DOCSLIB.ORG

Open Thesis.PDF

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Open Thesis.PDF The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Agricultural Sciences HORMONAL PRODUCTS IN COCKROACH EMBRYOS; HOST SPECIFICITY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AND THE EFFECT OF SURFACE COAT PROTEINS FROM NEMATODES ON INSECT IMMUNITY A Thesis in Entomology by Xinyi Li © 2005 Xinyi Li Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2005 The thesis of Xinyi Li was reviewed and approved* by the following: Diana L. Cox-Foster Professor of Entomology Thesis Advisor Chair of Committee A. Daniel Jones Senior Scientist of Chemistry Kelli Hoover Associate Professor of Entomology Liwang Cui Assistant Professor of Entomology Stephen L. Rathbun Associate Professor of Statistics Gary Felton Professor of Entomology Head of the Department of Entomology *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT My thesis is composed of two parts. One part is the research on hormonal products in cockroach embryos. This part was conducted under the guidiance of Dr. Glenn L. Holbrook. The other part is focused on the effects of surface coat proteins of entomopathogenic nematodes on insect immunity. Dr. Diana L. Cox-Foster guided me through the second part of my research and has served as my thesis advisor. Abstract I Juvenile hormone (JH), produced by the corpora allata (CA), regulates molting and reproduction in many insects, including cockroaches. It is known, however, that JH is produced only after dorsal closure, a conspicuous event in embryogenesis. Dorsal closure is an important physiological change in embryos. I found that the ratio of dorsal closure to embryo development time was consistent (about 45% of total embryo development) across most cockroach species. This conservation was linked to reproductive biology of the cockroaches. The only viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata, completed dorsal closure at 20.8 % of embryo development time. Blattella germanica, whose reproductive mode is different from other oviparity cockroaches, finished its dorsal closure at 38.5 % of embryo development time. Other oviparous and ovoviviparous cockroaches completed dorsal closure at similar percentages of the embryo development time. It is reported that embryonic CA produce both JH and its immediate precursor methyl farnesoate (MF) in Nauphoeta cinerea. Using a radiochemical assay, the present iv research found that cockroach embryos produced and released both JH and MF across all three reproductive modes. These include Periplaneta americana, Eurycotis floridana, Blaberus discoidalis, Byrsotria fumigata, Rhyparobia maderae, Nauphoeta cinerea, and Diploptera punctata. I also found that the control of conversion of MF into JH by epoxidase, the last step of biosynthesis of JH, is species dependent. These results suggest that the conversion of MF into JH is a rate-limiting step and was species specific. Abstract II Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are good candidates for biological-control agents for soil-dwelling insects. Infective juveniles (IJ) of EPNs enter insect hosts and release symbiotic bacteria that kill the hosts. Insects defend against EPNs by a rapid cellular immune response that includes encapsulation and melanization, which kills EPNs. EPNs have to overcome insects’ innate immunity to survive and reproduce. This study was designed to understand host immune responses to two species of nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri, and the relationship of immunity to host specificity. I hypothesized that EPNs induce or suppress the immune responses in their host based on their surface coat proteins (SCPs). The insect hosts I tested were immature stages of wax worm Galleria mellonella, oriental beetle larvae Exomala orientalis, Japanese beetle larvae Popillia japonica, tobacco horn worm larvae Manduca sexta, northern masked chafer larvae Cyclocephala borealis, and adult house cricket Acheta domesticus. I found that H. bacteriophora and S. glaseri infected and reproduced in their susceptible hosts well. In these hosts, EPNs were melanized and encapsulated at low v percentages and a high percentage of EPNs were free-moving. In the resistant hosts, most EPNs were melanized and encapsulated and few EPNs were free moving. S. glaseri NC strain was more successful compared to the S. glaseri FL strain in the same hosts. These results suggest the nematodes elicited immune responses in hosts that correlated with their infectivity. I also found that hemocytes from M. sexta, a susceptible host, recognized S. glaseri at a low percentage during the first hour post nematode introduction. After 24 hours, H. bacteriophora escaped recognition of hemocytes from G. mellonella, a susceptible host. I demonstrated that different species and strains of EPNs had different SCPs. I isolated and characterized the SCPs from S. glaseri NC strain. These SCPs suppressed immune responses in the oriental beetle larva, a susceptible host for S. glaseri, thus protecting H. bacteriophora from being killed in the same host, as it normally would be. Immuno-suppression was dose-dependent. Also, multiple injections of the SCPs protected H. bacteriophora better in Oriental beetle larvae. In a nondenatured state, two isolated SCPs in the SCPs of S. glaseri each conveyed this immuno-suppressive effect. The two SCPs were composed of smaller proteins when separated on two dimensional PAGE. Hemocytes of oriental beetle larvae started degrading after exposure to the proteins for 3 hours. Some of the SCPs from S. glaseri NC strain were sequenced and one of them was enolase, which is also secreted by other parasites. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures ........................................................................................................................ix List of tables .........................