I CENSUS OF INDIA 1971

JAMMU· & KASHMIR

A PILOT ~OWN STUDY

OF SOPOBE (TEHSIL SOPORE, DISTRIcr BARAMULLA)

FIELD INVESTIGATION AND DRAFT BY J. KAY NARDA Socio-Economic Surveyor

EDITOR J. N. ZUTSID Director oj Census· OPerations MAP OF SOPORE TOWN

CHI N K P 0 R A

R M p o R A

8AGATH

I lEHSll~AIIt's 0"'(£ 2. J & I( .,"'.. ), POI.I(1 STATION •. T.T. SCHOOL fOA "RU "RANGI OH'C£ SPECIAL "ANGE I I V , RANGE OFF IC( KANDt RAMCl 7. DISTIII~T AG"'CULTUrUL OfF,CER IOU~RIU. TO.N_o __ WAllO t. FOqO • SUPPLIES STORE 10I,lWD4"" "'0" 0\ LI,. ... ,. ['It (HGINIE" IRRIGATION .a.CHEST OtS(ASE WOSPlTAl 11101\01 ~ lA'HS .. • ---­ II. "Rl IIIIIGAOf; P.1VIRS. HALLAS ETC Ii IN'O" ...... nOH C (1'41"( lJ.t.lUlIARY PI.AHt"tION O",C( "'OSOUE'. til Tl"'''LE5. _cj 14.(:IN["" IS. USTT EI..ECTRICAl (HGINllR seNOOL S CI C.,,( Y'.DS .. INSPECTOR WEIGHT\. l ',UASUR.U mrn ,,- .usn IIIE"SlRA" (0 OPUu,.T,vr 'I-GuRO•• "A I ..... N G( OFFle E 20. ~OClAl W[LFARE OFFIClA SEE R 11, TEI1SIL tOUt.UtOH OFFICER. JAG I R CONTENTS Pag' No. FOREWORD i-iii PREFACE . i-iii CHAPTER I-Introduction: ,, Introducing the town in terms of its most significant characteristics; area; population; households and density; climate and rain-fall; residential pattern; transport; communication; market; water supply; electricity; crematorium ; important public places; administrative and welfB.re institutions ; financial institutions; history, nomenclature and legends 1-20 CHAPTER II-The peaple and their material culture: Ethnic composition.; house types; dress; ornaments and foot-wear; foods and drinks; household goods; beliefs and practices , , 21....,..29 CHAPTER III-Economy: Economic resources, land including forest, agricultural land and other land ; agriculture including orchards; livestock aild animal husbandry; "fishing and fore!ltry; trade and commerce; industries; services 30-45 CHAPTER IV-Social and cultural life: Social life; language; education; leisure and recreation; fairs, festivals--­ and religious institutions; social and political awareness; town organisation, general administration 46-57 CHAPTER V-Conclusion: Conclusion with special reference to level of social awareness, inter-relation of different facets of community life of the town and place of the town in the economic and social structure of the region 58-59

TOWN SCHEDULE Table I State 60 Table 2 District 60 Table 3 Tehsil 60 Table 4 Basic particulars of' the town 61-62 Table 5 Changes, if any, in the boundary' of the town after 1961 63 Table 6 Particulars of towns (with population of less than 50,000 within a distance of 10 miles and those with popUlation of 50,000 or more within a distance of 50 miles) 64 Table 7 Locational particulars and ancillary data 66-67 Table 8 Map and fly-leaves (1967-68) . 67 ii

Page No. Table 9 (a) Important public instit~tions (other than banks, eduCational a.nd medical institutions) . 68-73

Table 9 (b) Important historic, religious, relics or areas etc. 74 Table 9 (c) Other places of importance (specify) 75 Table 10 Educational institutions 76-77 Table 11 (a) Hospital/health centre/dispensary/maternity and child welfare centre/specialized institutions like T. B. clinics, cancer hospital, blood bank, eye bank, nursing home, mental hospital, psychiatric clinic, child guidance clinic etc. . 78 Table 11 (b) Incidence of diseases treated in medical institutions during 1967-68 79 Table 11 (c) Family planning centres, clinics etc. ;80 Table 12 (a) Veterinary hospitals/ dispensaries 80 Table 12 (b) Incidence of diseases among different animals treated during 1967-68 81 Table 13 (i) Municipal administration . 81 Table 13 (ii) Income 82-83 Table 13 (iii) Expenditure 84-85 Table 14 (a) Details of utilities and services as in 1967-68-Roads 86 Table 14 (b) Major source of water supply in the town . 86 Table 14 (c) Sewerages. 87 Table 14 (d) Open drainage and conservancy 88 Table 14 (e) Electricity . 89 Table 14 -(f) Details of road lighting 90

Table 14 (g) Fire brigade 91 Table 15 Rules and regulations framed by authority concerned. 91-92 Table 16 Number of houses by type of material used in plinth, wall and roof 93 Table 17 (a) Hotels 94 Table 17 (b) Lodging houses. 95 Table 17 (c) Dharamshalas/Sarais 95 iii

PaglNo. Table 18 (a) Eating houses .. 96 Table 18 (b) Tea stalls . 97 Table 18 (c) Sweet-meat shops 98 Table 19 Particulars of trade and commerce and establishments connected with the same including co-operative societies, supermarket etc. 99 Table 20 Particulars of factories and industrial establishments of different type and size 100-101 Table 21 (a) Organisational particulars of employment exchange 102 Table 21 (b) Live register as on 31-12-1967 • 102-103

Table 21 (c) Placement details 104 Table 22 Registered vehicles· of different types 105 Table 23 (a) Transport-buses. 106 Table 23 (b) City bus service, if any, route if so, passengers 106 Table 23 (c) Places outside the limit of the town/city covered by city bus service lOG Table 23 (d) Rural areas connected by bus services . 107 Table 23 (e) Distant towns connected by bus service i07 Table 23 (f) Local trains 108 Table 23 (g) Long distance train service 108 Table 23 (h) No. of railway tickets collected at the station during 1967-68 lOB Table 23 (i) Particulars of air flights to and from the local airport· 108

Table 23 (j) No. of air passengers that come to the place by air 108 Table 23 (k) Particulars of traffic by water way. 108 Table 23 (I) Transport of commodities 109 Table 23 (m) Road accidents during 1967 109 Table 24 (a) Communication-sale of postal stationery by each office in the town . 110 Table 24 (b) Receipt and issue of telegrams 110 Table 24 (c) Particulars about telephone 110 Table 24 (d) Receipt of money orders III iv

Pag' No. Table 24 (e) No. of radio licenses issued in the town during 1967-68 . III Table 24 (f) Newspapers, journals and periodicals 111 Table 25 (a) Marketing. 112 Table 25 (b) Special particulars about supply of vegetables, eggs, meat, fish, milk, fuel wood, etc. . . . • 112 Table 25 (c) Particulars about banks/credit co-operative societies 113 Table 25 (d) Money loaners registered under Money Lenders Act 114 Table 25 (e) Particulars about domestic animals and livestock . 114 Table 25 (f) Problem, if any, created by stray animals • 115 Table 26 Speci&l particulars on commutation to and from the town (on the basis of study in villages) 116-119 Table 27 Special particulars about important voluntary organisations including clubs, libraries, private educational societies, caste or community associations etc. 120-135 Table 28 Special particulars about political organisations including All India and Local Political Parties.. .. 136-137 Table 29 Special particulars about voting behaviour of the population in the town during the last general election held 138 Table 30 Particulars about the trade unions 139 Table 31 Special particulars about important temples/churches etc. 140 Table 32 Special particulars Jibout fairs, festivals including cattle fairs or wee~ly markets/shandies etc. 141 Table 33 (a) Particulars of cinema, professional theatre-particulars of establishments . 142 Table 33 (b) Particulars of films shown during 1967-68 in cinema halls • 143 Table 34 Particulars of circusses shown in the town 143 Table 35 Particulars of other recreational activities in the town (sports, tournaments, music conference etc.) 144- Table 36 Town haJl 144- Table 37 (a> Law and order. crime and defiant behavior-particulars in respect of each police station separately 145-148 Table 37 (b) Particulars of suits filed in courts during 1967-68 149 Table 37 (c) Particulars of Borstal schools/after care homes etc. 149 Table 37 (d) Particulars about prostitution . ]50 Table 37 (e) Home for rehabilitation of fallen women 150 Table 37 (f) Vagrancy home 151 Table 37, (g) Jails . 151 Table 38 Special particular about slums 152-153 Table 30 Special particulars about migratory tribes or groups visiting the town during 1967-1968 (to be obtained from police records) 154 APPENDIX-I . 155-157 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

I. Maps: (i) Notional map of Sopore town Frontis page (ii) Density of population Facing page 2 (iii) Location of slums . Facing view of Sopore (iv) Distribution of named areas and functional castes Facing page 22 (v) Number of buildings Facing page 24 (vi) Value of land . ~acing page 30 (vii) Functional" areas Facing page 38 (viii) Location of villages situated within a radius of 3 miles from Sopore town Facing Degree College 2. Photographs: (i) A view of the town from the left bank of river Jhelum Facing page 5 (ii) A distant view of the Sopore town from river Jehlum Facing page 4 (iii) Town Market . Facing page 8 (iv) Water Reservoir Facing page 10 (v) Cinema Hall Facing page 11 (vi) Town lIall Facing page 11 (vii) Slum-area dwellings Facing page 24 (viii) New Housing Colony Facing page 24 (ix) New Market Facing page 25 (x) New Light Hotel Facing page 25 (xi) Apple Orchards Facing page 32 (xii) Ripened Apples Facing page 33 (xiii) Fishermen on river Jehlum Facing page 36 (xiv) Fisher-women selling their catch in" the Fish-market Facing page 37 (xv) United Oil and Flour Mills. Facing page 40 (xvi) A workshop for manufacturing wooden cases for fruit Facing page 41 (xvii) Government Degree College . Facing page 48 (xviii) Government Girls High School Facing page 48 (xix) Government Primary Health Centre Facing page 50 (xx) Dak Banglow Facing page 51 (xxi) Devi temple Facing page 54 (xxii) Rishipir temple . Facing page 55 3. Title page: Busy Sopore Market

F9B.EWOR.D

Modern census has become an indis­ tempo of economic and industrial develop­ pensable instrument of policy and develop­ ment of the country largescale urbanisation ment planning. It needs hardly be is bound to come. Urbanisation has stressed that a census is not mere become sine qua non of progress. Urban counti~ of heads~ It is a kind of stock­ Centres are undoubtedly the centres of taking as it were, of the nation's human dissemination of knowledge, new ideas, wealth. Census aims at. presenting as technical skills and so on. This influences complete a picture of man as may be. the life around till more and more areas possible in his social, cultural and economic get urbanised. India is at this interesting setting. transitional stage and the Census Organi­ sation thought it fit to undertake studies Recognising that itl! role is to serve to get a deeper insight into the growth the needs of the planner, policy maker, of small towns which are likely to play administrator and the academician, the an important role in the life and economy Census Organisation from time to time of the community in the near future. arranges discussions with the main data users and seeks guidance in planning its The 1971 Census has programmed to operations. However, for a further and compile a separate Town Directory giving more realistic appreciation of the data certain basic data pertaining to each thrown up by the Census on various town in the country. This is proposed aspects of the life of the community, it to be supplemented by fairly qetailed has been realised that more and more accounts of about 200 towns selected for empirical studies would require to be study all over the country which may undertaken in order to "invest the dry help to bring out the intensity and effect bones of statistics with flesh and blood of the socio-economic forces generated by accounts of social structure and social urbanisation as also what impact urbani­ change." This requirement was kept in sation has made on the rural neighbourhood. view even while planning the 1961 Census. There is also a special operational The studies undertaken as ancillary to it, need of the Census necessitating such and particularly the socio-economic survey urban studies to. be taken up. There is of five hundred and odd villages through­ a point of view in some countries that out the country provided an insight into the presentation of the census data in the meaning of the statistical data in terms of rural-urban dichotomy is unrealis­ terms of real life situations. The most tic. There are on the one hand rurai importan,t among these empirical studies areas with urban ways of life,· on the was survey of about 500 VIllages in diffe­ other there are pockets in urban areas rent parts of the country. with folk ways and rural vestiges. Perhaps India is no doubt predominently rural. in India there is still some clear cut But it will not be long before the distinction between the rural and urban country achieves a break-through in the areas which is, however, gradually eroding. process of urbanisation. With the increasing The proposed studies are expected to ii

indicate how much an urban area is Location, The fonowing loeational rural and vice versa. factors are also to be kept in view while selecting the towns:- In December, 1961, a seminar was orgal_l.ised to examine the different aspects (a) Topography and . natural environ­ of urban studies, with the participation ment (i) mountainous, (ii) plain dry, (iii) of a galaxy of town planners, anthropo­ plain-humid, (iv) hilly,. (v) coastal. logists, sociologists, geographers, economists, demographers etc. On the suggestion of (b) Climate: (i) hot weather and the seminar an advisory committee was high rainfall, (ii) hot weather and low set tip and in consultation with the same, rainfall, (iii) temperate weather and high the following criteria for selection of towns rainfall, (iv) temperate weather and low for special studies were laid down. rainfall, (v) cold weather and high rainfall, (vi) cold weather and . low rainfall. Size I While the larger proportion of the towns selected for special studies (c) Growth pattern of the region-(i) should be small towns of the population areas of dynainism, where industries and size of about 20,000 or less, a number s~rvices are coming up rapidly and heavy of medium size towns, with population immigration is taking place, (ii) pros­ of upto one lakh each and a number of pective areas or areas rich in resoUrces cities with population of more than one and likely to develop in near future, lakh each, should also be studied. (iii) problem areas i. e., areas lagging behind in technological development and Demographic reaturet: While selec­ services and areas from where heavy ting the towns the following demographic migration takes place. feature's also should be kept in view: (d) Growth history: (i) areas which (a) . Growth rate-towns with (i) high were having vigorous economic and cultural growth rate, (ii) low growth rate life in the past, stagnated for sometime and (iii) negative growth rate, and are again' showing signs of revival, (b) Density of population-towns with (ii) areas which have continuous history of vigorous economic and cultural life. {i) high density of population, (ii) medium density of population and (e) Metropolitan areas: (i) towns (iii) low density of population, within areas of influence 'Of' metropolitan (c) Age-(i) old historical towns which centres, (a) within a distance of 10 miles are still growing, (ii) old declining from the same (b) beyond a distance of towns and (iii) new towns, should 10 mil~s from the same upto a distance be represented. of 40 miles, (ii) towns outside areas of influence of metropolitan centres. F_ctiODai types: The sample should Nature of relation with other towns: include towns representing each of the A few satellite towns, constituents of functional. types as follows: (a) service, conurbation and suburban towns. (b) mining or plantation, (c) craft (tradi­ tional), (d) manufacturing (non-traditional), Concentration of ethnic or religious (e) construction, (f) trade and commerce group, caste or community: Towns with (g) transport. preponderance of an ethnic or religious iii group such as Scheduled tribes, Muslims technological values of modem civilization or Christians or Anglo-In~iai1S or a single in the social complex of the towns, (f) Hindu Caste, Tibetan refugees, refugees other ancillary matters. from other areas etc. A set of schedules has been evolved Towns influenced by other Social and in connection with the present survey by Cultural Phenomena: Towns such as the Social Studies Unit of the office of temple-towns, health resorts, etc. also to the Registrar General, India, under the be kept in view. guidance of Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies). It is obvious that if the towns were The survey of the individual towns will to be selected with reference to each of be carried out mainly by the Directors the criteria in isolation, the towns to be of Census Operations in the variow studied would be much more than 200 States and Union Territories, with the which would be beyond the operational technical advice of Dr. Roy Burman. capacity of the Census brgavisation. Qualified research personnel have been Hence towns with maximum clustering placed at the disposal of the Directors of of the different criteria were preferred Census Operations/Social Studies Unit of at the time of the selection, on an all the Office of the Registrar General, India basis, at the same time ensuring India, for carrying out the field invest i­ that the various characteristics are re­ gationsfco-ordinating the studies of indivi­ presented in one town or the other as dual towns at the first stage and preparing finally selected for the study. all-India Volumes by analysing and syn­ This study will cover, among other thesising the findings· of the individual things, the (a) growth history of towns reports at the secon~ stage. It is an including the infrastructure of growth encouraging feature that certain individual and basic and non-basic economy and scholars and academic institutions have concomitant changes in the economic and come forward to take up the studies of social relations of the region, (b) growth some towns within the framework of the history of the various servicing institutions present scheme. I feel confident, thanks in the towns in response to the different factors of change aQ,d the concomitant to the enthusiasm shown by my colleagues changes in the pattern of distribution of in the State Census Offices and the community power and prestige, (c) fre­ academic world, a carpus of knowledge quency and pattern of inter-action among will be built up, which will be useful the different segments of the population, not only for academic purposes but also (d) nature and intensity of linkages with for various nation building purposes. I other towns of the region on the one hand and the rural hinterland on the avail of this opportunity to express my other, (e) persistence of the values of fullest appreciation and thanks to all traditional society and percolation of those involved in the project.

A. CHANDRA SEKJIAR. Registrar General, India.

PREFACE

The concept of Census is no longer of village statistics with flesh-and-blood confined to the meaning of the term as accounts of social structure and social given in the Oxford dictionary: 'regis­ change'. Accordingly the State Census tration of citizens and their property for Organisation took up the study of 28 villa­ taxation'. We are riot connected with ges in the Jammu and Kashmir State, taxation in any way and our job is not of which monographs of about 10 'villages merely counting human, heads or working have already seen the light of day. out their birth and death rate over a period As in the case of rural areas, there of time. Much more is expected of Census has been a lot of social and material today. The data we collect should be of transformation in urban areas too and yet basic value and utility to the administrator. -no detailed studies are available. It is to It usually happens that an efficient adminis­ fill up this gap that it has been decided, trator is basically a good planner. This as ancillary to 1971 Census, to take up is particularly true of under-developed two types of urban studies. One is inten­ countries having a large population such sive study of 200 towns in different parts as India of which the bulk subsists on of the country; the other, collection of agriculture. It is for this reason that when basic particulars of all other towns of registering the population. we have to cull the country. As the task involved is huge out, collect and compile a variety of in­ and will require a lot of planning, it has which ranges from finding out infor~tion been decided that, at the initial stage, the boundaries, roads, irrigational facilities, only one town in each State may be taken public and private buildings etc. in an up for a pilot study on the basis of a Enum_rator's block-and drawing it on a prepared schedule so that there is a uniform notional map-to giving accurate data and scientific pattern for these studies. about the sex, age, marital status, educa­ tional level, occupation etc. of every and We have taken up the town of Sopore ' each member of the household while for this pilot study and the results of in­ filling the Individual Slip. The more vestigation made, on the basis of the above accurate and reliable this information is, mentioned schedule given in the Appendix, the more realistic and comprehensive our are published in the following pages. planninJ is Lound to prove for building a welfare State. Sopore is an important commercial , town situated inbet~een ,75°-30m longitude One of the special tasks assigned to and 34°-20m latitude at a height of Census Organisation is to study the quantum 1,598 metres above sea-level in Kashmir. and quality of change that may have come It has an interesting past history. It is about in recent decades in rural areas. believed to have been founded in the Mere statistics, we have been told, are reign of King Avantivarma (855...... ;.883 A.D) not enough for this I- urpose. Rather, when by Suyya who, though considered to be taking up a village for investigation of this somewhat ahead of his times for his bold type, we have to 'invest the dry bones and ingenious ideas, is responsible for ii

having changed the course of river Jhelupl kot and markets down-country but res­ and reclaimed a sizable area of inundated tricted capacity of surface transport com­ land for cultivation. It was Suyya who, pelled the traders to convert their raw for the first time in Kashmir's chequered materials into finished goods. In the case history, devised effective flood protection of timber especially, a prosperous industry measures which included desilting of the came into existence, as logs, previously bed of the river Jhelum near Pampore. floated down the river, had to be manu­ factured into sleepers, windows and dQOrB Sopore's growth and prosperity originates before their despatch outside the state. from the fact that it lies at the centre Besides, the losses occasioned by floating of a huge oval-shaped valley which is down timber by river which were as high bounded in the north and north.. west by as 25% of the value were completely Kupwara and Lolab and Gurez and eliminated. Bandipore which lie in its north-east. The area abounds in forest wealth and con­ There has been a considerable boom tains huge apple orchards. The Wular in agricultural and horticultural .sectors Lake which lies in close vicinity and which both at the State and private level in is the biggest sweet-water lake in Asia Kashmir during recent years. The soil (area 78.303 square miles) and Ningal of the area in which Sopore is situated Nalla, situated at the mouth of the lake, being alluvial and full of chemical nutri­ serve as big reservoirs of fish and other tion has provided an ideal ground for setting lake-products like si'}gara etc. which also up orchards and farms. In consequence contribute to the' prosperous economy of of this _its economy has been taking rapid the town. strides from year to year. An instance is pro­ vided by the small village known as Nawpora Prior to IM7, most of Kashmir's trade at a distance of about 2 miles from Sopore, used to be carried on the Jhelum valley which contains nearly 200 households out road connecting Kashmir with Rawalpindi of whom at least 40 own orchards account­ (Pakistan). This was especially the case ing for an annual export of about 30,000 with the valley's trade in timber, fruit boxes (22 killograms each), valued at and forest products which used to be sent Rs. 12lakhs, of apples alone. Not surpri­ to Rawalpindi for onward clearance to singly this small village has more than other markets in the sub-continent. With one privately-owned vehicle .(cars and the closure of this road as a result of wagons) per household to boast of in the Pakistani aggression, temporarily the eco­ State. Because of its unprecedented prog­ nomy . of the principal towns situated on ress, it has become popularly known as and near it, including Sopore, was hit Chotta London. This sums up the overall hard. However, the State Government soon economic progress made by the town and organised a fleet of surface trucks and its suburbs in recent years. carriers under the aegis of a State-owned transport organisation which began to carry The credit for conducting the study these goods on the Banihal road and onwards belongs to Shri J. Kay Nanda, Socio­ to Jammu and Pathankot. This rather than economic Investigator, who had to put in having an adver~e effect on State's eco­ a lot of labour to canvass the schedule. nomy, gave a boost to export trade. Not He was in the field for a number of days only were better prices available at Pathan- at a stretch picking up valuable data· and iii finding for himself what changes had taken provided fairly good assistance to Shri place in the town during recent years. Nanda. .I also wish to acknowledge grate­ I c~mpliment him for his efforts. fully the co-operation and help which we received in conducting this investigation I $hould also like to make a mention from Mr G.R. Sofi, Chairman Town Area of Shri Ma$Ood Ahmed S. A. (map), Committee, Sopore. Photographs published Shri Bashir Ahmed S. A. and Shri in this Report are by the kind courtesy Virender Kumar Tiku (Stenographer) who of the State Information Department.

