Uinta Strat Panel

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prepared in cooperation with the MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS SERIES UTAH GEOLOGICAL AND MINERAL SURVEY FOLIO OF THE UINTA AND PICEANCE BASIN PROVINCE MAP I-2184-A (sheet 1 of 2) UTAH COLORADO 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 7 6.5 6 Anvil Points and Garden Gulch Members of Green River Formation 5.5 Uinta Formation 5 Top of Mahogany oil-shale zone of Parachue Creek Member Parachute Creek Member 4.5 Formation Green River Cow Ridge Member Parachute Creek Member Wasatch Formation 4 Garden Gulch Member Fort Union Formation 3.5 Lion Canyon Sandstone Member of Williams Fork Formation Williams Fork Formation 3 Mesaverde Group Mesaverde Group undifferentiated Trout Creek Sandstone Member of Iles Formation Sego Sandstone of Mesaverde Group Buck Tongue of main Main body of the Mancos Group body of Mancos Group 2.5 Castlegate Sandstone Sego Sandstone of of Mesaverde Group Mesaverde Group Iles Formation FIGURE 1. Map showing locations of control points for stratigraphic and time-stratigraphic cross section A-A’. Purple areas show uplifts underlain mainly by pre-Cretaceous rocks. Buck Tongue of main body of Mancos Group Buck Tongue of main body of Mancos Group Castlegate Sandstone of Mesaverde Group Loyd Sandstone Bed of Buck Tongue 2 1.5 Main body of Mancos Group Mancos Group Main body of the Mancos Mancos Group Group 1 Frontier Formation Mowry Shale Frontier Formation Mowry Shale Morrison Dakota S Formation andstone and Cedar Mountain Formation Stump Stump Formation Formation Sundance Morrison Formation Formation BELOW DATUM Entrada Sandstone Benton Shale 0.5 Carmel Formation Entrada Sandstone 1000 Carmel Morrison Formation Dakota Sandstone Glen Canyon Formation Glen Canyon Sandstone Sandstone Morrison Formation METERS X Chinle Formation Chinle Formation Entrada Sandstone Chinle Formation Moenkopi Formation State Bridge Formation State Bridge State Bridge DATUM-TOP OF THE MAROON Formation Formation FORMATION, THE WEBER SANDSTONE, THE OQUIRRH GROUP, AND THE Phosphoria and Park City Formations KIRKMAN LIMESTONE Weber Sandstone Maroon Formation Weber Sandstone Maroon Formation Morrison Maroon Formation Formation BELOW DATUM 1000 0.5 METERS X Morgan Formation Eagle Valley Evaporite 1 Eagle Valley Manitou Dolomite and Evaporite Dotsero Formation Madison Limestone Leadville Limestone Eagle Valley Minturn Evaporite Formation Chaffee Group Belden Shale Belden Shale 1.5 Leadville Limestone Manitou Dolomite and Dotsero Formation Chaffee Group STRATIGRAPHIC AND TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC Sawatch Quartzite CROSS SECTIONS OF PHANEROZOIC ROCKS ALONG LINE A-A’, UINTA AND PICEANCE BASIN AREA-EAGLE BASIN, COLORADO, 2 TO EASTERN BASIN AND RANGE AREA, UTAH SCALE 1:500 000 Harding Sandstone 2.5 STRATIGRAPHIC CROSS SECTION Samuel Y. Jackson and Ronald C. Johnson 3 COMPILATION CONDUCTED 1988-1989 MANUSCRIPT APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION AUGUST 6, 1990.