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................xii Chapter 1: Overview of hormonal products in cockroach embryos ...............................1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................2 1.1.1 Overview of Juvenile hormone in insects and cockroaches ...............2 1.1.1.1 The insect corpora allata and juvenile hormone .................2 1.1.1.2 Juvenile hormone in cockroach embryos .............................4 1.1.1.3 Methyl farnesoate, the JH precursor in cockroach embryos ...............................................................................................5 1.1.1.4 Variation in JH and MF in embryos .....................................6 1.1.2 Overview of cocoroach reproductive modes and phylogeny ..............8 1.1.2.1 Reproductive biology of cockroaches ...................................8 1.1.2.2 Phylogeny of cockroaches studied .........................................8 1.1.3 Overview of radio chemical assay .........................................................10 1.2 Hormonal products of cockroach embryos .....................................................11 1.2.1 Dorsal closure and cockroach embryo development ..........................11 1.2.2 Methyl farnesoate and Juvenile hormone production in cockroach embryos ...............................................................................................13 1.2.3 Farnesol Stimulation of hormonal production in cockroach embryos ...............................................................................................15 Refereneces ..............................................................................................................23 Chapter 2 Dorsal closure, reproduction, juvenile hormone and methyl farnesoate production in cockroach embryos ..............................................................................27 Abstract ....................................................................................................................28 Introduction .............................................................................................................29 vii Material and methods .............................................................................................35 Results ......................................................................................................................42 Discussion ................................................................................................................56 Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................60 References ................................................................................................................61 Chapter 3: Overview of insect immunity and entomopathogenic nematodes ...............66 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................67 3.1.1 Overview of insect innate immunity .....................................................67 3.1.1.1 Insect hemocytes and cellular immunity ................................69 3.1.1.2 Insect humoral immunity, antimicrobial peptides and signalling pathways ..............................................................74 3.1.1.3 Recognition of nonself .............................................................84 3.1.2 Overview of Entomopathogenic nematodes .........................................83 3.1.2.1 Biology of Entomopathogenic nematodes ..............................87
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Species of Hammerschmidtiella Chitwood, 1932, and Blattophila
    Zootaxa 4226 (3): 429–441 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4226.3.6 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:77877607-ECE7-455E-A76C-353B16F92296 New species of Hammerschmidtiella Chitwood, 1932, and Blattophila Cobb, 1920, and new geographical records for Severianoia annamensis Van Luc & Spiridonov, 1993 (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Thelastomatoidea) from Cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) in Ohio and Florida, U.S.A. RAMON A. CARRENO Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, 43015, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Two new species of thelastomatid nematodes parasitic in the hindgut of cockroaches are described. Hammerschmidtiella keeneyi n. sp. is described from a laboratory colony of Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz, 1822) from a facility in Ohio, U. S. A. This species is characterized by having females with a short tail and males smaller than those described from other species. The new species also differs from others in the genus by a number of differing measurements that indicate a distinct identity, including esophageal, tail, and egg lengths as well as the relative position of the excretory pore. Blat- tophila peregrinata n. sp. is described from Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) and Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758) in a greenhouse from Ohio, U.S.A. and from wild P. surinamensis in southern Florida, U.S.A. This spe- cies differs from others in the genus by having a posteriorly directed vagina, vulva in the anterior third of the body, no lateral alae in females, and eggs with an operculum.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest
    INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS This page intentionally left blank INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS EDITED BY LAWRENCE I. GILBERT SARJEET S. GILL Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press, 32 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BU, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA ª 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved The chapters first appeared in Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, edited by Lawrence I. Gilbert, Kostas Iatrou, and Sarjeet S. Gill (Elsevier, B.V. 2005). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) 1865 843830, fax (þ44) 1865 853333, e-mail [email protected]. Requests may also be completed on-line via the homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insect control : biological and synthetic agents / editors-in-chief: Lawrence I. Gilbert, Sarjeet S. Gill. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests–Control. 2. Insecticides. I. Gilbert, Lawrence I. (Lawrence Irwin), 1929- II. Gill, Sarjeet S. SB931.I42 2010 632’.7–dc22 2010010547 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 Cover Images: (Top Left) Important pest insect targeted by neonicotinoid insecticides: Sweet-potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; (Top Right) Control (bottom) and tebufenozide intoxicated by ingestion (top) larvae of the white tussock moth, from Chapter 4; (Bottom) Mode of action of Cry1A toxins, from Addendum A7.