Srinagar, J. N. ZtJTSm 5th May, 1970

CHAPTER I SOPORE-A Pilot Town Study

INTRODUCTION extended beyond its defined boundaries Ancient Suyyapura, founded by a and the de-facto area of the town and reputed Kashmiri engineer Suyya during its suburbs is estimated at 4,089 kanals the reign of Raja Awantivarma (855-883 or 511 acres. It has a plain topography A.D.) and commemorating his name, is and is accessible both by roads and the undoubtedly the town known now as river. Sopore. It has been recognised as an AREA urban area right from the 19l1 Census According to the Census of 1961, the and is at present a very prospective and town of Sopore extended to an area of flourishing trade centre of the Kashmir 0.55 square miles or 352 acres. The valley. After 1949, Sopore town has also town being a flourishing commercial been the tehsil _ headquarter of Sopore centre is expanding gradually and its tehsil of district Baramulla. suburbs have also developed urban charac­ Geographically the town lies between teristics. As such the Town Area Committee 75°-30m longitude and 34°-20m latitude has approached the Government for in the northern sector of Kashmir valley extending the boundaries of the town at a distance of 30 miles to the north­ beyond the 1961 limits. Even though no west of Srinagar city, the summer State formal notification has SO far been issued capital, and 9 miles from Baramulla, the from the Government regarding de-jure district headquarter. Sopore is bounded expansion in the limits of the town, the in the north and north-west Ly Kupwara present de-racto area I of the town stands town and the beautiful oval-shaped Lolab at 4,089 kanals or 511.11 acres consisting valley whereas the Gurez valley and the of thirty six mohallas. This shows an town of Bandipora fall towards its north­ overall increase of about 156 acres in east. The famous Wular lake, one of the the area of the town limits over the largest in northern India, lies in the position obtaining in 1961. The subjoined .north-east and east. The lake is connected statement gives the names of the mohallas with the town by river Jhelum which and the approximate area occupied by leaves the lake at Ningal, about 2 miles each :- away from the town. Baramulla town is on the south-west and the other villages S. No. Name of Mohalla Area in sq. yards of tehsil Sopore are situated in the south of the town. 1. Narapora 1,50,645 2. Shalapora 1,60,325 Like Srinagar city, the town is situated 3. Baba YO1,lsaf 81,675 on either bank of river Jhelum though 4. Muslim Peer 82,885 the area on the left bank is not inhabited 5. Karalteng 81,675 by more than 15% of its population. Of 5. Khoshal Mattu 24,805 late the jurisdiction of the town has 7. Sangram Pora 48,400 2

The Town

S. No. Name of MahalIa Area in and 8,798 females giving a density of sq. yds. 11.11 persons per 1,000 square yard. 8. Bata Para 99,825 When compared with the estitrurted popu­ ~ Shahabad 68,365 lation of 1951 (15,378 persons) the. town 10. Mum Kak 9,075 has marked a growth of the order of 11. Padshah Masjid 10,890 2.35 percent per year between 1951 and 12. Khawaja Gilgit 69,575 1961. On the basis of Sample Census 13. Aishi Peer 44,770 conducted during the month of July, 1968, 14. Shairan 34,485 the current population of the t?wn is 15. Humlina 3.05,525 estimated to be 22,978 persons consisting 16. Baghat 3,13,995 of 12,428 males and 10,550 females giving , 17. Shahid Ganj 9,075 an overall annual growth of 3% over ·18. Channa Khan 1,89,365 1961. This estimate of growth rate more 19. Dogli Teng 11,495 or less corroborates with what it works 20. Untoo Hamam .40,535 .out on the basis of population estimat.e, 21. So:6.. Hamam . 28,'.I-SS: :~orked out by the Tehsil Office for 1965 22. Jamia Qadim 45,375 in connection with the· preparation of 23. Khankia. Mullah 27,225 electoral rolls. According to these esti­ 24. Hatbi Shah 99,825 mates ··:the popUlation of the town. in 25. Now Hamam 21,830 1965 was 22,157, which gives a growth 26. Ningal .1,05.875 rate of 3.3% .per annum. This increase 27. Maharaj Pora 75,625 in the growth rate has not, however. 28. Chinki Pora 41,140 adverse~y affected the density, because 29. Takia Bal 21,175 the area. of the town has also phenomi­ 30. Sheikh Sahib 10,890 nally i~creased from 352 acres or 17,03,680 31. Sayeed Sultan 6,655 squat:e yards in 1961 to 511.1 acres or 32. Aaram Pora 12,100 24,73,845.00 square yards in 1968. As a 33. Lal Bab Sahib 6,050 matter of fact, the density of the town 34. Hajaman 13,310 has. re.duced to 9.28 persons per 1,000 35. TeHan 13,310 square yards. 36. New Colony l,Ol?640 Mohalla-wise position of the number POPULATION, HOUSEHOLDS AND of families, sex distribution of population DENSITY for the years 1961 and 1968 and density The population of Sopore town, as returned during 1961 Census, stood at of population during 1968 are depicted 18,987 persons comprising 10,189 males in the subjoined statement:- MAP OF SOPORE TOWN DENSITY OF POPULATION ,. fEET

lUMBER OF PERSOIS PU 1000· SQUARE YARDS. II1IillSE LOW .10.00 E8±E3"""Town GYlrGtl .II.05 TOWN BOUNOARY· ..··--­ WARO BOUNOARY .... --­ IE:ZE3 10.01 - 25.00 MOHALLA BOUNOARY _ .. _ •. _ IBBB 25.01 - 40·00 III! 40.01 - 5S.00

• 55·01 - 70·00

~ 'JIO.OI - 85.00

II ABOVE 85.00

3 SoJItln s. Name of Mohalla .Density No. of households Population 1961 Population 1968 No. during (estimated) • 1968 ,-_.A.__ -.. r--__J.-_ --...... r-----"---- ...... (persons 1961 1968 Total Males Females Total Males Females per 1,000 (esti- sq. yds.) mated) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1. Narapora 1.97 66 .69 371 223 148 449 272 177 2. Shalapora 3.53 68 71 468 251 217 566 306 260 3. Baba Yousuf 11.09 120 125 748 417 '331 905 508 397 4. Muslim Peer 10.07 95 99 689 369 320 834 450 384 5. Karalteng 8.89 89 93 600 332 268 726 405 321 6. Khoshal Mattu 44.83 163 170 918 504- 414 1,111 615 496 7. Sangram Pora 34.92 237 246 1,396 734 662 1,689 895 794 8. Bata Pora 60.86 80 85 520 271 249 607 312 295 9. Shah Abad 4.11 54 56 232 135 97 281 165 116 10. Mum Kak 99.38 116 121 745 379 366 901 462 439 II. Badshah Musjid 33.46 52 54 301 161 140 364 196 168 12. Khawaja Gilgit 90.90 82 85 522 279 243 632 340 292 13. Aishi Peer 65.95 45 47 244 138 106 295 168 127 14. Shairan 12.53 60 62 357 197 160 432 240 192 15. Humlina 1.17 37 38 297 152 145 359 185 174 16. Baghat 0.88 32 33 229 97 132 277 118 159 17. Shahid Gunj 9.04- 18 19 68 56 12 82 68 14 18. Chana Khan 4.53 102 106 709 416 293 858 507 351 19. Dogli Teng 10.01 12 12 95 53 42 115 65 50 20. Untoo Hamam 11.33 44- 46 379 199 180 459 243 216 21. Sofi Hamam 27.35 87 90 642 343 299 777 418 359 22. Jamia Qadim 25.03 127 132 938 479 459 1,135 584 551 23. Khanka Mulla 17.83 55 57 401 196 205 485 239 246 24. Hathi Shah 12.29 146 152 1,013 526 487 1,226 642 584 25. Now Hamam 26.07 90 94 599 314 285 725 383 342 26. Ninga1 6.57 89 98 552 292 260 696 379 317 27. Maharaj Pora 97.80 113 118 611 353 258 739 430 309 28. Chinki Pora 15.32 84 87 521 264 257 630 322 308 29. Takia Bal 22.40 56 58 392 199 193 474 243 231 30. Sheikh Sahib 48.35 58 60 435 261 174 526 318 208 31. Syed Sultan 67.08 51 53 369 190 179 446 232 214 32. Aaram Pora 84.29 137 142 842 454 388 1,019 554 465 33. Lalbab Sahib 75.61 53 55 378 196 182' 457 239 218 34. Hajaman 46.32 89 93 509 .284 225 616 346 270 35. Telian 75.80 122 127 833 440 393 1,008 537 471 Sopore town 9.28 2,940 3,06418,98710,189 8,798 22,978 12,428 10,550

*Density hall been worked out on the basia of the Sample Census conducted during 1968. 4

The Town

CI..IMATE AND RAINFALL the roads often get blocked and inter­ communication with other areas becomes • The town, situated a t a height of difficult. 1,598 metres (5,241.4 feet) in the proxi­ mity of Wular lake, like most other RESIDENTIAL PATTERN parts of the valley, experiences temperate climate in summer and severe cold in Except for the new .housing colony winter. In July and August humidity is and a few sporaoic cases the residential high and the area is infested with mos­ houses appear to have been constructed quitoes which breed in large number in without any plan and are mostly devoid the paddy fields and stagnant water ponds of the basic principles of hygiene. In situated in the heart of the town. most of the localities ·the houses have been clustered together leaving very little There being no observatory in the space, if any, for the by-lanes and streets. town it is not possible to give the maxi­ As a matter of fact more than 50% mum and minimum temperatures. Sopore, residential area is prac~ically slum. has, however, been equipped with one Slum areas, as they exist in Sopore, rain-guage station. The statement showing can be classified into two categories. One total monthly rainfaU, number of rainy comprises such areas as are too congested days and the normal rainfall during the and lack the fundamentals of hygiene year 196-7-68 is as under:- . both in structural construction as well as Month Year No. of Total Normal the drainage system. This type of slum rainy rainfall rainfall area is, however, equipped with regular days for the for the water supply and electricity. It consists month month of ten mohallas namely Khushal Mattu, in in Baba Yousaf, Sangram Pora, Bata Pora, milli- milli- Badshah Masjid, Hajaman, Mohalla Telian, metres metres Muslim Peer, Jamia Qadim and Khanka Mulla. 'The second category consists of April 1967 8 156.6 93.5 such slum areas as have only temporary 132.4 70.4 hut type dwellings and lack all modern May " 10 June 3 24.2 39.9 amenities like supply of water, electricity " etc., besides lacking in proper drainage and July 2 16.3 37.6 " approach. Only two mohallas fall in this August 6.8 35.8 II 2 category namely Shahabad and Maharaj September 4 45.6 35.1 " Pora. October ,. 6 95.6 35.8 Various markets too are in the densely November 19.8 17.8 " 3 populated areas thereby adding more to December 3 15.0 51.3 " the existing congestion. Some of the January 1968 8 169.6 139.5 recent constructions including all those February 4 54.2 106.7 in the housing colony are, however, quite modem and in line with those existing March " 8 169.6 139.5 " in other advanced urban areas of the In winter due to heavy snow-falls, State. A distant view of the Sopore town from river )heJum A view of the town from the left bank of river Jhelum. The central building with conspicuous canopy is the Ziarat of Shah Hamdan MAP OF

, " SOPORE TOWN , I " ', LOCATION OF SLUMS / ". FEET 440 ltO 0 440 FEET / ...... "- " ...... \', . ,'\ '1 '''/'(, , '\.. ,_,_ ./ \', .'- ', 'l ,_,_. _./ " ...... , l c"\:.' ( ··v l ...... I \ ) \ ./ "-.j _.)_. . . ./ . ..,,-' _...... L .. - ___ .-- _. ( ...... _ . .J'. . , \. I I \ J J ( I _."...y-- ./ (. .--..- ) ./ 1 I ,/ ;/ \ \ -.. _.. rtffitt:!-'-"'1 ~ (\ '" ~ '\ \. \ : A I \ .. " \ ··L .. \ \ '. .... I \ "- / . '"'' ) c.....-J ,,\, ( ~r------.IYPES OF SLUMS \ "\ / ~ CO"Ii15T10". lACk Of HYIilNIC fACILITIES, ~ \ .. , "y ~ DRa,NAGE srSTEW NOT PROPER, TOWN IK)UNDARY _._._ ! \ .. ~ , WARD BOUNDARY \ rrrmT1 TEMPO.,RT HUTS AND STALLS, ELECTRIC MOHALLA BOUNDARY-oo_ .. _ • Ullli.U SUPPLY' DRAINAGE SYSTEW INADEQUATE. , .," .t,CCISS .."Lif'f ,"0 , ./ "0"$£5 O""C""'l \. / \ ' / , .i / "./ ,I "'-. / 5

TRANSPORT ments and provisioils of transport facmties for the town from time to time. Prior to 1947 there was no regul;lr bus service either coming to the town or During 1953, two regular bus services, leaving Sopore for any part of the valley. one each by Government Transport arid Occasionally once or twice a week depend­ private company, were started to cope ing upon the availability of passengers, with the growing rush of passengers from one private bus attached with the Allied Srinagar to Sopore and back. A number Charag Din & Sons Company used to of private trucks started plying for the ply from Srinagar to Sopore or Baramulla. carriage of goods to and from the town. In case the bus was bound for. Baramulla, Due to steadily growing demand for more the passengers coming to Sopore had to transport facilities to cater to the increas­ get down at Sagrama, a village situated ing goods traffic, the State Government on National Highway 3 miles from Sopore; trucks have also been pressed into service from where they were required to come since 1958. Passenger service has also on foot or tonga. Taxis were conspicuous expanded. The number of daily bus by their absence. The only and handy services has increased to eight, four each means of·' transport available were ton gas, of Government transport and private bullock-carts and boats. The time taken companies. This is over and above the by a bus, plying from Sopore to Srinagar facilities emanating from the passenger or vice-versa was about 4 to 5 hours, services plying th~ough Sopore to and while a tonga used to take 10 hours. ftom Srinagar, Handwara, Chowkibal, Against this a boat (called Donga carrying Kupwara and Sogam. 15 to 20 persons) required at least 3 days for the same journey across river Jhelum With the development of orchards in and Wular lake etc. the area the volume of export of fruit from Sopore has increased many fold. In The breakd~wn of Baramulla-Rawal­ pindi Road as a result of tribal raids order to provide markets to the fruit shifted the pivot of commercial activities growers and ensure quick transportation from Baramulla to Sopore town with the of fruit, a fleet of Government trucks result that the latter was provided with went into service since 1966 to carry the a net-work of good roads connecting it fruit direct to Jammu, Pathankote, Amrit­ directly with Srinagar and other important sar and Delhi markets. Month-wise posi­ areas. Gradually Sopore grew into a tion of the movement of Government very promising transit station for the export of fruits, timber, fish etc. This trucks from Sopore to various markets, led to a gradual expansion in the require- for the year 1967-68 is indicated below:- 6 Tit, Town

Year Month No. of trucks plying from Sopore to Total No. of trucks r------..A.------__~ Jammu Pathankote Delhi Amritsar 2 3 4 5 6 7

1967 July 17 3 48 68 August 23 3 " 293 319 September 155 80 " 210 445 October 91 82 " 310 483 November 82 199 " 290 6 577 December 14 11 " 265 296 1968 January 9 10 ., July 1 36 8 51 .. August 59 42 39 140

44& 463 1,472 6 2,389

In addition, about 300 civil trucks S. Name of Length Frequency were also plying each month during the No. route in of bus ser- five months of fruit season i.e., from August miles vice on the 1967 to January 1968 for carrying fruits route from Sopore to Srinagar,Jammu and Pathan­ 1. Sopore-Bandipora 19 14- kote. On the whole, approximately seven 2. " Baramulla 10 22 3. lakh cases of fruit each weighing 24 kg. " Tujer 9 5 have been exported from Sopore during 4. Dangwacha "10 5 5. " the year 1967-68 both through Gowrn­ " Handwara 10 3 ment as well as private trucks apart from 6. Hand wara via " Baramulla 18 3 fish, timber, and other goods. 7. Kupwara 24 " 3 As for the passenger traffic the effec­ 8. Rohama 18 " 3 tive fleet strength of Government trans­ 9. " SogamjLalpora 31 port buses ~n Sopore town during 1961-68 10. Lalpuluri 51 1 " stood at 15. The subjoined statement gives 11. Wader 21 " 2 an idea of the routes, their length and 12. Wilgam 32 2 " frequency of bus services on each route :- 13. Srinagar 30 4 " 7

Sopon --..- As many as 8,47,745 passengers were Against only six cars and few dozen carried by the Government bus fleet during cycles in 1947, there are at present 40 the year 1967 on all these routes. The trucks, 2 buses, 2 taxis 40 cars, 50 jeeps, corresponding number of passengers carried 10 motor-cycles and 300 bicycles in the between January, 1968 to July, 1968 was town owned by the local inhabitants. 5,31,588. COMMUNICATIONS In addition to 15 Government buses, private companies have an effective fleet Prior to 1947 there was a solitary of 22 buses plying through Sopore. It has Central Government Sub-Post Office func­ not been possible to know the exact tioning in the town which was equipped number of passengers carried by this fleet. with banking and telegraphic facilities. The overall annual passenger traffic catered And there was only one telephone connec­ to by both the fleets is, however, esti­ tion in the entire town owned by the mated to be somewhere between 20 to State Government. The Sub-Post Office 22 lakhs. has been equipped with adequate staff to cope with ~l types of requirements. The traditional means of transport No single part of the town is, however, namely tongas, horse-pulled-carts and boats served .by any Branch Post Offices. As also continue to play an important role per the information made' available by for the carriage of passengers and various the Sub-Post Master, the post office transac­ goods coming to or going out of the ted 7,213 incoming and 5,470 outgoing town. As per Town Area Committee re­ telegrams during 1967-68. During the cords there were 497 tongas and animal same' period the post office remitted 5,322 driven carts in 1967-68 in Sopore town. money orders worth Rs. 3,82,637.07 and Apart from these at least 200 tongas and received 1,818 money orders amounting to carts belonging to the adjoining villages Rs. 1,43,185.58. Total number of radio ply on various routes for carrying passen­ licenses issued in the town during 1967-68 gers or goods. was 689. The approximate sale proceeds Boats play no smaller role. According of the postal stationery and stamps for to the Town Area Committee records the same period are as under:- again, boats and Don gas carried 2,000 persons to and fro the town during Type of postal Number Sale proceeds 1967-68. They were also used to export stationery sold during 1967-68 about two lakh maunds of cargo consis­ Rs. p. ting of timber, firewood, fruit, grains, fish etc. from Sopore to Srinagar and Bara­ i) Post-cards 1,510 151.00 mulla and import about three lakh maunds ii) In-lands 2,304 345.60 of goods comprising cloth, tea leaves, tin, iron sheets, cement, oil, kerosene oil, pulses, iii) Envelopes 1,054 210.80 machinery, ghee, leather, meat, stones, iv) Stamps 198.00 bricks, clay etc. from Srinagar, Kupwara, ---- Bandipora and ~amulla into the town Total 905.40 during the same year. ---- 8

The Town

A telephone exchange has also been esta­ S. Type of commercial No. of Remarks blished in town in the 1953 with a capacity No. activity establish- of 100 points. In April, 1967 the exchange ments was converted from C. B. Type into Auto­ 8. Beetle and cigarette' matic one with 200 lines. At the end of sellers 7 1967-68, 152 telephone connections stood provided in Sopore Town besides one pub­ 9. Milk sellers 37 lic call booth. 1,19,227 local calls and 10. Retail vegetable 25,91 I trwlk calls were booked through sellers 83 the exchange during 1967-68. 11. Wholesale vegetable MARKET sellers 13 12. Catering shops (serve Sopore has a very brisk market which meals only) 7 does not only feed the indigenous demand but also caters to the requirements of 13. Restaurants 2 several adjoining area~, like the Lolab 14. Hotel 1 valley, Handwara tehsil, Kupwara tehsil, 15. Tea stalls 3 Bandipora, Rafiabad, a part of Sonawari 16.' Hide sellers 13 (of which tehsil besides the entire Sopore tehsil. 10 have Since 1947 tlfe market of the town has no regular expanded at least five fold. The number shops) establishments by the type of commercial 17. Kerosene dealers 6 activities as at present is indicated in the 18. Fish sellers and table below:- dealers 83

S. Type of commercial No. of Remarks 19. Dry cleaners 5 No. activity establish- 20. Lime~ clay etc. sellers 3 ments 21. Kilns 22. Barber shop including I. Fruit forwarding and Hamam I commission agents 100 23. Band saw mills 19 2. Bakers 45 24. Husking mills 25 3. Butchers 21 25. Small trolley saw 4. Fruit sellers 13 mills 5 5. Unani, ayurvedic 26. Trolley saw mills 9 and medical shops 16 27. Oil Ghani (Kholu) 3 6. Sweet shops 3 28. Oil mills 2 7; Sweet-meat and 29. Floor mills run by pakora sellers 35 (of these water (Grahats) 15 30 are 30. Floor mill I hawkers) 31. Fire-wood dealers 4 Town Market 9

SojHm

S. Type of commercial No. of Remarks S. Type of commercial No. of Remarks No. activity establish- No. activity establish- ments ments 32. Spare parts dealers 4 (of these 50. Pattu, loi, etc. one also weavers 12 deals in 51. Cloth merchant, heavy wholesale 6 machinery like trollies, 52. Barbers 100 (of .which husking 70 ha.ve machines no regular etc.) shops) 33. Cycle dealers 4 53. Tailors 125 (of these 34. Cycle repair shops 8 fifty are 35. Dentist I working 36. Hardware 7 in various other shops 37. Work shops for trucks like that and motor cycles etc. 4 of cloth 38. Watch repairers and merchants sellers 5 etc.) 39. Shoe shops 13 54. Silver and gold 40. Shoe makers 2 smiths 34 41. Shoe repairers 25 55. Blacksmiths 35 42. Calico printing 5 56. Carpenters 250 (working 43. Cotton ginning 9 on no 44. Oil sellers (wholesale) 10 regular 45. Stationers and book- shops) sellers 6 57. Kabari shops (sellers 46. Photographers 3 of old clothes and 47. Radio Dealers, Radio articles) 5 repairers and electric 58. Utensils and crockery goods sellers 10 (of which sellers 1 SIX are 59. Fancy goods sellers 20 Radio 60. Copper utensil sellers dealers) 9 48. Silver and gold thread 61. Wholesale tea sellers 16 embroidery 15 62. Ropes, baskets. 49. Pattu, loi, blanket etc. brooms etc. sellers 4 sellers 6 (of these 63. Tobacco and cigarettes one namely sellers 5 Haji Ahad 64. Tin trunks, boxes, Joo Shawla buckets etc. sellers 5 is a whole- 65. Newspaper agents 2 sale dealer Grain and owns 66. and pulses many weaving sellers 13 khadis and 67. Stove and gas lamp exports the repairers and sellers products) including nicUe polish 50 10

The town s. Type of commercial No. of Remarks the town. The supply is not, however, No. activity establish- adequate. With a view to augmenting ments the supply a tube well scheme was also 68. Cloth sellers 200 (These undertaken during the 3rd Plan and a cloth tube-well with a depth of 500 ft. and a sellers cemented reservoir tank with. a capacity also stock various of 60,000 gallons was constrUcted. The other items tube-well was, however, commissioned only for sale for a short while. The supply from Hardo­ required shiva continues to be in-adequate. for day- The pressure of water is ~lso very low to-day consump- with the result that the new constructions, tion) comming up in the New Colony and its 69. Furniture manufac­ vicinity, are facing water scarcity. Besides turers 2 water taps installed in private premises a 70. Printing Press net-work of 69 public stand posts has 71. Wine shops 3 (one is been set up in different parts of the Govern­ town. During the 2nd Five Year IlIan the ment shop total daily water supply to Sopore town selling stood at 1,20,000 gallons. During the first J&K excise three years of third plan the supply in­ liquor) creased to 1,30,000 gallons per day. The 72. Masons 150 (working supply registered further increases during on no the last two years of the 3rd plan and regular stood at 1,50,000 gallons per day. shops) 73. General merchandise 175 ELECTRICITY 74. Clay utensil sellers 8 The town got electrified for the first 75. Cinema time in 1921 and until 1947 was fed 76. Hawkers selling cos­ from .supplies from Mohora Power House­ metics, glass bangles, the only Electric Supply Station in the fancy articles, eatables valley with a total generating capacity of 4- MWS. Not more than 25% houses, how­ from door to door 100 ever, were enjoying the benefit of electricity. The present position is that about 95% WATER SUPPLY houses are electrified and many among Until as late as the end lst Five these are equipped with radio sets, elec­ Year Plan the town had no protected tric presses, heaters, fans etc. The total consumption of A.C. electric current supp­ water supply. The only source of drinking lied to the town during the year 1967-68, water was the River Jhelum. Since the from Mohora and Ganderbal Hydro-elec­ begining of the 2nd Plan, however, the tric generating stations was 1.255 Mega­ town is catered by protected water supply watts. The subjoined statement gives the number of connections, nature, volume of tapped from a spring namely Shiva situa­ electric consumption, total revenue due ted at a distance of six miles in the and revenue realised from the town in village Hardoshiva in the north-east of 1967-68 ;- Water reservoir (capacity 60,000 gallons) Cinema Hall

Town Hall 11

Sopor, S.No. Type of establishment Number of Volume of Revenue Revenue connections consumption due realised . I 2 3 4 5 6 1. Domestic (a) lighting .2,503 250 kw. 2,60,046.40 2. Industrial 53 949.5 kw. 1 3. Irrigation 3 1.5 kw. I 2,55,346.40 4. Othe:r: establishment (State I Departments) 40 18 kw. I 5. Commercial 263 36 kw. I 6. Road lighting *263 points of 40 watt each .I 2,60,046.40 2,55,346.40

• (Total volume of consumption in respect of item (6) is not available. The rate charged is Rs. 1.25 per bulb of 40 watts. each. Total expenses Ott road-lighting during 1967-68 was Rs. 8,138.35, including E. D. and maintenance charges etc.) The supply is, however, far short of Ziarats. of Khanka Moalla, J~mia Qadim, the requirements. There is a large num­ Baba Yousuf, Rahim Sahib and Syed Sahib ber of applications swelling the waiting which are frequently visited' by the Mus­ list. The supply needs to increase by at lim popUlation. Besides these, temples of least 50% to meet this additional demand Reshipir, Brahmin and Bhairo are also for electricity. very popular with the Hindu community CREMATORIUM and are visited by them almost daily. The ground, where Hindus cremate There is also one Gurdwara situated in their dead is situated • on the bank of the main market. river Jehlum in mohalla Baghat in the It will not be out of place to men­ south-east of the town. I t constitutes an tion here that the main market .. _ of the area of 7 kanals. Muslims bury their town is the most important public place dead in grave-yards which are scattered where people belonging to each and every throughout the town and occupy an area caste, community and calling assemble of 486 kanals. during day time and run brisk business IMPORTANT PUBLIC PLACES and come ·into contact with customers of A cinema hall known as 'Samad Talkies', all shades, coming besides the locality all two small parks, laid out on an area of the way from the adjoining areas, to pur­ only six kanals, town hall and its library­ chase various commodities. cum-reading room and fourteen other rea­ ADMINISTRATIVE AND WELFARE ding rooms set-up by Jamati,.Islamia in INSTITUTIONS various mohallas are the only important Important among the administrative public places where the local inhabitants institutions is the Town Area Committee are seen mingling up irrespective of any which is responsible for the provision of copsiderations of caste or creed. amenities and community services usually The town-hall library has been equipped available in a town.. It enjoys certain with 1,2.00 books on a variety of subjects. powers under the Town Area Act of Besides daily newspapers in circulation, 1954 to facilitate the execution of public periodicals and other current literature welfare works and to ensure the well-being are available for studt in the reading of the people. A detailed description of room attached with the library. The four­ the functions pp.rformed by the Committee teen reading rooms belonging to Jamat-i­ is given in Chapter IV. A list of other Islamia, are equipped with' 8,000 books Government run administrative and wel­ covering such fields as religion, history, fare institutions other than educational. law, literature, science etc. besides local medical and banks, functioning in the newspapers, periodicals etc. town-area, is listed below alongwith their Among other important public places dates of establishment, type of function, mention may be made of Id Gah and area of operations and staff'strength etc :- 12

Important public institutions (Other than banks,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 3 4 Government Offices and institutions Sub-Judge Sopore town Hearing of the civil and crimi­ nal cases, registration of sale deals, land and other particu­ lars.

S. D. M. or Sopore town To maintain law and order S. D. O. Office and to settle revenue .cases etc.

Sub-Divisional Sopore town 1953 Supervision of crimes and Police Office maintenance of law and order.