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Morrison Formation 37 Cretaceous System 48 Cloverly Formation 48 Sykes Mountain Formation 51 Thermopolis Shale 55 Mowry Shale 56
THE STRUCTURAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK OF THE WARM SPRINGS RANCH AREA, HOT SPRINGS COUNTY, WYOMING By CHRISTOPHER JAY CARSON Bachelor of Science Oklahoma State University 1998 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 2000 THE STRUCTURAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK OF THE WARM SPRINGS RANCH AREA, HOT SPRINGS COUNTY, WYOMING Thesis Approved: Thesis Advisor ~~L. ... ~. ----'-"'-....D~e~e:.-g-e----- II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express appreciation to my advisor Dr. Arthur Cleaves for providing me with the opportunity to compile this thesis, and his help carrying out the fieldwork portion of the thesis. My sincere appreciation is extended to my advisory committee members: Dr. Stan Paxton, Dr. Gary Stewart, and Mr. David Schmude. I wish to thank Mr. Schmude especially for the great deal of personal effort he put forth toward the completion of this thesis. His efforts included financial, and time contributions, along with invaluable injections of enthusiasm, advice, and friendship. I extend my most sincere thank you to Dr. Burkhard Pohl, The Big Hom Basin Foundation, and the Wyoming Dinosaur Center. Without whose input and financial support this thesis would not have been possible. In conjunction I would like to thank the staff of the Wyoming Dinosaur Center for the great deal of help that I received during my stay in Thermopolis. Finally I wish to thank my friends and family. To my friends who have pursued this process before me, and with me; thank you very much.
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Ron Blakey, Publications (Does Not Include Abstracts)
Ron Blakey, Publications (does not include abstracts) The publications listed below were mainly produced during my tenure as a member of the Geology Department at Northern Arizona University. Those after 2009 represent ongoing research as Professor Emeritus. (PDF) – A PDF is available for this paper. Send me an email and I'll attach to return email Blakey, R.C., 1973, Stratigraphy and origin of the Moenkopi Formation of southeastern Utah: Mountain Geologist, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 1 17. Blakey, R.C., 1974, Stratigraphic and depositional analysis of the Moenkopi Formation, Southeastern Utah: Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 81 p. Blakey, R.C., 1977, Petroliferous lithosomes in the Moenkopi Formation, Southern Utah: Utah Geology, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 67 84. Blakey, R.C., 1979, Oil impregnated carbonate rocks of the Timpoweap Member Moenkopi Formation, Hurricane Cliffs area, Utah and Arizona: Utah Geology, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 45 54. Blakey, R.C., 1979, Stratigraphy of the Supai Group (Pennsylvanian Permian), Mogollon Rim, Arizona: in Carboniferous Stratigraphy of the Grand Canyon Country, northern Arizona and southern Nevada, Field Trip No. 13, Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, p. 89 109. Blakey, R.C., 1979, Lower Permian stratigraphy of the southern Colorado Plateau: in Four Corners Geological Society, Guidebook to the Permian of the Colorado Plateau, p. 115 129. (PDF) Blakey, R.C., 1980, Pennsylvanian and Early Permian paleogeography, southern Colorado Plateau and vicinity: in Paleozoic Paleogeography of west central United States, Rocky Mountain Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 239 258. Blakey, R.C., Peterson, F., Caputo, M.V., Geesaman, R., and Voorhees, B., 1983, Paleogeography of Middle Jurassic continental, shoreline, and shallow marine sedimentation, southern Utah: Mesozoic PaleogeogÂraphy of west central United States, Rocky Mountain Section of Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (Symposium), p.
