A History of Modern Computing History of Computing I
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
On-Line Computing with a Hierarchy of Processors
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Technical Reports (CIS) Department of Computer & Information Science December 1968 On-Line Computing With a Hierarchy of Processors Richard P. Morton University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports Recommended Citation Richard P. Morton, "On-Line Computing With a Hierarchy of Processors", . December 1968. University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MS-CIS-69-13. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/804 For more information, please contact [email protected]. On-Line Computing With a Hierarchy of Processors Abstract Time shared computer systems have been based upon the two techniques of multiprogramming and swapping. Multiprogramming is based on restricting each program to a portion of the total computer memory. Swapping requires considerable overhead time for loading and unloading programs. To alleviate the size restriction due to multiprogramming, segmentation is employed, resulting in fact in vastly increased swapping. A new system architecture is proposed for time shared computing that alleviates the high overhead or program size restriction. It utilizes a hierarchy of processors, where each processor is assigned tasks on the basis of four factors: interactive requirements, frequency of use, execution time, and program length. In order to study the hierarchical approach to system architecture, the Moore School Problem Solving Facility (MSPSF) was built and used. The study of the manner of operation and the reactions of the users clarified and defined the Hierarchy of Processors system architecture. The Moore School Problem Solving Facility was implemented on second generation equipment, the IBM 7040, and therefore it is not possible to adequately compare the efficiency with third generation computers operating in a swapping mode. -
The Operating System Handbook Or, Fake Your Way Through Minis and Mainframes
The Operating System Handbook or, Fake Your Way Through Minis and Mainframes by Bob DuCharme MVS Table of Contents Chapter 22 MVS: An Introduction.................................................................................... 22.1 Batch Jobs..................................................................................................................1 22.2 Interacting with MVS................................................................................................3 22.2.1 TSO.........................................................................................................................3 22.2.2 ISPF........................................................................................................................3 22.2.3 CICS........................................................................................................................4 22.2.4 Other MVS Components.........................................................................................4 22.3 History........................................................................................................................5 Chapter 23 Getting Started with MVS............................................................................... 23.1 Starting Up.................................................................................................................6 23.1.1 VTAM.....................................................................................................................6 23.1.2 Logging On.............................................................................................................6 -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Case 4:13-md-02420-YGR Document 2321 Filed 05/16/18 Page 1 of 74 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 OAKLAND DIVISION 11 IN RE: LITHIUM ION BATTERIES Case No. 13-md-02420-YGR ANTITRUST LITIGATION 12 MDL No. 2420 13 FINAL JUDGMENT OF DISMISSAL This Document Relates To: WITH PREJUDICE AS TO LG CHEM 14 DEFENDANTS ALL DIRECT PURCHASER ACTIONS 15 AS MODIFIED BY THE COURT 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 FINAL JUDGMENT OF DISMISSAL WITH PREJUDICE AS TO LG CHEM DEFENDANTS— Case No. 13-md-02420-YGR Case 4:13-md-02420-YGR Document 2321 Filed 05/16/18 Page 2 of 74 1 This matter has come before the Court to determine whether there is any cause why this 2 Court should not approve the settlement between Direct Purchaser Plaintiffs (“Plaintiffs”) and 3 Defendants LG Chem, Ltd. and LG Chem America, Inc. (together “LG Chem”), set forth in the 4 parties’ settlement agreement dated October 2, 2017, in the above-captioned litigation. The Court, 5 after carefully considering all papers filed and proceedings held herein and otherwise being fully 6 informed, has determined (1) that the settlement agreement should be approved, and (2) that there 7 is no just reason for delay of the entry of this Judgment approving the settlement agreement. 8 Accordingly, the Court directs entry of Judgment which shall constitute a final adjudication of this 9 case on the merits as to the parties to the settlement agreement. -
