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West Indian Vegetation

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West Indian Vegetation Plant Formations in the West Indian BioProvince Peter Martin Rhind West Indian Limestone Scrub These sclerophyllous shrublands occur on the dry limestone terraces and lowland karstic ‘dog tooth’ formations. In Cuba extensive stands occur in Oriente between Puerto Padra and Gibara and in the southern terraced coast between Cabo Cruz and Maisi where the climate generally has two dry seasons totaling about 8 months per year. This formation rarely exceeds 3 m in height but is very rich in species. Characteristic small trees are Colubrina elliptica, Erithalis fruticosa and several endemics like Auerodendron cubense (Rhamnaceae), Cordia leucosebestena (Boraginaceae), Diospyros grisebachii (Ebenaceae), Picrodendron macrocarpum (Picrodendraceae), Pseudocarpidium multidens (Verbenaceae) and Spirotecoma spiralis (Bignoniaceae). Elements of the sub shrub layer include various species of Cordia such as the endemic Cordia lucidus (Euphorbiaceae), together with Eugenia cowellii, Polygala guantanamana and many endemic species such as Bellonia spinosa (Acanthaceae), Coccothrinax munizii (Arecaceae), Grimmeodendron eglandulosum (Euphorbiaceae), Jacquinia berteroi (Theophrastaceae) and Randia spinifex (Rubiaceae). Of the succulents, several Melocactus species occur together with the endemic Dendrocereus nudiflorus (Cactaceae), but herbs and epiphytes are few in number. Lianas are more conspicuous with about 30 species including the endemic Distictis lactiflora (Bignoniaceae), Jacquemontia jamaicensis (Convolvulaceae) and Passiflora santiagana (Passifloraceae). West Indian Serpentine Scrub In Cuba these formations occur on the red ferrallitic soils derived from serpentine in several places from the Cajabana Hills to the Holguin serpentine areas in the Oriente. The area is subject to one dry season lasting up to 6 months. Characteristically the vegetation forms a dense, 2-4 m high, closed scrub with sporadic emergent palms up to 6 m, but apart from Melocactus species cacti are absent. Many of the common species, such as Annona bullata (Annonaceae), Coccothrinax miraguama (Areaceae), Eugenia camaricoa (Myrtaceae), Malpighia nummulariifolia (Malpighiaceae), Neobracea valenzuelana (Apocynaceae), Passiflora cubensis (Passifloraceae), Phyllanthus orbicularis (Euphorbiaceae), Rondeletia camarioca (Rubiaceae) and Tabebuia lepidota (Bignoniaceae) are endemic. In the dryer areas north of the Moa Mountains a different assemblage of species can be found. This ancient endemic flora is thought to have originated from Moa and then moved along the coast in both directions. In places 85 % of the species are endemic - common examples include Acrosynanthus minor (Rubiaceae), Ceuthocarpus involucratus (Rubiaceae), Coccoloba nipensis (Polygonaceae), Hemithrinax savannarum (Arecaceae), Kodalyodendron cubensis (Rutaceae), Moacroton leonis (Euphorbiaceae), Phyllanthus comosus (Euphorbiaceae), Shaferocharis multiflora (Rubiaceae) and Tabebuia linearis (Bignoniaceae). In the herb layer Rhynchospora species, Paepalanthus brittonii and the endemic Machaerina cubensis (Cyperaceae) are found. A different formation is associated with the serpentine semi-arid upland areas in Cristal, Moa and Nipe mountains of Cuba and unlike the sclerophyllous shrub forest or thickets on the slopes of the Blue Mountains in Jamaica; these scrublands are regarded as edaphic climax communities. In the Moa the formation consists of a dense bush of shrubs and stunted trees up to about 6 m tall and reaches its best development between altitudes of about 600-1000 m. The vast majority of species is endemic and typically includes Acrosynanthus trachyphyllus (Rubiaceae), Clusia moaënsis (Hypericaceae), Ilex hypaneura (Aquifoliaceae), Illicium cubensis (Illiciaceae), Jacaranda arborea (Bignoniaceae) and Laplaca moaënsis (Theaceae). Epiphytes are rare, but sclerophyllous Copyright © 2010 Peter Martin Rhind lianas abound including various endemics like Feddea cubensis (Asteraceae) and Morinda moaensis (Rubiaceae). The herb layer is poorly developed but may include several species such as the endemic grass Ekmanochloa aristata (Poaceae). West Indian Cactus Scrub Scrub dominated by cacti is an integral part of the coastal semi-desert formation of the Caribbean. On Cuba cactus scrub forms an unbroken belt along the coast from Guantánamo Bay to Imias. Succulents, mainly cacti, are dominant in both the shrub and sub-shrub layers, but the constituent species depend on whether the soil is rocky or sandy. On the latter Opuntia dillenii, Cylindropuntia histrix, Rithereocereus histrix and the endemic Opuntia militaris and Rhodocactus cubensis (Cactaceae) are dominant. Most of the associated trees and shrubs belong to the families Caesalpiniaceae, such as