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Masterannkristinodden.Pdf (2.896Mb) Universitetet i Oslo – Institutt for Medier og Kommunikasjon To nordmenn – og “de der nede” En studie av tre norske avisers dekning av Kongo- saken høsten 2009 Ann Kristin Odden August 2011 i ii Sammendrag Denne oppgaven er en undersøkelse av Aftenposten, VG og Dagbladets tilnærming til Kongo- saken høsten 2009. Ved hjelp av kvantitativ innholdsanalyse, kritisk diskursanalyse og kvalitative intervjuer med journalister ser jeg på hvordan saken ble dekket, samt hvordan kongolesisk befolkning og samfunnssystem ble representert gjennom dekningen. Funnene viser at avisene i hovedsak endret seg fra å dekke de tiltaltes versjon av saken i august, til å bli mer kritiske i løpet av september, og igjen noe mer “sympatisk innstilt” i oktober 2009. Her var det imidlertid visse forskjeller mellom avisene: Mens Aftenposten prioriterte mer dybdestoff og analyser, foretok VG undersøkende journalistikk. Dagbladet viste en noe mer forenklet tilnærming til saken og DR Kongo for øvrig. Journalistene forklarer “sympati- dekningen” i august 2009 med mangel på tid, samt at de ikke ønsket å påvirke rettssaken ved å publisere sensitiv informasjon. Andre faktorer som har påvirket dekningen er journalistens redaksjonelle tilhørighet (abonnementsavis versus løssalg), og deres personlige erfaring fra Afrika generelt og DR Kongo spesielt. Abstract This thesis is a study of the three Norwegian newspapers Aftenposten, VG and Dagbladet‟s coverage of “the Congo-case”* during the autumn of 2009. By conducting a quantitative content analysis, a critical discourse analysis and qualitative interviews with journalists I have analysed how the case was covered, as well as how the Congolese people and their community were represented. My findings show that the three newspapers generally chose a one-sided angle (sympathetic towards the Norwegians) in August, became more critical during the month of September, and reverted back into the pattern from August again in October. There were, however, variations: Aftenposten chose a more analytical approach where they also covered related issues, while VG performed investigative journalism. Dagbladet‟s approach to both the case and DR Congo as a whole was slightly more simplistic. The journalists themselves explain that their angle in August was caused by lack of time to investigate, in addition to the fact that they did not wish to influence the trial. The kind of newspaper the journalists worked for (broadsheet versus tabloid), as well as their experience with travelling in Africa and DR Congo, also influenced their approach. *The case in question involves two young Norwegian men who were convicted of murder in DR Congo in September 2009, a topic which has received a great deal of media attention in Norway. iii iv Forord Da jeg i oktober 2009 bestemte meg for å skrive masteroppgaven om dette temaet var de to nordmennene i DR Kongo fremdeles førstesidestoff i norske aviser. Sakte men sikkert dabbet den allmenne interessen for saken av ved årsskiftet 2009/2010, noe man kanskje kan innvende at gjør denne analysen mindre aktuell. Likevel vil jeg påstå at det overordnede temaet – representasjonen av ikke-vestlige land i norske medier – er noe som er allmenngyldig, og vil fortsette å vekke interesse i årene som kommer. Etter en svært lang og til tider frustrerende (men også inspirerende) masteroppgaveprosess er jeg omsider i mål. Dette er takket være mange sene kvelder og hard jobbing, spesielt i innspurten, men også uvurderlig hjelp fra mine kompetente medhjelpere: Først og fremst, tusen takk til min dyktige veileder, Kristin Skare Orgeret, for at du har bevart troen på prosjektet hele veien og har sørget for å holde meg på sporet. Du har stilt opp mer enn det man kan forvente av en veileder, har lest korrektur midt i ferietiden (juli/august), og har gitt meg tett oppfølging underveis. Det at jeg til slutt har klart å gjennomføre prosjektet er mye din fortjeneste. Jeg vil også rette en takk til Gro Breili, som bidro som motivator og hjalp meg med å rydde opp i tankene i en periode der jeg hadde lagt oppgaven på is og strevde med å komme i gang igjen. Det har i tillegg vært til stor hjelp at min far, søster og svoger alle har hjulpet meg med korrekturlesing, formatering og generell oppbacking i en avsluttende fase. Det er ingen selvfølge å ha et eget “ekspertpanel” i familien – tusen takk til dere! Og sist, men ikke minst: En stor takk til øvrig familie, venner og spesielt til samboeren min for at dere har holdt ut med meg gjennom en lang og krevende masteroppgaveprosess. Uten deres støtte, forståelse og tålmodighet hadde jeg nok ikke stått her i dag med ferdig produkt i hånden. Ann Kristin Odden Institutt for Medier og Kommunikasjon, august 2011 v vi Innholdsfortegnelse Forord ......................................................................................................................................... v Kapittel 1. Innledning ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Avgrensning og struktur .................................................................................................. 