Standards for Computer Aided Manufacturing
//? VCr ~ / Ct & AFML-TR-77-145 )R^ yc ' )f f.3 Standards for Computer Aided Manufacturing Office of Developmental Automation and Control Technology Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 January 1977 Final Technical Report, March— December 1977 Distribution limited to U.S. Government agencies only; Test and Evaluation Data; Statement applied November 1976. Other requests for this document must be referred to AFML/LTC, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 Manufacturing Technology Division Air Force Materials Laboratory Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433 . NOTICES When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related Government procurement opera- tion, the United States Government thereby incurs no responsibility nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said drawing, specification, or other data, is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise as in any manner licensing the holder or any person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto Copies of this report should not be returned unless return is required by security considerations, contractual obligations, or notice on a specified document This final report was submitted by the National Bureau of Standards under military interdepartmental procurement request FY1457-76 -00369 , "Manufacturing Methods Project on Standards for Computer Aided Manufacturing." This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication. FOR THE COMMANDER: DtiWJNlb L. -
Big Blue in the Bottomless Pit: the Early Years of IBM Chile
Big Blue in the Bottomless Pit: The Early Years of IBM Chile Eden Medina Indiana University In examining the history of IBM in Chile, this article asks how IBM came to dominate Chile’s computer market and, to address this question, emphasizes the importance of studying both IBM corporate strategy and Chilean national history. The article also examines how IBM reproduced its corporate culture in Latin America and used it to accommodate the region’s political and economic changes. Thomas J. Watson Jr. was skeptical when he The history of IBM has been documented first heard his father’s plan to create an from a number of perspectives. Former em- international subsidiary. ‘‘We had endless ployees, management experts, journalists, and opportunityandlittleriskintheUS,’’he historians of business, technology, and com- wrote, ‘‘while it was hard to imagine us getting puting have all made important contributions anywhere abroad. Latin America, for example to our understanding of IBM’s past.3 Some seemed like a bottomless pit.’’1 However, the works have explored company operations senior Watson had a different sense of the outside the US in detail.4 However, most of potential for profit within the world market these studies do not address company activi- and believed that one day IBM’s sales abroad ties in regions of the developing world, such as would surpass its growing domestic business. Latin America.5 Chile, a slender South Amer- In 1949, he created the IBM World Trade ican country bordered by the Pacific Ocean on Corporation to coordinate the company’s one side and the Andean cordillera on the activities outside the US and appointed his other, offers a rich site for studying IBM younger son, Arthur K. -
Women in Computing
History of Computing CSE P590A (UW) PP190/290-3 (UCB) CSE 290 291 (D00) Women in Computing Katherine Deibel University of Washington [email protected] 1 An Amazing Photo Philadelphia Inquirer, "Your Neighbors" article, 8/13/1957 2 Diversity Crisis in Computer Science Percentage of CS/IS Bachelor Degrees Awarded to Women National Center for Education Statistics, 2001 3 Goals of this talk ! Highlight the many accomplishments made by women in the computing field ! Learn their stories, both good and bad 4 Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace ! Translated and extended Menabrea’s article on Babbage’s Analytical Engine ! Predicted computers could be used for music and graphics ! Wrote the first algorithm— how to compute Bernoulli numbers ! Developed notions of looping and subroutines 5 Garbage In, Garbage Out The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths. — Ada Lovelace, Note G 6 On her genius and insight If you are as fastidious about the acts of your friendship as you are about those of your pen, I much fear I shall equally lose your friendship and your Notes. I am very reluctant to return your admirable & philosophic 'Note A.' Pray do not alter it… All this was impossible for you to know by intuition and the more I read your notes the more surprised I am at them and regret not having earlier explored so rich a vein of the noblest metal. -
The Evolution of Econometric Software Design: a Developer's View
Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 29 (2004) 205–259 205 IOS Press The evolution of econometric software design: A developer’s view Houston H. Stokes Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago, 601 South Morgan Street, Room 2103, Chicago, IL 60607-7121, USA E-mail: [email protected] In the last 30 years, changes in operating systems, computer hardware, compiler technology and the needs of research in applied econometrics have all influenced econometric software development and the environment of statistical computing. The evolution of various representative software systems, including B34S developed by the author, are used to illustrate differences in software design and the interrelation of a number of factors that influenced these choices. A list of desired econometric software features, software design goals and econometric programming language characteristics are suggested. It is stressed that there is no one “ideal” software system that will work effectively in all situations. System integration of statistical software provides a means by which capability can be leveraged. 1. Introduction 1.1. Overview The development of modern econometric software has been influenced by the changing needs of applied econometric research, the expanding capability of com- puter hardware (CPU speed, disk storage and memory), changes in the design and capability of compilers, and the availability of high-quality subroutine libraries. Soft- ware design in turn has itself impacted applied econometric research, which has seen its horizons expand rapidly in the last 30 years as new techniques of analysis became computationally possible. How some of these interrelationships have evolved over time is illustrated by a discussion of the evolution of the design and capability of the B34S Software system [55] which is contrasted to a selection of other software systems. -
Computer Pioneer / Kim Todd
Copyright © 2015 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501 All rights reserved tsup.truman.edu Cover art: Betty Jean Jennings, ca. 1941; detail of ENIAC, 1946. Cover design: Teresa Wheeler Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Todd, Kim D., author. Jean Jennings Bartik : computer pioneer / Kim Todd. pages cm—(Notable Missourians) Summary: “As a young girl in the 1930s, Jean Bartik dreamed of adventures in the world beyond her family’s farm in northwestern Missouri. After college, she had her chance when she was hired by the U.S. Army to work on a secret project. At a time when many people thought women could not work in technical fields like science and mathematics, Jean became one of the world’s first computer programmers. She helped program the ENIAC, the first successful stored-program computer, and had a long career in the field of computer science. Thanks to computer pioneers like Jean, today we have computers that can do almost anything.”—Provided by publisher. Audience: Ages 10-12. Audience: Grades 4 to 6. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61248-145-6 (library binding : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-61248-146-3 (e-book) 1. Bartik, Jean--Juvenile literature. 2. Women computer scientists—United States—Biography—Juvenile literature. 3. Computer scientists— United States—Biography—Juvenile literature. 4. Women computer programmers— United States—Biography—Juvenile literature. 5. Computer programmers—United States—Biography—Juvenile literature. 6. ENIAC (Computer)—History—Juvenile literature. 7. Computer industry—United States—History—Juvenile literature. I. Title. QA76.2.B27T63 2015 004.092--dc23 2015011360 No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permission from the publisher. -
NASA Contrattbr 4Report 178229 S E M I a N N U a L R E P O
NASA Contrattbr 4Report 178229 ICASE SEMIANNUAL REPORT April 1, 1986 through September 30, 1986 Contract No. NAS1-18107 January 1987 INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23665 Operatsd by the Universities Space Research Association National Aeronautics and Space Ad minis t rat ion bnglay Research Center HamDton,Virginia23665 CONTENTS Page Introduction .............................................................. iii Research in erogress ...................................................... 1 Reports and Abstracts ..................................................... 32 ICASE Colloquia........................................................... 49 ICASE Summer Activities ................................................... 52 Other Activities .......................................................... 58 ICASE Staff ............................................................... 60 i INTRODUCTION The Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering (ICASE) is operated at the Langley Research Center (LaRC) of NASA by the Universities Space Research Associat€on (USRA) under a contract with the Center. USRA is a nonpro€it consortium of major U. S. colleges and universities. The Institute conducts unclassified basic research in applied mathematics, numerical analysis, and computer science in order to extend and improve problem-solving capabilities in science and engineering, particularly in aeronautics and space. ICASE has a small permanent staff. Research -
