20Th-Century Repertory
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
C.P.E. Bach 3 Livres Sur Des Sujets Divers, Évoquant Aussi C.P.E
DOCUMENTS SUR Carl Philipp Emanuel BACH (1714-1788) (Mise à jour le 15/04/2015) Médiathèque Musicale Mahler 11 bis, rue Vézelay – F-75008 Paris – (+33) (0)1.53.89.09.10 Médiathèque Musicale Mahler – Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach Documents sur Carl Philipp Emanuel BACH Livres 3 Biographies de C.P.E. Bach 3 Livres sur des sujets divers, évoquant aussi C.P.E. Bach 4 Partitions 6 Périodiques 9 Enregistrements sonores 9 2 Médiathèque Musicale Mahler – Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach MONOGRAPHIES Sur C.P.E. Bach Bach et les siens / [textes de] S. d'Otremont, G. Duhamel, J. Chailley, M. Beaufils, R. Steglich, M. Pincherle, A. Cellier, B. de Schloezer, R. Leibowitz, H. Klotz, J. Rivière, C. Claoue, C.Marcel-Dubois, E. Marc, E. Borrel, P.J. Richard, R. Benecke,J. Witold, J.J. Brothier, H. Wirth, N. Dufourcq, J. Handschin, V. Fedorov, R. Wangermée, M. Delannoy, A. Panigel. - Paris : La Revue Internationale de Musique, 1950. - 195 p. - (BM BAC E5) Jean-Sébastien Bach et ses fils / [textes de] E. Weber, M. Petzoldt, G. Cantagrel, J. Lyon, J. Speerstra, U. Bartels, H.G. Ottenberg, D. Schulenberg, R. Klemm, M. Barbe, B. Robison ; présentation de J.C. Teboul. - Paris : Place, 2004. - 235 p. - (BM BAC E16) BACH Carl Philipp Emanuel. - Briefe von Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach an Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf und Johann Nikolaus Forkel / C.P.E. Bach ; hrsg und kommentiert von Ernst Suchalla. - Tutzing : Schneider, 1985. - 605-19 p. - (BM BAC (CPE) B3) BACH Carl Philipp Emanuel. - Carl Philip Emanuel Bach's autobiography : facsimile of the original ed. -
Piano; Trio for Violin, Horn & Piano) Eric Huebner (Piano); Yuki Numata Resnick (Violin); Adam Unsworth (Horn) New Focus Recordings, Fcr 269, 2020
Désordre (Etudes pour Piano; Trio for violin, horn & piano) Eric Huebner (piano); Yuki Numata Resnick (violin); Adam Unsworth (horn) New focus Recordings, fcr 269, 2020 Kodály & Ligeti: Cello Works Hellen Weiß (Violin); Gabriel Schwabe (Violoncello) Naxos, NX 4202, 2020 Ligeti – Concertos (Concerto for piano and orchestra, Concerto for cello and orchestra, Chamber Concerto for 13 instrumentalists, Melodien) Joonas Ahonen (piano); Christian Poltéra (violoncello); BIT20 Ensemble; Baldur Brönnimann (conductor) BIS-2209 SACD, 2016 LIGETI – Les Siècles Live : Six Bagatelles, Kammerkonzert, Dix pièces pour quintette à vent Les Siècles; François-Xavier Roth (conductor) Musicales Actes Sud, 2016 musica viva vol. 22: Ligeti · Murail · Benjamin (Lontano) Pierre-Laurent Aimard (piano); Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra; George Benjamin, (conductor) NEOS, 11422, 2016 Shai Wosner: Haydn · Ligeti, Concertos & Capriccios (Capriccios Nos. 1 and 2) Shai Wosner (piano); Danish National Symphony Orchestra; Nicolas Collon (conductor) Onyx Classics, ONYX4174, 2016 Bartók | Ligeti, Concerto for piano and orchestra, Concerto for cello and orchestra, Concerto for violin and orchestra Hidéki Nagano (piano); Pierre Strauch (violoncello); Jeanne-Marie Conquer (violin); Ensemble intercontemporain; Matthias Pintscher (conductor) Alpha, 217, 2015 Chorwerk (Négy Lakodalmi Tánc; Nonsense Madrigals; Lux æterna) Noël Akchoté (electric guitar) Noël Akchoté Downloads, GLC-2, 2015 Rameau | Ligeti (Musica Ricercata) Cathy Krier (piano) Avi-Music – 8553308, 2014 Zürcher Bläserquintett: -
5099943343256.Pdf
