev›`vi †hme Kg©-wPšÍv m¤ú‡K© Avjøvn †Kvb Av‡`k-wb‡la K‡ibwb †mme wel‡q Avjøvni †Kvb B”Qv Ges Biv`vi mswkøóZvI †bB| Avnj mybœvn Iqv Avj- RvgvÔAv‡Zi ÔAvKx`v n‡jv Avjøvni B”Qv I Biv`v e¨ZxZ †Kvb wKQyB N‡U bv, nq bv| me wKQyi mv‡_B Avjøvni Biv`v mswkøó|

7. Zviv wgÔivR‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ib| Avnj mybœvn Iqv Avj-RvgvÔAv‡Zi ÔAvKx`v n‡jv wgÔivR nK| Avjøvn gnvbex‡K (mv.) ivwÎKv‡j ågY Kwi‡q‡Qb Ges ¯^kix‡i Zuv‡K DaŸ©‡jv‡K Zz‡j wb‡q †M‡Qb| Zvi A_© ¯^kix‡i gnvbexi (mv.) wgÔivR N‡U‡Q|

8. Zviv Avn` I gxQvK Z_v iƒ‡ni RM‡Z Avjøvni mv‡_ A½xKvi‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ib| cÿvšÍ‡i Avnj mybœvn Iqv Avj-RvgvÔAv‡Zi ÔAvKx`v n‡jv, Avjøvn iƒnvbx RM‡Z Av`g (Av.) I Zuvi mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡`i †_‡K †h A½xKvi MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Zv mZ¨|

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1. Avãyj Kvwni Beb Zvwni Beb gynv¤§` Avj-evM`v`x, Avj-dviK evqb Avj-wdivK (wgmi: Avj-gvKZvevn Avj-ZvIwdKxq¨vn, Zv.we.), c„. 83; Aveyj dvZn gynv¤§` Beb Avãyj Kvixg Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, Avj-wgjvj Iqv Avj-wbnvj, 1g LÐ (ˆeiæZ: `vi Avj-myiƒi, 1368 wn./ 1948 wLª.), c„. 57| 2. W. Montgomery Watt, Free Will and Predestination in Early Islam (London: Luzac and Co, Ltd., 1948), P. 49; 1 W. Montgomery Watt, Islamic philosophy and Theology (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1962), P. 31. [Hence forth the source may be referred to As IPT.] ; The Rev. Edward Sell, The Faith of Islam (Madras: Addison and Co. Ltd., 1880), P. 174. 3. gynv¤§` Ave~ hynivn, Avj-gvhvwne Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vn (Kvq‡iv: Avj-gvZevÔAvn Avj-bvg~RvwRq¨vn, Zv.we.), c„. 186; IPT, PP. 31-32. 4. Syed Abdul Hai, Muslim Philosophy, Vol. 1 (Dhaka: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, 1982), Vol. 1, P. 64. 5. Ibid. P. 59.