    [Show full text]
  • Moniliformis Moniliformis Infection Has No Effect on Some Behaviors of the Cockroach Diploptera Punctata Author(S): Zachary Allely, Janice Moore and Nicholas J
    Moniliformis moniliformis Infection Has No Effect on Some Behaviors of the Cockroach Diploptera punctata Author(s): Zachary Allely, Janice Moore and Nicholas J. Gotelli Source: The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Jun., 1992), pp. 524-526 Published by: The American Society of Parasitologists Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3283658 . Accessed: 04/05/2013 10:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The American Society of Parasitologists is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Parasitology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 132.198.40.214 on Sat, 4 May 2013 10:55:35 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions RESEARCH NOTES J. Parasitol., 78(3), 1992, p. 524-526 ? American Society of Parasitologists 1992 Moniliformismoniliformis Infection Has No Effect on Some Behaviorsof the CockroachDiploptera punctata Zachary Allely, Janice Moore, and Nicholas J. Gotelli*, Departmentof Biology,Colorado State University,Fort Collins,Colorado 80523; and *Departmentof Zoology,University of Oklahoma,Norman, Oklahoma 73019 ABSTRACT: The behaviorof the cockroachDiploptera Experiments were conducted under 2 light punctataparasitized with the acanthocephalanMonil- conditions: white light and red light (Carmichael was examined for iformis moniliformis parasite-in- and Moore, 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Running Speed and Food Intake of the Matrotrophic Viviparous Cockroach Diploptera Punctata (Blattodea: Blaberidae) During Gestation
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Entomologie heute Jahr/Year: 2014 Band/Volume: 26 Autor(en)/Author(s): Greven Hartmut, Floßdorf David, Köthe Janine, List Fabian, Zwanzig Nadine Artikel/Article: Running Speed and Food Intake of the Matrotrophic Viviparous Cockroach Diploptera punctata (Blattodea: Blaberidae) during Gestation. Laufgeschwindigkeit und Nahrungsaufnahme der matrotroph viviparen Schabe Diploptera punctata (Blattodea: Blaberidae) während der Trächtigkeit 53-72 Running speed and food intake of Diploptera punctata during gestation 53 Entomologie heute 26 (2014): 53-72 Running Speed and Food Intake of the Matrotrophic Viviparous Cockroach Diploptera punctata (Blattodea: Blaberidae) during Gestation Laufgeschwindigkeit und Nahrungsaufnahme der matrotroph viviparen Schabe Diploptera punctata (Blattodea: Blaberidae) während der Trächtigkeit HARTMUT GREVEN, DAVID FLOSSDORF, JANINE KÖTHE, FABIAN LIST & NADINE ZWANZIG Summary: Diploptera punctata is the only cockroach, which has been clearly characterized as matro- trophic viviparous. Our observations on courtship and mating generally confi rm the data from the literature. Courtship and mating correspond to type I (male offers himself under wing fl uttering, female mounts the male, nibbles on his tergal glands, dismounts, turns to achieve the fi nal mating position, i.e. abdomen to abdomen, heads in the opposite direction. We document photographic ally mating and courtship of fully sklerotized, sexually experienced males with teneral females imme- diately after the last moult, and with fully sclerotized females several hours after the fi nal moult. Effects of sexual dimorphism (females are larger than males) and pregnancy (females gain weight) became apparent from the running speed cockroaches reached, when disturbed. Males and females ran signifi cantly faster during daytime than at night, but males ran always faster than females.