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Blue River Valley Stratigraphic Chart
Blue River Valley Hydrogeologic Geologic Period Phase Stratigraphic Unit Unit Modern Alluvium and outwash deposits Alluvial Aquifer Quaternary Glacial deposits Glacial deposits Glaciation Older stream and outwash terrace Local perched deposits aquifer Troublesome Formation Local aquifer Neogene Extension Volcanic rocks Volcanics Paleogene Transition Paleogene and Cretaceous intrusive Crystalline rocks bedrock Laramide Pierre Shale Smoky Hill Member Fort Hayes Limestone Pierre confining Niobrara Niobrara Formation Cretaceous unit Interior Carlile Shale Seaway Greenhorn Limestone Graneros Shale Benton Group Dakota Sandstone Dakota Aquifer Morrison Formation Morrison Aquifer Jurassic Mesozoic Entrada Sandstone Entrada Aquifer Sandstones Chinle confining Triassic Chinle Formation unit Permian Maroon Formation Ancestral Maroon-Minturn Rocky Aquifer Mountains Minturn Formation Pennsylvanian Mississippian No strata Devonian Chaffee Group Paleozoic Silurian Mississippian- Carbonates Cambrian Ordovician Manitou Formation carbonate aquifer Dotsero Formation and Cambrian Sawatch Sandstone Crystalline rocks of igneous and Crystalline Precambrian Precambrian metamorphic origin in mountainous bedrock region Table 12a-05-01. Blue River Valley stratigraphic chart. Blue River Valley Unit Thickness Hydrogeologic Geologic Period Phase Stratigraphic Unit Physical Characteristics Hydrologic Characteristics (ft) Unit Well to poorly-sorted, uncemented sands, silts and gravels along modern Modern Alluvium and outwash deposits >35 Alluvial Aquifer streams and
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Ludvigson Et Al-Current Research.Indd
New Insights on the Sequence Stratigraphic Architecture of the Dakota Formation, Ludvigson et al. i New Insights on the Sequence Stratigraphic Architecture of the Dakota Formation in Kansas–Nebraska–Iowa from a Decade of Sponsored Research Activity Greg A. Ludvigson, Kansas Geological Survey, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS Brian J. Witzke, Iowa Geological Survey, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Iowa City, IA R. M. Joeckel, Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division, School of Natural Resources, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE Robert L. Ravn, The IRF Group, Anchorage, AK Preston Lee Phillips, Department of Geology and Geography, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC Luis A. González, Department of Geology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS Robert L. Brenner, Department of Geoscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Abstract The Cretaceous Dakota Formation in the areas of Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa contains a rich and well-preserved microfl ora of fossil palynomorphs. A comprehensive listing of these taxa is presented in this publication as part of a continuing effort to develop a refi ned biostratigraphic scheme for mid-Cretaceous terrestrial deposits in North America. The Dakota Formation in this region contains four distinctive Albian–Cenomanian palynostratigraphic zones that are used to partition the unit into successive depositional cycles, and each zone records deposition in fl uvial-estuarine environments. The late Albian Kiowa–Skull Creek depositional cycle at the base of the Dakota Formation is recognized throughout the study area, and is also recognized in other parts of the Cretaceous North American Western Interior basin. The overlying newly recognized latest Albian “Muddy–Mowry Cycle” is formally defi ned for the fi rst time in this paper and correlates with depositional cycles recognized by other workers in other parts of the Western Interior basin.
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Geology and Stratigraphy Column
Capitol Reef National Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Geology “Geology knows no such word as forever.” —Wallace Stegner Capitol Reef National Park’s geologic story reveals a nearly complete set of Mesozoic-era sedimentary layers. For 200 million years, rock layers formed at or near sea level. About 75-35 million years ago tectonic forces uplifted them, forming the Waterpocket Fold. Forces of erosion have been sculpting this spectacular landscape ever since. Deposition If you could travel in time and visit Capitol Visiting Capitol Reef 180 million years ago, Reef 245 million years ago, you would not when the Navajo Sandstone was deposited, recognize the landscape. Imagine a coastal you would have been surrounded by a giant park, with beaches and tidal flats; the water sand sea, the largest in Earth’s history. In this moves in and out gently, shaping ripple marks hot, dry climate, wind blew over sand dunes, in the wet sand. This is the environment creating large, sweeping crossbeds now in which the sediments of the Moenkopi preserved in the sandstone of Capitol Dome Formation were deposited. and Fern’s Nipple. Now jump ahead 20 million years, to 225 All the sedimentary rock layers were laid million years ago. The tidal flats are gone and down at or near sea level. Younger layers were the climate supports a tropical jungle, filled deposited on top of older layers. The Moenkopi with swamps, primitive trees, and giant ferns. is the oldest layer visible from the visitor center, The water is stagnant and a humid breeze with the younger Chinle Formation above it.