Benjamin Britten 1913 –1976 Winter Words Op.52 (Hardy ) 1 At Day-close in November 1.33 2 Midnight on the Great Western (or The Journeying Boy) 4.35 3 Wagtail and Baby (A Satire) 1.59 4 The Little Old Table 1.21 5 The Choirmaster’s Burial (or The Tenor Man’s Story) 3.59 6 Proud Songsters (Thrushes, Finches and Nightingales) 1.00 7 At the Railway Station, Upway (or The Convict and Boy with the Violin) 2.51 8 Before Life and After 3.15 Michelangelo Sonnets Op.22 9 Sonnet XVI: Si come nella penna e nell’inchiostro 1.49 10 Sonnet XXXI: A che piu debb’io mai l’intensa voglia 1.21 11 Sonnet XXX: Veggio co’ bei vostri occhi un dolce lume 3.18 12 Sonnet LV: Tu sa’ ch’io so, signior mie, che tu sai 1.40 13 Sonnet XXXVIII: Rendete a gli occhi miei, o fonte o fiume 1.58 14 Sonnet XXXII: S’un casto amor, s’una pieta superna 1.22 15 Sonnet XXIV: Spirto ben nato, in cui so specchia e vede 4.26 Six Hölderlin Fragments Op.61 16 Menschenbeifall 1.26 17 Die Heimat 2.02 18 Sokrates und Alcibiades 1.55 19 Die Jugend 1.51 20 Hälfte des Lebens 2.23 21 Die Linien des Lebens 2.56 2 Who are these Children? Op.84 (Soutar ) (Four English Songs) 22 No.3 Nightmare 2.52 23 No.6 Slaughter 1.43 24 No.9 Who are these Children? 2.12 25 No. -
Britten Connections a Guide for Performers and Programmers
Britten Connections A guide for performers and programmers by Paul Kildea Britten –Pears Foundation Telephone 01728 451 700 The Red House, Golf Lane, [email protected] Aldeburgh, Suffolk, IP15 5PZ www.brittenpears.org Britten Connections A guide for performers and programmers by Paul Kildea Contents The twentieth century’s Programming tips for 03 consummate musician 07 13 selected Britten works Britten connected 20 26 Timeline CD sampler tracks The Britten-Pears Foundation is grateful to Orchestra, Naxos, Nimbus Records, NMC the following for permission to use the Recordings, Onyx Classics. EMI recordings recordings featured on the CD sampler: BBC, are licensed courtesy of EMI Classics, Decca Classics, EMI Classics, Hyperion Records, www.emiclassics.com For full track details, 28 Lammas Records, London Philharmonic and all label websites, see pages 26-27. Index of featured works Front cover : Britten in 1938. Photo: Howard Coster © National Portrait Gallery, London. Above: Britten in his composition studio at The Red House, c1958. Photo: Kurt Hutton . 29 Further information Opposite left : Conducting a rehearsal, early 1950s. Opposite right : Demonstrating how to make 'slung mugs' sound like raindrops for Noye's Fludde , 1958. Photo: Kurt Hutton. Britten Connections A guide for performers and programmers 03 The twentieth century's consummate musician In his tweed jackets and woollen ties, and When asked as a boy what he planned to be He had, of course, a great guide and mentor. with his plummy accent, country houses and when he grew up, Britten confidently The English composer Frank Bridge began royal connections, Benjamin Britten looked replied: ‘A composer.’ ‘But what else ?’ was the teaching composition to the teenage Britten every inch the English gentleman. -
September 2019 Catalogue Issue 41 Prices Valid Until Friday 25 October 2019 Unless Stated Otherwise
September 2019 Catalogue Issue 41 Prices valid until Friday 25 October 2019 unless stated otherwise ‘The lover with the rose in his hand’ from Le Roman de la 0115 982 7500 Rose (French School, c.1480), used as the cover for The Orlando Consort’s new recording of music by Machaut, entitled ‘The single rose’ (Hyperion CDA 68277). [email protected] Your Account Number: {MM:Account Number} {MM:Postcode} {MM:Address5} {MM:Address4} {MM:Address3} {MM:Address2} {MM:Address1} {MM:Name} 1 Welcome! Dear Customer, As summer gives way to autumn (for those of us in the northern hemisphere at least), the record labels start rolling out their big guns in the run-up to the festive season. This year is no exception, with some notable high-profile issues: the complete Tchaikovsky Project from the Czech Philharmonic under Semyon Bychkov, and Richard Strauss tone poems from Chailly in Lucerne (both on Decca); the Beethoven Piano Concertos from Jan Lisiecki, and Mozart Piano Trios from Barenboim (both on DG). The independent labels, too, have some particularly strong releases this month, with Chandos discs including Bartók's Bluebeard’s Castle from Edward Gardner in Bergen, and the keenly awaited second volume of British tone poems under Rumon Gamba. Meanwhile Hyperion bring out another volume (no.79!) of their Romantic Piano Concerto series, more Machaut from the wonderful Orlando Consort (see our cover picture), and Brahms songs from soprano Harriet Burns. Another Hyperion Brahms release features as our 'Disc of the Month': the Violin Sonatas in a superb new recording from star team Alina Ibragimova and Cédric Tiberghien (see below). -