Electronic Data Systems) - Corporate Profile
EDS EDS (Electronic Data Systems) - Corporate Profile [LAST UPDATED OCTOBER 2002] Click ahead to the Economic Profile section Click ahead to the Political Profile section Click ahead to the Social Profile section Click Ahead to the Stakeholder Profile section Click Ahead to the Quotations section (For background information on how these sections are organized, click here) 1. Organizational Profile According to their website: “EDS, the leading global services company, provides strategy, implementation and hosting for clients managing the business and technology complexities of the digital economy. EDS brings together the world’s best technologies to address critical client business imperatives.” They provide information technology services to various businesses and governments. Regarding governments, this includes such areas as welfare provision, Medicaid provision, U.S. Armed Forces Infrastructure, security systems management,… This is originally the company that made Ross Perot rich, as he is the founder. EDS made its money as the ‘original’ private contractor for government and Perot invested heavily in his political connections to do so. This included direct contacts in the Nixon administration and things such as Perot being a consultant for EDS’s first Medicare client Texas Blue Cross. Perot has since broken away from EDS, though EDS continues to be a major provider of outsourced government services, including, as mentioned above, being a major player in welfare and Medicaid provision, which is the focus of this profile. On September 18th 2002, EDS announced that its earnings per share for the quarter ending September 30th were likely to be much lower than previously stated. This caused EDS' share price to fall dramatically, losing more than half its value the following day and fell to as far down ad $10.09 on September 24th. -
Micro Chroma 68 from Motorola
10-1-79 AN - XXX MICRO CHROMA 68 THE· NEW "BUG" FROM MOTOROLA TVBUG 1® MOS Microcomputer Systems Applications Austin, Texas Prepared By Tim Ahrens Jack Browne Monitor written by John Dumas The information contained in this application note allows the construction of a low cost development system. Object code (machine language) programs may be entered from the keyboard or loaded from audio cassette tapes and be debugged and developed. The programs may be dumped to cassette tape for permanent storage. Techniques for increasing system capabilities are included. Although the information contained herein, as well as any information provided relative thereto, has been carefully reviewed and is believed accurate, Motorola assumes no 1i abil ity ari si ng out of its appl ication or use. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. Copyright 1979 by Motorola Inc. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS MOS HANDLING RECOMMENDATION 1. INTRODUCTION 2. Micro ChrOO1a 68 KIT PARTS 2.1 The MC6808 Microprocessor with Clock 2.2 The MC6847 Video Display .Generator & MC1372 RF Video Modulator 2.2.1 The MC6847 VDG(Video Display Generator) 2.2.2 The MC1372 RF Video Modulator 2.3 The MC6846P3 ROM, I/O, Timer 2.4 The MC6820/21 Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA) 2.5 The MC6850 Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter (ACIA) 3. Micro Chroma 68 HARDWARE 3.1 Ha rdwa re Ope rat ion 3.2 Construction Hints 3.2.1 Micro ChrOO1a 68 Debug 3.3 Soldering Tips 4. TVBUG® SOFTWAR E 4.1 TVBUG® Operating System 4.1.1 G-Go to User Program Function 4.1.2 -
The Complete Freebsd
The Complete FreeBSD® If you find errors in this book, please report them to Greg Lehey <grog@Free- BSD.org> for inclusion in the errata list. The Complete FreeBSD® Fourth Edition Tenth anniversary version, 24 February 2006 Greg Lehey The Complete FreeBSD® by Greg Lehey <[email protected]> Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006 by Greg Lehey. This book is licensed under the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5” license. The full text is located at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/legalcode. You are free: • to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work • to make derivative works under the following conditions: • Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. • Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. This clause is modified from the original by the provision: You may use this book for commercial purposes if you pay me the sum of USD 20 per copy printed (whether sold or not). You must also agree to allow inspection of printing records and other material necessary to confirm the royalty sums. The purpose of this clause is to make it attractive to negotiate sensible royalties before printing. • Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. • For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. • Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above.