    [Show full text]
  • German Cockroach, Blattella Germanica (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattellidae)1 S
    EENY-002 doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1283-2020 German Cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattellidae)1 S. Valles2 The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles of Distribution insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms relevant The German cockroach is found throughout the world to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use of interested in association with humans. They are unable to survive laypersons with some knowledge of biology as well as in locations away from humans or human activity. The academic audiences. major factor limiting German cockroach survival appears to be cold temperatures. Studies have shown that German Introduction cockroaches were unable to colonize inactive ships during The German cockroach (Figure 1) is the cockroach of cool temperatures and could not survive in homes without concern, the species that gives all other cockroaches a bad central heating in northern climates. The availability name. It occurs in structures throughout Florida, and is of water, food, and harborage also govern the ability of the species that typically plagues multifamily dwellings. In German cockroaches to establish populations, and limit Florida, the German cockroach may be confused with the growth. Asian cockroach, Blattella asahinai Mizukubo. While these cockroaches are very similar, there are some differences that Description a practiced eye can discern. Egg Eggs are carried in an egg case, or ootheca, by the female until just before hatch occurs. The ootheca can be seen protruding from the posterior end (genital chamber) of the female. Nymphs will often hatch from the ootheca while the female is still carrying it (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]
  • A Dichotomous Key for the Identification of the Cockroach Fauna (Insecta: Blattaria) of Florida
    Species Identification - Cockroaches of Florida 1 A Dichotomous Key for the Identification of the Cockroach fauna (Insecta: Blattaria) of Florida Insect Classification Exercise Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida, Gainesville 32611 Abstract: Students used available literature and specimens to produce a dichotomous key to species of cockroaches recorded from Florida. This exercise introduced students to techniques used in studying a group of insects, in this case Blattaria, to produce a regional species key. Producing a guide to a group of insects as a class exercise has proven useful both as a teaching tool and as a method to generate information for the public. Key Words: Blattaria, Florida, Blatta, Eurycotis, Periplaneta, Arenivaga, Compsodes, Holocompsa, Myrmecoblatta, Blatella, Cariblatta, Chorisoneura, Euthlastoblatta, Ischnoptera,Latiblatta, Neoblatella, Parcoblatta, Plectoptera, Supella, Symploce,Blaberus, Epilampra, Hemiblabera, Nauphoeta, Panchlora, Phoetalia, Pycnoscelis, Rhyparobia, distributions, systematics, education, teaching, techniques. Identification of cockroaches is limited here to adults. A major source of confusion is the recogni- tion of adults from nymphs (Figs. 1, 2). There are subjective differences, as well as morphological differences. Immature cockroaches are known as nymphs. Nymphs closely resemble adults except nymphs are generally smaller and lack wings and genital openings or copulatory appendages at the tip of their abdomen. Many species, however, have wingless adult females. Nymphs of these may be recognized by their shorter, relatively broad cerci and lack of external genitalia. Male cockroaches possess styli in addition to paired cerci. Styli arise from the subgenital plate and are generally con- spicuous, but may also be reduced in some species. Styli are absent in adult females and nymphs.
    [Show full text]
  • Maternal Investment Affects Offspring Phenotypic Plasticity in a Viviparous Cockroach
    Maternal investment affects offspring phenotypic plasticity in a viviparous cockroach Glenn L. Holbrook and Coby Schal* Department of Entomology, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 Edited by May R. Berenbaum, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, and approved February 25, 2004 (received for review January 10, 2004) Maternal effects, crossgenerational influences of the mother’s fore, play a major role in population dynamics, as in locusts, for phenotype on phenotypic variation in offspring, can profoundly example (13, 14). influence the fitness of offspring. In insects especially, social Parental influence on expression of group effects in offspring interactions during larval development also can alter life-history remains a largely uninvestigated issue. Maternal age was found traits. To date, however, no experimental design, to our knowl- to be a determinant of whether a cricket larva grew faster under edge, has manipulated the prenatal and postnatal environments grouped conditions (15, 16), but how a mother affected its independently to investigate their interaction. We report here that offspring’s sensitivity to social conditions was not ascertained. the degree of maternal nutrient investment in developing embryos We speculated that the viviparous beetle cockroach, D. punctata, of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata influences how would be an ideal species with which to address this issue because quickly neonate males become adults and how large they are at maternal investment into progeny is substantial but variable. adulthood. An offspring’s probability of reaching adulthood in Embryos increase 50-fold in dry mass during gestation (17), as fewer than four molts increased with birth weight: the heavier the embryos ingest the nutritive secretion of the uterine lining neonates were, consequently, more likely to become smaller (18), and at parturition, a brood can exceed its mother’s weight adults.
