KAMILA VILAS PESSOTTI PROPAGAÇÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO in Vitro DE Vriesea Sucrei

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KAMILA VILAS PESSOTTI PROPAGAÇÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO in Vitro DE Vriesea Sucrei UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA VEGETAL KAMILA VILAS PESSOTTI PROPAGAÇÃO e CONSERVAÇÃO in vitro de Vriesea sucrei (L.B. Smith & R.W. Read): Bromeliaceae em perigo de extinção da Mata Atlântica VITÓRIA 2009 KAMILA VILAS PESSOTTI PROPAGAÇÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO in vitro DE Vriesea sucrei (L.B. Smith & R.W. Read): Bromeliaceae em perigo de extinção da Mata Atlântica Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Biologia Vegetal do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biologia Vegetal, na área de concentração Fisiologia Vegetal. Orientação: Prof. Dr. Geraldo Rogério Faustini Cuzzuol. Co-orientação: Diolina Moura Silva VITÓRIA 2009 KAMILA VILAS PESSOTTI PROPAGAÇÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO in vitro DE Vriesea sucrei (L.B. Smith & R.W. Read): Bromeliaceae em perigo de extinção da Mata Atlântica Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biologia Vegetal, na área de concentração Fisiologia Vegetal. Aprovada em de 2009 COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Geraldo Rogério Faustini Cuzzuol Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Orientador ______________________________________________ Profª Drª Queila de Souza Garcia Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Examinador externo ______________________________________________ Prof ª Drª Maria do Carmo Batitucci Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Examinador Interno A todos que ajudaram, incentivaram e torceram pela a realização desse trabalho. DEDICO AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus; A Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, pela oportunidade; A FAPES, pela concessão da bolsa de estudos; Ao professor e amigo Geraldo Rogério Faustini Cuzzuol, pela orientação, compreensão nos momentos mais difíceis e principalmente pela confiança; A professora Diolina Moura Silva, pela orientação, conselhos e apoio; A professora Camilla Millanez, pela enorme ajuda na realização das análises anatômicas. Valeu xará! Ao professor Marco Antônio, cujo auxílio durante as análises estatísticas foi de fundamental importância; Ao Instituto Kautsky, pela doação do material biológico; Aos colegas de mestrado Ana Paula, Bruna, Elias, Emerson, Gabrielas, Liana, Mariela, Poliana, Sabrina, Sigrid, Tarsila e Wilka pelos momentos de descontração e por estarem sempre dispostos a ajudar; Ao Rubinho, meu esposo, pela compreensão, companheirismo e apoio nos momentos mais críticos; A minha família por sempre me apoiar; As amigas Andréa, Melyna, Bárbara e Clarissa; Ao secretário do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Ricardo, pela ajuda na parte burocrática para a conclusão da minha dissertação; A todas as pessoas que, de alguma forma, contribuíram para a conclusão deste trabalho, o meu respeito e eterna gratidão! RESUMO As técnicas de propagação in vitro permitem a obtenção de grandes quantidades de mudas uniformes, de alta qualidade fisiológica e fitossanitária. Com isso, pode-se promover a multiplicação rápida e geneticamente confiável, bem como a preservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estabelecer um protocolo para a propagação e conservação in vitro e ex situ de Vriesea sucrei , visando à implantação de um banco de germoplasma dessa Bromeliaceae ameaçada de extinção. Sementes de V. sucrei foram inoculadas em meios de cultura e substratos in vitro . Foram testados sete diferentes meios de germinação: MS líquido, MS gelificado, K líquido, K gelificado, Areia lavada, fibra de coco e controle (água destilada). O índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), porcentagem de germinação e de sobrevivência foram calculados. Também foram realizadas medidas de crescimento inicial como altura e número de folhas das plântulas germinadas. Plântulas provenientes da germinação in vitro foram submetidas aos tratamentos de conservação, que consistiram de uma combinação fatorial (2x3x2x2) das seguintes variáveis fisiológicas: formulação do meio de cultura (MS e K), concentração de macro e micronutrientes do meio de cultura (1, ½ e ¼), estado físico do meio de cultura (gelificado e líquido) e temperatura de incubação (15°C e 25°C). Após 120 dias em cultura, foram real izadas medidas de porcentagem de sobrevivência, incremento em altura, número de folhas, número de raízes, comprimento da maior raiz, teores de clorofila e análise anatômica do limbo. Plântulas de V. sucrei com seis meses de idade, obtidas por meio da germinação in vitro, foram utilizadas como explantes para a indução de