TehsilOffice ~opore town 1948 Collection of land revenue rationing, liaison officer,- Custodian, Evacuee property, Administration, Treasury Officer, Chairman Local Boards, Pancbayat Electiqn, authority, maintenance of records of rights.

Roads and Sopore town Oct., 1962 Development of roads and Buildings buildings etc. Division, Sopore

Assistant Sopore town March, 1968 C:ollection of revenue and Engineer, maintenance of electric lines Electric and sub-stations. 13

educational and medical institutions)

Jurisdiction No. of No. of members 'Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 789

District Baramulla for criminal 15 One Chief Judicial Magistrate cases and Tehsil Sopore for is also functioning here. "'civil cases.

Sopore Division. 4 Sub-Divisional Magistrate or Sub-Divisional Officer and his staff.

Sangrama, Gurez, Bandipora, 11 One Deputy Superintendent of Kupwara, Karnah, Keran, Police, One Head Clerk, One Villgam, Handwara and Head Constable, Six Cons­ Sopore. tables, two peons. Sopore tehsil. 84 One Tehsildar and his staff.

Sangrama to Chowkibal, Tang­ 142 Work Charge == 76 dara, Karnah, Lolab Valley, Regular ==. 66 Kulangam, Handwara, One Executive Engineer, One Zachaldara, Nichhama, Assistant Engineer and 64 Magam, Shooloro road, the regular staff members. area at the- right side of Sopore - Chowki~al Road, Zaingir, Sopore to Bandipora Shalteng and other link roads in tehsil Bandipora. Sopore town and adjacent 97 One Assistant Electric villages. Engineer and his staff. 14

Th6 town

ImportaDt public iaatitutiODS (Other thaD banks,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 3 4 5 Government Offices and institutions- Divisional Sopore town, 1963 To attend fire calls. Fire Office

Assistant Sopore toWD Oct., 1961 Guiding in the formatIon of Registrar, the' co-operative societies, Co-opcrative advancing loans and its recovery. Agriculture Sopore July, 1962 Tehsil Development plant pro­ Office tection propaganda and"docu­ mentary shows on agriculture, sale of improved implements, fertilizer and pesticides.

Horticulture Sopore town May, 1967 Technical guidance to fruit Office growers, protection of plants, development of horticulture.

Irrigation Sopore town 1954 Construction of new canals & Division tanks, execution of the pro­ jects, Flood Control, ,Cons­ truction of Departmental buildings and repair to old canals etc. Ranger, Kandi Sopore 1964 Control of timber movement, Range to provide work for labour in saw mills.

Special Range Sopore town 1964 Supply of fire-wood, control of Officer timber movement etc. Block Sopore Sept., 1964 Development of Panchayats, Development improvement of agriculture Office and minor irrigation and water supply, Development of Small Industries and Livestock. 15 sapo"

educational and mediea1 institutions).,.-contd.

J utisdiction No. of No. of members Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 7 B 9

Sopore Division. N.A.

Sopore block and adjacent 6 villages.

Baramulla District. 86 One District Agriculture Officer and his staff.

Baramulla Distr ict. 118 One District Horticulture Officer and his staff. One Deputy Director, Mulberry as also functioning in the town.

Baramulla District except 86 72 (Regular) Sonawari block. 14 (Work Charge Basis)

Sopore Division. N.A.

Sopore Division. N.A.

! of Tehsil Sopore and Alaqua 42 One Block Development Officer Zaingir and Khoi and 41 staff members. 16

hDportaDt pubHc Institution. (Other than baDkll,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 3 4

Government Offices and institutions Tehsil Sopore town July, 1966 Conducts film shows :to edu- Information cate people in Family Office Planning, Agriculture and Industries etc. To collect data from different offices for publication.

Tehsil Social' Sopore town ;April. 1965 Look after the welfare of the Welfare Office people especially backward classes and provide welfare facilities to the destitutes, physically handicapped, blind, deaf and dumb. The office is running two welfare centres in the town where girls get lessons in tailoring etc.

Inspector Sopore town April. 1963 Inspection of the shops and Weights and checking the weights and measures measures.

Central Sopore town 1949 Maintenance of community Community listening Radio sets. listening 17

Sopore

educatioaal aDd medleal mstitutioDs)-concld.

Jurisdiction No. of No. of members Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 7 8 9

Sopore, Handwara, Kupwara, 6 Langet, Chowkibal, Zachal- dara, Lolab and Watlab.

Sopore tehsil only. 2 One Social Welfare Officer and a clerk.

Tehsil Sopore and Bandipora 2 One Inspector and one clerk.

Pattan, Handwara, Bandipora, 3 Centre is run by Field Publi­ upto Gurez and Sopore. city Department, Govern­ ment of India. 18

7'" Town

A number of educational institutions FINANCIAL INSTlTtrrIONS exist in the town as enumerated. They Strangely enough, there are only two cater to the needs of the local inhabi­ banks. serving this important commercial tants as well as to the students from adjoin­ . centre. Of these two, one is a branch ing areas;- of Jammu and Kashmir Bank Ltd., while Number the other is that of the Baramulla Central Type of ,.. ___..A ___~ Co-operative Bank. The fruit merchants institution Male Female Tota} and other commercial establishments find Degree Science/Arts themselves greatly inconvenienced due to College } I lack of adequate institutional credit Higher Secondary/ facilities. High Schools 2 3 "VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS Secondary/Middle Apart from the institutions indicated Schools 7 3 10 above there are a number of voluntary Primary Schools 9 10 19 organisations functioning for the welfare Teachers Training of their members in the town. Among Schools 1 2 these mention may be made of the following which will be discussed in the 20 15 35 Report ;- --". The male institutions are not all meant i) New Fruit Growers and Dealers for males exclusively. Besides in the degree Association, college, co-education is imparted in one ii) The Kashmir Fruit Growers and higher secondary school and four primary Dealers Association, schools. iii) Mill-owners Welfare Association, The subjoined statement gives the type iv) Drivers and Cleaners Association, and number of medical institutions func­ v) Co-operative Transport Workers tioning in the town area. Society Ltd., Type of medical Number vi) Private Employees Union, institution vii) Private Mazdoor Union, Primary Health Centre viii) AnJman-e-Behebudi-e-Kirayadaran, (including Family Planning Centre) I ix) Kisarl Conference, Chest Clinic (District T.B. Centre) I S.E.T. Centre (Leprosy Treatment x) Tailors Union, . Centre) xi) Tonga Drivers Association, Women and Child Welfare Centre xii) Anjman-e-Zargaran (goldsmiths), (Branch St. Joseph Hospital, Baramulla) 1 xiii) New Kashmir Carpenters Association Veterinary Unit 1 xiv) Oil Mills Industrial Co-operative (including Artificial Insemination Society, Centre) xv) Anjman-e-Hajaman (barbers), Total 5 xvi) Butchers Union, xvii) Anjman-e-Mahigeeran (fishermen). 19

IDSTORY NOMENCLATURE . AND "Whatever the truth, we can recog­ LEqENDS nize iIi Suyya, a person of genius and a great benefactor of Kashmir All historians are unanimous in their who triumphantly vindicated Awanti­ view that the birth of the town of Sopore varmall's bold step of allowing him dates back to more than 1,100 years ago to prove his claim. It is fitting that when the reputed Kashmir engineer Suyya there should still be a memoria to by name, founded it during the reign of Suyya in Kashmir. This is the village Raja Awantivarman (855-883 A. D.), the of Sopore or Suyya pora, situated in then ruler of Kashmir. the same place today as it was when J.P. Ferguson in his book entitled he founded it, namely, on the bank of 'Kashmir' remarks "Suyya stands out as the Jhelum where the river leaves the· a person hundreds of years in advance Wular Lake. The original Sopore is supposed to have resembled heaven, of his time". It is beca:use of the techni­ and on his own authority, Suyya is cal intelligence and real skill he possessed said to have forbidden fishing and and applied for draining off the flood water which could find no outlet and shooting of birds in the lake by a had made the cultivation of land impossible prohibition that was to be effective till the end of the world. The present with the result that. famine like condi­ Sopore cannot be described as heavenly, tion prevailed in the whole of the valley. and the Wular has become a favourite That is why, in the light of the results place for duck-shooting and fishing ...... achieved by this great engineer, he has been regarded as an incarnation of Lord M.A. Stein, the English translator of of Food himself by the great historian Kalhanas 'Rajatarangini' in his book Kalhana in his book Rajatarangini. Suyya's 'Memoir on maps illustrating the Ancient reputation attracted many persons who Geography of Kashmir' published in 1899, also settled at the place he resided and (p-208) while writing about Sopore town which eventually came to be known as remarks: Suyyapura, meaning the place where Suyya settled. This is quite in line with the " ...... Sopore which lies a short system of nomenclature followed in ancient distance below the point where the Kashmir which preserves a genuine tradi­ Vitasta leaves the Wular, has retained its tion regarding their founder and in cases importance to this day and still a of towns and cities, the appellation 'pura' town of over 8,000 inhabitants.. It has is attached to the name of the f"under. during recent times been the official With the passage of time and constant headquarter for the whole of Kumraz. use, the pronunciation of the name was From a passage of Srivara it appears distorted into Sopore by which it is known that this had been the case already at present.' at an earlier period. Relating a great conflagration which destroyed Suyya­ Writing further about Suyya and Sopore pura in Zain-ul-Abidin's time, this J.P. Ferguson writes in his book 'Kashmir' chronicle tells us that in it perished (p-19) :- the whole of the official archives 20

TJu Town

relating to Kamarajya. The royal resi­ destroyed .the town. Hearing of this, dence, however, escaped and the town the Sultan sent a large army to Sopur. itself was again built up by the King After heavy fighting Adham was routed. in greate splendour. Of this, however, And as his followers were fleeing across nothing has remained; nor does the the Jhelum at Sopur, the bridge gave town now show older remains of any way, and three hundred of them were interest." drowned in the river. After the Sultan himself proceeded to Sopur and con­ As will be clear from the history of soled the inhabitants on their sufferings the town narrated above, there is no trace left of any historical buildings or ancient monuments which could throw During the later part of hi, reign some light on the past. It is quite likely the town of Sopur was destroyed by that the ancient remains might have been fire. The Sultan built there a palace destroyed in the conflagration that broke with the materials of the one at Bara­ out during the reign of Zain-ul-Abdin mulla, which was pulled dowp.. He (1420-1470 A.D.). A reference about an also constructed in the town a swinging attack and this conflagration during the bridge ...... ". reign of Zain-ul-Abdin has also been given in Kashmir Under _the Sultans (p-77 and The swinging bridge continued to be the sole communication link .across the 95) written by Mohib-bul :PIassan in these words :- river until 1955 when it was discarded in favour of an R.C.C. bridge constructed "Adham attacked Sopur in 1459. about half a mile down stream. Lately Its governor offered resiltence, but the· old bridge has also been reconstruc­ Adham defeated and killed him and ted and thrown open to traffic. CHAPTER II

THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE

ETHNIC COMPOSmON Mir Sayeed Ali Hamdani known all over The people of Sopore are very much the valley as Shah-i-Hamdan also visited Kashmiri and as ,such like their fellow Sopore and is said to' have offered his brethren inhabiting all over Kashmir praye~s on the bank of river Jhelum Valley, slightly timid and vascillating, where a shrine named Khanka Mulla yet peace lovirig, intelligent and persistant. has since been erected in his memory. Historians like Moorcroft, Federic Drew, Those who retained Hinduism as their Barnes have made adverse comments religion constitute less than 8% of the about the character of 'a Kashmiri. But total population of the town and consist as Sir Walter Lawrence puts it, 'many mainly of Bhoras and Brahmins. In of the hard words said about the addition, there are a few families of Kashmiri are due to the fact that the Punjabi Hindus who have set-up commer­ official interpreters of their character have cial establishments in the town. Bhoras been foreigners, often grasping and corrupt, on a whole are also mainly engaged in always unsympathetic'. The weaker part trade and commerce while Brahmins are of the character of an average Kashmiri mostly in Government services. Prominent is rooted in the deep past of his political Krams among which the Brahmin Hindus history which is a long and pathetic tale of the town are distributed are Mattu, of misery, subjugation and putrefaction Bindro, Koul. Tranzoo, Ganju etc. under rapid transition of governments, varying in race, religion and· language. Muslims constitute about 92% popu­ The incidents of the physical history, lation of the town. As, with the excep­ characterised by recurring fires, floods, tion of a few families, all are converts earth-quakes, famines and cholera have from Hinduism, in many cases people also contributed much in the past to retain their traditional beliefs and unsettle the people and make them practices and even distinguish them­ suspicious and credulous. The great yeam­ selves into many ethnic groups of which ing of a Kashmiri is to be left alone. mention may be made of such p~minent The same is true of an average Sopori. Krams as 80fi, Bulla, Tranboo, Butt, Dar, Ganai, Wani, Awantoo. Rather, Mir, As is true of the whole valley, the Hanjis. Malik, Gujri, Sheikh, Hajam, , people of Sopore were all Hindus until Teli, Pandit, Chhan, Shalla etc. the beginning of the 14th Century A.D. Towards the middle and the end of the The subjoined statement indicates the century there was mass. conversion of concentration in each mohalla of different Hindus to Islam as a result of the religions and caste groups with their efforts of Mir Sayeed Ali Hamdani, a mother-tongue and main functional charac­ great saint of Hamadan and his disciples. teristics. 22

, Tiu p,Dpz, (J1 Tluir Material Trails

S. Name of MohaUa Religion/Caste Mother­ Functional Characteristics No. tongue 1 2 3 4: 5

1. Narapora Islam/faqir Kashmiri Begging and mat making 2. Shalapora Islam/Sofi, Shalla, Shah " Vegetable growing Islam/Dar, Mir, Togoo Fishing, Business 3. Baba Yousuf " 4. Muslim Peer hlam/Dar; Gujri Fishing ~ .' " 5. Kralteng Islam/-Dar, Pandit, 806, ,. ,Fish~g aI,id rowing boat Dander " 6. Khoshal Mattu Islam/8hosha, Mattoo " , Fried~chips-bakers (manjgaroo) 7. Sangram Pora Islam/Mantoo, Pandit "Grocery; 'Gold and silver " smithy 8. Bata Pora Hinduism/Bindroo, ,. ~~t. ' 'Se~ice,' Business. Tranzoo; l(oul , " shop-keeping'

9. Shahabad, Islam/~heikh 8hoe-~king, Si:ave~ging " 10~ MumKak Islam/Chhan, Paray Carpentry " II. Pad shah Masjid ' Islam/Gujri, Ganjoo, Milk selling, 'business Pandit "

12. ,Khawaja GiIgit Islam/Hajin, Jamwari n, Business 13. Aishi Peer Islam/Peer " Priest-hood 14. Shairan Begging, tailoring Islam/Malik " Islam/Mir, Naik Cultivation, Horticulture l~~ Humlina " Islam/Mir, Naik -do- -do- 16. ", Baghat " 17. Shahid Gunj Hinduism/Khatri Business " 18. Channa Khan Islam/Chhan, Dar Carpentry, Mill owners " 19. DogH Teng ISlam/Rather, Mir Cultivation " 20. Untoo Hamam Business _Islam/Awantoo " 21. 50fi Hamam Islam/Wani,8ofi \ " Business 22. Jamia Qadeem Islam/Wani, Rangrez, Trade and commerce Hakim " 23. Khanka Mulla IsIamJWani, Peer, Hakim " Priest-hood, Business 24. Hathi Shah Islam/Ganai Butchery 25. Now Hamam Islam/Chhan, Dand, Business Sheikh " 26. Ningal , Islam/Dar, Hanji, Khor " Fishing MAP OF SOPORE TOWN DISTRIBUTION OF NAMED AREAS I • : AND FUNCTIONAL CA STES I I J FEE T 440 llO 0 440 FEET

--NEW COLONY

I I ~

TOWN BOUNDARY WARD BOUNDARy ···· ---­ MOHALLA BOUNDARY _ .._ .. _ ..

tH .... JH~.. ./ / / .I 23 sopo"

S. Name of Mo~lla Religion/Caste Mother- Fl~nctional Characteristics No. tongue 1 2 3 4- 5

27. Maharaj Pora Islam/Dar, Malia Kashmiri Fishing Cultivation .,28. Chinki Pora Islam/Butt " Islam/Pandit, Sofi, Dar Business 29. Takia Bal " Tonga and cart driving 30. Sheikh Sahib Islam/Malla, Doomb " 31. Sayeed Sultan Islam/Teell, Sofi, Changa Vegetable growing, Oil seed " crushing Vegetable growing 32. Aaram Pora Islam/Soli " 33. Lal Bab Sahib Islam/Sofi, Changa Vegetable growing, priest- " hood , ' Hair Cutting 34. Hajaman Islam/Hajaman " 35. Telian Islam/Teeli, Malik, Oil seed crushing, Hide Sheikh " selling

HOUSE TYPES three d~cades ago the town had only 712 As per the data supplied by the buildings. This is corroborated by the Assistant' Engineer, . Roads and Buildings, fact that during 1931 Census the number Sopore Division, there were 4,012 buil­ of occupied houses was recorded as 476 dings in the entire town during 1967-68. only. The statement also indicates that Of these, 1,017 are single storeyed, 1,575 only during the past decade 1,500 new double storeyed and the remaining 420 constructions have come up which in multi-storeyed buildings. As p~ the itself is indicative of the growing impor­ statistics available about the age of tance of the town. It is also observed various buildings the position emerges as that most of the new constructions coming under:- up are pacca and in .durable construc­ tional materials, very much in line with Age of structure Number those existing in other developed urban in years areas. These have been provided with ()..5 500 good ventilation and drainage and are in 6-10 1,000 conformity with the basic principles of 11-15 500 hygiene. The Town Area Committee 16-25 1,000 have a large role in this respect as the authority approving the construction plan 26-30 300 of the dwellings. The plans are duly 31 and above 712 examined before approval. It is no surprise Total 4,012 buildings therefore that in majority of the recent constructions bathrooms, latrines and From the statement it appears that kitchens have been provided ,which are 24

The Psople & Their Material Traits

conspicuous by their absence in more area of the town. Tendency also seems than 80% of the dwellings constructed in to be developing among the local inhabi­ the past. The position of houses mohalla­ tants, residing in the Central and conges­ wise as they existed during 1961 can ted parts of the town, to move out very well be assessed from the following towards the same fringe area for,' habi­ paragraph, reproduced here from 'Report tation. There is, therefore, every, likeli-, on Housing and Establishments' (p-297) hood that before long all the open areas, published during 1964 by the Census which lie very close to the newly deve­ Organisation. loped Government sector, will come under the growth of residential development. "The town comprises 35 wards or With this prospect in view the Town mohallas some of which consist of more Planner to Government has formulated a than one block. Of these, the largest plan for the development of a Housing number of households has been returned Colony and Shopping Centre in this from ward 17 and the least from ward sector. For this .purpose an area of 21 No. 1. acres of land. has been got transferred With the exception of one or two from the Agriculture Department to the houses in each of the wards, 11, 13, Housing Division. It lies between Sopore-' 18 and 24, all others consist of pucca Chowkibal road and Nowpora road opposite walls and roofs built of durable to Irrigation Department Divisional Offices. materials only. The walls of ail houses Triangular in shape it stretches from the in ward No. 17 which is biggest by Forest Check Post of Sopore to a length size are built of unburnt bricks and of 1,900 feet towards Chowkibal. The timber only. The large majority of proposed scheme of Housing Colony and the houses is, however, roofeq with Shopping Centre as also approved by the durable materials' consisting of shingle Government under a formal notification or corrugated iron sheets. Iri a few is as under;- other wards also, such as 29 and 34, both the walls and roof materials are (a) Proposed allocation of 168 kanals ofland entirely'kucha. is as follows:- Not a single house in the following Housing Colony for general 11 wards contains walls made of public 89 kanals durable materials;- Single Storey Govt. Quarter 26' " Wards, 4, 5,6, 7, 9, 15 B, 15 C, 16, Shopping Centre 15 " 17,29 and 34". Cinema Hall 6 " Central Park 4 u As also stated earlier Sopore town is Roads 28 " a congested sprawl on two sides of the (b) Details of Plots and shops :­ river Jhelum. During the past decade Total No. of plots in private Government offices, town-hall and many sector 115 other structures have come up in the fringe area also Sopore-Chowkibal road Size of plots 50'xlOO' 41 Nos. which now forms a part of the de-facto 4Q'x74' " " " 74 " Slum-area-d welling

..

New Housing Colony New Market

•

New Lig:lt Hotel MAP OF SOPORE TOWN NUMBER OF BUILDINGS

FEET 4'0, z~o, 9 440, FEET

.UM8ER OF 8UIL DI NGS (I'IOIIALLA-WISE) I:::: :IBELOW 30 t-:-:j31 - 60 illIII] 6 I II 0 ~OI-120

m121-150 i:.."...::',:' .",:.."::.. ':.. , ~ISI-180 I...... \C«> DABOVEI80 "\i ::::'

,,"~, 25 Sopor,

Total No. of single storey vi) Assistant Electric Engi- quarter for low paid neer, Sopore . . .. Member Government employees to During 1967-68 - the construction of be constructed by the shops-cum-flats has ,been completed by Housing Department ... 46 Nos. the P.W.D. and the construction work Flats-cum-shopping blocks in respect of the Housing Colony is in for which administrative progress. approval by the P. W. D. I t is significant to note -that while stands accorded '" Flats 24 Nos. approving the maps of all the new cons­ Shops 24" tructions, the Town Area Committee is Single storey shops to be trying to ensure that the instructions laid constructed by P. W. out in General and Sanitation Orders Department 64 Nos. under section 45 and 47 of the Jammu and Kashmir Town Area Act 2011, ar~ Cost of Development-The cost of adhered to (appended in an Appendix-.t development including the development of the _end of the Report). ' roads, parks, play fields and surface drains shall cost Rs. 8.5 lakhs @ Rs. 5000/­ DRESS, O"RNAMENTS AND FOOT. per kanal. The Housing Department will WEAR meet the entire cost of Rs. 16.5 lakhs The traditional dress of persons younger which includes Rs. 8.5 lakhs all men­ and older of both sexes usually consisted tioned above and Rs. 8.0 lakhs on the of a cotton shirt and a pair of trousers construction of low paid employees single and they also invariably wore a ph",an. storey 46 flats of 625 square feet area or a loose garment which coverd the body each @ Rs. 20/- per square feet. Project and the arms and fell below the calf of estimates for two blocks of the shops­ the leg. Females used pherans of slightly cum-flats and the shopping centre shall _ shorter size than those worn by men. It be met by the' P.W.D. under their nor- would also be brocaded near the collar mal grants. . in gold. silk or cotton thread. The head­ For the implementation of the scheme, gear of the males' was a cap or in rare a development board consisting- of the ca,ses a turban while the women-folk cOvered following members has been formed:- their heads with a piece of white cloth measuring about 21 X 1 yards. called puchh. i) Chief Engineer, Designs The older generation by and large conti­ and Planning ... Chairman nues with their traditional costumes though ii) Town-Planner •.• Member there are slight modifications here and iii) Chairman, Town Area there. The dresses are - generally cleaner Committee, Sopore than used to be" the pOsition in -the past. " iv) Tehsildar, Sopore " A notable change -in the apparel is, v) Executive Engineer, however, prominently discernible among Roads & buildings, the younger generation of the town. They S~pore Division ... Secretary have discarded the shabby dresses 26

The PIlIP" & Their Mat"iGl Traits of their ancestors and have dispensed with cotton and woollen socks have also been the pluran and the traditional head-gears. replaced by latest designed socks and in They very much covet the modem gar­ many cases nylon and silken socks are used. ments found in use in other advanced As a natural sequence of all this change urban areas. Most of them are seen wear­ in dresses, ornaments and foot-wear, the ing good tailored shirts, pants. multi­ demand for superior variety of cloth, coloured and check-designed bushirts, ready­ tailors, ornament designs and latest shoes made clothes and under garments. The has increased to such an extent that at boys and even young men have discarded present a good number of shops dealing both the cap and the turban and move with these requirements have sprung up about bare-headed in well-combed hair. in the town market. It has generated The girls too wear tight shalwars ilnd avenues of employment for a large num­ qameezes and cover their heads with ber of local inhabitants and attracted many dupattas instead of traditional puc"". from other towns to set-up commercial They also take care to ensure matching of colours. establishments in the town (see the l~st of shops in Chapter I). The introduction Alongwith the change in costume a of english style dresses like pants, coats definite change is discernible in the use and growing aptitude for clean and civi­ of cosmetics and ornaments used by females. lized living has also given rise to five Unlike the past. when ~ema1es were con­ modern dry-cleaning shops in the town. tent with heavy silver ornaments only, one finds latest and sophisticated designs FOODS AND DRINKS in vogue. Females are no longer content The traditional staple food, -rice, is with silver only but prefer to have gold still on the menu at both the lunch and ornaments on their person. Cosmetics like dinner times. The only notable change is powders, creams, scents, perfumed oils. that now it is consumed with a variety ribbons, pins, rubber combs, nail polish of fresh vegetables or mutton preparations etc. which were once considered a rare which are prepared with more of spices luxury are now items of daily routine etc. added than were used in the past. with newly married females and unmarried Side by side people have also developed girls. the habit of consuming wheat and maize flour in the shape of chappatis along­ As in the case of dress, elderly males with meals or tea. are still using their traditional foot-wear which include locality made juti called As the indigenous produce of paddy jHJi;:.ar, khm'GV etc. but in their case also and other crops is very meagre, the town there is a gradual change to switch over has to draw upon the foodgrain supplies to rubber shoes which are cheap, light from Zaingir, Khoie and Tarzua. A large and can with-stand rain and snow. section of the population also receive ra­ Younger people despise the use of the tions from the Government at subsidised old type of foot-wear and relish modem rates like other towns. Wheat and maize shoes, sandals, slippers, etc. even though are also procured from Zaingir, Rafiabad, they are comparatively expensive. Rough Sonawari, Kohin etc. In vegetables and 27