Synesthetic Landscapes in Harold Pinter's Theatre
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2010 Synesthetic Landscapes in Harold Pinter’s Theatre: A Symbolist Legacy Graça Corrêa Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1645 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Synesthetic Landscapes in Harold Pinter’s Theatre: A Symbolist Legacy Graça Corrêa A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Theatre in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2010 ii © 2010 GRAÇA CORRÊA All Rights Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Theatre in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________ ______________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Daniel Gerould ______________ ______________________________ Date Executive Officer Jean Graham-Jones Supervisory Committee ______________________________ Mary Ann Caws ______________________________ Daniel Gerould ______________________________ Jean Graham-Jones THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv Abstract Synesthetic Landscapes in Harold Pinter’s Theatre: A Symbolist Legacy Graça Corrêa Adviser: Professor Daniel Gerould In the light of recent interdisciplinary critical approaches to landscape and space , and adopting phenomenological methods of sensory analysis, this dissertation explores interconnected or synesthetic sensory “scapes” in contemporary British playwright Harold Pinter’s theatre. By studying its dramatic landscapes and probing into their multi-sensory manifestations in line with Symbolist theory and aesthetics , I argue that Pinter’s theatre articulates an ecocritical stance and a micropolitical critique. -
Proquest Dissertations
Benjamin Britten's Nocturnal, Op. 70 for guitar: A novel approach to program music and variation structure Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Alcaraz, Roberto Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 13:06:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279989 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be f^ any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitlsd. Brolcen or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author dkl not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectk)ning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additkxial charge. -
Late Fall 2020 Classics & Jazz
Classics & Jazz PAID Permit # 79 PRSRT STD PRSRT Late Fall 2020 U.S. Postage Aberdeen, SD Jazz New Naxos Bundle Deal Releases 3 for $30 see page 54 beginning on page 10 more @ more @ HBDirect.com HBDirect.com see page 22 OJC Bundle Deal P.O. Box 309 P.O. 05677 VT Center, Waterbury Address Service Requested 3 for $30 see page 48 Classical 50% Off beginning on page 24 more @ HBDirect.com 1/800/222-6872 www.hbdirect.com Classical New Releases beginning on page 28 more @ HBDirect.com Love Music. HBDirect Classics & Jazz We are pleased to present the HBDirect Late Fall 2020 Late Fall 2020 Classics & Jazz Catalog, with a broad range of offers we’re sure will be of great interest to our customers. Catalog Index Villa-Lobos: The Symphonies / Karabtchevsky; São Paulo SO [6 CDs] In jazz, we’re excited to present another major label as a Heitor Villa-Lobos has been described as ‘the single most significant 4 Classical - Boxed Sets 3 for $30 bundle deal – Original Jazz Classics – as well as a creative figure in 20th-century Brazilian art music.’ The eleven sale on Double Moon, recent Enlightenment boxed sets and 10 Classical - Naxos 3 for $30 Deal! symphonies - the enigmatic Symphony No. 5 has never been found new jazz releases. On the classical side, HBDirect is proud to 18 Classical - DVD & Blu-ray and may not ever have been written - range from the two earliest, be the industry leader when it comes to the comprehensive conceived in a broadly Central European tradition, to the final symphony 20 Classical - Recommendations presentation of new classical releases. -