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Schmitz, M. D. 2000. Appendix 2: Radioisotopic Ages Used In
Appendix 2 Radioisotopic ages used in GTS2020 M.D. SCHMITZ 1285 1286 Appendix 2 GTS GTS Sample Locality Lat-Long Lithostratigraphy Age 6 2s 6 2s Age Type 2020 2012 (Ma) analytical total ID ID Period Epoch Age Quaternary À not compiled Neogene À not compiled Pliocene Miocene Paleogene Oligocene Chattian Pg36 biotite-rich layer; PAC- Pieve d’Accinelli section, 43 35040.41vN, Scaglia Cinerea Fm, 42.3 m above base of 26.57 0.02 0.04 206Pb/238U B2 northeastern Apennines, Italy 12 29034.16vE section Rupelian Pg35 Pg20 biotite-rich layer; MCA- Monte Cagnero section (Chattian 43 38047.81vN, Scaglia Cinerea Fm, 145.8 m above base 31.41 0.03 0.04 206Pb/238U 145.8, equivalent to GSSP), northeastern Apennines, Italy 12 28003.83vE of section MCA/84-3 Pg34 biotite-rich layer; MCA- Monte Cagnero section (Chattian 43 38047.81vN, Scaglia Cinerea Fm, 142.8 m above base 31.72 0.02 0.04 206Pb/238U 142.8 GSSP), northeastern Apennines, Italy 12 28003.83vE of section Eocene Priabonian Pg33 Pg19 biotite-rich layer; MASS- Massignano (Oligocene GSSP), near 43.5328 N, Scaglia Cinerea Fm, 14.7 m above base of 34.50 0.04 0.05 206Pb/238U 14.7, equivalent to Ancona, northeastern Apennines, 13.6011 E section MAS/86-14.7 Italy Pg32 biotite-rich layer; MASS- Massignano (Oligocene GSSP), near 43.5328 N, Scaglia Cinerea Fm, 12.9 m above base of 34.68 0.04 0.06 206Pb/238U 12.9 Ancona, northeastern Apennines, 13.6011 E section Italy Pg31 Pg18 biotite-rich layer; MASS- Massignano (Oligocene GSSP), near 43.5328 N, Scaglia Cinerea Fm, 12.7 m above base of 34.72 0.02 0.04 206Pb/238U
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Lexique Stratigraphique Canadien - Volume V-B - Region Des Appalaches, Des Basses-Terres Du Saint-Laurent Et Des Iles De La Madeleine Lexique Stratigraphique
DV 91-23 LEXIQUE STRATIGRAPHIQUE CANADIEN - VOLUME V-B - REGION DES APPALACHES, DES BASSES-TERRES DU SAINT-LAURENT ET DES ILES DE LA MADELEINE LEXIQUE STRATIGRAPHIQUE CANADIEN Volume Fa Région des Appalaches, des Basses-Terres du Saint-Laurent et des îles de la Madeleine par Yvon Globensky et collaborateurs 1993 Québec ©© LEXIQUE STRATIGRAPHIQUE CANADIEN Volume r-8 Région des Appalaches, des Basses-Terres du Saint-Laurent et des Îles de la Madeleine par Yvon Globensky et collaborateurs DV 91-23 1993 Quebec ®® DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE DE L'EXPLORATION GÉOLOGIQUE ET MINÉRALE Sous-ministre adjoint: R.Y. Lamarche DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE GÉOLOGIQUE Directeur: A. Simard, par intérim SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE DE QUÉBEC Chef: J.-M. Charbonneau Manuscrit soumis le: 30-01-91 Accepté pour publication le: 14-06-91 Lecteur critique J. Béland Édition Géomines / F. Dompierre Préparé par la Division de l'édition (Service de la géoinformation, DGEGM) Couvert 1: 1) Paucicrura rogata et Platystrophia amoena. Membre de Rosemont. Au SW de Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Photo: tirée de Globensky, 1981b, page 39 2) Formation de Solomon's Corner. Saint-Armand-Station. Photo: tirée de Globensky, 1981b, page 126 3) Faciès de Terrebonne, formation de Tétreauville. Rivière L'Assomption. Photo: Y. Globensky 4) Formation de Covey Hill. Coupe à l'extrémité NW du lac Gulf, à l'ouest de Covey Hill. Photo: tirée de Globensky, 1986, page 9 Couvert 4: 1) Formation d'Indian Point. Péninsule de Forillon. Photo: D. Brisebois 2) Coupe type de la Formation de Wallace Creek. Étang Streit, près de Philipsburg. Photo: tirée de Globensky, 1981b, page 101 3) Euomphalopsis sp.