. Sopo,e

pulses, however, the town is by and large in the town. Biscuits, bread and butter, self-sufficient. pastry, cakes, cream-rolls and other bakery products also find consumption among Milk and curd which were rarely middle and upper middle class families. used, except_ for tea or vegetable prepara­ Qahwa (sweet tea without milk) has yielded tions are now frequently used by the in­ place to liptons tea in many "cases. The habitants. A rough estimate of the daily common people, however, still relish sheer consumption of milk can be had from "chai the components of which consist of' the fact that apart form the indigenous water, dry tea leaves, milk, salt and soda yeild of milk from the milch cattle the bicarb which when boiled together in a town is at present importing about 12 samawar, or cauldron assume a rosy maunds of milk every day from adjoining colour. This type of tea is strong and villages namely Tarzua, Highgam, Watlab, " has also dietic value. Zaingir, Seer, Doabgah etc. Recreation and enjoyment which in As in the case of milk, mutton and the past was a luxury open to" a few ~hicken are also cons~ed in large quanti- individuals is becoming a common feature • • ties. As per the information supplied by Picnics and excursions to Watlab and the Town Area Committee only 15 sheep Ningal and visits to religious places out­ were slaughtered in the entire town be­ side the town along with families is a fore 1947. Against it at present 50 sheep usual affair. "Another noticeable change is are slaugtered and consumed in the town that male population and especially the area daily. Chicken and eggs are also younger generation have developed a ~ste consumed frequently. For the supply of for restaurants and hotels . and like "to sheep, chicken and eggs the town depends have their tea, snacks etc. at these places. on Lolab valley, Chokibal, Bandipora, Gurez, Handwara, Mawar, Langet, Rafia­ Liquor is also becoming popular with bad etc. a section of the adult male population Fish is available in abundance both in of the town. Three liquor shops have river Jhelum as well as Wular Lake and sprung up to cater to this demand and the town enjoys a reputation for the same are running a brisk business. in whole' of the State. Apart from meet­ HOUSEHOLD GOODS ing the local demand the town also ex­ ports large quantities of fish to Baramulla The taste for and nature of demand and Srinagar. for household goods has also registered a phenomenal change over the past. Before 1947, saloo i.e. powdered maize or barley flour was consumed with tea Two decades ago, majority of the

by a large section 4 of the population. In households" would make use of grass sharp contrast to this most of them now mats only for sitting and sleeping purpo­ take baked breads while in 'many cases ses. Bedsteads, khatias, furniture articles slightly more shophisticated type of bread were possessed by a limited number of called bakerklumi, kulchas, are consumed economically well-to-do households. The which are available for sale with all the position now is that apart from possessing 45 bakers who are running regular shops such sophisticated articles of furniture as 28

The People & Their Matirial Traits durries, carpets, chairs, beds etc. many of income and low social status and therefore the households are also equipped with low caste. Individuals who are able to radio-sets or transistors, stoves, table come out of the traditional morass and watches, etc. 50% households own electric attain fairly high economic status find a presses and heaters while those who own welcome adjustment in social and matri­ electric fans is 20%. As per the estimate monial relations with so called high caste of Chairman Town Area Committee there families. are at least 6 refrigerators, 15 geisers, 2 Social evil of wasteful expenditure on electric ovens and about 90 esso--gas functions organised in connection with stoves owned by various households residing births, circumc1slon (called khatanhal) , in the town~ Likewise many make first-hair cutting (called, za,kasi) .and use of crockery like tea-sets, dinner­ marriages (known as khantJer) etc. has sets etc. rather been on the increase. The practice Developing tastes brought about by of enticing young and promising boys the possession of more and more growing for marriage with their daughters in' lieu economic prosperity of the town have of heavy dowry and presents is hot a been instrumental to the springing up of rare game among the affiuent parents to a number of shops dealing in furniture, a great embarrassment of the poorer watches, radio and other electric equip­ sections. ments, utensils and crockery, tin trunks A notable change is that the old etc. since 1947. tradition of marrying boys and girls at BELIEFS AND PRACTICES an early age has almost been discard~. It is not so much due to the y Notwithstanding large scale transfor­ penan imposed by the Infant Marriage Preven­ mation in their economic, educational and tion Act of 1928 as because of the con­ political life during the recent past, the ciousness and realisation that such inhabitants of the town generally continue marriages usually result in separation and to remain wedded to superstitious, ortho­ prove injurious to the health of the couple. dox and religious dogmas, beliefs and practices in so far as these are associated Another noticeable change is that with births, 'deaths and marriages. educated persons prefer educated counter­ Majority of the Muslims" being basically parts. Preference is, however, given to converts .from Hinduism, still retain many entering into relationship with families rituals and customs which they or their having economically a sound position. ancestors followed as Hindus. Of these, The value of the dowry is not settled mention may be made of the institution in advanced as it is presumed that the of caste-system. Inter-caste marriages are bride's parents would spend beyond their tried to be avoided, not of course on means so as to eam the good-will of the religious grounds, because Islam does not bride-groom and his" parents. recognise caste system, but mainly on social and economic groWlds. Among Kashmiri Pandits and Bhoras like their Muslims, traditional occupation determine other brothren residing in other parts of the caste. Inferior occupations mean low the valley have also deep faith in the 29

institution of priests and religious perfor­ functions etc. But for the all pervading man,ces and in this respect are more influence of elden they stand for a defi­ conservative than the Muslims inhabiting nite change and would like to eliminate the town. many unwanted social customs etc. which unnecessarily tax their pocket. With The younger educated generation does growth in the newly springing educated not. however, appear to be all happy with the existing social order. They des­ intelligentia, transformation of the existing pise caste restrictions and are not in social order for good may not be a favour of spending so lavishly on social long-drawn affair. CHAPTER III

ECONOMY

Sopore with i.ts flourishing economy is· considered to be .the richest town of the The .de-facto area of the town, as State. There ate three factors which already mentioned, stands at 4,089 kanals have coritributed to make it possible for the town to acquire this fortunate position. of which 1,314 is under cultivation. The First and the most vital factor is the utilization pattern of the remaining 2,775 closure of Baramulla-Rawalpindi road in kanals of uncultivated land is as indi­ ) 947 as a result of the de-facto partition cated below:- of the State. The' importance which Baramulla was wielding then as trade Use of land Area and transit link between Kashmir and Habitation areas now included in Pakistan suddenly 1,441 kanais Parks shifted to Sopore. Baramulla practically 6 " vanished as a commercial centre and College and town 103 Sopore assumed this role. Secondly Sopore " Roads, streets, by-lanes etc. 161 has very wide and extensive areas round " its periphery which have ~ brought Graveyards and cremation under fruit cultivation. The fruit industry ground 493 " received a particular fillip during the last Barren 571 two decades. As much as J,68,000 quintals " of fruit get .exported through Sopore Total 2,775 kanals annually. This has naturally provided employment potential for various sectors such as manufacturing of wooden cases, Due to a steady growth of the town setting up of nurseries, human labour, a~ a centre of trade and commerce during transport etc. etc. Yet another factor contributing to the ever increasing im­ the last two decades, the cost of land portance of Sopore as a commercial centre has shown a phenomenal increase in its is that it has become a catering station various localities. Before 1947, the cost for most of the adjoining areas and of land varied from Rs. 0.08 to Rs. 0.30 valleys for such essential supplies as cloth, per sq. yard. As against this the cost kerosene oil, edible oil, vanaspati ghee, of land at present ranges from Rs. 2.48 salt, groceries, fish, cosmetics, footwear, spices etc. to Rs. 11.59 per sq. yard. Comparative position of the cost of land as it existed In the paragraphs that follow different before 1947 and 8"s. it stood during sectors of economy, as they exist at present 1967-68, in different localities of the town, in the town, have been discussed. is presented in the table below:- MAP OF SOPORE TOWN VALUE OF LAND FUT ••0 no 0 440 FEE~ ~.~ .. ~ ~ [I m.1 ~ ..;! m .... ~ I~, H111I·1111111I11Ll"r1 :;'•. ~: ::: " " . I J' I. ~ I :::: :::::. I "'- ~~ :·:·ut . n! II J .I ~ ~ .. j \ I \'" II II ,II '" 'l"~ .._~1"1'111 _"llnJl """",,"", \ .

'~ "'"".. ' """ . . 'I~r=::=' 1"""""'"., ,,~ j ~, VALUE OF LAltD PER SQ. YARD ['I . Ill"' I:: ;:; IBELOW 5.00 Rup.a :. .,...... :,. 11' ~" ~ 5.01-7.00 ; I j' Illllll 7. 01 - 9.00 ~ 9.01-11.00 =f • ABOVE 11.00 ~ . ~/-, I , ,• :_

31

S. Name of Mohalla Cost of land per AGRICULTURE sq. yard in Rs. ,.-----"------.. As is clear .from the proceding para­ Before During graph more than 32 % land of the entire 1947 1967-68 town is under agricultural crops. The Rs. Rs. classification of this agricultural land as obtained from the Revenue Agency of 1. Narapora 0.10 8.26 2. Shalapora 0.15 7.45 the town is as under:- 3. Baba Yousuf 0.30 11.59 Area 4. Muslim Peer 0.25 8.26 5. KraIteng 0.25 9.10 i) Milayari 54 kanals 6. Khoshal Mattu 0.25 8.26 ii) Nehari Awal 254- 7. Sangram Pora 0.15 7.45 " 8. Bata Pora 0.30 7.45 iii) Nehari Duwum 206 .. 9. Shahabad 0.08 2.48 iv) Abi Awal 60 ,. 0.12 6.63 10. MumKak v) Abi Wadi 169 11. Pad shah Masjid 0.15 7.45 .. 12. Khawaja Gilgit 0.15 6.63 vi) Wadi 195 .. 13. Aishi Peer 0.15 7.45 vii) Madani 199 .. 14. Shairan 0.18 7.45 viii) Orchards 178 15. Humlina 0.25 8.26 .. 16. Baghat 0.10 8.26 Total 1,314- kanals 17. Shahid Gunj 0.15 11.59 18. Chhana Khan 0.08 6.63 19. Dogli Teng 0.12 8.26 20. Untoo Hamam 0.10 6.63 About 73% of this agricultural land 21. Sofi Hamam 0.10 6.63 is concentrated in three mohallas only 22. jamia Qadim 0.30 8.26 namely Humlina, Baghat and Chhana 23. Khanka Mulla 0.30 8.26 Khan. The rest' of the 27% area is 24. Hathi Shah 0.08 5.79 scattered in almost all the mohallas except 25. Now Hamam 0.12 6.63 26. Ningal 0.08 5.79 Khoshal Mattu. The Revenue Agency 27. Maharaj Pora 0.08 3.30 was able te collect a revenue of Rs. 652.00 28. Chinki Pora .0.10 8.26 QD this agricultural land during the year 29. Takia Bal 0.25 9.63 1967-68. 30. Sheikh Sahib 0.20 6.63 31. Syeed Sultan 0.25 7.45 Crops raised-As is the characteristic 32. Aaram Pora 0.10 9.93 feature of all agricultural land in Kashmir 33. Lal Bab Sahib 0.15 7.45 valley, the agricultural land in Sopore 34. Hajaman 0.05 4.97 also is practically a one crop affair over 35. Telian 0.08 6.63 a year. The following statement gives an 36. New colony 0.05 11.59 idea of the cropping pattern in 1967-68 :- 32

Econo"!'P

Name of crop Area under their demonstrations. Stlll a noticeable the crop change is discernible in-as-much as the i) Paddy 163 kanals cultivators have largely switched over to the use of better variety of seed and ii) Vegetables 392 " chemical manure although the use of right iii) Mash dal 129 " type of pesticides and latest agricultural iv) Mothi dal (Rajmash) 156 " implements has yet to be brought hbme v) Mong dal 177 " to them. vi) Maize 61 " Orchards-During 1967-68, in Sopore Total 1,078 kanals town itself there were 22 acres under orchards accOrding to' the The statement indicates that practically Revenue Agency figures. The District the whole cultivable land ,was utilised Horticulture Officer, headquartered at for raising of kharief crops and as such Sopore, puts the figure at 30 acres. there was no cultivable waste. As, how­ What is, however, significant to note is ever, already pointed out in Chapter lInd that out of a total of 25,000 acres under the indigenous produce of food-grains is orchards in the entire district, 8,000 acres too meagre and insufficient to meet the fall under Sopore tehsil. And out of a local demand. But so far as the produc­ total export of 2,40,000 quintals of fruit tion of vegetables and pulses like mash, from the district during 1967-68, as much mong, mothi etc. are concerned the town as 1,68,000 quintals i.e., 70% was expor­ is self-sufficient and exports some ~of the ted through Sopore. vegetables to Baramulla and IQme other places also. Before 1947, limited land was under orchards and only 4 to 5 varieties of During the Rabi 1968 Alsi was sown apples were grown of which the most on an area of 16. kanals only. Double popular was am. The total out-put of cropping is, therefore, practically negligible. .apples of the whole district at that time This is obviously due to unfavourable was 70,000 quintals only of which hardly climate. 16,800 quintals were despatched through Sopore. All fruit was exported through In the town-area two offices are func­ Baramulla-Rawalpindi road. During those tioning for the rural re-construction, one days there were only 10 to 20 orchard is that of the Block Development officer growers in Sopore tehsil and hardly 4 to and another that of the District Agricul­ 5 fruit forwarding and commission agents titre Officer. Their primary function is in Sopore market. to educate the villagers about the bene­ fits of using better variety of seed, pesti­ Gradually the growing demand for cides, chemical manure and latest agri­ apples in Delhi, Bombay, Amritsar and cultural implements. As their centre of other markets gave impetus to the growth concentration is directed more towards of fruit plantations and by 1955 more the rural sector, the cultivators of the than 50% agriculturists had planted fruit town-area have not much benefitted from bearing trees in their lands. As per the 33

assessment made by the Fruit Growers ix) Amrican Association there were about 18 to 20 x) Maharaji fruit forwarding agentlt in Sopore town xi) Amri who exported 48,000 quintals of fruit xii) Royal mishri etc. during 1955. By 1967-68, the number of fruit grow­ Of these amri and .delicious are the ers and forwarding agents in Sopore town best and gradually delicious is replacing increased to 100, doing top business and amri group due to the following reasons :- exporting fruit direct to various markets. a) Amri is prone to diseases like Scab In the year 1967-68, 7 lakh cases oCii-uit and Lichen! due to whiCh it deve­ each weighing· 24 kg. were exported by lopes small black spots all over its these agents to various markets as under :- fruit, Name of the market Approximate b) Amri in comparison to Delicious number of cases has late bearing habit, forwarded during 1967-68 c) Amri has also alternate bearing habit, i) Bombay 20,000 cases ii) Jammu 20,000 d) Delicious has higher, regular and iii) Amritsar 20,000 " early returns and has a peculiar " sweet smell, iv) Srinagar 10,000 " v) Pathankote . 5,000 e) True to its name, Delicious is ac­ " vi) Delhi 6,25,000 tually delicious and is much in " demand. Total 7,00,000 cases In order to save amri froni complete extinction, the District Horticulture Orga­ In sharp contrast to the fruit industry nisation is, providing technical guidance existing before 1947, when only 4 to 5 for the plant protection of Amri apples varieties of apples were grown, at present and has succeeded in controlling of pests more than 25 varieties are available. and diseases of this variety by adopting Mention may be made of the following cultural practices. Apart from' providing popular ones in the order of the extent of guidance for plant protection, the Depart­ their growth:- ment has also set-up nurseries in various i) Hazratbali parts of the district from which 48,651 ii) Johnson plants were supplied during 1967-68 to iii) Kesari the horticultu~ists on cash payment. iv) Chambora Against this registered nursery growers of Sopore tehsil alone have sold 1,50,000 v) Razakwar fruit plants to the prospective customers vi) Golden within the same period. This shows that vii) Queen or Quince the flourishing growth of the fruit industry viii) Delicious is of a recent origin. The initiative that 34

EcollM1f1 the horticulturists are taking in its further At the moment the industry has to development generates a hope that the bear taxes at various points. One is the industry may make new strides in the revenue tax which has been imposed from near future. 1967-68 on the orchards at the rate of Rs. 2.00 per kanaI. Second is the Nairota It is, however, necessary that certain tax which has come into force from other incentives should be available to September, 1968 and is charged' @ bring this about. The fruit must find a Rs. 1.30 per case fruit weighing 24 kg•. ready and good market outside the State. There is yet another tax charged at The position does not appt'ar to be as Lakhenpur toll post at the rate of Re. 1.00 happy in this behalf as it should be. As per maund for all exports from the ,State. already indicated Delhi is the main market These taxes add to the incidentals which for Kashmir fruit which consumes about are already very heavy on account of 90% of the exports from Sopore centre. road transportation charges in the absence About. 20 shops functioning in Sabzi of Railways in the State. This leaves Mandi <,-re selling this fruit in the market very little margin for the growers and and charging 3 to 7 paise per rupee as forwarding agents as compared to those commission on the total sale proceeds. from Himachal Pradesh, who enjoy the The capacity of Sahzi Mandi· is limited a<;lvantage of Railways. As per the esti­ to 175 shops only, and simultaneous un­ mates worked out by the Fruit Growers loading of fruit from Simla, Kulu, and Association, the carriage charges per case other centres of Himachal 'Pradesh puts of 24 kg. of fruit from Sopore to Delhi the market under considerable pressure comes to about Rs. 8.00 as against and over-crowding. This leads to com­ Rs. 3.50 in case of fruit exported petition for early disposal of the products from Himachal Pradesh to Delhi. This with very adverse effect on sale rates. makes a substantial difference. It would, The only appropriate solution to this therefore, be in the larger interests of problem, as also proposed by the Delhi State economy to compensate this industry Administration, is to shift the Sabzi Mandi fot its comparative disadvantages of location to Azad Pora market which has a capa­ by giving them a relief from the present city of 1,100 shops. This needs to be taxes. done as early as possible so that the scarcity of space does not become a bottle­ Another problem which the fruit gro­ neck for the commercial disposal of the wers and forwarding agents of Sopore exports. It would also be necessary to town are facing in particular is the lack find out and develop new markets in of adequate banking facilities. The lone order to ensure a profitable absorption branch of Jammu and Kashmir Bank of the supplies expected to grow further functioning in the town is grossly inade­ in the next few years. quat,;,. to . meet their business transactions Apart from this, it would be desirable with the result that they have to bank for the State Government to provide cer­ upon the facilities available at Srinagar tain fiscal concessions in order to help which is often inconvenient. In certain the fruit industry successfully withstand cases they have even to raise advances the keen competition from Himachal. from the dealers at Delhi which binds 35 Sopor4 them to their terms for supply of the During 1967 another break-away products.. It would, therefore, be very Association has emerged which has got much in the interest of further develop­ itself registered as "New Fruit Growers ment of trade that the State Government and Dealers Association" and functions pursuades some of the reputed Banks of practically on similar lines. India to have their branches at Sopore. AccOrding to both the Associations the Expansion of orchards and steady rate per case of fruit weighing 24 kg. growth in the export fruit over years has ranges &om Rs. 30.00 to Rs. 50.00 also given ~llip to the. ancillary industry in the outside markets. On the whole, of wooden' cases. 30 Band-saw mills have therefore, an average fruit case sells in sprung up in the town besides many outside markets at about' Rs. 40.00. others working in the adjoining areas, Reckoniqg on this basis the gross turn' According·· to the fruit growers and for­ over from 7 lakh fruit cases, exported warding agents association.. the total out­ through Sopore during 1967.68, is esti· put of wooden cases is still insufficient mated to be of the order of Rs. 2.80 to meet their demand. There is, therefore, lakhs. scope for the State Government to start a Government factory to manufacture and LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUS­ augment the supply of wooden cases BANDRY which would besides helping the fruit dealers generate additional avenues of As per the statistics supplied by the employment for the local inhabitants. Tehsildar Sopore the following was the position of domestic live-stock of the town With a view to espousing the cause as assessed during the Livestock Census. of the fruit industry and working for the 1966 :- interests .of the fruit growers, the fruit growers and forwarding agents of Sopore Type of Livestock Number are organised since 1948 into an Asso­ ciation called "The Kashmir Fruit Growers i) Bulls 1,159 and Pealers Association". The Association ii) Milching cows 2,305 is not fonnally registered so far and has iii) Goats lOS applied for it recently. The total member­ ship of the society at present stands at iv) Sheep 527 85. The membership is open to fruit v) Horses 93 growers only at an initial fee of Rs. 151.00 vi) . Mules 28 per member. The society also charges commission @ 4 paise per case of fruit, vii) Cocks and hens 2,534 weighing 24 kg. forwarded through it to viii) Ducks 241 other centres. The Association also raises ix) Other birds 117 loans from the .Government for disburse­ ment to its members for fruit plantation etc. at an additional charge of 1% over and As already mentioned in llnd Chapter, above the rate of interest payable to the the indigenous produce of milk and eggs Government. is insufficient to meet the entire IocaJ 36

E,oTl0To/ demand. The demand of the town for Pora which are engaged in the catch and mutton is also met from import of sheep sale of fish. While fishing is entirely the and goats from the adjoining areas. pursuit of the' men-folk, about 400 in strength, the sale is generally conducted With the advancement in other spheres by females numbering about 150. There of town life, the old practice of treating are, however, only 87 licensed fish sellers the ailing animals by traditional methods engaged in regular business in the Sopare has also practically disappeared. Fractured market while the remaining 63 hawk limbs are no longer cured by applying about in the adjoining villages. hot iron bars nor is country oil adminis­ tered by mouth to an animal suffering All the fishermen have a licence from from indigenion. A well established the State Government and can fisli any­ Veterinary Unit is functioning in the town where throughout the waters -of the State which is equipped with a Veterinary except the reserved areas. The license fee Assistant Surgeon, 2 Compounders, on~ for the use of various fishing equipment Stock Assistant and 4 Attendants. This V3ries as under:- unit treats all types of animals like bovine, and all types of animal diseases conta­ Use of the fishing Yearly gious and non-contagious. The unit instrument license fee treated 4,880 animals during the year i) One forked Rs. 15.00 1967-68 of which 359_ended in mortality. . ii) Muki-forked Rs. 25.00 Recently, -the unit has also been supple­ iii) Net Rs.40.00 mented by an 'Artificial Insemination Cen­ tre' for generating improved breeds and On an average the fisherman have a treating genital diseases etc. The centre is daily catch of 8 to 24 quintals of fish, manned by the following additional staff:- of which 80 to 85% is exported to Bara­ mulla, _Srinagar and other places. Two Milk Recorder one decades back, .barter system was in vogue Stock Assistant one and fisherman used to sell their fish against kind like paddy, maize, vegetables, oil, Laborartory Assistant one fruit etc. This is no longer the practice Attendants two and all transactions are carried out in hard cash. The market rates of the fish' FISHING AND FORESTRY are as under :- Fishing-No other place in the State in general and in the valley in the particular is Rate per kilo as important a fish assembling centre as So­ Mirror Carp Fish Rs. 0.75 to Rs. 1.25 pore. Fish culture is abundant in the Kashmiri fish .• Rs. 2.50 to Rs. 3.50 WuJar Lake and in its vicinity in river Jehlum. There are 400 Hanji families Bulk purchasers get a concession of called Gad Hmu:. concentrated in five Rs. 10/. per quintal. The Kashmiri breed mohallas of the. town namely Baba Yousuf, constitutes only 25% of the daily catch Muslim Peer, Karalteng, Ningal and Maharaj while -the remaining 75% consists of 37

SOP07"

Mirror Carp which is an imported specie of Sopore town. According to the Range aIid .has been cultured after 1947. During Officer, Special Range, Sopore, approxi­ the months of July and August the mately four lakh cubic feet of timber ex­ famous marseer fish is also available in tracted during 1967-68 from Langet and Wular Lake and is said to have travelled Kamraj forest divisions were eXported from right from the Arabian Sea. The catch Sopore town after shaping the logs into is, however, in meagre quantity not ex­ sleepers by various Trolley machines func­ ceeding half a quintal or so in full season tioning in the town. Besides, about two and is sold at the rate of Rs. 5.00 per lac cubic feet of timber consisting of 60% kilo. poplar, 30% willow and 10% fir wood were supplied to different Band-Saw mills Part of catch of small sized fish is for the manufacturing of wooden cases dried up by the fishermen for sale in -for fruits during the same period. In addi­ winter months when it gets very much tion, fire-wood from these forest areas is into demand. Such fish, when powdered supplied to the inhabitants of the town and mixed with salt and pepper gives a on proper indent cards. ,During 1967-68, delicious taste. 3,454 indent cards were in circulation Assuming the average daily catch to against which the following quantity of be 15 quintals, the annual catch by the fire-wood was issued:- fishermen of Sopore is estimated to be Type offire-wood Quantity issued around 5,475 quintals. Applying the ratios in maunds and sale rates as specified above, the total business turnover of the fishermen is es­ Conifer 7,633 timated to be of the following order:- Willow 5,412 Type of fish Sale proceeds In addition the Band Saw mills had Rs. P. also a sale of 7,000 maunds of fire-wood. Kashmiri 4,10,700.00 Mirror Carp 4,10.600.00 The number of forest lessees has risen to six now against 2 before 1947. They Total 8,21,300.00 have various forests on lease for extraction of timber which they convert into sleepers The only preblem the fishermen are before exporting it outside the State. Al­ facing at present is the lack of a formal fish most all of them have their own Trollies market. They have to sit either on the functioning in Sopore town itself. Previously road side or hawk about. Provision of a the wood used to be exported in the separate fish market with cold-storage faci­ shap of logs through water-ways. With lities is indeed urgently indicated. the de facto partiton of the State and the direction of the river falling towards the Forestry :-There are no forest areas other side of tee Cease-Fire Line, it be­ within the town limits. Rich forest areas like came imperative to switch over to the Langet and Ka~raj around have, how­ conversion of logs into sleepers to make ever, a, substantial impact on the economy them transportable by road. 38

Economy

TRADE AND COMMERCE and-a-half decade mention may be made of the following;- . Trade and commerce was a vital source of income for at least 15% house-' i) Sale of fancy goods, holds of the town 'even before 1947. The ii) Sale of electric goods, radios and scope of activities, and operations was, their repair, however, comparatively very much limited. iii) Photography, There were hardly 200' shops functioning iv) Dry-cleaning, in the entire town and engaged in the v) Sale of spare parts, rollowi~g types of bu;iness :.... vi) Hardware, i) General merchandise, vii) Workshops, ii) Grocery goods, viii) Medical shops, iii) Wholesale of grains, ix) Sale and repair of watches, x} Sale and repair stoves and gas iv) Export of fruit, or lamps, v) Sale of fish, xi) Sale and repair of cycles, vi) Export of timber in the shape of xii) Sale of crockery and utentsils, logs, xiii) Dealing in tin, trunks, buckets etc., vii) Expo!1 and sale of pattus, lois xiv) Cloth merchandise, and blanketlP, x~) Books and stationery selling, viii) Blacksmithy, xv~) Dealing in wine and li

fEET 440 220 0 440 FEET IItNER DETAilS ARE APPROXIMATE

\...'"\..-. \ \ ...... \_._.