Kv`wiqv m¤cÖ`vq : Dc‡kÖwY I †gŠwjK wPšÍvaviv 233

6. Aveyj LvBi gynv¤§` AvBq~e ÔAvjx, ÔAvKx`v Avj-Bmjvg Iqv Avj-Bgvg Avj-gvZziv`x (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, 1983 wLª.), c„. 66-68| 7. Avãyjøvn Beb hyevBi: Avãyjøvni wcZv wQ‡jb hyevBi, Zuvi gvZv Avmgv wQ‡jb Ave~ eK‡ii (iv.) Kb¨v| Avãyjøvn wb‡R‡K Lwjdv e‡j †NvlYv K‡i Avi‡ei weL¨vZ cÖ‡`k wnRvR kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wKš‘ Avãyj gvwjK wnRvR‡K DgvBqv ivR‡Z¡i AšÍfy©³ Kivi Rb¨ Avãyjøvni weiæ‡× nv¾vR Beb BDmy‡di †bZ…‡Z¡ GK wekvj evwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| 692 wLª÷v‡ã nv¾vR K~dv n‡Z Zvwq‡d Dcw¯’Z n‡q Avãyjøvni wbKU Lwjdv Avãyj gvwj‡Ki GKwU wPwV cvVvb-AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKv‡ii Rb¨| Avãyjøvn AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKv‡i wØgZ cÖKvk Ki‡j nv¾vR g°v Ae‡iva K‡ib| `xN© mvZ gvm Ae‡iva Pjvi d‡j kn‡i wb`viƒb Lv`¨ msKU †`Lv †`q| d‡j eû gvbyl Avãyjøvni `j Z¨vM Ki‡Z _v‡K| GgZve¯’vq wbiƒcvq Avãyjøvn hy‡×i msKí K‡ib| 692 wLª÷v‡ãi A‡±vei gv‡m Avãyjøvn AvivdvZ cÖvšÍ‡i nv¾vR evwnbxi †gvKvwejv K‡i m‡MŠi‡e cÖvY nvivb| Avãyjøvni g„Zz¨i ci Avãyj gvwjK gymwjg mvgªv‡R¨i GK”QÎ AwacwZiƒ‡c ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡ib| `ªóe¨: W. Imgvb MYx, DgvBqv †LjvdZ (KjKvZv: gwjøK eªv`vm©, 1995 wLª.), c„. 73-74| 8. Avj-AvkÔAvQ: ZuvicÖK…Z bvg Ave~ gynv¤§` gv`x Kwie| BwZnv‡m wZwb Avj-AvkÔAvQ ev Aweb¨¯Í †Kkavix wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wZwb nvhivgvD‡Zi wK›`v †Mv‡Îi cÖavb wQ‡jb| Lwjdv Ave~ eKi (iv.) ¯^xq fMœx D¤§ dviIqv ev Kzivqev‡K Avj-AvkÔAv‡Qi m‡½ weevn †`b| Avj-AvkÔAvQ wmwiqvq wewfbœ hy‡× Ask MÖnY K‡ib Ges Bqvigy‡Ki hy‡× GKwU Pÿzi `„wó kw³ nvivb| AZtci Ave~ DevB`v Zuv‡K I Zuvi †Mv‡Îi †jvKw`M‡K Kv‡`wmqvq mvÔ` Beb Avex Iqv°v‡mi m‡½ wgwjZ nevi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb GKwU Avie evwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ †`b Ges DËi BivK `Lj K‡ib| wmd&dx‡bi hy× I Av‡cvl Av‡jvPbv DfqwU‡ZB wZwb Ab¨Zg cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib Ges Lwjdv ÔAvjx‡K (iv.) mvwjmxi bxwZ †g‡b wb‡Z Ges BivKx c‡ÿ Ave~ gymvi wbe©vP‡b m¤§wZ Ávc‡b eva¨ K‡ib| wZwb 40 wn./661 wLª÷v‡ã K‚dvq B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨: mswÿß Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl, 3q LÐ (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, 1987 wLª.), c„. 74| 9. Avng` Avgxb, dvRi Avj-Bmjvg (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevn Avj-bvn`vn Avj-wgmwiq¨vn, 1975 wLª.), c„. 285; A.S. Tritton, Muslim Theology (London: Luzac & Co. Ltd., 1947), P. 54. 10. Beb nvbx Avj-Av›`vjymx: Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg gynv¤§` Beb nvbx Beb mvÔ`~b Avj-Av›`vjymx| wZwb Bqvgv‡bi †MvÎ Avj-Avh‡`i AšÍfy©³ wQ‡jb| G †MvÎwU hviv ÔAvjx Ges gyqvweqvi g‡a¨ msNwUZ hy‡×i ci A‡bK mgq wkÔqvMY‡K mg_©b `vb K‡i| Zuvi BdixKxq eskaiMY weL¨vZ gynvjøvex cwiev‡ii L¨vZbvgv Avgxi‡`i GKRb Bqvhx` Beb nvwZ‡gi m‡½ mivmwi m¤úwK©Z wQ‡jb| Bqvhx` Beb nvwZg 155 wn./772 wLª. n‡Z 171 wn./787 wLª. ch©šÍ AveŸvmxq Lwjdv‡`i Aax‡b BdixKxqvi kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb| Beb nvbx Ab¨vb¨ eû dvwZwg cÖPvi‡Ki b¨vq ewYK, m~dx A_ev weÁvbx Ges wkwÿZ e¨w³i QÙ‡e‡k KvR Ki‡Zb| wZwb †mwfj n‡Z Gjwfiv GgbwK K‡W©vfvqI BmgvCwj `vIqvZ we¯Ív‡ii AbyK‚j cwi‡ek †`L‡Z cvb| AwaKšË hyeK gynv¤§` Beb nvbxi eyw×e„wËi cÖ_g m¤cÖmviY N‡U †mwf‡j Gi ci K‡W©vfv Ges Gjwfivq| G‡Z Zuvi wcZvi BmgvCwj cÖfveB cÖgvwYZ nq| wZwb Ggb GK mgq dvwZwg‡`i Zuvi mnvbyf~wZ cÖKvk K‡i wb‡R‡K cwiwPZ K‡i †Zv‡jb hLb K‡W©vfvq Avj-bvwm‡ii `„p mg_©‡b gvwjKx gvhnv‡ei †Muvov mywbœ gZv`k© we‡kl cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQj| Ae‡k‡l Beb nvbx ag©‡`ªvwnZvi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ n‡j wZwb Av›`vjym Z¨vM K‡i BdixKxqv P‡j hvb| 952 wLª÷v‡ã Avj-gyB‡hi ÿgZv jv‡fi m‡½ m‡½ Ave~ Bqvhx` KZ…©K LvwiRx we‡`ªvn msNwUZ nq| d‡j GKwU ¯^í¯’vqx evavi ci dvwZwg‡`i fv‡M¨ Avevi †MŠiegq mvdj¨ †`Lv †`q| Avj-gbmy‡ii ivR`iev‡i Beb nvbx Bgvg‡`i K…wZ‡Z¡i cÖksmv Ges Avj-gyB‡hi †MŠie m¤úwK©Z AvwZkh¨c~Y© cÖkw¯Í Muv_v iPbvq Avcb Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki Øviv wb‡R‡K we‡kl cwiwPZ K‡i †Zv‡jb| Abyiƒcfv‡e dvwZwg‡`i ivR‰bwZK cÖPvi m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ cwi‡ek‡b Beb nvbxi KweZvi cÖvgvwYK g~j¨ i‡q‡Q| wZwb 362 wn./973 wLª÷v‡ã B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨: Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl, 4_© LÐ (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, 1988 wLª.), c„. 215-217| 11. Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl, 6ô LÐ (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, 1989 wLª.), c„. 492| 234 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

12. Avng` Avgxb, cÖv¸³, c…. 285; Moris's. seals. Muslim Theology (London: 1964), P. 6 13. Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl, 6ô LÐ, c„. 493| 14. Z‡`e| 15. Z‡`e, c…. 493-494| 16. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 83| 17. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 86; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 60| 18. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 88| 19. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 128; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 94| 20. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 153| 21. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 113; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 89| 22. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 97; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 72| 23. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, 119| 24. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, 124; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 93| 25. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, 125-126| 26. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, 127| 27. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, 89; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 66| 28. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, 113| 29. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, 136| 30. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, 336-337| 31. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, 137-138; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 103| 32. Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 83-83| 33. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 133; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 102| 34. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 135| 35. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 117; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 86| 36. Avãyj Kvwni, cÖv¸³, c„. 130-131; Avj-kvniv¯Ívbx, cÖv¸³, 1g LÐ, c„. 99| 37. gvIjvbv gynv¤§` †ngv‡qZ DÏxb, Bmjvgx AvKx`v I åvšÍ gZev`, (XvKv: _vbfx jvB‡eªix, 2004 wLª.), c„. 272| 38. Z‡`e| 39. Z‡`e, c„.273-274|

wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X Dwbk kZ‡K evsjvq mZx`vn cÖ_v Ges Gi iwnZKiY : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv W. ˆmq`v by‡i Kv‡Q`v LvZzb*

