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Re-Assembling Ghana: Diaspora and Innovation in the African Mediascape

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Re-Assembling Ghana: Diaspora and Innovation in the African Mediascape Re-Assembling Ghana: Diaspora and Innovation in the African Mediascape By Reginold Alexander Royston A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in African American Studies and the Designated Emphasis in New Media in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Michel Laguerre, Chair Professor G. Ugo Nwokeji Professor Robert Allen Professor Jenna Burrell Spring 2014 © Reginold Alexander Royston 2014 Abstract Re-Assembling Ghana: Diaspora and Innovation in the African Mediascape by Reginold Alexander Royston Doctor of Philosophy in African American Studies and the Designated Emphasis in New Media University of California, Berkeley Professor Michel Laguerre, Chair The notion of the "network society" has been used to describe world relations since the wide adoption of mobile phones and the Internet at the start of the 21st century. Against this narrative of a seamless global, and democratizing information system, I argue that tech users operating from the Global South interact with information technology via asymmetrical positions of connection, participation and production. For nations such as Ghana (West Africa), whose engagement with the West includes historic and contemporary waves of diaspora, the opportunities and failures of new networking technologies remain poignant. In this dissertation, I document the cyberculture practices of Ghana's "digital diaspora" and homeland "activist developers" who are overcoming this network divide through the use of "tactical" new media. In this work, I emphasize the importance of innovation (novel techniques and practices) over technology (construed narrowly as objects and scientific processes) for the social science of technology. Using ethnographic methods and interviews, I interacted with lay and professional innovators in physical locations (San Francisco, Chicago, Amsterdam, and Accra and Kumasi in Ghana) and via online media (Twitter, message boards, blogs, mobile devices and apps). These digital practices of the translocal resist the enduring notions of Africa as a place devoid of technological innovation, and thus outside of modernity. The documented practices of bricolage, local adoption and relativist invention all re-assemble the social imaginary of Ghana for the contemporary era, and reflect a politics of agency and representation within a growing African mediascape. 1 This work is dedicated to those who choose to see beyond the horizon. With love and gratitude to Maxine. i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Charts ............................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION / DISRUPTING THE NETWORK SOCIETY ........ 1 Ghana: A crucial case study for IT and globalization ............................................................ 3 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 5 Organization of “Re-Assembling Ghana” ............................................................................. 9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER II: INNOVATION, DIASPORA and ASYMMETRICAL NETWORKS . 11 Part I: Theorizing Innovation ................................................................................................. 11 Defining Technology ............................................................................................................. 12 Innovation: From Technology to Techniques ....................................................................... 14 Digital Diaspora as a form of innovation ............................................................................... 14 Tactical Innovation in Africa ................................................................................................. 15 Network Asymmetry in Ghana .............................................................................................. 19 Part II: The Landscape of Ghana’s Cyberculture .................................................................. 23 A Wired vs A Wireless Web .................................................................................................. 25 Costs ........................................................................................................................ 29 Technopolitics and Ghana’s Internet Development ............................................................... 29 Implications for Diaspora Connections ................................................................................. 30 Spaces of Innovation: CLCs, Cybercafes and Tech Hubs ..................................................... 31 Impact of Network Asymmetry on Ghana’s Cyberculture .................................................... 35 Chapter III: Digital Diaspora and the Social Construction of Ghanaian Cyberspace 37 Ghana’s Digital Diaspora ....................................................................................................... 37 Interpreting Techniques ......................................................................................................... 38 Ghana’s Diaspora In Context ................................................................................................. 43 Digital Diaspora: A Form Of Sociotechnical Innovation ...................................................... 45 Tactics of Connection ............................................................................................................ 48 Oakland 2009 ........................................................................................................................ 49 Analyzing Tactical Media Use ............................................................................................... 52 Transforming Diaspora .......................................................................................................... 56 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 61 CHAPTER IV: HACKING DEVELOPMENT ............................................................... 63 Hackthons, an Introduction .................................................................................................... 63 MPower Payments Hackathon: Oct 2013 .............................................................................. 66 Hacking in Ghana .................................................................................................................. 70 Working Through Disruption ................................................................................................ 70 Hacking Development ........................................................................................................... 74 Homeland Conditions ............................................................................................................ 78 DevCongress ........................................................................................................ 82 GhanaThink ........................................................................................................................ 83 GhanaDecides ........................................................................................................................ 84 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 86 ii CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION / TOWARDS AN AFROPOLITAN MEDIASCAPE .......................................................... 91 What’s an Afropolitan? ................................................................................. 91 A Narrative For The African Renaissance Redux ................................................................. 96 Landscapes of Afropolitanism ............................................................................................... 98 Afropolitan Techniques .........................................................................................................100 Broader Networks ..................................................................................................................102 Towards an Afropolitan Mediascape .....................................................................................103 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................105 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Chart 1: Conditions of Connection (Homeland & Diaspora) ................................................ 23 Chart 2: Key Indicators for IT Connectivity 2013 ................................................................. 24 Figure 1: Distributed Networks ............................................................................................. 21 Figure 2: Ghana’s Internet Backbone .................................................................................... 23 Figure 3: Sea-Cable Map of the World ................................................................................. 25 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Axé. This dissertation would not have possible without the love, support, and guidance from my family, specifically Dr. Maxine McKinney de Royston, whose own work has been inspirational and instructive throughout
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