\ l.. '. \

Town boun4ary ---. ___ • ___ Ward boundary ---­ ~llr~\ Mo~alla boundory-·· - ·· _·· ) m AGRICULTURAL. DOTH£RS 39

town is not only a catering station for opens a large scope for fish tinning. the local and peripheral demand but is Again the huge stocks of timber extracted also a supply centre for vast areas situa­ from the adjoini~g forests Can' very well ted far beyond in respect of grocery be utilised for setting up of joinery and goods, cloth, kerosene and edible oils, furniture mills. Other lines of potential vanaspati ghee, condiments, tea, salt, foot­ development are kilns, skinning and wear, utensils and crockery, fancy goods, tanning ofleather, manufacturing of leather stoves, tins, trunks and many other arti­ goods etc. besides, some of the cottage cles which are imported in bulk either industries like rearing of silk-worms, .from Srinagar or direct from outsid~ the weaving of woollen fabrics and blankets, State. bee-keeping etc.

Another noticeable change which mani­ The subjoined statement gives the fests itself is that the complexion of number of industrial units by types of various commercial establishments has un­ activity functioning in the town-area:- dergone a significant change. The commo­ dities are no longer stored in a pell-mell Type of Industrial Units Number state but are instead tastefully arranged and preserved in wooden cases, shelves, i) Husking mills 25 containers etc. Many shops are engaged ii) Floor mill I in general merchandise,so as to make the best of everything. Not a few ofthe iii) Oil mills 2 shops have latest type of glass show-cases iv) Oil Ohanis (Kholus) 3 with coloured electric lights as one 'finds v) Small flour mills run in any big town or city. by water (GJuzrats) 15 INDUSTRIES vi) Band saw mills 19 In the industrial sphere the Sopore town vii) Small trolley sawmills 5 does not show any significant leap forward, viii) Trolley saw mills 9 very much in keeping with the general ix) Kiln 1 industrial backwardness of the State as a whole. One of the primary reasons is the x) Sama products (tinned absence of an energetic entrepreneurial fruits and vegetables) 1 class. Otherwise there are good prospects xi) Pattu, loi weaving on for a number of industrial units to be khadis 12 set-up. The growth of apples in abundance, xii) Calico printing 5 for instance, is most conductive for the development of jams and tinned fruit xiii) Cotton ginning 9 factories as well as for the setting up of xiv) Silver and gold thread a cider and brewery plant. There is simi­ embroidery 15 larly ample scope for further expansion xv) Silver and gold smithy 34 in the manufacture of wooden cases for the package of apple fruit. The availability xvi) Blacksmithy 35 of fish in large quantities round the year xvii) Furniture manufacturing 2 40 Economy

xviii) Repair of gas lamps, xx) Tailoring of clothes 125. stoves etc. and nickIe xxi) Printing press I polish 13 xxii) Bakeries 45 xix) Repair of vehicles like jeeps, scooters, trucks xxiii) Cycle repairing 8 etc. 4 xxiv) Radio etc. repairing 10

Partiealars of factories and. industrial S. Name of factory/industry/mill' Type with Location e.g. Town/ Appr. No. reference centre/residential/ acreage to the main commercial! ad- under the product ministrative/ establish- industrial ment (b) periphery- Industrial estate/ area unplanned haphazard growthl others . 2 3 4 5 1. Sama Produets Pvt. Ltd., Sopore Canning of Commercial 5 acres • fruit and vegetable 2. Samad Saw Mills, Sopore Sawing of -do- 1/2 acre timber

3. United Oil & Flour Mills, Sopore Flour and oil -do- I acre

4. Satar Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- 1/2 acre

5. Khandy Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- 1/2 acre

6. Soya Saw Mills, Sopore Sawing of timber -do- -do-

7. Dar Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- 1/8 acre

8. Ab. Rahim Kharoo Saw Mills -do- -do- -do-

9. Band Saw and Rice Mill, Arampura, Fruit boxes and -do- 1/16 acre Sopore rice husking United Oil & Flour Mills A workshop for manufacturing wooden cases tor fruit 41

SOporl

xxv) Tin trunks, boxes, Detailed particulars of 21 of the buckets manufacturing 5 important indUstrial units which were xxvi) Manufacturing of sweets, collected during the course of the survey sweet-meats, pakoras etc. 8 are reproduced below;- xxvii) Manufacturing and re­ pairing of shoes 27

establishmeDts of differeDt type aDd size Appr. number of personnel Appr. out-put Particulars Problems Manner & Remarks employed during 1967-68 of housing of indus­ problem of ,------A.-----'"""'I,---..A.---'"""'I for the trial rela­ disposal of Adminis- Skilled Unskilled Volume Value industrial lations, if industrial trative & in Rs. labour any waste and super­ , affluent visory

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 8 6 23 90 tons 1,80,000 . Nil Nil Local Small scale transport

5 9 40 2,24,000 1,12,000 One house Local cu. ft. of4 rooms " transport " provided to the labour 4 2 15 1,10,000 N.A. Nil Labour mds. " " Nil 3 3 12,000 6,000 . Sold as cu. ft. " " fuel to the " local people 4 4 9 50,000 25,000 cu. ft. " " " "

1 6 10 60,000 32,000 cu. ft. .. " .. .. 1 2 3 12,000 24,000 boxes " " .. " 2 3,000 6,000 fruit " " " " boxes 1 2 1 6~OOO 12,000+ ,. boxes " " " 5,000/- 42

ECDnomy

Partlc:ala1.'S of fac:tori_ ..4 bul•• trial

s. Name offactory/industry/mUl Type with Location e.g. Townl A.pp. No. reference centre/residential/ acreage to the main commercial/ad- under the product ministrativeJ establish- industrial ment (b) periphery- Industrial estatel area unplanned haphazard growth others· 2 :3 4 5

10. Popular Saw Mills, Arampur, Sopore Fruit boxes Commercial 114 acre

11. Gh. Ahmed Najar, Saw Mills, -d~ -d~ 1/8 acre Chankhan. Sopore

12. Gh. Mohd. Najar, Saw Mills, Sopore -d~ -d~ 1/4 acre

13. Gh. Mohd. Garhanzoo -d~ -do- 1/4 acre

14. Gh. Mohd. Dar ~ .. d~ 1/3 acre

15. Ali Mohd. Rah, Kralteng, Sopore -do- -do- 1/2 acre

16. Abdul "Khaliq, Untoo, MusHmpeer -do- -d~ 1/2 acre

11. Mohd. Ramzan, Mata Baba Yousuf, -d~ -d~ 116 acre Sopore

]8. Gh. Mohd. Panzoo, Dogli Teng, -d~ -do- 1/4 acre Sopore

19. Mohd. Matahanji, Dogli Teng -d~ -d~ 113 acre

20. Bulla Brothers, Dogli Teng, Sopore Fruit boxes and -d~ 1/2 acre sa wing of timber

21. Bashir Ahmed Mahir, A.ishipore, Fruit boxes Sopore 43

.stabLhmeat. of difFerent type and .ize-concld.

App. number of personnel Appr. out~put Particulars Problems Manner & Remarks employed during 1967-68 of housing of indus­ problem of r------.A.----_ r--_..A.--___ for the trial rela­ disposal of AdJDinis- Skilled Unskilled Volume Value industrial lations, if industrial trative & in Rs. labour any waste and super- afHuent visory

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

4 20,000 40,000 Nil Nil Sold as Small scale boxes fuel to the local people 2 10,500 21,000 .. boxes .. " "

4 12,000 24,000 u boxes " .. " 2 5 ·15,000 30,000 ... boxes " .. " 3 4 18,000 36,000 ,. boxes " " " 2 10,000 20,000 boxes " " .. " 1 2 3 15,000 31,000 boxes " " " "

1 3 4 20,000 35,000 u boxes " " " 7 25,000 45,000 boxes " " " " 1 2 5 18,000 35,000 boxes " " " " 1 2 4 20,000 60,000 .. boxes & " " " 30,000 eft. timber /1 2 3 20,000 40,000 boxes " " " " 44

SERVICES While one of the law Graduates is a Until 1947 services constituted by far Judicial Magistrate and another a member a negligible sector of the economy of the of the State Legislature, other persOns indi­ town. This was primarily because the ave­ cated above swell various ranks of Govern­ nues were meagre and the educational ment service. The above figures do not levels were very low. The few Govern­ include a large number of intermediates, ment servants worked as teachers, clerks matriculates and under-matriculates working and peons. There was only one doctor as revenue officials, compounders, clerks and no other technically qualified person. and in various Government departments. With the setting up .of a Government College during 1950, two teachers training schools Government service has been more popu­ and other high schools, the educational lar with the educated persons especially technically qualified hands because the levels have considerably gone up. The liberal concessions provided by the Govern­ scope of operations of the Government ment towards expansion of education as a has been increasing from year to year in general policy in the form of free education, all spheres making it conveniently possible scholarships and interest free education for all the educated persons, particularly loans, since 1953, in particular, played a those holding technical and professional significant role in bringing this about. qualifications to get suitably absorbed. Of Not only has the town. produced a number late, however, the absorption capacity of of graduates and post-graduates since but the Government has not been keeping also a number of technical and professional pace with the rate of turnover of the degree holders. According to assessment educated persons. The problem of educated unemployment has, therefore, started raising of the Chairman. Town Area Committee J the number of persons holding various edu­ its head, though it has not assumed any cational qualifications at the end of 1967-68 menacing posture so far. was as under:- ' Development of wholesale and retail Qualification Number trade has opened up avenues of employment in private services. The. fruit trade has B.A. 250 absorbed quite a number of persons M.A. 75 as labourers and munshies. Cinema, M.Sc. 25 factories like Sarna Products, sa'iN mills, B.A.,L.L.B. 17 oil mills, flour mill etc. have been help­ M.B.B.S. 26 ful to provide employment to a large M.S.W. section of the population. According to Engineers Qualified 15 an estimate nol' less than 1,500 persons are earning their bread from private services. Overseers 5 .. It is also encouraging to note that a union D.F.O. .. 2 called 'Private Employees Union' has also Rangers 3 " emerged in order to look after the interests Nurses 3 of private employees. The labourers are Dais " similarly organised into 'Labour Union' in " 7 Health visitor " I order to fix wages, hours of work per 45

Soport day and to fight for their rights. A con­ The town also has I 10 barbers of sciousness about the rights and responsi­ whom only 35 have regular shops running bilities is thus growing among all sections in various markets of the town. The re­ of people which speaks of their gradual maining 75 conduct their service either mental and social emancipation. while sitting by road-side and foot-paths or by moving from house to house. This Execution of various developmental and section of the society is no longer looked constructional activities of the Government down upon as belonging to an inferior in the form of buildings, roads, lanes etc. social status. They have improved their has created a small new class of people economic position also over the past. Like called contractors. The number of such other traditionally back-ward classes this people in Sopore has grown to more than section has also benefited from various 30 who are also organised ~nto a 'Contac­ special privileges from the Government tors Union'. But then, apart from that, like scholarships to children studying in it has generated employment for construc­ schools and colleges, preference for recruit­ tional workers, carpenters and masons besides ment to Government service etc. which unskilled labourers. There are more than have contributed a great deal in ameliora­ 275 carpenters and masons in. the town ting their lot both socially and economically. now, organised in their own associations which have a vital role in fixing daily With adequate facilities for free educa­ wages, hours of work and safe-guarding tion available in general and with additional the interests of their member workers. From special incentives for promising, poor and Rs. 2.50 to Rs. 3.00 in case of a mason socially backward students round the corner or a carpenter and Rs. 0.75 to Rs. 1.00 ever since the advent of democratic set-up in case of an unskilled labourer, in 1947 in the State, backward and inferior occu­ the daily wages have shot up to Rs. 8,00 to Rs. 10.00 in case of the former and pations are gradually yielding place to Rs. 3.00 to Rs. 4.00 in case of the latter. remunerative occupations. There is a definite vertical occupational mobility discernible Expansion in the transport sector, as among all sections of society. A number elaborated earlier, has also generated of families for instance which were tradi­ further avenues of employment. At least tionally occupied in fishing and boat rowing 350 persons are engaged as tonga drivers and 100 drive buses, trucks, jeeps or motor-' have produced some doctors and engineers cars. They also have their respective unions besides a number of educated persoDs to look after their interests. absorbed in various other services. CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

Like other Kashmiris the natives of few people escape without burn marks. It Sopore, in general, are gentle yet loud is commonly believed and with an amount and voluble. They can talk intelligently of truth behind it that the introduction of on most subjects and have a great aptitude kangir and its necessary auxiliary the for sarcasm. The administration and its pheran in Kashmir was an act of statecraft officials are discussed in a very critical on the part of the emperor of the time and often very shrewd manner. A sarcastic with a motive to tame the brave Kashmiris review of the political events around a and reduce their proud spirit. Despite this sociable lwok4h is a favourite pas-time feeling the kantJr is so important a part among elders. Other social gatherings are of the household life during the winter at weddings, deaths, religious places, festivals months that even with expansion' ,in the and fairs at the shrines of the saints. use of electricity it may continue to remain When the day's work is done, an average in use for a long' time to come and so person preferably seeks his home and after long it remains so, the effeminate plzeran his food retires to rest. Listening to news, may also not get completely discarded. local and film songs, dramas and other The home life is generally very congenial~ feature programmes from radio is, however, An average person is generally kind to gradually becoming a popular pastime for his wife and children and one rarely most of the households. hears of divorce scandals or immorality. Like other Kashmiris, Soporis are some­ Drinking is not generally in practice either. what soft and indolent. Crime is very The natives of Sopore bear an evil infrequent. Offences against the person are reputation for their lack of hospitality extremely rare. The sight of blood is although they make a show of their anxiety abhorant to them. Even among the ignorant to entertain their guests. The expression and down-trodden sections when there is Sopori Maaz.rat has become. proverbial a quarrel between two, they call each in the whole of Kashmir and is used other by names and it is very seldom whenever a person is formal in his offer that the dormant brute spirits wake up of entertaining his guests· and does not for committing a physical assault. Much actually mean to do so. of the meekness and feebleness in the The social, cultural and intellectual character and disposition of people is attri­ growth is not however, uniform in respect butable to the use of kangir and the of all sections of Soporis. The economIc voluminous gown called pluTon, for about strength and tJie nature of economic activity six months a year in the winter and even have a prinuiry role in determining this in the summer when rains chill the air. growth. The· afiluent section of people The kangir is a small earthenware bowl engaged in respectable occupations like trade of a quint shape, held in the frame of and commerce, business or industrial wicker work. Hot embers are put into it management, Government services which before it is slipped under the pheran and forms about 35 % of the population of 47 Sopor,

Sopore, constitutes the core of the society, their habits, person and dress. Their exerting'. a dominant influence on the discussions are still rough and their course of social, educational and political language is still slang. They are ranking life of Sopore. This section is compara­ agitators too. But even in this class of tively much more educated, intelligent society wherever education has made a and sociable. Those among this section fair dent and the occupation has changed engaged in business are, however, generally towards better, a wholesale transformation tactful and deceitful. They have the evil in behaviour and attitude is discernible. reputation Of being clever in devising ways and means of exploiting others in The remaining 35% of people constitute their dealings. A Persian verse often . the middle section which is seen striving quoted in support of this impression is hard to come out of the morass of econo­ reproduced below:- mic dependence and go farward educa. tionally and socially in a bid to catch up Persian- the advanced section of the society. "; ~ , ..:-&) ~ ~ I:)~ ~, Notwithstanding their relative cultural and social backwardness, the lower stratum . ,,~,.. 1:)' l1t ; ~,~ ~ of the society does not suffer any social English rendering- disabilities and has free access to religious 'If ever the Devil (Satan) becomes institutions and community gatherings. On powerless, all social functions there is inter-dining he will seek assistance from and no social taboos etc. are observed in the grocers of Sopore'. respect of any particular caste or creed or occupational group. Almost all the members of State Legislature or Parliament so far elected LANGUAGE from Sopore constituency belong to this Kashmiri is the mother tongue of all section. They have a dominating hand the natives of the town. Kashmiri language in the local administrative and other is spoken only in the valley of Kashmir affairs also. They are well knit together and parts of Doda and Poonch districts. by matrimonial and other alliances, though According to Grierson, Kashmiri belongs of late they have been extending these to Dard Group of the Dardic Branch of alliances with individual families, coming . of Indo-European Family. Kashmiris on up economically and, therefore. socially the other hand contend that it is a Prakrit from sections hitherto down trodden. . of Sanskrit language, which was evolved On the other hand there is another by Brahmins with their Shastric lore during section of people constituting about 30% pre-Islamic times. . of the population of the town consisting of hanjis, manjgaroo, scavengers, cobblers, Lawrence, who was the first Settlement vegetable growers and the like, who be­ Commissioner of Kashmir, has remarked cause of their inferior occupations, still in his book 'Valley of Kashmir', written retain their traditional social and cultural in 1895, that Kashmiri is an admixture traits. They are still extremely dirty in of several languages and includes 25% 48

Social &1 Cultural Life

Sanskrit, 40% Persian, 15% Hindustani, utility of educating their children, the 10% Arabic and 12% of Tibetian, Tur­ educational standards have enormously kish, Dogri and Punjabi words. Whether increased. According to the 1961 Census or not this was so 70 years ago, the the literacy percentage had reached the fact remains that the language has since level of 18.7 in that year. There has changed its complexion by having absor­ been considerable further expansion since. bed a large number' of English words The results of the Sample Census con­ which are being" employed by literate ducted during 1968 in two of the mohalIas and illiterate persons during the course of the town as reproduced below, in com­ of their conversation. Words such as parison with the corresponding position coat, button, hockey, foot-ball, cricket, obtaining in 1961, are revealing in this radio, loud-speaker, harmonium, pencil, behalf :- fountain pen, petrol, engine, tyre, tube Name of mohalla Population Literacy etc., are a few of the instances for which percentage there are no substitutes in Kashmiri ,-_..A---, ~---. language and have to be used in any 1961 1968 1961 1968 case. There are many other words, the Ningli 552 696 3.3 10.9 Kashmiri equivalents of which have Batpora 520 607 39.2 50.1 since been discarded. These include boot, sweater, school, pass, fail, bus, leader, During 1961 Census, an Agricultural table, plate. cup, etc. College was functioning in the town-area with a staff strength of 10 professors and According to Lawrence, Kashmiri has 68 students on its rolls. III 1967 the a grammer of its own which is highly College was, however, shifted to village inflectional and offers not only the forms Wadoora, at a distance of eight miles of reduplication but also make changes from Sopore. within the root itself. At present only one Degree College both for Arts and Science students is EDUCATION catering the town population and has a Prior to 1947, there were limited staff strength of 29 male professors and number of educational .institutions catering 597 students (547 males and 50 females) not only to the town population but even on its rolls. Besides, there are three high the adjoining areas. Of these one" was schools of which one is Islamia " high school for boys, three middle schools High school having co-education while (one exclusively for girls) and five primary the other two are Government run, one schools (co-educational). As mentioned each for boys and girls exclusively. There already iu Chapter IV the literacy per­ are 1,586 students (980 males and 606 centage at that time was very low and females) borne on the rolls of these edu­ very few, if any, went lor higher studies. cational institutions with "an aggregate With growth in the number of edu­ strength of 70 teachers (59 males and 11 cational institutions, liberalization offacilities females). like scholarships and interest-free loans Middle and Secondary schools number growing awareness of masses about the 8. Of these, six are meant exclusively Degree College

CnVf'rnr ent G·IrIs High School Another vIew of Degree College r- III ;lO;xI < » 0<0r= z -0,...):10, 0 0;lOO):lo ;xl 1ft III G') ~I~ c ,... IT1 < "tI -i ", ";n ,. G) C 0 r ...... , w ", 0 0):10 0 =i N - -l II' -< ,. :€ c > -i :z~ :z 0 ""r 0 1ft'" ):10 ", Z ;lO VI 0 -<

49

for males and two for females. Total in these institutions, 80 being males and number of students receiving education 30 females. The schools have a staff in these institutions stands at 1,441 of strength of 20 teachers of whom 11 are which 1,157 are males and 284 females. male and 9 female. Staff strength of teachers in these insti­ tutions is 70 (51 males and 19 females). MEDICAL CARE Before the introduction of allopathic Primary schools in the town area system of treatment the inhabitants invariably number 18 in all of which 3 have co­ consulted Unani Hakims whose number education, 5 are exclusively for males was ten before 1947 in the town. In while the rest of the 10 are meant for fact even after the establishment of the females. Total number of students on Primary Health Centre, Hakims continued roll are 1,072 (549 males and 523 females) to be more popular for sometime. Gradually while the staff strength of teachers stands the indigenous system of treatment gave at 35 (23 males and 12 females). way to allopathic treatment. This is how There are also three educational the shops of ·14 chemists-cum-druggists institutions run by Jamat-e-Islamia. Of have come to be set-up in the town these, one is of primary level having against only one functioning prior to 1947. co-education while the remaining two are The number of Unani Hakims on the of middle standard one each for boys other hand have reduced to two only. and girls. Totti number of students on roll in all these three institutions stands At present three types of medical at 427 (198 males and 229 females). The institutions are functioning in the town­ staff strength in these institutions is 25, area besides one women and child welfare 17 male and 8 female teachers. centre which is a branch of St. Joseph Hospital, Baramulla. The following state­ Apart from the above mentioned ins­ ment indicates the type of institutions, titutions there are also two teachers train­ their number, strength of beds, number ing schools one each for males and females. of out-door and in-door patients and staff There are 110 teachers receiving training strength etc.;-

Type Number No. of beds Out-door In-door No. of No. of Remarks patients patients doctors para treated treated medical during during staff 1967-68 1967-68 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Health Centre One 20 63,515 1,081 4 Of the four doctors, 3 are Assistant Surgeons ·(one lady) and one is Dental Surgeon. 50

Social (Jf Cultrtral Life

Type Number No. of beds Out-door In-door No. of No. of Remarks patients patients doctors para treated treated medical during during staff 1967-68 1967-68 2 3 5 6 7 8 8

S.E.T. Centre One 60 3 One para Medi cal Assistant, one chestcamia and one swee- [ler. Chest Clinic One 11,790 13

Branch One The Centre remains open only twice a· week when two St. Joseph nurses come from Baramulla and distribute liquid Hospital, powder milk to children and women. Baramulla

The subjoined statement shows the All other infectious incidence of diseases treated in medical diseases 721 institutions during 1967-68 :- Anaemia 4,751 All other general Diseases Number No. ended diseases 528 treated in Mortality Diseases of eye, ear Diarrhoea 14,425 and nose 915 Diseases of skin 9,540 Diseases of circulatory Disef.ses of Respiratory system 1,500 system 8,410 Dyspepsia 5,230 All other diseases of All other diseases of urinary system 6,415 liver 150 Injury general' and All other diseases of local 3,212 digestive system 1,925 Worms 4,615 Ulcers 1,580 Dysentry 18,00 Labour abnormal 175 Entric fever 1,125 Labour normal and Pneumonia 140 other miscellaneous Pyrexia of insertion diseases 325 organ and other in­ LepJ;Osy 60 fection .diseases 315 Pulmonary and extra Rheumatic, fever and pulmonary tuber- Rheumatism 457 culosis 1,850 31 Government Primary Health Centre Dak Banglow 51