the endemic Caesalpinia pinnata, and Capparidaceae, such as Capparis flexuosa. The sparse herb layer is mainly composed of grasses. Dominant cacti of more rocky conditions are mainly endemic species such as Consolea macrantha, Dendrocereus nudiflorus and Pilosocereus brooksianus (Cactaceae). The shrub layer also includes a variety of other endemic species including several emergent palms such as Coccothrinax hiorami and C. alexandri (Arecaceae). The herb layer includes other succulents such as the endemic Agave albescens (Agavaceae) and Melocactus acunae (Cactaceae). West Indian Sclerophyll Thicket On the leeward St Andrews slopes of the Blue Mountains the vegetation changes abruptly to sclerphyllous thicket at about 700 m and then continues up to the mist forest at about 1200 m. This zone appears to be unique to the West Indies. Two characteristic shrubs confined to this zone on Jamaica are Dodonea viscosa, a small hardwood shrub found throughout the Pacific, and the endemic mountain broom Baccharis scoparia (Asteraceae). Other shrubs include Clusia rosea, Lantana involucrata, Solanum verbascifolium and several endemic species such as Heterotrichum umbellatum (Melastomataceae) and Lyonia jamaicensis (Ericaceae). Also characteristic of this zone are a number of small trailing woody herbs like Coccocypselum herbaceum, Micromeria obovara, Relbunium hypocarpium and the two endemics Chusquea albietifolia (Poaceae) a climbing bamboo, and Manettia lygistum (Rubiaceae). Typical herbs are Bidens pilosa, Cordia cyclindrostachya, Flemingia strobilifera, Gnaphalium americanum and Leianthus longifolius. West Indian Limestone Forest In Jamaica these sparse scrub forests are confined to arid southern areas with possibly some of the most undisturbed areas on the Portland Ridge. With virtually no soil the plants find support and sustenance by developing long branched root systems that permeate cracks and crevices. The more disturbed areas lack any distinct stratification but those of Portland Ridge have three stories including emergents reaching 25 m, a canopy between 12-20 m and a sub-canopy of 6-10 m. Among the emergent species are Chlorophora tinctoria, Pisonia fragrans and the endemic Rhamnidium jamaicense (Rhamnaceae), while canopy and sub canopy species include Adelia ricinella, Albizzia berteriana, Anona squamosa, Bauhinia divaricata and a variety of Jamaican or West Indian endemics taxa like Bourreria succulenta (Boraginaceae), Brya ebenus (Fabaceae), Bumelia rotundifolia (Sapotaceae), Coccoloba krugii (Polygonaceae), Erythroxylon rotundifolium (Erythroxylaceae), Linociera ligustrina (Oleaceae), Ocotea jamaicensis (Lauraceae) and Oxandra lanceolata (Annonaceae). Most of the trees are thin boled and spindly with branches close to the ground. The shrub layer is well developed with many Jamaican or West Indian endemics such as Allophyllus pachyphyllus (Sapindaceae), Casearia nitida (Flacourtiaceae), Castela macrophyllus (Simaroubaceae), Eupatorium Copyright © 2010 Peter Martin Rhind dalea (Asteraceae), Helicteres jamaicensis (Sterculiaceae), Phyllanthus angustifolius (Euphorbiaceae), Portlandia grandiflora (Rubiaceae) and Psidium albescens (Myrtaceae). Climbing and scrambling plants are also well represented but true lianas are absent. Some of the endemic species include Galactia pendula (Fabaceae), Ipomoea jamaicensis (Convolvulaceae), Passiflora perfoliata (Passifloraceae), Paullinia barbardense (Sapindaceae), Smilax balbisiana (Smilacaceae) and Stigmaphyllon emarginatum (Malpighiaceae). Epiphytes are mainly composed of xerophytic bromeliads, cacti and orchids including the endemic Broughtonia sanguinea (Orchidaceae). A ground flora, on the other hand, is often absent but may include a few ferns, cacti and several non- succulent flowering plants such as the endemic Vernonia divaricata (Asteraceae). In Cuba the limestone or karstic forests are varied but can be extremely species-rich, and endemic taxa are estimated to account for about 40% of their flora. On the karst slopes of Sierra de los Organos they form open forests up to about 8 m tall. Characteristic trees include the barrel-like Gaussia princeps and many endemic tree-shaped species such as Bourreria polyneura (Boraginaceae), Ekmanianthe actinophylla (Bignoniaceae), Ophalea hypoleuca, Sapium leucogynum (Euphorbiaceae) Spathelia brittonii (Rutaceae), Thrinax punctulata (Arecaceae) and the interesting living fossil Microcycas calocoma (Cycadaceae). Succulents are also well represented with endemic species like Agave tubulata (Agavaceae), Leptocereus assurgens and Selenicereus grandiflorus (Cactaceae), while ianas include the endemic Philodendron urbanianum (Araceae) and Siemensia pendula (Rubiaceae). There are other species that can be broadly described as chasmophytes including the endemic Anthurium venosum (Araceae),
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