[Abstract: In Hindu society of the Indian Sub-continent there was a custom that after the death of a husband the widow was burned with the body of her husband. The system was called "Satidaho. The cited custom was also mentioned in several Hindu Sastro. In the Nineteenth Century, the Satidaho system was remarkably increased. Multi-marriage system was considered as one of the causes of Satidaho. Sometimes the widow was exhorted to incinerate herself with the dead body of her husband. The practice was found true in several incidents. Willium Carey- a member of the Srirampur Missionary tried to stop the custom. Raja Ram Mohon Roy also wrote two books on this issue. The then Governor General of India namely Lord Wellesley, Lord Minto and Lord Hasting played a vital role against Satidaho practice but not succeeded. Due to suspected revolution about the interference of Hindu religious matter, they (the Lords) could not take strong action against this practice. Avoiding all types of religious threat, by establishing a law in December 4 1829, Lord W. Bantic completely abolished the Satidaho practice.] f‚wgKv: g„Z ¯^vgxi mv‡_ RxweZ ¯¿x‡K GKB wPZvq f¯§xf‚Z Kivi bvg mngiY cÖ_v| fviZe‡l© wn›`yag© I mgv‡R mZx`vn cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj| hyM hyMvšÍi e¨vcx GB cÖ_vq wn›`y weaeviv AvZ¥wemR©b w`‡q G‡m‡Qb| mZx, mZx`vn, mngiY ej‡Z GKB A_© eySvq| GwU GKwU ag©wfwËK cÖ_v| Kvjµ‡g GB cÖ_v msµvgK e¨vwai g‡Zv AwZ `ªæZ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i Ges wn›`y‡`i mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv †f‡½ covi Dcµg nq| GB cÖ_v wn›`y bvixi Rxe‡b wQj Akwb ms‡KZ ¯^iƒc| mZx nIqvi Kzms¯‹vi mgv‡Ri we‡eK‡K AÜ K‡i †`q| fviZe‡l©i me©ÎB GB e¨vwa weKvk jvf K‡i| Aóv`k kZK †_‡K Dwbk kZK ch©šÍ GB mngiY cÖ_v cÖPÐfv‡e †e‡o wM‡qwQj| we‡kl K‡i evsjvq GB Kzms¯‹vi mgvR‡K KjywlZ K‡i †d‡j| evsjvq wgkbvix wLª÷vb, ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq I Zuvi Abymvixiv, e„wUk cÖkvmb GB mZx`vn iwnZKi‡Yi AvcÖvY cÖ‡Póv K‡ib| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© DBwjqvg †ew›UK GB cÖ_v D‡”Q` K‡ib| Av‡jvP¨ wbe‡Ü evsjv‡`‡k mZx`v‡ni Ae¯’vi weeiY I iwnZKiY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| mZx`vn cÖ_v mgv‡R KLb cÖ_g msNwUZ n‡qwQj, Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e cÖvPxbKv‡j gnvfviZ Ges fvMeZ cyiv‡Y eªvþY igYxi ˆew`K hy‡M ¯^vgxi wPZvq AvZ¥wemR©‡bi D‡jøL Av‡Q|1 cÖvPxb kv¯¿¸wj‡Z mngiY m¤c‡K© BwZevPK gšÍe¨ i‡q‡Q| wgZÿiv e‡jb, eªvþY A_ev PÐvj, †h Rv‡ZiB †nvK bv †Kb, hw` †Kvb weaev Mf©eZx bv nb Zvn‡j wZwb ¯^vgxi wPZv‡ivn‡bi AwaKvix|2 ¯§vZ©ivR iNyb›`b mZx`vn ¯¿xi Aek¨ cvjbxq e‡j gZ cÖKvk

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DWbx| wZwb DBwjqvg †Kixi Nwbô eÜz| DWbxi gva¨‡g †Kix jW© I‡q‡jmwji wbKU cybivq mZx`vn cÖ_v wbevi‡Yi 37 Av‡e`b Rvbvb| wenv‡ii †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU J.R. Elphinstone MfY©‡ii Kv‡Q GKB wel‡q cÎ †`b| 1805 wLª÷v‡ã jW© eyKvbb 'Memoris of the expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment' bvgK MÖ‡š’ mZx`v‡ni weiæ‡× AvIqvR †Zv‡jb| w` GwkqvwUK AeRvf©vi cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e "On the Burning of Widows" bv‡g GKwU `xN© cÖeÜ cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| 1824 wLª÷v‡ãi A‡±vei msL¨v †_‡K Abyaveb Kiv hvq, mZx`vn D‡”Q‡` wgkbvix‡`i gvbweKZv KZUv mwµq wQj|38 †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri mnKvix W. 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28 Z‡`e| 29 wb¤œ †kÖwYi wn›`y, Zv‡`i ke‡`n †cvovb nq bv| 30 w¯œ»v wb‡qvMx, Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z evsjvq bvix RvMiY (KwjKvZv: G, †K, miKvi G¨vÛ †Kvs, 1989), c„. 51| 31 Z‡`e, c„. 52-53| 32 gv‡jKv †eMg, evsjvi bvix Av‡›`vjb (XvKv: w` BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm, 1989), c„. 17| 33 kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, bvixi g~j¨ (KjKvZv: kir iPbvejx, PZz_© LÐ), c„. 571-572| 34 myKzgvix fÆvPvh©, cÖv¸³, c„. 147| 35 Nemai Sadhan Bose, The Indian Awakening and Bengal (Calcutta: Firma, K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1969), p. 170. 36 AR‡q›`ªbv_ miKvi, Dwbk kZ‡Ki mgvRms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb I evsjv weZK©iPbv (KjKvZv: cy¯ÍK wecYx, 1982), c„. 46| 37 Nemai Sadhan Bose, op.cit., p. 46. 38 AR‡q›`ªbv_ miKvi, cÖv¸³, c„. 47| 39 w¯œ»v wb‡qvMx, cÖv¸³, c„. 58| 40 Z‡`e, c„. 56| 41 mykxj Kzgvi ¸ß, cÖv¸³, c„. 200| 42 Z‡`e, c„. 202| 43 w¯œ»v wb‡qvMx, cÖv¸³, c„. 59-60| 44 Z‡`e| 45 mykxj Kzgvi ¸ß, cÖv¸³, c„. 200| 46 Z‡`e| 47 Z‡`e| 48 A.F. Salahuddin Ahmed, "Social Ideas and Social Change in Bengal (1818-1835) (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1965), p. 112. 49 Ibid, p. 118. 50 Ibid. 51 Ibid, p. 117. 52 mykxj Kzgvi ¸ß, cÖv¸³, c„. 201| 53 kÖxi‡gk P›`ª gRyg`vi, cÖv¸³, c„. 341| 54 w¯œ»v wb‡qvMx, cÖv¸³, c„. 60| 55 A.F. Salahuddin Ahmed, op.cit., p. 122. 56 mykxj Kzgvi ¸ß, cÖv¸³, c„. 203| 57 KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, evsjvi RvMiY (KwjKvZv: wek¦fviZx MÖš’vjq 1956), c„. 30-31| wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, cÖ_g msL¨v, 2019 ISSN- 2664-780X cÖwZ‡iva msMÖv‡g jvjcyi _vbv : cÖm½ gqbv cÖwZ‡ivahy×Õ71 nvwdR Avn‡g`