~ In ad4itkm one family plann.ing centre No. ofseau Rate per seat. headed by one female Extension Educator 72 Rs. 2.30 and one Dai has also been attached with 84 Rs. 1.61 the Health Centre Sopore which is func-' 96 Rs. 1.S7 tioning with a fair amount of success. 200 Rs. 0.65 The following table gives an idea of the performance of the centre during 1967-68 :- 50 (gaUary) Rs~ 1.50 Usually two shows are organised daily.. Type of service No. of persons the first at 1.30 P.M. and the second at offered who availed 8 P.M. On Sundays, however, an extra of the show is held at 4.30 P.M. . services During the course of the survey the film Kha1Ul-i-Khudah was on and was I. U.C.D. loops 1423 attracting packed audiences. As per the Vasectomy 162 information supplied by' the Manager Tuberctomy 12 Cinema, average number . of tickets sold per day during the month preceding Advices and devices the month of survey stood at 500. In about the Family comparison to this the average number Planning N.A. of tickets sold per day during the year 1967-68, stoOd at 367 only. Total number LEISURE AND RECREATION of Hindi films, produced either in Bombay or Madi~s, screened during, the year Except for a cinema hall, the two 1967-68 was 88. This shows that average Sniall parks, laid out by the Town Area run of a film is about four days. The Committee on an' aggregate land of six stay of individual films varies according kanals, town hall library and other reading to the tastes they 'can cater to. Films rooms provided by Jamat-i-Islamia in of religious and historical significance different localities of the town, there is attract elderly people and films depicting no other major source of recreation love and passion amuses the younger available to the educated inhabitants of generation. On the whole in the absence the town. Details about the number of of any alternative source of recreation or books etc. available in these libraries and amusement, cinema is the chief entertain­ reading rooms have already been men­ ment centre both for the illiterate and tioned in Chapter first. ignorant as well as for the educated masses. It has also its contribution as The cinema hall namely Samad an effective medium for educating the Talkies was established in the year 1956 public mind on a variety of subjects. with a floor space of 75' x 33l' and a The only two small parks maintained projection length of 78' and can accommo­ by the Town Area Committee have not date 502 persons at a time. The following been properly developed. They lack statement shows the number of seats attractive grassy lawns, flower beds and available by rate of tickets :- children sports. Even as such, these 52

parks attract many locals who often engage and neighbOurs. The princip~l actor is a themselves in local gossip and political blind male person or an eunuch who is discussions while squatting on the lawns. trained in playing on an earthen pitcher and is believed to possess a melodious During 1966 there was a Sports Club voice. The only other musical instrument in the town-area and it organised Wular employed consists of one or more ,tumbakk tournaments at district-level in collaboration naris which are played by some of the with Mohammaden team. But due to cer­ females. The eunuch or the blind person tain internal rifts the club has since been sings a verse and the audience including dissolved. Young boys and students, how­ the females playing tumbakk naris repeat ever, play games like foot-ball, bad-minton it by singing in chorus. The process conti­ etc. in the play ground adjoining the nues till dawn when the participants disperse. town-hall. The remuneration of the singer which is Concerts and other entertainments are fixed in advance' and does not exceed also organised occasionally. Important Rs. 10/- is paid by the head of the house­ among these is the Bacha Nagma, which hold himself. mobile musical parties convene in different parts of the valley. The principal actor Musical parties are also arranged during in the party is a handsome boy in teens some of the religious festivals. Towards who has a melodious voice and is trained the closing days of the month of Ramzan in singing Kashmiri verses. Other important (month of fasts) and immediately before functionaries consist of musician. who play and during the celebration of Id-ul-Zuha. on sarangi. sitar, harmonium, tabla, young-women and girls of two 01' . three tumbakh-nari and a pitcher. The boy is households assemble in a spacious compound dressed in a brocated gown called Plshwa;: of one of the houses after dusk and keep and he wears long black artificial hair to on singing, what is popularly known as rozif, give him the resemblance of a female. till late in the night. The participants Further, bells are tied round his ankles usually form two standing rows one facing which jingle to the tune of the musical the other. Each woman extends her arms instrument while he dances and sings. Before over the shoulders of her sidemate in the the conclusion of the function, subscriptions right and the left. One of the rows keeps are raised by the audience and the amount on singing a song. verse by verse, in chorus, collected is paid to the boy in token of while the other repeats the first line only the entertainment provided. after each verse is completed by the first row. No musical instruments are used but Among other occasions when musical the women keep on moving their bodies entertainments are organised, mention may forward and backward while singing. be made of the various functions celebrated in c9nnexion with marriages. There is no As per the information made available household in the block in which a musical by the Mass Contact Officer, Sopore two concert, organised and attended by females "Mushairas' and three film shows were only. is not held on the night previous organised by the department during the to the day on which wedding takes place. year 1967 in the town-hall. Of the two The gathering consist. of female relations 'Mushairas', one organised on 25th January, 53

1967 in connection with the Republic Day were added to the already existing building. celebrations was held both in Kashmiri all .Even a well with an electric motor has well as Urdu languages and ~as attended been provided so that there may be no to by a large number of audience. The shortage of water. other was held on the occasion of Gandhi During one of his visits to Kashmir, Jayanti and apart from some outsiderll Shah Hamadan is said to have visited eight poets of Sopore tehsil itaeJf participated. Sopore and offered his prayers at the site It was purely in Kashmiri language. Two where the prayer hall of the present film shows were also organised one each building stands erected on the bank of in connection with Republic Day and river Jhelum. In the north-west corner Independence day celebrations and a third of the prayer hall a small decorated room one on the eve of elections providing known as kufra khas has been built in guidance as 'How to vote?'. which the foot prints of Shah Hamadan FAIRS, FEST~ALS·· AND RELIGIOUS on a stone have been preserved as a INSTITUTIONS .tiarat. For the last 70 years, however, the ziarat has not been displayed to the No cattle fairs or weekly markets etc. audience for reasons best known to the are organised either within the town itself management. or its close vicinity. The only festivals celebrated by the Muslim inhabitants in­ The mosque attracts large gatherings clude Ids, Shabi-Qadar and Jumat-ul-Vida, on Fridays and on the occasion of im­ while the Hindus have Janam Ashtami, portant religious festivals. The anniversary Ram Navmi, Shiv Ratri etc. These are of Shah Hamadan, however, attracts days of jubiliation both for the young and thousands of devotees and is celebrated the old. in the Khankah on 6th of Zilhaj, the 12th lunar month. On the day, the There are a number of shrines in various Khahkah is over-crowded with people localities of the town, most important right from 4 A.M. k? 11 P.M. Women among these being the Khankah, known also participate in the prayers, for whom after Amir Kabir alias Shah Hamadan. a separate room known as Roor-khan is The Khankah was built by Sultan Sikander provided. Besides the inhabitants of the ruler of Kashmir (1394 A.D. to 1417 A:D.) town, people from adjoining rural areas at the instance of Mir Syed Mohammed also participate in the festival. It is Hamdani son of Shah Hamadan, a Muslim estimated that the congregational prayers missionary from Iraq who propagated ISlam held. on this day are attended by over in Kashmir. The building collapsed as a 6,000 people. The premises of the Khankah result of the earthquake of 1884 A.D. It is also occupied by stall-holders who was later rebuilt by Khawaja Abdul Aziz conduct sales of eatables, indigenous and Kakroo of Baramulla at a cost of Rs. 7000.00 imported goods. during the reign of Maharaja Pratap Singh who also donated 100 khirwars of paddy During the reign of Sultan Sikander, for helping the construction work. Some referred to above, the management of the new costruction was also done 15 years shrine was the responsibiHty of tht! ago when some bath-rooms and outer hall Government. This continued till 1884 A.D. 54

after which, an Auquaf Committee was set in Mohalla Shal Pora and the latter in up to look after the management etc. of the Mohalla Baba Yousaf, known after his shrine. The present Auquaf Committee name. The anniversary of Syed Sahib is consists of 20 mell}bers including the celebrated on 19th of Baisakh and is president, vice-pre'lident, secretary and the attended by about 3,000 people. The cashier. At the end of each year the festival associated with Pir Baba Yousaf, income and expenditure statements of the however, takes place on 21st of Rabi-ul­ shrine are published. Awal, the first lunar month of the year. The participants ·in the festival consist of The permanent establishment of the the inhabitants of neighbouring localities shrine consists of the following:- only and their number does not exceed Particulars Number Salary 3,500. per month Hindu community too have three Ri. temples on the bank .. of river J helum . Imam 1 110.00 namely Rishipir, Brahmin and Bhairo Khidmatgar I 45.00 mandirs and are visited by the locals Muazin 1 50.00 daily. Of these Rishipir is the most . famous and becomes the centre of great Three iron safes have been kept for attraction and devotion especially on the the collectjon of cash offerings while the festivals of Shiv Ratri, Ram Navmi, offerings in kind 'are collected on proper Navratras and Janam Ashtami, when the receipt which are later on sold and the devotees come in large numbers to pay money thus got is credited to the Auquaf their homage right from the early hours Committee. of the morning to late hours in the night.. Another important festival is the These temples are looked after and mana­ anniversay of Rahim Sahib, a prominent. ged by Bhora Sudhar and Sana tan Dharam local saint, who is enshrined in Mohalla Sabhas. Taki Bal of Sopore town. The festival SOCIAL AND POLITICAL AWARE· is celebrated on 13th of July, the date NESS on which the saint is believed to have Ever since the popular uprising in 1931 passed away. The participants in the all over the State against subjugation and festival are estimated to number 4,000 putrefaction under the tyranniC auto-cratic and consist mainly of the inhabitants of rule, in which the people of Sopore had the town. While the priests engage them­ a prominent role, the growth in social selves in the recitation of Quran, an and political activities of the town is elaborate fair is held outside the shrine. steadily on the increase. The transfer of Small stalls are set up for the sale of political power to the people· in 1947 and toys, cosmetics, bangles, handkerchiefs, the introduction of democratic constitution etc. Some confectionery shops are also in 1956 gave a positive direction to these run to cater to the pilgrims. activities. In full use of the right to freedom Other festivals held in the town consist and right to form associations for espousal of the anniversaries of Syed Sahib and of legitimate interests guaranteed under the Pir Baba Yousaf. The former is entombed Constitution, people belonging to different White conspicuous building on the bank of the river is the recently constructed Devi temple Rishipir Temple 55

voalt:ions·are organised ~ at least 20 trade is a steadily growing yearning for keeping unions. This in itself is a vivid proof of the themselves well informed about day growing a wakening among the inhabitants to day national and international events. of the town. 1;'he table below, indicating the number The intelligentsia have their own Bu:.mi­ of newspapers. journals and _periodicals by Adah to foster and promote cultural type in circulation in the town, is reveal­ growth. Among the educated folk there ing in this behalf:- Language Daily -----~Weekly Monthly r-----.A------.... ,------'-----.._ r----.A-----_. No. of No. in No. of NI,l. in No. in No. in papers circulation papers circulation papers circulat~on 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 English 5 175 5 l45 6 100 Urdu 8 625 6 ISO, 8 175 All the major political parties are TOWN ORGANISATION active in the town. IncluCling the seces­ For purposes ·of the provision of civic sionist Plebiscite Front. and Awami Action amenities the town is administered by a Committee, there are seven political Town Area Committee consisting of eleven organisations which have their offices and nominated members including the chair- functionaries in the .town and represent . man. The District Social Welfare Officer the ideas and aspirations oE various sec- is the present c;:hairman. Other members tions of the people. . consist ofpleaders, businessmen, contractors In the elections held in March 1967 etc. who hail from different mohallas of for returning a member to the Legislature Sopore. from the Sopore constituency, three candi­ The Committee is vested with limited dates contested, one each belonging to powers. Neither is it competent to raise the National Congress, National Conference new taxes on its own initiative nor is it and Jana Sangh. Of the total number authorised to execute any projects. . All Qf 26,152 voters in the consituency, only proposals relating to taxation and execu­ 7,828 i.e. about -30% exercised their tion of productive and non-productive franchise. The candidate sponsored by works -have to receive the prior approval the National Congress party won the of the Minister for Local Self Government. election by a margin of 366 votes against Even the normal budget relating to re­ his nearest rival belonging to the National curring and non-recurring expenditure Conference. The position of votes polled requires the previous sanction of the by each candidate was as under:- Minister Incharge. It is only during Candidate from Votes polled emergencies and under extra-ordinary conditions, such as the out-break of an National Congress 4,434 epidemic or a conflagration. that the National Conference . 3,068 Committee can, without obtaining the Jana Sangh 326 prior sanction of the Minister. incur $D_c;al· & Cultural Lift inevitable expenditure on the engagement of disinfectants. In addition the Committ~e of temporary staff etc. This power is, has the Power to order the dismantling however, exercisable only when the revenue of dangerous buildings, removal of unautho­ budget of the Committee can accommo­ rised projections and encroachments and date the expenditure. disposal of stray and mad dogs. The principal source of revenue is the Oharat Tax, which is levied on all goods The budget of the Committee for the imported into the town. Other heads of years 1966-67 and 1967-68 put the revenue revenue are tax on vehicles, leases of receipts for the two years as Rs.2,59,550.00 night-soil, tonga and bus-stand fee, rentals and Rs. 3,55,000.00 respectively. The from stall.holders etc. The Committee is loans advanced by the Government in responsible for payment of street lighting addition for the execution of developmental charges, fees of public water taps and works stood at Rs. 85,000.00 for 1966-67 for executing construction. works such as and Rs. 9,778.00 for the year 1967-68. building and repairing of roads and lanes, The details of income and expenditure construction of public latrines and spraying for the two years are indicated below;-

,--______INCOME.A.. ______• EXPENDITURE ,------_.... _------...... Source of income Amount in Rs. for Items of Amount in Rs. for - ,------"-----...... expenditure ,---___.A ---_, 1006-67 1967-68 1966.67 1967-:)8 1. Oharat income 1,96,000.00 2,84,000.00 1-. Pay of the staff 1,34,792.00 1,76,884.00 2. Adda tax 36,200.00 38,000.00 2. Improvement works: 3. Slaughter House fee 1.950.00 2~000.00 a) Lanes and drains 51,000.00 1,26,000.00 4. Night-soil and hides contract etc. 2,400.00 2,000.00 b) Construction of rent yield­ 5. Taxes and license fee 8,000.00 8,000.00 ing assets such as tele­ 6. Rent of shops 9,000.00 12,000.00 phone ex­ change, shops 7. Miscellaneous 6,000.00 9,000.00 in Adda etc. 60,000.00 34,000.00 8. Loans sanctioned for 3. Other recurring the year 85.000.00 9,778.00 expenditure like street lighting, tools and plants, printing and stationery, rent, fuel for stoves, furniture, contin- gencies etc. 43,326.00 69,276.00 Total income 3,44,550.00 3,64,778.00 Total expenditure 2,89,118.00 4,06,160.00 57

The Committee bas on its establisb­ ing general law and. order, hearing and. ment roles 74 scavengers on a regular deciding of revenue cases and co-ordinating pay of Rs. 100.00 per month each for the developmental activities of other Govern­ cleaning drains, streets and bazars. The mental agencies and offices mentioned in town has only one main underground the first Chapter as are headquartered in sewer measuring about 2.5 kilometres the town. which starts from the main market and The tehsildar is a functionary of no runs by the side of the main road. upto less importance.' Apart from collection of tehsil office where it opens into a water revenue and recovery of various types of pond connected with river Jhelum. The loans, the tehsildar has multifarious duties total length of open drains in whole of as Liason Officer, Custodian evacue property, the town-area measures 12.75 kms. and Treasury Officer, Chairman, Local Boards, is connected at one or the other places Assistant Electoral Officer, etc. either with the main sewer or river Jhelum. On the whole the drainage According to the information furnished by the Deputy Superintendent of Police, system is quite inadequate and whenever Sopore (incorporated in Item No. 37 of it rains the streets and bazars become the town schedule), 144 criminal offences muddy and even water accumulates at were reported to have been committed in places for lack of outlets etc. the town-area during 1967, of which only 116 were admitted and challaned in the GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Police Station, Sopore. 17 of the admitted The SulHlivisional Officer who also cases could not, however, be traced. Among functions as the sub-divisional magistrate the rest of 99 cases, 76 were still under is the head of the civil administration of trial. Of the 23 cases decided, persons were the sub-division with his headquarters in convicted only in 7 cases and in the re­ the town and is assisted by the follow­ maining 16 cases the persons involved' ing officers:- were acquitted and discharged. The criminal offences committed were generally of the 1. Additional Sub-divisional Magistrate nature of rioting, tres-pass, criminal assaults, 2. Tehsildar and Naib-Tehsildars cheating, minor thefts and rash driving 3. Deputy Superintendent of Police. etc. It is only in a single case that murder has been reported. This lends support to While the Additional Sub-divisional' the general impressions already recorded Magistrate is responsible for the adminis­ about the character and disposition of tration of justice both in civil and criminal people in general. The following statement cases and registration of deeds, the Sub­ indicates the particulars of suits filled in . Divisional Officer is responsible for maintain- courts at Sopore during the year 1967-68 ;-

Type of case Number Number carried over from Number ending Number before for in conviction ending in r------"------.. acquittal More than 1-2 Less than two years years one year I - 2 3 4 5 6 7 Challan 164 16 27 72 23 23 Complaints 377 3 4 83 Miscellaneous 96 2 1 38 CHAPI'ER. v CONCLUSION

Sopore, founded in the 9th Century lities, houses and shopping establishments A.D. after the name of the reputed engineer to cater to the growing demand. In some Suyya. is one of the few towns of the of the fields, however. the growth has State which has establiihed itself as a not been rational and orderly or consistent flourishing trade aDd transit centre with with the existing and potential role of a promise and prospect for steady growth the town both as a centre of economic and expansion. It has assumed this fortunate generation as also fat the social satisfaction position particularly since 1948, consequent of urban living. The number of shops upon the closure of Baramulla-Ra walpindi available, for instance, has not' kept pace road. The post-partition circumstances with the demand for them. There is a placed it mid-way between a large number large number of people, who in t4e absence . of villages and sub-urban areas on the of shops, have to conduct their ,business one hand and the city of Srfuagar on the as hawkers and street vendors. Mention other, thus investing this town with the may be made specifically of fruit sellers, same importance as an intermediate link vegetable sellers, fish sellers, barbers etc. which Baramulla was enjoying until then. Provision of adequate and 'orderly shopping The population of tM town which in facilities besides enlarging the operations 1911. when it was recognised as a town and scope of existing business would bring for the first time, was . 8,514 had gone about regularity and stability in the econo­ upto 18,987 in 1961. The rate of population mic and social life of the shopless section growth which was 1.27% per annum. during of the business community, thereby adding the period 1911-1941 went up to 2.04% to the general prosperity of the town. per annum during the period 1941-1961. There is general inedequacy of civil As a matter of fact, the growth between amenities. The supply of drinking water 1951 and 1961 is esti!D8ted to have been is inadequate. There is a. considerable about 2.35% per annum which is estima­ scope for improvement in the drainage ted to have gone further upto 3% per system and general level of' cleanliness annum between 1961 to 1968. particularly in the congested parts of the This steadily increasing growth in popu­ town. There are hardly any parks, play. lation has already made itself felt by bringing grounds and recreation centres worth the about an expansion in the limits of the name. As a matter of fact, the town calls town area and addition of a housing for a physical planning for a planned colony, besides shooting up the land values development based on an integrated land in the already congested parts of the town. use policy with the perspective growth of the lown in view. There has been considerable expansion in the necessary infra-structure like roads, The town has not gone much ahead transport, communications, educational faci- in the industrial field. Even the few factories 59

existing run under certain impediments. Lack of adequate institutional credit 'the supply of power to them, for instance, .. facilities is yet another bottleneck in the is irregular and intermittent and the rates speedier growth of industries and for that at which it is supplied are relatively higher. matter even trade. It is very much desirable This effects their cost structm'e adversely that some banks of repute are encouraged and therefore weakens their competitive and pursuaded to set up their branches in strength. The commissioning of the power the town. plants under errection under the State plans, when takes place, is, however, likely On the social, cultural and political to ease the position all over the State plane, there has already been a considerable including Sopore and make the supply of break through. It is indeed noteworthy power for industrial use cheap and regular. that people who were steeped in abject backwardness, conservatism and illiteracy Given the necesSary encouragement and benumbed by centuries of slavery and facilities; there is large scope for the and subjugation could suddenly wake up development of wood-based industries like to freedom in late 1947 and become re­ Joinery and furniture making, manufacture ceptive to the wind of change that has of fruit boxes etc. There is equally bright constantly . been blowing since. Modern scope for the establishment of fruit preserva­ currents of thought and perception are tion and canning factories. Apart fl'Om making constant in-roads into the attitude the suggestions already made as to how and outlook, behaviour and manners, dress the fruit industry can be generally helped and habits of the people in general to compete and outbeat Himachal fruits and the younger generation in particular. in other markets, there is yet another Some of the old customs, beliefs and prac­ measure which can strengthen the competi­ tices are of course still in vogue. Anyway tiveness of this industry. This consists in twenty years is after all too small a period making the manufacture of fruit boxes for a traditional society to completely cheaper than what it is. At present the transform itself. Whatever transformation ex-factory cost of fruit boxes falls in the has already taken place is no mean achieve- range ofRs, 150.00 to 275.00 per 100 boxes. ment. What is, however, lacking in a large The timber that goes into the manufacture of these boxes is procured from the open measure is the complete sense of belonging market at the Tate of Rs. 5.50 per cu.ft. and participation of the people in deve­ The Government rate for the identical lopmental and other activities of the . type of wood is Rs. 2.50 per cu.ft. It is Government. The all-sided development 0 obvious that if the Government undertake the town could be. made much' quicker to feed the box manufacturers with nece­ and smoother if the local representative ssary supplies of timber at Rs. 2.50 per cu.ft. the cost of their manufacture would leadership is allowed a legitimate role in go down by more than half with a definite the formulation of policies and programmes salutary impact on fruit exports. and in the evaluation of their execution. TOWN SCHEDULE (1971)

TOWN-SOPORE

CODE NUMBER D

1. STATE JAMMU AND KASHMIR

2. DISTRICT BARAMULLA Code Nur:nbet'=3

3. TEHSIL SOPORE Code Number=3 61

Table 4-

Dasle pardcalarta of the towa Sopore (as In 1961 CeDaas)

Area .in Sq. miles ,...Occupied _____ residential-.A. _____ houses-, ,-_____Total population.A. _____ -, Scheduled Castes r-----.A. Number of Number of Persons Males Females Persons Malea Females houses households ~ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.55 2,192 2,940 18,987 10,189 8,798

Table 4-coned.

Basic particulars of the town-Sopore (as ill 1961 Census)-contd.

Scheduled Tribes Literate and educated persOIlli ,---______Workers .A. ,...___ ~-.A. _____ -, ,-_____ .A. ____ ---, PersOIlli Males Females Persons Males . Females Total worker (I-IX) I As Cultivators ,...____ .A. ___ --, r----.A.-----, Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

3,562 2,870 692 6,106 5,339 767 1,644 1,049 595

Table 4-contd.

Basic particulars of the towa- Sopore (as ia 1961 CeDSus)-contd.

Workers-eontd. II III IV As Agricultural Labourers In Mining, Quarrying, Livestock, Forestry, Household Industry Fishing, Hunting &. Plantatiollll, Orchards and Allied activities ,__------"------, ,...______..A.. _____....:._-,,- -, PersOilli Males Females Persoilli Males Females Persoilli Males Females 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

36 35 317 307 10 288 281 7 62

Table 4-«mt4.

Bade partiCaJaria· of the towa Sopore (as in 1961 Ceana)-contd.

Worken-contd. r------~------V ~------.VI VII In manufacturing other than Household In CODStruction In Trade and Commerce --J..Industry______--. ~------~----~ r------~---'-_, PenODS Males Females Penons Males Females Pen011ll Males F:emales 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

577 550 27 45 45 1,005 958 47

Table 4-concld. Basic particulars of the town-Sopore

______Worken-coneltl..A... ______~ VIII IX In Transport, Storage and In other services Non-Worken Communications r------Jo..-----~ --. r------...____-----"'\ Penons Males Females Persons MaIes Females Persons Males Females 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

122 122 2,072 1,992 80 12,881 4,850 8,031

(SOTJRCB-1961 c.-) 63

Table 5(a)

Chsuagea, , If" .•.,., fa. the botmdary ~,the Sopore town af'ter 1961

Particulars or Statui Nature oC Circumstances Date of change Area and Population Remarkl areas involved or the area change of change and reference or affected by the change before change notification, etc. r----.A.----~ Area Population 2 !J 4 5 6 7 8

(a) There has not been any jurisdictional change in the boundary oC Sopore town after 1961 Census. (Refer Report on Sopore)

(b) History oC origin, growth and decay, if any, of the town .••..•. , •••.•••••• Refer Survey Report on Sopore.

(c) Year in which recognised as Urban &r,ea in Indian Census. Since 1911 Census. Table 6.

PartleaJa" or toWIl8 (with popaJatioa. or .... tIIaa SO,OGO wItWa • dI8taace or

Name Distance From Area in sq. miles Population Nature· of communication referrent town according to 1961 Cenws as in 1961 linkage

2 3 5

Baramulla 9 miles 2.40 18,987 persons Both by road as well as by boat through flver Jhdum

Srinagar 30 miles 16.00 2,85,257 persons Both by road as well as by boat through river Jhelwn and Wular Lake 65

10 lDiles and those with population or 50,000 or lDore, within a cUstance or 50 miles)

General note on special economic relation, General note on special economic/social and Remarks if any, with the referrent town, e.g., cultural relation, if any, with the marketing, employment etc. referrent town e. g., education, adminis­ tration, trade, entertainment, religion etc.

6 7 8

Baramulla and' Sopore depend upon each other Inhabitants of both these urban areas For other for the supply of only some of the goods due have close associations both socially details re­ to the reason that both these urban areas and culturally. Twenty students come fer Survey have direct links with Srinagar and other daily from Baramulla to Sopore in Report. places outside the State for main supplies. order to get higher education in For example Baramulla supplies construction college. Apart from other social and material like brick~, lime, stones and stone cultural links for matrimonial alliances slabs to Sopore besides some of the minor also' the preference is given by the forest produce and match boxes. Against it inhabitants of Sopore for their counter­ Sopore caters Baramulla for the supply of parts in Baramulla. vegetables and fish. On an average about 1,000 persons either come to Sopore from Baramulla or vice versa. Of these 65 go from Sopore daily for some economic pursuits to Baramulla while 88 come to Sopore for private service, sale of goods and Government service etc.

