DECOLONIZING the BODY: BREAST CANCER and the ENVIRONMENT in TOXIC TIMES Cynthia L
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University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository American Studies ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2016 DECOLONIZING THE BODY: BREAST CANCER AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN TOXIC TIMES Cynthia L. Martin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/amst_etds Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Cynthia L.. "DECOLONIZING THE BODY: BREAST CANCER AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN TOXIC TIMES." (2016). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/amst_etds/47 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in American Studies ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cynthia L. Martin Candidate American Studies Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication. Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Michael L. Trujillo, Ph.D. Associate Professor, American Studies Department, University of New Mexico Miguel Gandert, M.A. Distinguished Professor, Communication and Journalism, University of New Mexico Vera Norwood, Ph.D. Professor Emerita, American Studies Department, University of New Mexico Alex Lubin, Ph.D. Professor, American Studies Department, University of New Mexico ii DECOLONIZING THE BODY: BREAST CANCER AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN TOXIC TIMES by CYNTHIA L. MARTIN B.A. English, Portland State University 1990 M.A. American Studies, University of New Mexico, 2004 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy American Studies The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July 2016 iii Dedication To all those who have suffered debilitating illness due to environmental toxic exposure, and to my mother, Margaret S. Martin, who believed in education as the best way through. iv Acknowledgements Thank you to the members of my committee, who have been extraordinarily supportive. Most particularly I would like to thank my committee chair, Michael L. Trujillo, whose patience and intellectual guidance throughout this process was exactly what I needed, and who was willing to take on an unusual project that went through numerous unexpected transformations. I would also like to especially thank Miguel Gandert, who has been my champion through two graduate degrees. His dedication to his students is profound, and I feel very lucky and proud to have had his encouragement and attention over the years. I would also like to thank my sister, Amy Ashley, who has been my primary cheerleader as she worked through editing the final copy of this dissertation. Having a talented and loving sister who is also a professional technical writer has been my lucky fate. Her fine editorial insight and experience is invisibly featured throughout this document. Thank you to Dubra Karnes-Padilla, who is true and steadfast and believed in me, and this project, even at its most critical junctures. Thank you to fellow Ph.D. candidate Rosemary Sallee, who has been my “cohort” and “dissertation writing support group,” and who has read and reread numerous iterations of these chapters, providing sound feedback, and sharing in the bewildering process of making a dissertation. Thank you to my children, Nicole Cowgill and Christopher Martin-Ives, who have been the major inspirations of my life. You have always been the reason I keep trying. v DECOLONIZING THE BODY: BREAST CANCER AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN TOXIC TIMES by Cynthia L. Martin B.A. English, Portland State University M.A. American Studies, University of New Mexico Ph.D. American Studies, University of New Mexico ABSTRACT This dissertation explores cultural narratives regarding the relationship between environmental toxins and breast cancer causation. It is not an analysis of current scientific research; grounded in Foucault’s theory of genealogy and archaeology, it evaluates cultural narratives on breast cancer causation that may be subsumed by the mainstream focus upon a cure for breast cancer, overlooking how people with breast cancer perceive illness causation, particularly as it relates to toxic exposure. Theories of place, space, and the neoliberal politics behind biotechnology support understanding the toxification of the human body as neocolonialism, and invite decolonizing methodologies as a means of understanding and opposing what is happening in the microgeographies of “inner space.” Current artistic representations of breast cancer causation and the toxic body are evaluated as a means for reframing discussions about breast cancer to bring discourses of breast cancer causation into what Rancière identifies as “the sensible,” or that arena of political discourse that is mainstream, topical and drives mass cultural awareness. vi Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................2 Foucault and Subjugated Knowledges .....................................................................4 Breast Cancer and Environmental Toxins Today ..................................................10 Summary of Chapters ............................................................................................15 Chapter 1 – Colonizing the Body: Neogeographies, Neocolonialisms, Neoliberals ...........................................................................................25 Body as landscape ..................................................................................................30 The place within .....................................................................................................34 “Colonies are similar to the frontiers” ...................................................................40 Neoliberalism and the biotech frontier ..................................................................46 Conclusion .............................................................................................................54 Chapter 2 - Bodies of Art: Visual Representations of Breast Cancer .........................58 Breast cancer, pain and suffering ...........................................................................66 Surviving cancer, celebrating life ..........................................................................69 Environmental breast cancer representation ..........................................................75 Hollis Sigler and the whole picture ........................................................................87 Conclusion .............................................................................................................98 Chapter 3 - Literary Geographies: Bodily Illness and Environmental Memoir .................................................................................................102 Terry Tempest Williams ......................................................................................104 Sandra Steingraber ...............................................................................................109 vii Susanne Antonetta ...............................................................................................112 Theories for the environmental memoir ..............................................................116 Chapter 4 - Decolonizing Body, Decolonizing Self ......................................................124 Barriers to awareness of poison placement ..........................................................125 Environmental justice ..........................................................................................133 Biopower and powerlessness: the double-victim .................................................138 Gender and breast cancer .....................................................................................141 Objectification and blame in the kingdom of the sick .........................................144 Objectification and dignity in the kingdom of the sick........................................149 The politics of invisibility ....................................................................................152 Deploying decolonizing methodologies ..............................................................155 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................162 Summary and Opportunities for Further Research ..............................................163 Epilogue ...............................................................................................................173 Afterward – “Decolonize This” ....................................................................................176 End Notes ........................................................................................................................179 References .......................................................................................................................182 viii Illustrations Figures 1. National Geographic cover, March 2015. .................................................................180 2. Chris Maher, “Venus Landscape”...............................................................................30 3. Edward Weston, “Nude” .............................................................................................31 4. Stock photo, Alamy, for