[Abstract: In the general election of 1970 under the leadership of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Awami League got the landslide victory having 167 out of 169 seats in East Pakistan. But Pakistani political leaders and military ruler defied handing the power to the people's elected leader Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his party. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman continued to pressurize to Pakistani ruling authority to extradite power. As a result, the misery of the East Pakistani people strained and in the historic 7 March speech, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman told the Pakistani ruling group that point. Meanwhile, Sheikh Mujib and President Yahya Khan started a dialogue in Dhaka to resolve this turmoil situation. But the motive of the Pakistani ruling class was ill, on one side they were continuing negotiations to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, on the other side they increased the number of military troops secretly. It was proved when Yahya Khan left Dhaka without any decision on the night of 25 march 1971. Pakistan Army ordered to launch operation to Bengali people at midnight on 25 March and students, nationalist political activists and the mass people of the country put up resistance against the Pakistani military throughout the country. In this regard the name of Lalput thana of Natore district can be mentioned here. At the same time a lot of resistance against Pakistani Army were started. Moyna resistance is one of that events that took place on 30 March 1971. So in this article, I have tried my best to explore the history of resistance movement at Lalpur thana of Natore district; spacially the countered attack that took the place in the village of Moyna which will be a new horizon in the history of Liberation War of Bangladesh.] f~wgKv: 1970 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g mvaviY wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zkfv‡e Rqjvf K‡i| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡kÖwY h_vmg‡q ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi bv K‡i bvbv Uvjevnbv ïiæ K‡i| Zviv †Mvc‡b hy× cÖ¯‘wZ I MYnZ¨vi bxjbKkv cÖYqb K‡i| Gi c`‡ÿc wn‡m‡e B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g‡›U evOvwj †mbv‡`i‡K wbi¯¿xKiY cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| wKšÍy 7 gv‡P©i (1971 mvj) e½eÜzi HwZnvwmK fvlY evOvwj MYgvby‡li g‡b Mfxifv‡e †iLvcvZ K‡i Ges nvbv`vi‡`i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡bi w`K-wb‡`©kbv †`q| 19 gvP© Rq‡`ecy‡i (MvwRcyi) wØZxq B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui evOvwj ˆmb¨‡`i‡K wbi¯¿ Kivi nxb loh‡š¿i Lei cÖKvk †c‡j exi evOvwj cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi weiæ‡× cÖ_g cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb1 M‡o †Zv‡j| 25 gvP© (1971 mvj) Kvjiv‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi ee©i ˆmb¨iv wbi¯¿ evOvwj RvwZ‡K AvµgY Kivi d‡j ALÐ

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†¯^”Qv‡mex msMVbI †kvlY we‡ivax RbgZ MVb I gyw³hy‡× ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G cÖm‡½ jvjcy‡ii gyw³hy‡×i Ab¨Zg mgš^qKvix Rbve AvwKqve †nv‡mb e‡jb, ‘jvjcyi bv‡Uvi gnKzgvi ivRbxwZi Ab¨Zg cÖvY‡K›`ª wQ‡jv| GKvi‡Y 1965 mv‡j kwn` G.GBP.Gg.Kvgviæ¾vgv‡bi nv‡Z jvjcyi gyw³ msN bv‡g GKwU K¬ve cÖwZôZ nq Ges K¬vewU 11 gyw³hy×Kvjxb Ab¨Zg mgš^q‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|’ Awbevh© Kvi‡YB ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi mwµq Abyf~wZ jvjcy‡ii MYgvby‡li ü`q‡KI Mfxifv‡e bvov †`q| ZvB Zviv mn‡RB gyw³hy‡×i cÖ¯ÍywZ‡Z msNe× n‡Z mÿg nq| gyw³hy×Kvjxb jvjcy‡ii Ae¯’v: 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi mgq bv‡Uvi wQ‡jv ivRkvnx †Rjvi GKwU gnKzgv| e„nËi ivRkvnx †Rjvi (bv‡Uvi, bIMuv, beveMÄ I ivRkvnx m`i gnKygv wb‡q ivRkvnx †Rjv) RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` †gvU Avmb msL¨v wQ‡jv h_vµ‡g bq I †lv‡jv wU|12 bv‡Uv‡ii fv‡M RvZxq cwil‡`i `ywU Avmb Ges cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` PviwU Avmb eivÏ wQ‡jv|13 mˇii wbe©vP‡b GB QqwU Avm‡bB AvIqvgx jxM cÖv_©xMY wecyj †fv‡Ui e¨eav‡b Rqjvf K‡ib| RvZxq cwil‡` bv‡Uvi gnKzgv †_‡K wbe©vwPZ nb †gvt bvRgyj nK miKvi (PviNvU-jvjcyi-evMvwZcvov-eovBMÖvg) I Wv. †kL †gveviK †nv‡mb (bv‡Uvi-wmsov- ¸iæ`vmcyi _vbv)| cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` wbe©vwPZ nb k¼i‡Mvwe›` †PŠayix (bv‡Uvi m`i _vbvi Ask I evMvwZcvov), Avkivdzj Bmjvg wgqv (wmsov I bv‡Uvi m`i _vbvi Ask) Avãym mvjvg (eovBMÖvg I ¸iæ`vmcyi _vbv) Ges †gvt wRjøyi ingvb (jvjcyi I PviNvU _vbvi Ask)|14 wRjøyi ingvb cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y GB A‡ji ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP A‡bKUv Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡B cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| gyw³hy×Kvjxb Zvui c`ex wQj wkwei cÖavb15 Ges `vwqZ¡¯’j wQj †kLcvov,cwðg w`bvRcyi|16 1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b e½eÜz HwZnvwmK fvlY mivmwi †eZvi †_‡K cÖPvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nVvr eÜ K‡i w`‡j †ÿv‡f bv‡Uvievmx ZvrÿwYKfv‡e GKwU cÖwZev` wgwQj †ei K‡i| wgwQ‡j bvbv †kÖwY-†ckvi gvbyl ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| KviY †mw`b e½eÜzi IB fvlY (7 gvP©, 1971) wQ‡jv RvwZi w`K wb‡`©kbvi Avnevb, Avkv AvKv•ÿvi cÖwZdjb Ges evOvwj RvwZ‡K ¯^vaxbZvi j‡ÿ¨ mk¯¿hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ †bqvi wb‡`©k| 26 gvP© e½eÜz †MÖdZvi n‡j †`kevmxi g‡b k¼v †e‡o hvq| GB msK‡Ui gyn~‡Z© 28 gvP© jvjcyi, wejgvoxqv, †Mvcvjcy‡ii †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³eM© (†hgb: Rbve wRjøyi ingvb, Igi dviæK miKvi, Wv. Lwjjyi ingvb, †Pqvig¨vb nvwRi DwÏb miKvi, Wv. Aveyj Kv‡kg, evey ejvBP›`ª mvnv, †Pqvig¨vb dRjyi ingvb, AvwKqve †nv‡mb, ûgvqyb Kexi cvbv cÖgyL) GKwÎZ n‡q Riæix ˆeV‡K wgwjZ nb| ˆeV‡K cÖv³b ˆmwbK I Avbmvi‡`i mgš^‡q GKwU cÖwZiÿv evwnbx MV‡bi wm×všÍ †bqv nq| gm‡jg `dv`vi, nvwg`yj nK (†cvovevey), Iqv‡n`, AwRZ, ivgP›`ª, Avãym mvËvi †jo–, Av`g Avjx gvwj_v, AvwKqve †nv‡mb, BQvi DwÏb, Avãyj evix, †`jevi †nv‡mb, gvneyeyi ingvb †m›Uz, ûgvqyb Kexi cvbv, Igi dviæK miKvi, nvwRi DwÏb miKvi, Ges ggZvR DÏxb (mv‡eK Gg.wc) 16 R‡bi GB evwnbx wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨B 30 R‡b DbœxZ nq| b_© †e½j myMvi wgj I mi`n wcwUwm †_‡K cÖvß K‡qKwU (w_ª bU w_ª) ivB‡dj Ges 252 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