For the supply of ration, kerosene and edible So far as the social and cultural links oils, cloth, shoes, vanaspati ghee, spices, salt, are concerned, with the increase in sugar, hardware, grocery goods, crockery etc. distance from the referrent town these etc. Sopore depends upon Srinagar city. recede and are less prominent as Against it Sopore exports fruits, timber, fish compared with Baramulla town. In and other forest produce etc. to Srinagar. For the sphere of education, however, employment in Government service some of Sopore depends upon Srinagar and the locals have migrated to ,Srinagar city. A students have come to, receive edu­ few of the businessmen have also extended cation in Medical and Engineering their business to Srinagar, the summer capital. colleges as well as in other technical Against this some of the fruit merchants of lines. Srinagar have set up their shops in Sopore and are doing brisk business.

SOURCE-1961 Census and personal observations of the Investigator. 66

Table 7(a) Loeatlonal partlca1ara and andUary data

Name Distance from Means of Number of hours of journey by Remarks the communica- r------...... ------~ refen-ent town tion and Bus Train Other con- (Sopore) linkage veyance (specify) 2 !I 4 5 6 7

State H.Q.. Srinagar (summer capital) 30 miles Bua 1.25 hours Jammu (winter capital) 211 miles -do- 13 hours

District H.Q. Baramulla 9 miles i) bua i) i hour ii) tonga ii) one hour· iii) boat iii) Ii hours

Sub-diviaional/ Sopore Zero mile TehailH.Q.

Nearest town Baramulla 9 miles i} bua i) i hour •• with popu­ ii) tODga ii) one hour lation of iii) boat iii) 1i hours less than I lakh accord­ ing to 1961 Cenaus.

Nearest city Srinagar 30 miles B118 1.25 hours •. with popula­ tion ofl lakh at more according to 1961 Censua.

Airport Srinagar so miles Bus 1.25 hours .•

Railway Pathankote 227 miles Bus 16.30 hours •• Station

Sea port

Bua route/ Bus route Zero mile Jeepable road 67

Table 7(a)-concltl.

Locatioaal pardC1l~~ ancJ:. andUary data-concltl.

Name Distance from Means of Number of hours of journey. by Remarks the communica- r------.A.. ___ .--- ~ referrent town tion and Bus Train Other con- (Sopore) linkage veyance (specify) 2 3 4 5 6 7

RadioTra­ Srinagar 30 miles Bus 1.25 hours nsmission Centre.

River/other River Jehlum Zero mile water bodies, Wular Lake 3 miles i) Tonga i) 30 minutes e.g., sea, big to ii) Boat ii) onehour lake within 7 miles iii) Bus iii) 20 minutes .. a distance of 29 miles.

(b) Phsiographical features-

Refer Survey Report on Sopore town.

SOURCE-Manager Govt. Transport, Sopore and Private Undertakings.

Table 8

Maps and Flyleaves (lor the year 1967.68)

NOTE-Eight maps have been prepared and appended in the Survey Report. 68

Table 9 (a) IInportaDt pa.bHc IDlldtudODII (Other thaD banks,

Category Name Location " When Nature of function es tablished 2 3 4 5 Government Offices and institutions Sub-Judge Sopore town N. A. Hearing of the civil and criminal cases, regis­ tration of sale deeds, land and other parti­ culars.

S.D.M. or Sopore town To maintain law and o,"der and to settle revenue S. D. O. Office " cases etc.

Sub-Divisional Sopore town 1953' Supervision of crimes and maintenance of law Police Office and order.

Tehsil Office Sopore town 1948 Collection of land revenue, rationing; liaison officer, Custodian Evacuee Property, Adminis­ tration, Treasury Officer, Chairman Local Boards, Panchayat Election, Authority, main­ tenance of records of rights.

Roads arid Sopore town Oct., 1962 Development of roads and buildings etc. Buildings Division

Assistant Sopore town March, 1968 Collection of revenue and maintenance of electric Engineer, lines and sub-stations. Electric

Divisional Sopore town 1963 To attend fire calls. Fire Office

Assistant Sopore town Oct., 1961 Guiding in the formation of the co-operative Registrar. societies, advancing loans and its recovery. Co-operative

Agriculture Sopore July, 1962 Tehsil Dt"velopment, plant protection, propaganda Office and documentary shows on agriculture, sale of improved implements, fertilizer and pesticides.

Horticulture Sopore town May, 1967 Technical guidance to fruit growers, pro"tection Office of plants, development of horticulture.

Irrigation Sopore town 1954 Construction of new canals and tanks, execution Division of the projects, flood control, construction of Departmental buildings and repair to old canals etc. 69

ed.catloaal aDd medical llisdtatloas).

Jurisdiction No. of No.ofmemben Remarks employees where it is releven.t 6 7 8 9

District Baramulla for criminal cases and 15 One Chief Judicial Magistrate is tehsil Sopore for civil cases. also functioning here.

Sopore Division 4 Sub-divisional Magistrate or Sub· divisional Officer and his staff.

Sangrama, Gurez, Bandipora, Kitpwara, 11 One Deputy Superintendent of Karnah, Keran, Villagam, Handwara Police, One Head Clerk, One and Sopore. Head Constable, Six Constables and two peons.

Sopore Tehsil B4 One Tehsildar and his staff.

Sangrama to Chowkibal, Tangdara, 142 Work Charge=76 Karnah, Lolab Valley, Kulangam, Regular =66 Handwara, Zachaldara, Nichhama, One Executive Engineer, One Magam, Shooloro road, the area of. Assistant Engineer and 64 the right side of Sopore-Chowkibal regular staff members. Road, Zaingir, Sopore to Bandipora, Shalteng and other link roads in tehsil Bandipora.

Sopore Town and adjacent villages 97 One Assistant Electric Engineer and his staff.

Sopore Division N.A.

Sopore Block and adjacent villages 6

Baramulla District 86 One District Agriculture Officer and his staff.

Baramulla District 118 One District Horticulture Officer and his staff. One Deputy Director Mulberry is also functioning in the town.

Baramulla District except Sonawari block. 86 72 (Regular) 14 (Work Charge Basis) 70

Table 9(a)-contd. ImportaDt pa.bUc laadt1ldoas (Other thaD baRks,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 4 5 Government Offices and .'.' iD.titutiom Ranger, Kandi Sopore 1964 Control of timber movement, to provide· work Range for labour in saw mills.

Special Range Sopore town 1964 Supply of fire-wood, control of timber movement Officer's office etc. Block Develop- Sopore Sept., 1964 Development of Panchayats, improvement of ment Office agriculture and minor irrigation and water supply, development of amall indusll"ies and livestock. Tehsil Infor- Sopore town July, 1966 Conducts fihn shows to educate people in Family mation Office Planning, Agriculture and Industries etc. To collect data from different offices for publication. TehBil Social Sopore town April, 1965 Looks after the welfare of the people especially Welfare Office backward classes, and provides welfare facilities to the destitutes, physically handicapped, blind, deaf and dwnb. The office is running two welfare centres in the town· where girls get lesaons in tailoring etc. Inspector Sopore town April, 1963 Inspection of the shops and checking the weights Weight and and measures. . MeBlures Central Com- Sopore town 1949 Maintenance of community listening Radio sets. munity Listen- Supply of Batteries to G. C. Sets. ing Centre Municipal Town Area Sopore town 1935 Development of town. and other Committee offices of Local Self Government Recreation Samad Talkies Sopore town 1958 Film Shows Centres Two Parks Soporetown 1962 & Provide entertainment. 1967 Religious Jamayat·i- Sopore N.A. For the welfare of the people and to educate iDstitutioDl Islamia them on religious lines. including sect organi- sations BohIa Samaj Sopore 1947 To look after the social uplift of Bohra Com· Sudhar munity. Sanatan Dharam Sopore 1968 Social and cultural uplift of Hindu community. Sabha Voluntary New Fruit Soporetown 1967 Removing of various difficulties facing the fruit OrganisatioDl Growers and industry. Dealers Association 71 eclucadoaal aacI mecUcaI lastltatloas)-contd.

Jurisdiction No. of No. of members Remarb employees where it is relevent 6 7 8 9

&pore Division. N.A.

Sopore Division N.A. t of Tehsil Sopore and Alaqa Zaingir 42 One Block Development Officer and Khoi. and 41. staff members.

Sopore, Handwara, Kupwara, Langet, 6 Chowkibal, Zachaldara, Lolab and Watlab.

Sopore Tehsil only 2 One Social Welfare Officer and a clerk.

Tehail Sopore and Bandipora 2 One Inspector and one clerk.

Pattan, Handwara, BandiJKlf& upto Centre is run by Field Publicity Gurez and Sopore. Department. Government of India. SoporeTown 130 11

Sopore Town Samad Talkies is owned by Khawaja Samad Pandit, an induatrJalist. SoporeTown These parb are managed by Town Area Co:mnUUee. Baramulla District

Tehsil Sopore Sopore Town

District Baramulla 10 72

Table 9 (a)-eoncld.

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 !J 4 5

Voluntary The Kashmir Sopore town 194-8-49 Removing of various difficulties facing the :.frWt organisations Fruit Growers industry. and Dealers Association Mill Owners Sopore town 1956 Welfare of the Mill owners. Welfare Association Drivers and Sopore town May, 1966 To look after the interests of drivers and cleaners, Cleaners to check the high handedness of vehicle Association owners and· others. Co-operative Sopore town Nov., 1966 Uplift of the community and to have their own Transport vehicles_ Workers Society Limited Private Sopore town June, 1968 To find some other employment source as subsi­ Employees diary, to fight for welfare of the employees. Union Private . Sopore town May, 1968 To fur. the labour wages. hours of work and Mazdoor fight for the cause of labourers. Union _ Anjman Sbpore town Dec., 1965 To fix the rent and look after the interests of Behbudi-e­ various tenents. To implement rent control act. Kirayadanm Kisan Sopore town May,' 1968 Upliftment of. the cultivators, land to tillers and Conference to persue their children for education.

Tailors Sopore town Sept., 1964 To help their brotherhood. Union Tonga Drivers Sopore town 1963 To fix the routes of vehicles, to fix the rates, Association to help the members at the time of acci­ dents etc. Anjman Sopore town 1954 To look after the interests of the community Zargaran and remove unemployment of the members after the Gold Control Act. New Kashmir Sopore town 1938 To help the community and to provide them Carpenters work. Association Oil Mills Sopore town 1962 To work jointly and help each other. Society Industrial purchases oil seeds at wholesale rates and Co-operative provides it to various kohlus on wages and Society gets back oil ami residue and aell the same. Anjman Telian Sopore town 1955 Welfare of the community.

Anjman Sopore town 1966 To help their brotherhood and solve their day­ Hajaman to-day problema. Butchers Sopore town 1964 To help butchers for getting the sheep, fixing Union the price with the Goverrunent, fighting with the Government for regular supply. Mahigeeran Sopore town 1918 Welfare of' the community, fixing of fish ratea Association etc. Others 73 educadoaal and medical iDsdtudoas) -coneZd.

Jurisdiction No. of No. of members Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 7 8 9

Sopore Tehail 85

Sopore Tehsil 20

Sopore Tehsil 2 209 One clerk, One peon.

Sopore Tehail 2 41 One clerk, One peon.

SoporeTown 100 One clerk.

Sopore Town 2 80 One clerk, One peon.

Sopore Town 600 One peon.

District Baramulla 2 60 One clerk, One peon.

Sopore Town 200

Sopore Tehsil 800

Sopore Town 64

Sopore Town 200

Sopore Town 2 39 One ACCOUntant, One Chowkidar- cum-peon.

Sopore Town 100 families

Sopore Town 2 80 One clerk, One peon. Sopore Tehsil 150

Sopore Tehsil 400

SOURCE-All concerned ofticel and iIIItitutiODI. 74 Table 9 (b)

Important historic, reUg:lcras bulldhags, reUe. or areas, etc.

Name Locatioo Whether Age Brief descriptioo Associated CuiTent Remarb c:Jassified as pro- including condition myth legend use tected mooument of'maintenance or history 2 , 4- S 6 7 8

Shah-i-Hamdan SoporetOWD No About 600 Refer Survey Refer Survey Mosq~ years Report Report

SOURCE-Managing Committee of' the Shrine Shah-i-llamdan. 15

Table 9 (c)

Other places of Jmportaace (spedly)

Name Location Since when in Brief description Current use Particulara Remarks existence ofusera 2 5 6 7

NOTE-For other important place. refer Survey Report. Table 10 Ed1lcatlonal

Location Number Number of students ..... ,------"-----Males Females 2 9 4 5

UDiven1ty Engineering coD.,* Medical college Art and Science college Sopore- town 547 50 Commerce college Technical institution (Diploma) Other Post-secondary Institution

High imd Higher Secondary schools Sopore town 3 980 606

Secondary schools Sopore town 8 1,157 284 Primary schools Sopore town 18 549 523 Nursury school Institution for physically and mentally handicapped Research Laboratory/Institution Training ,chools Sopore town 2 80 30 Post-graduate cl!ntre Adult Education centre Others (specify e.g. Coaching schools, Evening schools, Unrecognised institutions)

Jamat-e-Islamia Institutions Sopore town 3 198 229 17

lD.dtations

Number of teachers No. of research WOI'kera Remarks including indication of the number of the r------"------, r------..A.------.. institutions having co-education and others Males Females Males Females exclusively meant for females , 6 7 8 9 10

29 Co-education

59 11 One is having co-education while of the remaining two, one is for males and other for females.

51 19 Six for males and two for females ex~usively. 23 12 g Co-education schools, 5 males, 10 females.

11 9 One for males and one for females.

17 8 One is primary school for co-education while the other two are of middle standard, one each for males and females_

SOURCE-All concerned Institutions, Tehsil Education Officer and Inspectress of Schools. 78

Table 11 (a)

Hospltal/Health Centre/DispensaryfMaternlty and Child Welfare Centre/ Specialized institutions li~e T. B. Clinics, Cancer Hospital, Blood Bank, Eye Bank, Nursing Home, Mental Hospital, Psychiatric Clinic, Child Guidance Clinic etc.

Type Number No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Remar~ beds out-door in-door Doctors Nurses Medical para patients patients Social Medical during during Workers staff the year the year 1967-68 1967-68 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10

Health Centre One 20 63,515 1,081 4 Of the four doctors 3 are Assistant Sur- geons (one lady) and one is Den- tal Surgeon.

S.E.T. Centre One 60 3 One para Medi- cal Assistant, one chestcamia and one sweeper.

T. B. Centre One 11,790 2 13

Branch St. One The Centre remains open only twice a week when two nurses come from Joseph Baramulla and distribute liquid powder milk to children and women•• Hospital, Baramulla

SOURCE- Officers incharge of various medical institutions. 79

Table 11 (b) . . Inddence of diseases treated III medical IIlstitudons durlag 1967-68

Disease Number treated No. ended in mortality Remara

Diarrhoea 14,425 Diseases of skin 9,540 Diseases of respiratory system 8,410 AU other diseases of urinery system 6,415 Injury general and local 3,212 Worms 4,615 Dysentery 1,800 Entric fever 1,125 Pneumonia 140 Pyrexia of insertion organ and other infectious 315 diseases Rhewnatic, fever and rheumatism 457 All other infectious diseases 721 Anaemia 4,751 All other general diseases 528 Diseases of eye, ear and nose 915 Diseases of circulatory system 1,500 Dyspepsia 5,230 All other diseases of liver 150 All other diseases of digestive system 1,925 Ulcers 1,580 Labour abnonnal 175 Labour normal and other miscellaneous diseases 325 Leprosy 60. Pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis 1,850 31

SOURCE-Officer incharge or various medic:al iDltitutiODL 80

Table 11 (c)

Type or lastltutiorl Number Type of No. .of' perBOD8 whQ!availed Remarks service of·the services'as in c.ol. S during 1967~ 4 _' 2 9 5

Family Planning Cenue 1. I.U.C.D loops 1,429 Family Planning' Centre has been attached with 2. Vasectomy 162 the Health Centre 50- pore. The Centre is S. Tubectomy 12 headed by one Extension Educator (female) _is· 4. Advices and N.A. ted by a dai.. . devices about the Family Planning

SOURCE-Family Planning Centre~ 50p0re.

Table 12(a)

Veterinary hospitals/dispensaries

Name Veterinary Unit and Artificial Insemination Centre.

Location Sopore

No. or Doc;tOl'8 2 (Autt. Surgeons) 81

Table 12(b) lIleic1eD.ee of dis... &moag dlflerent aDlmals treated during 1967-68

Animal Disease No. No. ended in Remarks treated mortality 2 3 4- 5

Bovine i) Non-contagious 2,808 195 Bovine includes bulls, COWl and BUch ii) Contagious 2 } other animals. Eqvine Non-contagious 1,057 49 Eqvine includes pony, mare, etc. Othen i) Non-contagious 1,013 115 Includes sheep, goat, poultry, dogs, ii) Contagious etc. Vaccination was done in poultry } against Raniketh disease. iii) Vaccina tion 64,200

SOURCE-Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Animal Husbandry Unit, Sopore.

Table 13(i) Mualcipal AdmiDistratioD.

1. (a) (i) When the Municipal Corporation Board/Town authority was first constituted 1935 (b) Nature of composition Nomination (i) Number of elected members (ii) Number of nominated members 11 iii) Number of members of special categories (specify) (c) Distribution of executive function between (Elected office Policy making and control of bearers) schemes i) Elected office bearers ii) Paid executives Implementation and supervulon of town area committee work. (d) Operative departments and their main activities :­ i) Department N.A. ii) Activity N.A. (e) Standing committees 82

Table l'(ii) ··1aeoIne

Income by lource Rate 1966-67 1967-68 Remarks schedule Amount Amount realised (Ib.) J:ealised (Ib.) 2 3 4 5

1. Municipal rates and taxes (a) HOllle/land/property/geaera! tax (b) Lighting tax (c) Water tax (cl) Coaservanc)' (e) Education-tax/CeIS (C) Toll tax (i) Ferries (ii) Roatb (iii) Bridges (iv) Othen 3,000 5,206 (g) Tax on aaimalI and vehicles (i) Animals lIIed Cor driving/riding (ii) Othen (specify) (iii) Vehicles other than mechanically pro- 7.25 5,000 3,471 pelled (apeciCy)-tonga, carts (iv) Mechanically propelled vehicles (Bpecify)

(v) Bi-cycle 1.25 323 (h) Show/theatre tax (i) ProCession tax 9,950 10,000 (j) Other taxeB (specify) 2,52,200 3,22,000 Dbarat, lorrystand taxes etc. 2. R.ealisation under special Act 3. Revenue derived trom Municipal property and powers apart Crom taxation (i) Market 9,000 12,000 (ii) Sale oC water (iii) Sale or electricity (iv) Othen (contract oC night loil, hides etc.) 2,400 2,000 • Table IS(ii)-ecmcld.

Iacom.e-concla.

Income by source ·Rate 1966-67 1967-78 Remarb schedule Amount Amount realised (RI.) realised (Ra.) 2 3 " 5

4. .Grants and cOD8UDlption (for general and special purposes) (i) From Government: (a) General Purpolles 85,000 9,778 (b) Special purposes (specify) (ii) From Local funds

(a) General purposes (b) Special purposes (specify) (iii) Other sources (a) General purposes , (b) Special purposes (specify) 5. Miscellaneous receipts 6. Extraordinary and debt 7. Total receipts excluding loan :trom Govt. and 2,59,550 3,55,000 opening balance' 8. Total receipts including opening balance 3,40,000 4,75,000 Table 13(iii)

Expenditure 1966-67 1967-68 Remarb in (Ra.) in (Ra.) I . 2 3 4

1. Pay of establishment 1,34,792 1,76,884 2. Public Safety 3. Public Health & Convenience A. Public Convenience (i) Water supply (ii) Construction of drains, sewers and im­ 51,000 1,26,000 provements in streets etc. (iii) Conservance (including cleansing and watering of roads/public latrines/baths & urinals/etc. (iv) Construction and· maintenance of roads (v) Other public. worka (vi) Land development B. Remunerative Enterprises Ci) Market and other buildings 60,000 34,000 (ii) Electricity 13,000 14,000 (for Itreet lighting) (iii) Others C. Public Health & Medical Relief (i) Maintenance of V ita! Statistics

(ii) Infant and maternity we~are (iii) Family planning (iv) Control of food supplies and adultera­ ted stuffs (v) Veterinary charges (vi) Others

4. Public Instruction (i) Basic/primary/elementary/nursery schools (ii) Middle schools/Higher secondary achools/ High schools etc. 85 Table 13(ili)-tONId.

1967-67 1967-68 in (Ra.) in (Ra.) 2 9

(iii) Colleges (iv) Technical institution (v) Public Libr!aries 1,500 2,000 (vi) Museums (vii) Others 5. Contribution (i) General purposes (ii) Special purposes 6. Miscellaneous and other recurring expenditure 28,826 53,276

Total expenditure 2,89,118 4,06,160.00 Total disbursements Depolits N.A. N.A. Closing balance N.A. N.A.

SOURCE-CbairmaD, TOWIl Area Committee, Sopore. 86

Table 14 Detail. of udUdes .... services •• Ia i961-68.

A. Roads

Type with reference Mileage ,....-______Agency . responsible...A.. ______for ~ Remarb to surface material used Construction Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5

1. Metaling road 2 miles T.A.C. T.A.C. 2. Cemented lanes I mile Sopore Sopore

B. (1) Major source of water supply in the town

Name of the source P.C.ofpoplda­ P.C. of areas Name of areas Remarb lation served served not served 2 3 .. 5 Shiva spring at UJOOk residing in Sopore town and nil The water village Hardo shiva Sopore town some villages supply is inter­ mittant for the ii) Nalla Yambarzal wari day i. e. two hour's supply to each moha­ lla, for night it is however, regular.

B. (2) In respect of protected source or water

I. Agency responsible for providing the service Water Works Sub-division, Baramulla II. Total supply of water per day 23,000 gallons per day ilpp. . III. (a) Source or sources of water supply to the town Shiva spring lit Yambirzal wad nalla (b) Distance of the same from the town 7 miles IV. Storage arrangement and capacity Overhead tank of 60,000 gallons at Sopore V. Nature of treatment of water and the areas covered Cholorinisation by the treatment plant VI. Arrangement for distribution of water: (a) Pumping stations number and capacity One with a motor of 15 H.P. and with a capacity of 2,SOD gallon. per hour (b) Service reservoirs including water towers -do- number and capacity Cc) Nature and size (diameter) of main conduct From the spring S' diameter & from the overhead tank ... diameter (d) Total length of network of pipes laid 22,000 ft. approximately 87

Table 14~. VII. Ccmnections aud water metres given to; Number of connections No. of water metres Remarks including r------'----- r-----~---_. details of water Inside town Outside town Inside town Outside tLwn rate I 2 3 4 5

Residential houses 800 P.P.C. 75 P.P.a. nil nil 75 P.P.C. and 130 P.S.P. points have Public tapa 120 P.S.P. 130 P.S.P. been provided to .. villages Shiva, Dangar­ Offices These connections have pora, Duru, Selu in­ been included in " " cluding mosques etc. Industrial plants } P.P.C. " ..

VIII. (I) Duration of water supply (state whether intermittant, Intermittant during day (from 10 a.m. to give timings or regular). 5 p.m.) rest of the period regular

(2) Other sources Number Private Public Remarks i) Tank nil ii) Well, tube-well nil iii) Others (specify) nil

SOURCE-Alsistant Engineer, Water Works, Sopore.

Co Sewerage i) Agency responsible for providing T.A.C. Sopore the service ii) System of sewerage Sweeping

iii) Proportion of area inside the town T.A.C. area served by sewers iv) Proportion of houses inside the All town served by sewer v) Number of local sewers inside the town joined to central sewer vi) Particulars of areas outside the town served by the sewerage system of the town.

NlJl:I.e of the area Appr. acres of area Appr. no. of houses Remarks served served 2 3 4

vii) Place of disposal viii) Method of disposal Raw/Treated ix) Flow arrangement Gravitational/pump :IE) Other particulars 88

Table 14-con1d. D. Open drainage and conservancy i) Agency responsible for providing the service T.A.C. Sopore ii) 'Fotal length of open ·drainage 12.75 kms. iii) Condition of cleanliness and maintenance Satisfactory iv) How frequently cleaned Twice a day v) Whether capable oC draining out rain water No, when it rains, the roads remain full of mud

vi) No. of latrines of different types:

Private Public Water bome Appr. 200 Nil Service Private arrangements Others (specify) 1200 vii) Method of disposal of:

viii) Particulars of conservancy staff of different categories :

Category Number Remuneration No. allotted quarters Remarks ('-----....._----, Males Females 2 :4 4- !j 6

Sweepers 65 9 Rs. 100/- P.M. each 22

ix) Rules framed, reqUlrmg the rate payers to construct latrines of different types RI. 4/- per latrine x) Concessions and rebates, if any, granted to rate payers on conver­ sion of service latrines to water borne type Nil xi) Approximate number of houses without latrinl'l of any type Total no. of houses =2,500 Houses without latrines=I,!)O()

SOURCE-Town Area Committee, Sopore. 89

Table 14-eontd. Eo Electricity

I. (a) Whether electrified Yes.

(b) If so, since when 1921

(c) Agency responsible for providing the service Electric Department, Govemment of Jammu and Kashmir.

II. Source : (a> Nature (HydrelfThermal/Diesel) Hydrel (b) Location (Generates own electricity/connected to grid/combined) Grid

Ill. (a) Capacity

(b) Whether AC/DC or both A. C.

(c) Volume of conswnption

(d) Percentage of people served

(e) Percentage of bulldings .served

(f) Percentage of town area served

IV (A) (a) If the source of supply is local

(b) Whether it served area outside the town also

tc) Maximum distance of the areas served from the outer boundary of the town limit

(B) If cozmected to grid

(a) Place of generation Mohara and Ganderbal

(b) Distance 16 kmL tram R/Station, BaramuUa. 90

Table 14-contd. V. Number of connections, rate per unit, volume of consumption, charges due and charges realised.