Ars Rediviva Ensemble Chamber Music by the Bach Family Mp3, Flac, Wma
Ars Rediviva Ensemble Chamber Music By The Bach Family mp3, flac, wma DOWNLOAD LINKS (Clickable) Genre: Classical Album: Chamber Music By The Bach Family Country: UK Released: 1963 Style: Baroque, Classical MP3 version RAR size: 1273 mb FLAC version RAR size: 1593 mb WMA version RAR size: 1278 mb Rating: 4.1 Votes: 291 Other Formats: DMF VOX VQF AAC WAV WMA APE Tracklist Trio Sonata En Mi Mineur A1 1 - Allegretto A2 2 - Adagio Di Molto A3 3 - Allegro Assai Fragment Du Trio Sonata En La Mineur A4 1 - Allegro Trio Sonata En Sol Majeur B1 1 - Adagio B2 2 - Allegro Ma Non Tanto B3 3 - Adagio E Piano B4 4 - Allegro Assai Quintette En Ré Majeur (Pour Flûte, Hautbois, Violon, Cello Et Clavecin) B3 1 - Allegro B4 2 - Andantino B5 3 - Allegro Assai Companies, etc. Distributed By – Paul Hamlyn Records For Pleasure – SUA 10389 Credits Directed By [Direction] – Milan Munclinger Ensemble – Ars Rediviva Ensemble Liner Notes – Olivier Alain Music By – Karl-Philip-Emmanuel Bach* (tracks: A1 to A3), Johann-Christophe-Friedrich Bach* (tracks: B5 to B7), Johann-Sebastian Bach* (tracks: B1 to B4), Wilhelm-Friedemann Bach* (tracks: A4) Orchestrated By [Réalisation] – Milan Munclinger (tracks: B1 to B4) Barcode and Other Identifiers Matrix / Runout (Center Label B): VM 2189 Matrix / Runout (Center Label A): VM 2190 Other versions Category Artist Title (Format) Label Category Country Year Chamber Music By Ars Rediviva SUA 10389 The Bach Family Supraphon SUA 10389 Czechoslovakia 1963 Ensemble (LP, Mono) Chamber Music By SUA ST Ars Rediviva SUA ST The Bach Family -
570259Bk USA 15/5/07 8:15 Pm Page 5
570259bk USA 15/5/07 8:15 pm Page 5 Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra The Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1929 as the first professional musical ensemble fulfilling the needs of radio broadcasting in Slovakia. The first conductors already placed particular emphasis on contemporary Slovak music in their programmes, resulting in a close connection with leading Slovak composers, BLOCH including Alexander Moyzes, Eugen SuchoÀ, Ján Cikker and others. The original ensemble was gradually enlarged and from 1942, thanks to Alexander Moyzes, the then Director of Music in Slovak Radio, regular symphony concerts were given, broadcast live by Slovak Radio. From 1943 to 1946 the Yugoslavian Kre‰imír Baranoviã was Four Episodes • Two Poems the chief conductor of the orchestra, to which he made a vital contribution. His successors were ªudovít Rajter, Ladislav Slovák, Václav Jiráãek, Otakar Trhlík, Bystrík ReÏucha and Ondrej Lenárd, whose successful Concertino • Suite Modale performances and recordings from 1977 to 1990 helped the orchestra to establish itself as an internationally known concert ensemble. His successor Róbert Stankovsky continued this work, until his unexpected death at the age of Noam Buchman, Flute • Yuri Gandelsman, Viola 36. Charles Olivieri-Munroe held the position of chief conductor from 2001-2003, with the current principal guest conductor Kirk Trevor. Oliver von Dohnányi was appointed chief conductor of the orchestra in 2006, and regular Soloists of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra live concerts have continued also under the new second conductor Mario Kosik. Through its broadcasts and many recordings the orchestra has also become a part of concert life abroad, with successful tours to Austria, Italy, Slovak Radio Symphony Germany, The Netherlands, France, Bulgaria, Spain, Japan, Great Britain and Malta. -