brotações laterais. Os tratamentos de indução de brotações laterais consistiram de uma combinação fatorial (2x2x4) de dois meios de cultura (MS e K), dois estados físicos do meio (gelificado e liquido) e quatro combinações de auxinas (AIA e ANA), citocininas (cinetina e BAP), e uma amina (adenina) em diferentes proporções. A eficiência da multiplicação das brotações laterais foi calculada pela porcentagem de plântulas que geraram brotações laterais em cada tratamento e número médio de brotações produzidas por plântula. A germinação in vitro de sementes de V. sucrei nos tratamentos MS líquido, K líquido, areia e controle se mostram igualmente efetivos, apresentando altas taxas de germinação, sobrevivência e IVG. Os tratamentos contendo meio nutritivo (MS líquido e K líquido) seriam os mais indicados para a obtenção de plantas com crescimento inicial mais vigoroso em altura e número de folhas. O crescimento naturalmente lento da espécie V. sucrei favoreceu sua conservação em bancos de germoplasma in vitro . A baixa temperatura de 15°C foi o fator determinante para a redução do crescimento in vitro , sem, contudo, comprometer a sobrevivência das plantas. O tratamento ½ MS liquido a 15°C apresentou alta porcentagem de sobrevivência, plantas com crescimento reduzido, altos teores de clorofila e estrutura anatômica sem anormalidades. Com base nestes resultados, podemos sugerir que esse tratamento seja o mais indicado para a implantação de bancos de germoplasma in vitro de V. sucrei . Quanto ao experimento de indução de brotações laterais, o tratamento MS liquido suplementado com 0,5mg/L de ANA e 2mg/L de BAP promoveu maior porcentagem de plantas com brotações laterais (80%) e maior número de brotações laterais/planta (2,3). No entanto, todos os tratamentos testados geraram um número baixo de brotações laterais/planta. Palavras – Chave: Vriesea sucrei , in vitro , conservação, propagação. ABSTRACT The in vitro propagation techniques allow the production of large numbers of uniform plantlets, with high physiological and phytosanitarian quality. Thus, it enables a rapid and genetically reliable multiplication, as well as the preservation of species threatened of extinction. The objective of the present study was to establish a protocol for the in vitro and ex situ propagation and conservation of Vriesea sucrei , in order to implant a germoplasm bank for this Bromeliaceae threatened of extinction. Seeds of V. sucrei were inoculated in vitro on culture mediums and substrates. Seven different germination treatments were tested: MS liquid, MS gelled, K liquid, K gelled, washed sand, coconut fiber and control (distilled water). Germination and survival percentages, as well as the germination speed index (GSI), were calculated. Initial growth measurements, such as height and number of leaves, were registered. Plantlets deriving from in vitro germination were submitted to conservation treatments, consisting of a factorial combination (2x3x2x2) of the following physiological variables: culture medium formulation (MS and K), concentration of macro and micronutrients of the culture medium (1, ½ and ¼), physical state of the culture medium (gelled and liquid) and incubation temperature (15°C and 25°C). The surviva l rate, increment in height, number of leaves, number of roots, length of the longest root, chlorophyll content and anatomical leaf structure were evaluated after 120 days in culture. V.sucrei plantlets with six months of age, obtained from in vitro germination, were used as explants to induce lateral buds. Lateral bud induction treatments consisted of a factorial combination (2x2x4) of two culture mediums (MS and K), two physical states of the culture medium (gelled and liquid) and four combinations of auxins (IAA and NAA), cytokinins (cinetin and BAP) and one amine (adenine) in different proportions. Multiplication efficiency was calculated as the percentage of seedlings that gave rise to adventitious shoots as well as the mean number of shoots/seedling. The in vitro germination of V. sucrei seeds on MS liquid medium, K liquid medium, sand and control were equally efficient, presenting high GSI, germination and survival rates. Treatments containing nutritive media (MS liquid and K liquid) would be the most indicated to obtain plants with a more vigorous initial growth in height and number of leaves. The natural slow growth of the species V. sucrei favored its conservation in in vitro germplasm banks. The low temperature of 15°C was t he main factor that determined the reduction of the in vitro growth, without, however, compromising the survival rates. The ½ MS liquid medium at 15°C presented high survival rate, plants with diminished growth, high chlorophyll content and anatomical leaf structure with no abnormalities. These results suggest that this
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