    [Show full text]
  • World Ocean Datbase User's Manual
    National Oceanographic Data Center Internal Report 22 doi:10.7289/V5DF6P53 WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 2013 USER’S MANUAL Ocean Climate Laboratory National Oceanographic Data Center Silver Spring, Maryland December 24, 2013 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service 1 National Oceanographic Data Center Additional copies of this publication, as well as information about NODC data holdings and services, are available upon request directly from NODC. National Oceanographic Data Center User Services Team NOAA/NESDIS E/OC1 SSMC-3, 4th Floor 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 Telephone: (301) 713-3277 Fax: (301) 713-3300 E-mail: [email protected] NODC home page: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ For updates on data, documentation, and additional information about the WOD13 please refer to: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOD/wod_updates.html This document should be cited as: Johnson, D.R., T.P. Boyer, H.E. Garcia, R.A. Locarnini, O.K. Baranova, and M.M. Zweng, 2013. World Ocean Database 2013 User’s Manual. Sydney Levitus, Ed.; Alexey Mishonov, Technical Ed.; NODC Internal Report 22, NOAA Printing Office, Silver Spring, MD, 172 pp. Available at http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOD13/docwod13.html. doi:10.7289/V5DF6P53 2 National Oceanographic Data Center Internal Report 22 doi:10.7289/V5DF6P53 WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 2013 User’s Manual Daphne R. Johnson, Tim P. Boyer, Hernan E. Garcia, Ricardo A. Locarnini, Olga K. Baranova, and Melissa M. Zweng Ocean Climate Laboratory National Oceanographic Data Center Silver Spring, Maryland December 24, 2013 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Proteomic Approach for Studying Insect Phylogeny: CAPA Peptides of Ancient Insect Taxa (Dictyoptera, Blattoptera) As a Test Case
    BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access A proteomic approach for studying insect phylogeny: CAPA peptides of ancient insect taxa (Dictyoptera, Blattoptera) as a test case Steffen Roth1,3, Bastian Fromm1, Gerd Gäde2 and Reinhard Predel*1 Address: 1Institute of Zoology, University of Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany, 2Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa and 3Institute of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5020, Norway Email: Steffen Roth - [email protected]; Bastian Fromm - [email protected]; Gerd Gäde - [email protected]; Reinhard Predel* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 3 March 2009 Received: 6 October 2008 Accepted: 3 March 2009 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:50 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-50 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/50 © 2009 Roth et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Neuropeptide ligands have to fit exactly into their respective receptors and thus the evolution of the coding regions of their genes is constrained and may be strongly conserved. As such, they may be suitable for the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships within higher taxa. CAPA peptides of major lineages of cockroaches (Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Blattidae, Polyphagidae, Cryptocercidae) and of the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis were chosen to test the above hypothesis. The phylogenetic relationships within various groups of the taxon Dictyoptera (praying mantids, termites and cockroaches) are still highly disputed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Biology and Life History of Prosevania
    A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF PROSEVANIA PUNCTATA (BRULLE) WITH NOTES ON ADDITIONAL SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA : EVANilDAE) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lafe R^ Edmunds,n 77 B.3., M.S. The Ohio State University 1952 Approved by: Adviser Table of Contents Introduction...................................... 1 The Family Evaniidae.............................. *+ Methods of Study...... 10 Field Studies. ........... .»..... 10 Laboratory Methods......... l*f Culturing of Blattidae.............. lU- Culturing of Evaniidae.............. 16 Methods of Studying the Immature Stages of Evaniidae............... 18 Methods for Handling Parasites Other than Evaniidae.............. 19 Biology of the Evaniidae.......................... 22 The Adult......................... 22 Emergence from the Ootheca.......... 22 Mating Behavior......... 2b Oviposition. ............ 26 Feeding Habits of Adults............ 29 Parthenogenetic Reproduction......... 30 Overwintering and Group Emergence.... 3b The Evaniidae as Household Pests*.... 36 General Adult Behavior.............. 37 The Immature Stages.......... 39 The Egg..... *f0 Larval Stages........... *+1 Pupal Stages ....... b$ 1 S29734 Seasonal Abundance. ••••••••••••••••...... ^9 Effect of Parasitism on the Host................. 52 Summary..................................... ...... 57 References. ...................... 59 Plates .......... 63 Biography........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Life History Evolution of Blaberoidea (Blattodea)