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A Preliminary Assessment of Paleontological Resources at Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Montana and Wyoming
A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES AT BIGHORN CANYON NATIONAL RECREATION AREA, MONTANA AND WYOMING Vincent L. Santucci1, David Hays2, James Staebler2 And Michael Milstein3 1National Park Service, P.O. Box 592, Kemmerer, WY 83101 2Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, P.O. Box 7458, Fort Smith, MT 59035 3P.O. Box 821, Cody, WY 82414 ____________________ ABSTRACT - Paleontological resources occur throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations exposed in Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area. Isolated research on specific geologic units within Bighorn Canyon has yielded data on a wide diversity of fossil forms. A comprehensive paleonotological survey has not been previously undertaken at Bighorn Canyon. Preliminary paleontologic resource data is presented in this report as an effort to establish baseline data. ____________________ INTRODUCTION ighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (BICA) consists of approximately 120,000 acres within the Bighorn Mountains of north-central Wyoming and south-central Montana B (Figure 1). The northwestern trending Bighorn Mountains consist of over 9,000 feet of sedimentary rock. The predominantly marine and near shore sedimentary units range from the Cambrian through the Lower Cretaceous. Many of these formations are extremely fossiliferous. The Bighorn Mountains were uplifted during the Laramide Orogeny beginning approximately 70 million years ago. Large volumes of sediments, rich in early Tertiary paleontological resources, were deposited in the adjoining basins. This report provides a preliminary assessment of paleontological resources identified at Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area. STRATIGRAPHY The stratigraphic record at Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area extends from the Cambrian through the Cretaceous (Figure 2). The only time period during this interval that is not represented is the Silurian.
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The Geologic Story of Colorado's Sangre De Cristo Range
The Geologic Story of Colorado’s Sangre de Cristo Range Circular 1349 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover shows a landscape carved by glaciers. Front cover, Crestone Peak on left and the three summits of Kit Carson Mountain on right. Back cover, Humboldt Peak on left and Crestone Needle on right. Photograph by the author looking south from Mt. Adams. The Geologic Story of Colorado’s Sangre de Cristo Range By David A. Lindsey A description of the rocks and landscapes of the Sangre de Cristo Range and the forces that formed them. Circular 1349 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 This and other USGS information products are available at http://store.usgs.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 To learn about the USGS and its information products visit http://www.usgs.gov/ 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Lindsey, D.A., 2010, The geologic story of Colorado’s Sangre de Cristo Range: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1349, 14 p. iii Contents The Oldest Rocks ...........................................................................................................................................1
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Carbon and Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an Icehouse to Greenhouse Transition
Carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an icehouse to greenhouse transition Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kate E. Tierney, M.S. Graduate Program in the School of Earth Sciences The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Matthew R. Saltzman, Advisor William I. Ausich Loren Babcock Stig M. Bergström Ola Ahlqvist Copyright by Kate Elizabeth Tierney 2010 Abstract The Permian is one of the most important intervals of earth history to help us understand the way our climate system works. It is an analog to modern climate because during this interval climate transitioned from an icehouse state (when glaciers existed extending to middle latitudes), to a greenhouse state (when there were no glaciers). This climatic amelioration occurred under conditions very similar to those that exist in modern times, including atmospheric CO2 levels and the presence of plants thriving in the terrestrial system. This analog to the modern system allows us to investigate the mechanisms that cause global warming. Scientist have learned that the distribution of carbon between the oceans, atmosphere and lithosphere plays a large role in determining climate and changes in this distribution can be studied by chemical proxies preserved in the rock record. There are two main ways to change the distribution of carbon between these reservoirs. Organic carbon can be buried or silicate minerals in the terrestrial realm can be weathered. These two mechanisms account for the long term changes in carbon concentrations in the atmosphere, particularly important to climate.