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1 19 gvP©, 1971 XvKv †_‡K we‡MÖwWqvi Rvnvb‡Re Avieve‡K cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj Rq‡`ecyi AW©b¨vÝ d¨v±ix †_‡K †Mvjveviy` wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ Ges GKB mv‡_ Rq‡`ecyi¯’ wØZxq B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui evOvwj ˆmb¨‡`i‡K wbi¯¿ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨| wKšÍy Rq‡`ecyievmxi cÖej cÖwZ‡iva Bqvwnqvi mvgwiK evwnbxi GB nxb cÖ‡Póv‡K e¨_© K‡i w`‡qwQj| ¯úóZB 19 gvP©, 1971 Rq‡`ecyievmxB Bqvwnqvi mk¯¿ nvbv`vi evwnbxi weiæ‡× cÖ_g cÖwZ‡iva msN‡l© AeZxY© nIqvi `ytmvnm K‡iwQ‡jv| †`Lyb: kvgmyj û`v †PŠayix, GKvˇii iYv½b (XvKv: Avng` cvewjwks nvDm, 2013), c„.73; wmivRyj Bmjvg (m¤úv.), evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, LÐ 01 (XvKv: evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, 2017), c„. 485-86| 2 mgi cvj, bv‡Uv‡ii BwZnvm (XvKv: MwZaviv cÖKvkwb, 2014), c„.24| cÖwZ‡iva msMÖv‡g jvjcyi _vbv: cÖm½ gqbv cÖwZ‡ivahy×Õ71 259

3 wmivRyj Bmjvg (m¤úv.), evsjvwcwWqv, LÐ 12 (XvKv: evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, 2003), c„. 297| 4 Ashraf Siddiqi (ed.), Bangladesh District Gazetteers Rajshahi, ( Dacca: Ministry of cabinet affairs of Bangladesh Government, 1976), p.51 5 kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb (m¤úv.), evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKR ms¯‹…wZ MÖš’gvjv bv‡Uvi (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 2014), c„. 53| 6 mgi cvj, cÖv¸³, c„. 24| 7 wRjøyi ingvb, wcZv: †MvjRvi †kL, MÖvg+†cv: †Mvcvjcyi, Dc‡Rjv: jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| wZwb 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b jvjcyi- PviNvU Avmb n‡Z AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖv_©x wn‡m‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i wZwb GjKvi wkÿv Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ †Mvcvjcyi wWMÖx K‡jR I †Mvcvjcyi D”P we`¨vjq cÖwZôvq AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| wKšÍy A`„k¨ Kvi‡Y 1972 mv‡ji ci wZwb mwµq ivRbxwZ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvb| †Mvcvjcyi Av`k© gwnjv wWMÖx K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôvZv Aa¨ÿ wn‡m‡e Kg©Rxe‡bi mgvß K‡ib Ges 2009 mv‡ji 21 A‡±vei Rxebvemvb N‡U| 8 dRjyi ingvb (cUj), wcZv: Avikv` Avjx, gvZv: dwRjvZz‡bœQv| wZwb 1973 mv‡j ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq QvÎ msm` wbe©vP‡b QvÎjx‡Mi c¨v‡bj †_‡K wfwc wbe©vwPZ nb| 1991, 96 I 2001 mv‡ji msm` wbe©vP‡b weGbwci cÖv_©x wn‡m‡e msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| 1991 I 2001 mv‡j MwVZ miKv‡i wZwb †hvMv‡hvM, mgvR Kj¨vY Ges hye I µxov cÖwZgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| 2016 mv‡j KjKvZvq wPwKrmviZ Ae¯’vq g„Zy¨eiY K‡ib| 9 ggZvR DwÏb, wcZv: weqvKzj cÖvgvwbK, gvZv: Av‡eRvb †eIqv, MÖvg: wgwécvov, †cv÷: Avãyjcyi, Dc‡Rjv: jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| 1986 mv‡ji RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b bv‡Uvi-1 Avm‡b ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wn‡m‡e msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| 2003 mv‡ji 6 Ryb `ye„©‡Ëi QzwiKvNv‡Z wZwb kwn` nb| 10 †gvmv‡ÏK †nv‡mb,“jvjcyi”, Avey †gvnv¤§` †`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb (m¤úv.), gyw³hy‡×i AvÂwjK BwZnvm, LÐ 03 (XvKv: mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, 2005), c„. 162| 11 mvÿvrKvi: AvjnvR¡ †gvt AvwKqve †nv‡mb, eqm: 68 eQi, wcZv: g„Z †gvt †`‡jvqi †nv‡mb (†Pqvig¨vb, jvjcyi BDwbqb), MÖvg+†cv+ Dc‡Rjv: jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb: wbR evmefb, ZvwiL: 3 Ryb 2017| 12 G. Gm. Gg. mvgmyj Av‡iwdb, gyw³hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U e¨w³i Ae¯’vb (XvKv: mgq cÖKvkb, 2012), c„. 122-140| 13 mywRZ miKvi, bv‡Uvi †Rjvi gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm (ivRkvnx: aªæe cÖKvkbx, 2010), c„.129| 14 G. Gm. Gg. mvgmyj Av‡iwdb, cÖv¸³, c„. 123-140| 15 gyw³hy‡× AskMÖn‡Y”Qz e¨w³‡`i myôzfv‡e mvgwiK cÖwkÿ‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi 1971 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi gvSvgvwS Ôhye wkwei wbqš¿Y cwil`Õ MVb K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍ eivei fviZxq f~L‡Ð Kg‡ewk 110wU Af¨_©bv wkwei M‡o †Zvjv nq| GB wkwei¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`k †_‡K AvMZ kibv_©x‡`i AvkÖq †`qv n‡Zv Ges kibv_©x‡`i ga¨ †_‡K hyeK I QvÎ evQvB K‡i mvgwiK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY wkwe‡i †cÖiY Kiv n‡Zv| AvM‡÷i †klw`‡K †gvUvgywUfv‡e Dchy³ ¯’vb wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g hye cÖwkÿY wkwei M‡o †Zvjv n‡Z _v‡K| GB wkwei cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kcÎ Rvix Ges wkwei cÖavb wbhy³ K‡ib| gyw³hy‡×i †klvewa hye cÖwkÿY wkwe‡ii msL¨v cuqw·k `uvovq| Gme cÖwkÿY wkwei †_‡K cÖvq Avwk nvRvi QvÎ I hyeK‡K cÖwkÿY w`‡q hyׇÿ‡Î †cÖƒiY Kiv nq| 260 wimvP© Rvb©vj, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ

16 Z‡`e, c„. 139| 17 mvÿvrKvi: AvjZvd gv÷vi, eqm 75 eQi, †ckv: AemicÖvß wkÿK (jvjcyi kÖx my›`wi D”P we`¨vjq), MÖvg: wZjKcyi, †cv:+Dc‡Rjv: jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb: wbR evmefb, ZvwiL: 3 Rvbyqvwi 2015| 18 mvÿvrKvi: †gvt †`jevi †nv‡mb , wejgvoxqv BDwbqb gyw³‡hv×v KgvÛvi (1971),eqm 68 eQi, MÖvg: g‡nviKqv, †cv: wejgvoxqv, jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb: wbR evmfeb, ZvwiL 1 Ryb 2017| 19 mvÿvrKvi: eRjyi ingvb (weRy), wcZv- G.‡K.Gg kvgmywÏb MÖvg: wkecyi, †cv: †Mvcvjcyi, Dc‡Rjv- jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb: †Mvcvjcyi evRvi, ZvwiL: 11 GwcÖj 2019; weRy wPkZx, ÔZvwjKvq VuvB bv cvIqv GK gyw³‡hv×vi K_vÕ, mvßwnK cÙv cÖevn, 17 †mÞ¤^i 2017| 20 mvÿvrKvi: AvjnvR¡ †gvt AvwKqve †nv‡mb, wcZv: g„Z †gvt †`‡jvqi †nv‡mb (†Pqvig¨vb, jvjcyi BDwbqb), eqm 68 eQi, MÖvg+†cv+Dc‡Rjv: jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb: wbR evmefb, ZvwiL: 3 Ryb 2017| 21 gvRnviæj Bmjvg wZeŸZ, Ô aŸsm n‡qwQj cvÄve †iwR‡g›U Õ, ‰`wbK Avgv‡`i mgq, 30 gvP© 2016| 22 †gv. Rûiæj Bmjvg weï, cvebv †Rjvi gyw³hy‡×i K_v (XvKv: mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, 2010), c„.44| 23 mvÿvrKvi: nviæb-Ai-iwk` (cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x), wcZv: g„Z. Avie Avjx †kL, eqm: 55 eQi, MÖvg: gqbv, †cv:-Iqvwjqv, Dc‡Rjv- jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb: wbR evmefb, ZvwiL: 04 Ryb 2018| 24 mvÿvrKvi: AvRnvi Avjx †gvjøv (cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x), wcZv: g„Z gwdR DwÏb †gvjøv, †ckv- wkÿKZv (Iqvwjqv D”P we`¨vjq), eqm: 62 eQi, MÖvg: gqbv, †cv:-Iqvwjqv, Dc‡Rjv: jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb: wbR evmefb, ZvwiL: 07 Ryb 2018| 25 †j. Av‡bqviæj AvwRg, Rb¥ 1931 mv‡j 31 wW‡m¤^i bIMuv gnKzgvi ivYxbMi Dc‡Rjvq| wZwb 1947 mv‡j w`bvRciy wRjv ¯‹zj †_‡K †gwUªK, 1951 mv‡j w`bvRcyi my‡i›`ªbv_ K‡jR †_‡K AvBG I 1953 mv‡j ivRkvnx K‡jR †_‡K weG cvk K‡ib| weG covi mgq wZwb 1952 mv‡j fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Zvui weiæ‡× †MÖdZvwi c‡ivqvbv Rvwi n‡j wZwb AvZœ‡Mvcb K‡ib| 1965 mv‡j wZwb mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi wgwkMvb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K AvšÍR©vwZK †jevi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªkb wel‡q D”PZi cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡ib| †`‡k wd‡i wZwb bvivqYMÄ WK Bqv‡W© wmwbqi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1968 mv‡ji †kl w`‡K b_© †e½j myMvi wg‡ji †Rbv‡ij g¨v‡bRvi c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| gyw³hy‡× Zvui mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi K_v nvbv`vi evwnbxi †MvPixf~Z n‡j cvwK‡mbviv ivRvKvi‡`i mnvqZvq 5 †g 1971 †NivI K‡i kZvwaK Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvwi‡K AvUK K‡i| †mw`b nvbv`vi evwnbxi D`¨Z e›`y‡Ki mvg‡b AKzZf‡q Rvgvi †evZg Ly‡j eyK †c‡Z `uvwo‡q wPrKvi K‡i wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb ‘Avgv‡K Mywj bv K‡i Avgvi GKUv †jvK‡KI ¸wj Kiv hv‡ebv|Õ Zvui GB †NvlYv wns¯ª K‡i †Zv‡j NvZK‡`i, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb e‡j,Ô †Kqv giY‡Kv enr kDK †nv wMqv?Õ K_v nq‡Zv †kl nqwb, e„wói g‡Zv ey‡jU mevB‡K aivkvqx K‡i †djj| Zvui kwnw` AvZœ`v‡bi Rb¨ miKvi 2017 mv‡j Zuv‡K ¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ K‡ib| †`Lyb– ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 21 wW‡m¤^i 2014, wmivRyj Bmjvg (m¤úv.); evsjvwcwWqv, LÐ 01 (XvKv: evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, 2003), c„. 153- 54; ikx` nvq`vi (m¤úv.), ¯§„wZ 1971, LÐ 01 (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2017), c„. 159-62| cÖwZ‡iva msMÖv‡g jvjcyi _vbv: cÖm½ gqbv cÖwZ‡ivahy×Õ71 261