3 Kapittel 2. Metodisk tilnærming ................................................................................................ 7 2.1. Kvantitativ oversikt ......................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Fairclough og kritisk diskursanalyse ............................................................................. 10 2.2.1. Valg av analysemateriale ........................................................................................ 13 2.3. Intervjuer ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.4. Vurdering av forskningens validitet - refleksjoner rundt egen rolle ............................. 17 Kapittel 3. “De andre” - sett gjennom ”våre” øyne .................................................................. 21 3.1. ”Vår” nasjonale identitet ............................................................................................... 24 3.2. Annengjøring, orientalisme og stereotypier .................................................................. 26 3.3. Den usynlige “andre”: Tilintetgjørelse og marginalisering ........................................... 31 3.4. Nyhetskriterier: Hva dekkes i utenriksreportasjen? ....................................................... 33 3.4.1. The Structure of Foreign News – klassiker eller utdatert?...................................... 36 3.5. Oppsummering .............................................................................................................. 39 Kapittel 4. Mediesakens omfang – et kvantitativt overblikk.................................................... 41 4.1. Utvalg ............................................................................................................................ 44 4.2. Tematisk oversikt .......................................................................................................... 47 4.2.1. August 2009 ............................................................................................................ 47 4.2.2. September 2009 ...................................................................................................... 48 4.2.3. Oktober 2009 .......................................................................................................... 50 4.3. Kvantitative funn ........................................................................................................... 50 4.3.1. Holdninger .............................................................................................................. 51 vii 4.3.2 Kildebruk ................................................................................................................. 53 4.4. Oppsummering og refleksjoner ..................................................................................... 57 Kapittel 5. Analyse av artikkelmateriale .................................................................................. 61 5.1. Reportasjen – subjektiv, skildrende og stedsavhengig .................................................. 62 5.2. Artikkel 1: “Hjemme hos” Moland og French .............................................................. 64 5.2.1. “-Det skal bli oppvask når vi kommer ut herfra” – Aftenposten, 20.09.2009 ........ 65 5.3. Artikkel 2 + 3: Drapsdagen, time for time ..................................................................... 72 5.3.1. ”-Jeg så Moland i hvitøyet da han hevet våpenet” – 12. august 2009 .................... 73 5.3.2. ”-Sannheten om drapsdagen” – 25. august 2009 .................................................... 79 5.4. Artikkel 4: “Kaos” i rettssalen ....................................................................................... 83 5.4.1. “Skal jeg dømmes uten å skjønne hva jeg blir dømt for?`” ................................... 84 5.5. Artikkel 5: De dødsdømtes sanne ansikt ....................................................................... 89 5.1.1. Deltaker: Straffene var bestialske – VG, 14. september 2009 ................................ 90 Kapittel 6. Ved veis ende: drøfting av funn ............................................................................. 97 6.1. Forståelsen av DR Kongo .............................................................................................. 97 6.1.1. Forberedelser før avreise ........................................................................................
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