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The Need for Sedimentary Geology in Paleontology
The Sedimentary Record The Habitat of Primitive Vertebrates: The Need for Sedimentary Geology in Paleontology Steven M. Holland Department of Geology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2501 Jessica Allen Department of Geology and Geophysics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0111 ABSTRACT That these were fish fossils was immediately controversial, with paleontological giants E.D. Cope and E.W. Claypole voicing The habitat in which early fish originated and diversified has doubts. long been controversial, with arguments spanning everything The controversy over habitat soon followed. By 1935, a fresh- from marine to fresh-water. A recent sequence stratigraphic water or possibly estuarine environment for early fish was generally analysis of the Ordovician Harding Formation of central preferred, but essentially in disregard for the sedimentology of the Colorado demonstrates that the primitive fish first described by Harding (Romer and Grove, 1935). Devonian fish were abundant Charles Walcott did indeed live in a shallow marine in fresh-water strata and the lack of fish in demonstrably marine environment, as he argued.This study underscores the need for Ordovician strata supported a fresh-water origin. The abrasion of analyses of the depositional environment and sequence dermal plates in the Harding was considered proof that the fish architecture of fossiliferous deposits to guide paleobiological and were transported from a fresh-water habitat to their burial in a biostratigraphic inferences. littoral environment. The fresh-water interpretation quickly led to paleobiological inference, as armored heads were thought to be a defense against eurypterids living in fresh-water habitats. Paleobiological inference also drove the fresh-water interpretation, INTRODUCTION with biologists arguing that the physiology of kidneys necessitated a For many years, the habitat of primitive vertebrates has been fresh-water origin for fish.
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Exceptional Fossil Preservation During CO2 Greenhouse Crises? Gregory J
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 307 (2011) 59–74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Exceptional fossil preservation during CO2 greenhouse crises? Gregory J. Retallack Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA article info abstract Article history: Exceptional fossil preservation may require not only exceptional places, but exceptional times, as demonstrated Received 27 October 2010 here by two distinct types of analysis. First, irregular stratigraphic spacing of horizons yielding articulated Triassic Received in revised form 19 April 2011 fishes and Cambrian trilobites is highly correlated in sequences in different parts of the world, as if there were Accepted 21 April 2011 short temporal intervals of exceptional preservation globally. Second, compilations of ages of well-dated fossil Available online 30 April 2011 localities show spikes of abundance which coincide with stage boundaries, mass extinctions, oceanic anoxic events, carbon isotope anomalies, spikes of high atmospheric carbon dioxide, and transient warm-wet Keywords: Lagerstatten paleoclimates. Exceptional fossil preservation may have been promoted during unusual times, comparable with fi Fossil preservation the present: CO2 greenhouse crises of expanding marine dead zones, oceanic acidi cation, coral bleaching, Trilobite wetland eutrophication, sea level rise, ice-cap melting, and biotic invasions. Fish © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Carbon dioxide Greenhouse 1. Introduction Zeigler, 1992), sperm (Nishida et al., 2003), nuclei (Gould, 1971)and starch granules (Baxter, 1964). Taphonomic studies of such fossils have Commercial fossil collectors continue to produce beautifully pre- emphasized special places where fossils are exceptionally preserved pared, fully articulated, complex fossils of scientific(Simmons et al., (Martin, 1999; Bottjer et al., 2002).
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