26 mvÿvrKvi: ¯^vaxb Kzgvi cvj, wcZv: g„Z. ¯^M©xq mywkj Kzgvi cvj, gnjøv: kvwšÍcvov, †cv: †Mvcvjcyi, Dc‡Rjv: jvjcyi, †Rjv: bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb: AvwRgbMi †ijI‡q †÷kb, ZvwiL: 06 Ryb 2018| 27 mvÿvrKvi: L. g. Kvgiæ¾vgvb (cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x), wcZv: †Kv‡im DwÏb AemicÖvß wkÿK (b_© †e½j myMvi wgjm nvB ¯‹zj), eqm: 68 eQi, MÖvg: gqbv, †cv:Iqvwjqv, jvjcyi, bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡bi ¯’vb: wbR evmefb, ZvwiL: 24 Ryb 2017| 28 mywRZ miKvi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 152 29 myKzgvi wek¦vm (m¤úvw`Z), gyw³hy‡× ivRkvnx: AskMÖnYKvix I cªZ¨ÿ`k©xi weeiY, (XvKv: gIjv eªv`vm©, 2014), c„.167| 30 mvÿvrKvi: †gvt †Zvdv¾j †nv‡mb (cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x), wcZv: g„Z ewQi Avjx cÖvs, †ckv: PvKzwi (wbivcËvKg©x, b_© †e½j myMvi wgj), eqm: 59 eQi, MÖvg: fevwbcyi, †cv: Iqvwjqv, jvjcyi, bv‡Uvi| mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ¯’vb: Avbmvi wfwWwc Awdm (ebcvov), ZvwiL: 21 Ryb 2017; mvÿvrKvi: L.g. Kvgiæ¾vgvb, c~‡e©v³| 31 gybZvmxi gvgyb (m¤úvw`Z), gyw³hy× †Kvl, LÐ 8g (XvKv: mgq cÖKvkb, 2015), c„.77| 32 nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb (m¤úv.), evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvhy× `wjjcÎ, LÐ 8g (XvKv: MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi c‡ÿ nv°vbx cvewjkvm©, 2010), c„.456| cªeÜ wb‡`©wkKv

Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹„wZ wefv‡Mi M‡elYv cwÎKv ‘wimvm© Rvb©vjÕ GKwU evrmwiK cwÎKv wn‡m‡e cªKvwkZ n‡e| †KejgvÎ Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹„wZ wel‡qi wkÿK I M‡elK‡`i evsjv A_ev Bs‡iRx fvlvq wjwLZ cªeÜ G Rvb©v‡j cªKv‡ki Rb¨ MªnY Kiv n‡e| cªwZwU cªeÜ we‡klÁ cwÛZ‡`i Øviv h_vh_fv‡e g~j¨vq‡bi ci †mwU m¤úv`bv cwil‡`i Aby‡gv`bµ‡g Rvb©vj cªKv‡ki Dchy³ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| cªKv‡ki Rb¨ M„nxZ cªe‡Üi †jLK‡K ‘Letter of Acceptance’ †`qvi wm×všÍ i‡q‡Q| cªeÜKvi ¯^ ¯^ cªe‡Üi cªæd †`‡L †`‡eb| cªeÜKvi Rvb©vj QvovI Zuvi cªe‡Üi 05wU off-print cv‡eb| cªe‡Üi cvÐywjwc Abya© 6000 (Qq nvRvi) k‡ãi g‡a¨ _vKvB evÃbxq| cªeÜwU Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR K‡i `yÕKwc Ges mv‡_ wmwW Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| g~j cªe‡Üi cª_g c„ôvq (AwZwi³) cªe‡Üi wk‡ivbvg cªeÜKv‡ii bvg I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wVKvbv ¯úó K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e| cªe‡Üi UxKv I Z_¨wb‡`©k Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wb¤œewY©Z bxwZ I wbqgvejx cª`vb Kiv nÕj t- 1. cªe‡Üi †k‡l UxKv I Z_¨wb‡`©k wk‡ivbv‡g cªe‡Ü e¨eüZ m~Î D‡j¬L Ki‡Z n‡e| 2. cªe‡Ü e¨eüZ Drm cªKvwkZ Mªš’ n‡j ¯úófv‡e Zvi we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨vw` wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e| D`vniY t Mªš’Kvi, Mª‡š’i bvg (cªKv‡ki ¯’vb t cªKvkbv ms¯’v, cªKvkKvj), c„ôv msL¨v| K) Reynold A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs (London : Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. L) ci ciB Mªš’wUi DׄwZ Avm‡j Ges Mªš’wU Bs‡iRx n‡j Ibid wjL‡Z n‡e Ges c„ôv msL¨v D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| Mªš’wU evsjv n‡j †m¯’‡j Z‡`e wjL‡Z n‡e| evsjv I Bs‡iRx Dfq Mª‡š’i †ÿ‡Î c„ôv msL¨v Avjv`v n‡j c„ôv msL¨v w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb t Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm Gi ¯’‡j Z‡`e n‡e| M) hw` cª_‡g DrmwUi c~Y© Z_¨ Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q Ab¨ m~Î e¨envi Kivi ci Avevi †mB DrmwUi D‡j¬L Kiv nq Zvn‡j Mªš’Kv‡ii bvg D‡j¬L K‡i op.cit., I c„ôv msL¨v w`‡Z n‡e (Bs‡iRx Mª‡š’i †ÿ‡Î)| †hgbt P.K. Hitti, op.cit., p. | evsjv Mª‡š’i †ÿ‡Î Mªš’Kv‡ii bvg w`‡q cªv¸³ A_ev c~‡e©v³ I c„ôv msL¨v w`‡Z n‡e| Avevi †ÿÎ we‡k‡l Mª‡š’i bvg w`‡q c„ôv msL¨v D‡jøL Kiv hvq hw` Abyiƒc bv‡gi Ab¨ †Kvb Mªš’ bv _v‡K| †hgb t 1| Ave`yj Kwig, c~‡e©v³, c„. 2| evOvjxi BwZnvm, Avw`ce©, c„.| N) hw` GKB Mªš’Kv‡ii G‡Ki AwaK Mªš’ cªe‡Üi Drm wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j c„_K c„_K fv‡e cª‡Z¨K Mª‡š’i bvg c„ôv msL¨vmn wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb t Abdul Karim, Social History of the Muslims in Bengal (Dacca : Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 1959), p. Abdul Karim, Murshid Quli Khan and His Times (Dacca : Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 1963), p. G `yÕwUi g‡a¨ †h Mªš’wU Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e Zv ms‡ÿ‡c GBfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e- Abdul Karim, Social History, p. O) Z_¨ wb‡`©‡ki mgq GKB µwgK b¤^‡ii Aax‡b hw` GKvwaK Drm D‡j¬wLZ nq Zvn‡j cª_g DrmwU c~Y© Z_¨vw` mn D‡j¬‡L¨i ci †mwgKjb (;) w`‡q Aci DrmwU c~Y© Z_¨vw` mn wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e cieZx© Drmmg~n GKB avivq wj‡L me‡k‡l d~j÷c (.) w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb t Will Durant, Our Oriental Heritage (New York : Semon and Schuster, 1954), p. 15; Nisar Ahmed Faruqi, Early Muslim Historiography (Delhi : Idarah-I Adabiyat-I Delhi, 1979), p. 20; P.K. Hitti, History of the Arabs (London : Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1968, 9th edition), p.22. P) GKwU Mª‡š’i c~Y© Z_¨vw` D‡j¬‡L¨i ci cieZx© mg‡q Zv e¨eüZ n‡j Mªš’Kv‡ii c~Y© bvg Ges Mª‡š’i c~Y© bv‡gi mvi-ms‡ÿc K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †m †ÿ‡Î c~‡e© eªv‡K‡U e‡j wb‡Z n‡e - (Henceforth this source may be referred to as) D`vniY t S. Ahmed, Inscriptions of Bengal, Vol. IV (Rajshahi : Varendra Research Society, 1961), p. (Henceforth this source may be referred to as IB) Q) GKB Mªš’Kv‡ii G‡Ki AwaK Mªš’ Drm wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j cª_g Ae¯’vq Mª‡š’i c~Y© Z_¨vw` D‡j¬L Ki‡Z n‡e| cieZx© mgq †Kvbiƒc mskq Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Mªš’Kvi I Mª‡š’i bvg c„ôv mn D‡j¬L Ki‡Z n‡e| D`vniY t Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm t myjZvbx Avgj (XvKv t evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1g cªKvk, 1997), c„. | D‡jøL¨ †h, GLv‡b Ave`yj Kwi‡gi `y‡Uv Mªš’ c~Y© Z_¨vw` mn D‡j¬wLZ n‡q‡Q| Gi †h †Kvb GKwU cieZx© mg‡q e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j Zuvi bvg mn Mª‡š’i bvg wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgb t Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm t myjZvbx Avgj, c„. | 3. cªe‡Ü e¨eüZ Drm Mª‡š’i cwie‡Z© hw` †Kvb cªeÜ (article) nq Zvn‡j Gfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e- cªeÜKv‡ii bvg, cªe‡Üi bvg, (hv Bbfvi‡UW Kgvi g‡a¨ ms¯’vwcZ n‡e) Rvb©v‡ji bvg, LÛ (hw` _v‡K), cªKvk ¯’vb, cªKvkKvj, c„. | D`vniY (Bs‡iRx)- Zafar Hasan. "Muslim Calligraphy” Indian Art and Letters, Vol. IX, London, 1935, p. 61. (evsjv)- Ave`yj Kwig, æevsjv‡`‡k gymjgvb AvMg‡bi cªv_wgK hyMÕÕ mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, 1g LÛ, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, 1370 e½vã, c„. 86| GKevi c~Y© Z_¨vw` †`qvi ci c‡i †mB DrmwU e¨eüZ n‡j cªeÜKv‡ii bvgmn Rvb©v‡ji bvg, LÛ I c„ôv msL¨v D‡j¬L Ki‡jB Pj‡e hw` cªeÜKv‡ii Ab¨ †Kvb cªeÜ †mB Rvb©v‡j bv _v‡K| †hgb t Zafar Hasan. Indian Art and Letters, Vol. IX, p. 62. GKB wbqg evsjv cªe‡Üi †ÿ‡Î cª‡hvR¨ n‡e| D‡j¬L¨ †h, Ab¨ †Kvb Dr‡mi mv‡_ hy³ bv n‡q hw` ci ciB cªeÜwUi D‡j¬L Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j Bs‡iRx cªe‡Üi †ÿ‡Î Ibid Ges evsjvi cªe‡Üi †ÿ‡Î Z‡`e e¨eüZ n‡e| Avevi A‡bK mgq Rvb©v‡ji c~Y© bvg ms‡ÿc K‡i †jLv hvq| †hgb t Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal ms‡ÿ‡c JASB. Z‡e cª_gev‡i D‡j¬‡Li mgq Zv e‡j wb‡Z n‡e| 4. A‡bK mgq M‡elYv cwÎKv e¨wZ‡i‡K ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi eivZ †`qv n‡q _v‡K| †m †ÿ‡Î wel‡qi wk‡ivbvg, cwÎKvi bvg, cªKvk ¯’vb Ges ZvwiL D‡j¬L mn eQi D‡j¬L Ki‡Z n‡e| Bs‡iRx I evsjv ˆ`wb‡Ki †ÿ‡Î GKB wbqg cª‡hvR¨| D`vniY t "Agricultural Development in Bangladesh”. Bangladesh Observer, Dhaka, Sunday, the 9th March, 1997. 5. cªe‡Üi †Kvb ¯’v‡b Drm wn‡m‡e `jxj-`¯ÍvweR, Pyw³, e¨w³MZ A_ev Awdwmqvj cÎvw` D‡j¬wLZ n‡j †m †ÿ‡Î `jxj-`¯Ívwe‡Ri µwgK msL¨v mn Awd‡mi bvg I ¯’v‡bi bvg D‡j¬L Ki‡Z n‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e e¨w³MZ I Awdwmqvj cÎvw`i c~Y© Z_¨ w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i Zvi weï×Zv m¤ú‡K© †Kvb mskq bv _v‡K| 6. D‡jøL¨ †h, Mª‡š’i bvg, Rvb©v‡ji bvg, Ibid, op.cit c~‡e©v³, cªv¸³, Z‡`e Italics G n‡e| Z‡e ag©Mªš’ Italics G nq bv| †hgb t Holy Quran, The Bible BZ¨vw`|