    78 (1): 29 – 67 2020 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2020. Phylogeny and life history evolution of Blaberoidea (Blattodea) Marie Djernæs *, 1, 2, Zuzana K otyková Varadínov á 3, 4, Michael K otyk 3, Ute Eulitz 5, Kla us-Dieter Klass 5 1 Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom — 2 Natural History Museum Aarhus, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Marie Djernæs * [[email protected]] — 3 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sci- ence, Charles University, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic; Zuzana Kotyková Varadínová [[email protected]]; Michael Kotyk [[email protected]] — 4 Department of Zoology, National Museum, Prague, 11579, Czech Republic — 5 Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany; Klaus-Dieter Klass [[email protected]] — * Corresponding author Accepted on February 19, 2020. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on May 26, 2020. Editor in charge: Gavin Svenson Abstract. Blaberoidea, comprised of Ectobiidae and Blaberidae, is the most speciose cockroach clade and exhibits immense variation in life history strategies. We analysed the phylogeny of Blaberoidea using four mitochondrial and three nuclear genes from 99 blaberoid taxa. Blaberoidea (excl. Anaplectidae) and Blaberidae were recovered as monophyletic, but Ectobiidae was not; Attaphilinae is deeply subordinate in Blattellinae and herein abandoned. Our results, together with those from other recent phylogenetic studies, show that the structuring of Blaberoidea in Blaberidae, Pseudophyllodromiidae stat. rev., Ectobiidae stat. rev., Blattellidae stat. rev., and Nyctiboridae stat. rev. (with “ectobiid” subfamilies raised to family rank) represents a sound basis for further development of Blaberoidea systematics.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Feeding Physiology in Rhodnius Prolixus: the Possible Roles of Calcitonin-Like Diuretic Hormone (Or DH31) and Fglamide-Related Allatostatins
    Post-feeding physiology in Rhodnius prolixus: The possible roles of calcitonin-like diuretic hormone (or DH31) and FGLamide-related allatostatins by Meet Zandawala A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Cell and Systems Biology University of Toronto © Copyright by Meet Zandawala 2014 Post-feeding physiology in Rhodnius prolixus: The possible roles of calcitonin-like diuretic hormone (or DH31) and FGLamide-related allatostatins Meet Zandawala Doctor of Philosophy Department of Cell and Systems Biology University of Toronto 2014 Abstract Unfed Rhodnius prolixus (Order: Hemiptera) are in a state of arrested development. Blood- gorging results in short-term physiological/endocrinological changes that are essential to the survival of the insect, and also triggers several crucial developmental processes such as molting, growth and reproduction. Two neuropeptides that potentially play a role in this post-feeding physiology are FGLamide-related allatostatins (FGLa/ASTs) and calcitonin-like diuretic hormone (CT/DH). In order to determine the roles of these neuropeptides, I cloned and characterized their cDNA sequences and those of their cognate G protein-coupled receptors. I showed that both these neuropeptides are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system and are capable of being released into the haemolymph as hormones following feeding. I have also characterized two functionally different receptors for Rhopr-CT/DH, for the first time in any insect, and one receptor for Rhopr-FGLa/ASTs. Spatial expression analyses of these receptor transcripts revealed a wide distribution of the receptors in tissues associated with post-feeding physiology. Examination of their physiological effects using various biological assays revealed that these two neuropeptides may play indirect roles, but not direct roles during the rapid post- ii feeding diuresis and also may be involved with long term physiological changes such as metamorphosis and egg production.
    [Show full text]