江昭穎大提琴演奏會chao-Ying Chiang
國立交通大學 音樂研究所 演奏組 碩士論文 江昭穎大提琴演奏會 含輔助文件 李蓋悌《無伴奏大提琴奏鳴曲》 作品之樂曲分析與演奏詮釋探討 CHAO-YING CHIANG CELLO RECITAL WITH A SUPPORTING PAPER AN ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATAION ON LIGETI’S SONATA FOR VIOLONCELLO SOLO 研究生：江昭穎 演奏指導教授：顧美瑜 輔助文件指導教授：顧美瑜 董昭民 中華民國 一百年 一月 江昭穎大提琴演奏會 含輔助文件 李蓋悌《無伴奏大提琴奏鳴曲》作品之樂曲分析 與演奏詮釋探討 CHAO-YING CHIANG CELLO RECITAL WITH A SUPPORTING PAPER AN ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATAION ON LIGETI’S SONATA FOR VIOLONCELLO SOLO 研究生：江昭穎 STUDENT: CHAO-YING CHIANG 演奏指導教授：顧美瑜 PERFORMANCE ADVISOR：MEI-YU KU 輔助文件指導教授：顧美瑜 董昭民 SUPPORTING PAPER ADVISOR：MEI-YU KU, CHAO-MING TUNG 國立交通大學 音樂研究所 演奏組 碩士論文 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF MUSIC COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES NATIONAL CHIAO TUNG UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF MUSIC (CELLO PERFORMANCE) HSINCHU, TAIWAN January 2011 中華民國一百年一月 江昭穎大提琴演奏會 研究生：江昭穎 演奏指導教授：顧美瑜 輔助文件指導教授：顧美瑜 董昭民 演奏會曲目 佛烈斯可巴第：觸技曲 貝多芬：C 大調第四號大提琴奏鳴曲，作品 102 之 1 李蓋悌：大提琴無伴奏奏鳴曲 蕭邦：夜曲，作品 9 之 2 法朗克：A 大調大提琴奏鳴曲 上列曲目已於一百年一月十日晚間七點十五分，在國立交通大學演奏廳演出， 該場音樂會實況錄音之雷射唱片，附錄於本文封底。 輔助文件：李蓋悌《無伴奏大提琴奏鳴曲》作品之樂曲分析與 演奏詮釋探討 輔助文件摘要 李蓋悌為20世紀代表性的作曲家之一，他不斷地嘗試各類型的音樂創作，發 展出獨特的音樂手法：「微分複音音樂」(Micropolyphony)，成功締造了在樂壇 上不朽的地位。《無伴奏大提琴奏鳴曲》隸屬李蓋悌的早期作品，富有濃烈的民 謠風格。本論文將分成三部分進行探討：第一部分為早期生平與創作風格的整理 與歸納，並闡述此曲的創作背景；第二部分就巴爾托克對其之影響進而架構曲式 分析的概念，並從中研究李蓋悌如何在調性系統與非調性系統中完成此曲；第三 部分為演奏探討，以曲式分析的結果來建構演奏的詮釋想法，使音樂表達能更貼 近作者原意。 i Chao-Ying Chiang Cello Recital Student：Chao-Ying Chiang Advisor：Mei-Yu Ku Supporting Paper Advisor：Mei-Yu Ku, Chao-Ming Tung Recital Program G.Frescobaldi：Toccata (Arranged for Cello and Piano by Gaspar Cassadó) L. V. Beethoven：Sonata for Cello and Piano No.4 in C Major, Op. 102/1 György Ligeti：Sonata for Violoncello Solo F. Chopin：Nocturne op.9, No. 2 for Cello and Piano (Transcribed by David Popper) C. -
Vangelis Veröffentlicht Umfangreiches 13-Cd Deluxe Boxset
im Auftrag: medienAgentur Stefan Michel T 040-5149 1467 F 01805 - 060347 90476 [email protected] VANGELIS VERÖFFENTLICHT UMFANGREICHES 13-CD DELUXE BOXSET Der Musikvisionär Vangelis kündigt die für 3. Februar geplante Veröffentlichung eines neuen Boxsets mit 13 CDs an. “Delectus” enthält eine Auswahl seiner frühen Alben. In der gigantischen Collection befinden sich alle bei Vertigo und Polydor erschienen Alben – hier zum ersten Mal unter den aufmerksamen Augen des legendären Komponisten neu gemastert. Die CDs befinden sich in zwei gestanzten, aufklappbaren Haltern in einem quadratischen, stabilen Slipcase mit 242mm Seitenlänge. Diese wiederum werden zusammen mit einem 64-seitigen Buch über diesen speziellen Zeitabschnitt in der produktiven Karriere des legendären Künstlers in einer aufwendigen Box mit einem Essay und einer Reihe seltener Fotos aufbewahrt. “Ich freue mich immer, meine Alben zu remastern und zwar aus zwei Gründen”, erklärt Vangelis. “Erstens gibt es mir eine Gelegenheit, den Sound den heutigen Standards anzupassen und zweitens kann ich mich noch einmal mit meinen Erfahrungen und Erinnerungen aus der jeweiligen Zeit auseinandersetzen.” “Delectus” beinhaltet die bahnbrechenden Werke “Earth”, “L’Apocalypse Des Animaux”, “China”, “See You Later”, “Antarctica”, “Mask”, “Opera Sauvage”,“Chariots of Fire”, “Soil Festivities” und “Invisible Connections”, sowie die in Kollaboration mit Jon Anderson als ‘Jon & Vangelis’ entstandenen Alben “Short Stories”, “The Friends of Mister Cairo” & “Private Collection”. Die remasterten Originalalben wurden durch seltene B-Seiten und vier bisher unveröffentlichte Tracks ergänzt. Vangelis gilt als ein Vorreiter in der Entwicklung der elektronischen Musik. In seiner beeindruckenden Musikkarriere hat er zahlreiche Alben komponiert und aufgenommen und dabei die unterschiedlichsten Musikstile abgedeckt. Am populärsten sind seine Filmsoundtracks, u.