Type of establishment No. of Volume of Rate per Charges due Charges No. of Additional Remarks connections consuInption unit during realised appli- load re- given 1967-68 during cations quired 1967-68 if any in for the waiting pending _ list apPli- _ cations 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Domestic

(a> Lighting } ) 2,503.. 250 K.W. " The appli- 50% of (b) Power cations of the exis­ indUstrial ting load load are (500 K.W.) not enter­ tained

Indnstrial 53 949.5 K.W. Rs. 2,60,046.40 Rs. 2,55,346.40 Irrigation 3 I.' LW. j Other establishments 40 18 K.W. Commercial 300 36 K.W.

Road lighting 263_, of 40 watts· each "'Charges are. at fiat rate of Othera (specify) Rs. 1.25 per bulb of 40 watts each.

VI. Problems if any relating to supply of electricity with particular reference to present and prospective availablity of power and adequency of the same to meet the present and prospective demands.

To electrify rural areas.

F. Details of road lighting

Agency responsible for providing the service rawn Area Committee Particulars of the Service:

Type of Norm about Hours of Total No. Total Totale~nse Remarks light distance lighting of points consumption during I 7-68 between lilhting post on di erent types of roads 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ordinary 200 ft. Evening to 263 of Rs.8,138.35 mcmUng 40 watts each

SOURCE-Assistant Electric Engineer, Sub-division Sopore. 91

Table 14--eoncld. G. Fire. Brigade

Location When established Particulars of service during 1967-68 Remark. 2 3 4

Sopore town 1963 Attended 44 fire calls in the district

SOURCE-Fire Officer, Sopore Division, Sopore.

Table 15

Rales and Regulations framed by the authority concerned

A. Give the name and section of the Act, Authority/Authorities framing the rules and regulations and the salient features of the rules and regulations in respect of the items listed below;-

(a) Type of land use (residential, industrial, commercial, ,recreational, public and semi-public institutions) (b) Construction of building type Rules and Regulations .as laid out in General and Sanitation (c) Nature of use of building Orders tinder Section 45 and 47 of the J & K Town Area (d) Sanitation and public health Act 2011, are adhered to. Ie) Other matters of importance (such as obnoxious, hazardous, business and trade).

B-1 (i) (a) Whether lands have been acquired by any public authority for future urban develop­ ments Yes.

(b) If 80, particulars of public authority acquiring the land The land which was previously acquired by Agriculture Department for Agriculture College was transferred to Housing Division. 92

Table 15-coneltl. aules ... Regalado.. trametl by the authority conceraetl-concld.

(ii) ParticWan of the land:

Year of Locatiun Type ·Aaeage Purpcne Terms and Total value Remarks acquiaitiun conditions in tennI of on which the market acquired price at the time of acquisition 1 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 N. A. Sopore town Tabular land 21 acres For the develop- N.A. N.A. Refer Survey between Chow- mentora Report. kibal road and housing colony Nowporaroad and shopping centre

(i) Extent of land speculation Refer Survey Report. (ii) Reasons for speculation -do- (iii) Areas more affected by speculative activities -do- (iv) Other particulaR of lpeculative activities

II. (a> Whether any master plan for development of the town and its surrOWlding areas has been drawn Not 10 far, but is under consi­ deration by the Town Planner.

{b) If so, copy of the same

III. (a> . Whether sale of land within the town or its vicinity hu been restricted by notification for acquiaidon by any public authority. No

(b) If 10, (1) Particulara of the Same in a general way ..

(2) Statistics in respect of the lai.nd so notified ..

Year of acquiaidon Location Type of Acreage Contemplated Estimated compen- Remlll'D land (e. g. under no- future use of lation liability in agricultural, tification . the land respect of the residential) notified land fallow etc. 2 3 4- 5 6 7

SOURCE-Town Planner, Srinagar. 93

Table 16

(a> N1UIlber of. houses by type of :material used in pUnt.., waD and roof

Type of material used in Age of the Nwnber Nature of Remarka -plinth, wall and roof atrilcture use 2 5

PLINTH i) R. S. Masonary in mud 0--5 500 ii) R. S. Masonary in lime 6-10 1,000 ""ob, WALLS i) B. B. Masonary in mud 11-15 500 1Residential,H"" .... Shops- ii) B. B. Masonary in lime 16-25 1,000 j ---~ iii) R. S. Masonary in mud 26-30 300 31 and above 712 ----4,012 ROOF i} Wood ----

ii) G. C. I. Sheets

iii) Shingle

(b) - N1UIlber of houses by storeys

Single storey 1,017

Double storey 1,575

Multi storey 1,420

SOURCE-Assistant Engineer. Roads and Builc1inp. SopoR. 94.

Table 17

Ca> Hotels

Location Nwnber Estimated nUmber Rules and arrangements for Usue of licence of seats available and general supervision of sanitation 2 3 4

Sopore town One 12 Licence fee is Rs. 50.00 per year and is cl:\arged by the Town Area Committee. For the supervision of sanitation also Town Area Committee is responsible and the Sanitary Impector periodically inspects the same.

(ll) Particulars of the hotels representing three categories by raDges of seat reDt (The eDtire raDge withiD which the reDt varies may be divided into thTee equal groups. The top -most gTOUP would be cate­ gory I, Dext ODe is category ll, aDd the group with lowest raage of rent is category m).

Range of Average No. of Whether specially Observations of Investigator about rent per meal seats associated with cleanliness, general sanitation, seat charges any particular ventilation oC rooms, standard of religious, linguis­ furniture etc., amenities available tic, caste or com­ munity group 2 3 4 5

Category I Rs. 2.50 Rs.4.50 30 No The only hotel named New light is clean and sanitary fitted. Rooms Category II have, however, no attached bath rooms and even the furniture arti­ Category III cles are not to the standard. Venti­ lation is quite good. Meals are quite satisfactory although costly but the service is prompt. 95 Table l1-crmtd. (b) (I) LodgiD, hcnuIes

Location Number Eatimated number of Rules and arrangements for issue of seats available license and general supervision of sanitation 2 4

(Ii) Particulars of the lodging houses including commercial hostels re­ presenting three categories (to be determined in the same maJUler as in case of hotels).

Range of No. of Whether specially associated Observations of Investigator rent per seats with any particular reli­ about cleanliness, general seat gious, linguistic, caste or sanitation, ventilation of community group rooms, standard of furniture, amenities available etc. 2 4

Category I Category II Category III

(c) (I) Dharamshalas/Sarals

Location Number Estimated number of Rules and arrangement for issue of license seatll available and general supervision of sanitation 2 4

Sopore town 2 20 in all Of these two, one is attached with a temple and the other with the Gurdwara 96

Table 17-coru:IJ. (iI) Particulars of the DharamshaJas representing three raak. by stanclard of amenities and extent of contributio~ norm.ally espected

Rent contri- No. Whether speciaUy Amenities Number Observation ot Investi- bunon of associated available of days gator about cleanliness, seats with any particular normally general sanitation,. ven- religious, linguistic allowed tilation of rooms, stand- caste or community to stay ard offumiture, ameni-l group ties available, etc. 2 3 4 5 6

Category No rent is 10 A:s referred above Bathrooms and 3 days Neither so well main- charged latrlDes tained, Dar sanitary have been pro- fitted. No furniture vided etc. has been pro- vided. Category II Category III

SOURCE: - Personal obervations of the Investigator.

Table 18

A (1) Eating house&

Location 'Estimated number Rules and arrangements for issue of license and general supervision of sanitation 2 3

Sopore towD 9 License for eating houses is issued by the Town Area Committee. The yearly license fee for restaurants which number two is RI. 15.00 per restaurant while for the rest of the seven ordinary eating houses it is RL 10.00 each. 97 Table lS-t'OPJtd. (il) Partic:ulara of the eating honses representing three categories by range of charges (the entire range within which charges for maiD i~ of f'ood vary may be divided iDto 3 'eqwiJ categories).

Number Average Average Whether specially Observations of Investigator about number sale per associated with cleanliness general sanitation, of per- day any particular ventilation of rooms, standard IOns religious, linguis- of furniture, amenities normally tic, caste or available etc. served per day community 2 3 4 5

Category I 2 100 Rs.4OO.00 No The two restaurants falling in Cate- go:;r I are clean, good ventilated an have some modem furniture but are not sanitary fitted. Category II 4 160 Ra.480.00 One is run by a The seven other eating houses in member of Sikh Categories II and III are, how- c-ommunity ever, not wen maintained, unclean while the others and have been provided with very are run by Muslims ordinary furniture like benches, tables etc. Category III 3 90 Rs.225.00 Only Muslim shops

B (I) Tea .taIIs

Location Estimated number Rules and arrangements for issue of license and general supervision of sanitation 2 3

Sopore town 2 License is issued ~,by the Town Area Committee on an yearly fee of Rs. 6.00 per shop.

(il) Particulars of the staUs and restanrants of three categories by range of price as in case of eating houses.

Number Average Average . Whether specially Observation of Investigator about number of sale per associated with cleanliness, general sanitation, persons day any particular reli­ ventilation of rooms, standard of normally gious, linguistic, furniture, amenities available etc. served caste or community per day group 2 3 4 5 Category I 2 300 Rs.200.00 No Both these tea-stalls are one each in Civil and Government Bus Category II Stop. These are well maintained, clean, well furnished and good Category III stuff is available and service too is prompt. 98

Table 18-coneld.

C (I) S~t ~

Location Estimated number Rules and arrangements for issue of license and general IlUpervision of sanitation 2 3

Sopore town 3 Licenae for sweet-meat shops is ~ by Town Area Committee at a yearly fee of RI. 3.00 per shop

(Ii) Particalars of the shops, representing three aategories by' range of price. Number Approximate Whether specially Remarks including arrangemeni of issue sale per associated with of license and general supervision day any particular reli- of sanitation gious, linguistic caste or community group 2 3 4

Category I 2 RI. 70.00 No As mentioned above, general super­ vision of cleanliness and sanitation is Category II Its. 25.00 No done by the Sanitary Inspector, Town Area Committee Category III

SOURCE-Personal observatiOQl of . the Investigator. . 99

Table 19

Particulars of trade aild commerce and estabUshments connected with the same . including co-operative societies, super markets, etc.

Level (Dis1ributive Type of Approxi­ Estimated Area where Religious, Appr. Places A general Remarks agency/wholesale, establish- mate number mainly linguistic volume from statement retail) ment in number of workers concentrated or caste of trade where on consu- broad cate­ group as esti- the men and gories with mainly mated commo- areas where reference to associated from dities commodities commodities with the sales are are Bold dealt with trade or tax/ mainly commerce income obtained tax records 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Category I N.A., N.A. Bazar-i-Kalan N.A. N.A. A general statement about I Khushal Matoo, the import of various com­ Category II .. )­ 1,250 Baba Yousof modities and consumers has I .. Adda Sopore .. been provided in the Category III J Sabzi M8ndi Survey Report. Main Bazar Bazar Khurud .. .. Jamia Qadim Chhan Khan, Arampora Shah Abad Hathi Shah Khanqah Now Hamam

SOURCE-Chairman, Town Area Committee, Sopore. 100

Table 20 ParticaJan of faetorlft aIld lad•• trial

S.No. Name of factory/industry/mill Type with Location e.g. Town/ Appr. reference to the cen tre/residential/ acreage main product commercial/adminis­ under the trative/industrial. establish- (b) Periphery .ment Industrial estate/ area unplanned haphazard growth/others

2 3 4 5

I. Sama Products Private Ltd., Sopore Canning of fruit and Commercial 5 acres vegetable 2. Samad Saw Mills, Sopore Sawing of timber -do- iaere

3. United Oil Flour Mills, Sopore Flour and oil -do- I acre 4. Satar Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do-

5. Khandy Saw Milb, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- i acre 6. Soya Saw Mills, SOPOR Sawing of timber -do- -do­ 7. Dar Saw Mills, Sopore· Fruit boxes .-do­ l acre 8. Ab. Rahim Kharoo Saw Mills -do- -do- -do- 9. Band Saw and Rice Mill, Arampura, Fruit boxes and rice -do- 1/16 acre Sopore husking 10. Popular Saw Mills, Arampur, Soporc Fruit boxes -do- t acre 11. Gh. Ahmed Najar, Saw MiIII, -do- -do- t acre Chhankhan, Sopore. 12. Gh. Mohd. Najar, Saw Mills, SOPOR -do- -do- t acre 19. Gh. Mohd Garhanzoo -do- -do- -do-

14. Gh. Mohd. Dar -do- -do- I acre 15. Ali Mohd. Rah Kralteng, Sopore -do- -do- i acre 16. Abdul Khaliq, Untoo, Muslimpeer -do- -do- i acre 17. Mohd. Ramzan, Mata Baba Yousuf, Sopore -do- -do- l acre 18. Gh. Mohd. Panzoo, Dogli Teng, Sopore -do- -do- t acre 19. Mohd Mathanji, Dogli Teng -do- -do- I acre 20. Bulla Brothers, Dogli Teng, Sopore Fruit boxes and sawing -do- t acre of timber

21. Bashir Ahmed Mahir. Aishipore, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- -do- 101

.ubu.bmeaQ of dUFereat type aad sUe

Appr. number of penonnel employed Appr. out-put during Particulars Problems Manner Remarks r------...... ------"""'1 1967-68 of housing for of industrial and Adminis. Skilled Un-skilled ,----.10.----"""'1 the industrial relations, problem of native and Volume Value in labour if any t!a:~ of supervisory (Rs_, ' ustrial wuteand aUBuent

6. 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14-

8 6 23 90 tons 180,000 Nil Nil Local Small scale transport 5 9 40 2,24,000 1,12,000 One house of 4 cu. ft_ rooms provided -" to the labour

4 2 15 1,10,000 nub_ N-A- Nil Nil Labour Nil 3 3 12,000 cu. ft_ 6,000 Sold as fuel to the local people 4: 4- .9 50,000 cu_ ft_ 25.000 .. 6 10 60,000 cu. ft. 32,000 It It .. 2 3 12,000 boxes 24,000 3,000 6,000 2 " 2 6,000 12,000+ .. 5,000 .. 20,000 .. 40,000 .. 2 10,500 21,000 " 4- 12,000 .. 24,000 2 5 15,000 30,000 " 3 4- 18,000 .. 36000 .. 2 10,000 20,000 " " .. 2 3 15,000 .. 31,000 .. 3 4- 20,000 .. 35,000 25,000 .. 4.5,000 .. 2 5 18,000 .. 35,000 2 4 20,000 60,000 Sale to the and 30,000 .. local people cu. ft. of timber 2 3 20,000 boxetl 40,300 ......

SOURCE-Concemed factorietl. mills etc. 102

Table 21(1) EmplO)'lllea.t :£schaap A. ORGANISATIONAL PARTICULARS Location Year of Establishment Jurisdiction Remarks 1 2 S 4

B. Live Register as

Educational QJ.ialification ,-______Number registered Jo.. during the year___ -. Scheduled Castes (SC) Scheduled Tribe (ST) Others ,-__.A.._---, ,--___....._ ___ -.,-- __ .A..~ Males Females Males Females Males Females

2 4 5 6 7

1. Illiterate- 941 2. Under Matric (a> Vocatioruii trained· (b) Untrained 90 S. Matric- ea) With technical training 6 (b) Without technical training 89 4. Degree Holders (a> Arts (b) Science 1 (c) Medicine (d) Engineering (e) Agriculture 2 (f> Others (.pec;ify) 5. Others (specify) lOS

oa 31·12·1967

Placement during the year No. as on Live Register as on 31-12-1967 Remarks ,------..... ------, r------..... ------, Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Others Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Others ,---..... ------. ,---..... ---, r-...... ------. r--~-, ,---..... ------. ,....-..... ---, Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20

71 600 104

Table 21 (I)--ctm<I. c. Plac:emeat DetaIIB

For the year 1967 For the year 1967 Occupational category vacancies 'notified vacancies filled Remarks r- _____-Jo. ____ ---. ,------.....------. Reserved Others Reserved Others ,-----_....._.-~ ---_.....---.. --. Sc:heduled Sc:hedu1ed Scheduled Scheduled Caste Tribe Caste Tribe 2 3' 4 561 8

i) Professional and technical ii) Achninistrative and executive iii) Clerical, sales, etc. 10 4 iv) Agricultural v) Miners, Quarrymen vi) Transport &. communication 7 vii) Craftsmen and production proee88 workers 54 15 viii) Service workers (Cooks, Chowkidan etc.) -w 14 ill) Labourer. not elsewhere classified 15 35 x) Others (specify)

Table 21 (II) ProfeaBloaal aad Private PractidODer8

Number Un-registered Remarks registered (estimate) 1 2 Lawyer Allopathic doctor Homeopathic doctor Unani Hakim Ayurvedic doctor Architect/Engineerl Overseer/ Draftsman ... Others (specify)

SOURCE-District Employment Officer, BaramulJa. 105 Table 22

Type Nwnber License fee Remarb r- Per Total Total collected vehicle due during 1967-68 2 3 4- 5 6 (Rs.) (Ra.) (Ra.) A. Motor Vehiclea I. Bus

2. Truck Vehicles are to be z:egiatered at 3. Car Srinagar. 4. Taxi 5. Tempo 6. Jeep 7. Scooter/Motor cycle and combinations " 8. Auto Rikshaw

B. Otbe2' tb_ MotO'l' V.hiclea 9. Cycle 300 1.25 315.00 375.00 10. Manpulled Rikshaw

11. Animal driven vehicle (Tongas) 497 7.25 N.A~ 12. Others (specify)

Boats for transport N.A. No tax is being levied on these.

SOURCE-Chairman Town Area Coinmittee, Sopore. 106

Table 23 Traautport

(0) Effective atrength

(h) City has lHII'Viee, if a.,. Roa.te if 110, pa•• eagers No

Name of route Length Frequency of Number or Agency Number of Remarb in- bus lervice buaea running passengers duding whether on the plying the aer- during crowding is Iittle/ route vice 1967-68 much/very much duririg the diffe- rent hours or the day 2 3 4 5 6 7

(e) Placea oaulde tile limit of.the towa/dty covered by dty ha.. service I

Name of Distance from Whether village Frequency of Appr. number Remarks ,including the ter­ the periphery or town &t also service of passengen whether crowding is minus of the town its .broad fimc­ during little/much/very place tional category 1967-68 much during the (e.g., is it a mar­ different hours of ket place, office the day area, industrial ceotre. etc.) 1 2 5 6

NIL 101

Table2~.

(d) Rural areas connected by bas service I

Name of Distance from Frequency of No. of Remarks including the ter­ the priphery service passengers whether the route minus of of the town carried is originating from the rouie during the town or passing 1967-68 through the town and whether crow­ ding is little/much! very much during the different hoUD of the day 2 3 4 5

1. Sopore-Bandipora 19 miles 19 2,40,225 . Originating from Sopore 2. Wilgam 32 miles 2 21,500 and Srinagar. Morning 3. Tujar 9 miles 5 70,000 and evening crowding, 4. .. Dangawacha 10 miles 5 1,43,700 little traffic 12 Noon 5. Handwara 16 miles 7 1,29,320 to 2 P.M. 6. Handwara 18 miles 3 72,000 via Baramulla 7. .. Rohama 9 miles 3 3,600 8. Sogamlal)f)ril 37 miles 6 3,87,600 9. Kupwara 24 miles 3 72,000 10. .." Lalpulwari 51 miles 1 18,000 11. .. Wadoora 27 miles 2 21,600

(e) Distant towns connected by bus service z

Name of the Distance in Frequency of No. of Remarks including whether terminus oC miles service passengers the route is originating the route carried Crom the town or pass.ing during through the town and 1967-68 whether crowding is little/much/very much during the different hours oC the day 2 3 4- 5

1. Srinagar 30 miles 24- 62,25,600 Originating from .the town. 2. Baramulla 10 miles 22 1,67,225 lOS Table 29...... ,.,. (I) Loea1 taoam.. Nil

(g) Local dUtaDce traln service I Nil

(h) No. of raOway ticketa collected at the station elaring 1967·68. Nil

(i) Particulars of air flights to anel from loea! airport : Nil

Route Frequency Whether originating from the town UDder study or passing through it 2 3 4 • (J) (i) No. of air pu&eDlen that came to the place by air : Nil

(Ii) No. of passea.prs going O1lt of the place by air darlag 1967·68: Nil

SOURCE:-Managen Govt. Transport Sopore and Private Compa­ nies, Sopore.

(k) Particalars of tramc by water way I

Nature of the Nature or Frequency No. or passengers No. or passengers Remarks water way Transport Coming down going out during during 1967-68 1967-68 2 3 4 5 6

River Jhelum Boa.. 30· 1,000 1,000

SOURCE-Chairman Town Area Committee, Sopore. lQ9 Table 2S-concld. (1) . Traa8port or· colDlilodlde8 .

Mew Total quintals Important commodities Total quintals Important commodities Remarb oC· oC export/sent exported/sent to imported/ importedfbrought to transport from town r-- brought to town dur~967-68 during Name Place where lent town during ,_ ~ 1967-68 outside the town 1967-68 Name Place from where brought to town during 1967-68 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Government 92,288.61 Fruit I. Srinagar N.A. N.A. N.A. trucks 2. Jammu 3. Pathankote 4. Amritaar 5. Delhi Civil tmcb 75,711.39 Fruit -do- N.A. N.A. N.A. Government 4,00,000 Timber l. Srinagar _ N.A. N.A. N.A. and civil eft. 2. Jammu trucks 3. PathaDkote Boats 74,074.00 Timber, 1. Srinagar 1,11,111 Cloth, tea leaves Srinagar, Fire-wood 2. Baramu1la tin, Itones, brick., Kupwara, Fruita clay, pubes, oill, Bandipora, Grains meat BaramuUa Fish

SOURCE:-Managen Govt. and Private Transports, Sopore.

Road aceicleD.t. during 1967-68

Nature of accident ,_ Number Remarb Fatal Non-fatal 2 3 4

By truck or other vehicle 2 7

SOURCE-Deputy Superintendent Police, Sopore. 110"

Table 24 COMM1JlIIfJCATlON

Name of the Postal No. sold during Total sale Remarkl post office ltalioner}' 1967-68 proceeda . during 1967-68 .2 3 4 5

Post carda 1,510 151.00 blaDd coven 2,304- 345.60 Envelopes 1,054 210.80 Stamps 198.00

(b) Receipt aad issGe of telegrams

Number. received during 1967-68 7,213 Number iDued during 1967-68 5,470

SOURCE:-Sub-Poat-master, Post Office, Sopore.

(c) P.rtlcuIara .boa.t telephoDe8

No. of Ratea . No. of No. of Whether the No. of Total Remarks connec- local calla trunk calla Exchange is public tele- revenue lions during dur~ automatic or phone during 1967-68 1967 manually ope- bootha 1967-68 rated or other- wise 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

150 RI. 250 P.A. 1,19,227 25,911 Automatic 4 N.A. The Exchange has up to 19.7.67 been 'converted and Ra. 300/- from C.B. type to P. A. from automatic 1 a I t 20.7.1967 year in the month April, 1967.

SOURCE:-(i) Phone inspector Sopore. (ii) Incharge telephone revenue unit, Srinagar Division. 111

Table 24-concld. (d) Receipt of 1Il0ll8)' order a (i) Money order received during 1967-68 : Number Amount From within the same district From within the same State 1, From other districts within the same State "~ 1,818 RI. 1,43,185.58 I From within India other States (specify the States) I From countries outside India (specify cOUlltries) J (ii) Money order issued during 1967-68 ") Rural areas within the same district )- 5,322 RI. 3,82,637.07 Urban areas within the same district I " I Rurala reas in other districts within the same State J "(e) No. of radio HCeDSe8 issued in the town during 1967-68. 689

SOURCE-Sub-Postmaster, Post Office, Sopore.

(t) Newspapers, jou.ruals and periodicals by type in circulation in the town I

Daily Weekly Monthly Others Remarb ,-----"- ,---_.A.__ --, ,-___.A. ___"""I ,--__ .A.-__-. Language No. of No. in No. of No. in No. of No. in No. of No. in papers circulation papers circulation papers circulation papers circulation 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10

English 5 175 5 145 6 100 Urdu 8 625 6 180 8 175

SOURCE-Personal inquiries and observations of the Investigator. 112

Table ·-25 (a> MarketiDg Special particulars about marketing

Name of the market Type of shop, Appr. number Peak season Particular Hour of Remarks including establishment for sale days of the mar- commodities for and ware-house year, month keting which the market with reference or week when is ~rticularly to the main sale goes up repUted and commodities also whether it dealt with is a regulated market· 2 3 5 6 7

1. Main Bazar Refer Survey Report 1.600 2. Bazar-i-Khurud 2.250 1 ~ Summer & dune to 9 a.m. to "lefer Swvey 3. Chhanakhan Bazar 3.150 I Autumn ctober Sp.m. !;teport " I 4. Aarampora Bazar 4.175 J 5. Sabzi Mandi 5.60 buly to ecember

SOURCE-Chairman Town Area COIIlmittee, Sopore.

(b) Special pardcularB about supply of vegetables, eggs, meat, fish, :milk, fuel wood, etc.

Name of commodity Approximate Areas from where obtained Method of Particulan Particulan Remarks daily sale and mileage of the transport of operation of ware­ area situated at of middlemen, house maximum distance if any facilities 2 2 4- 5 6 7

Eggs ) 75 dozen Lolab valley, Chowkibal, Tongas, Refer Survey , Bandipora, Gurez, Hand- Raidas, Report. Sheep, goats, )- 600 kga. wara, Langet, Rafiabad, Trucks and chickens ,. Handwara. and for meat J Boats Fish 15 quintals Wular Lake Milk 12 mda. Tarazua. Haigam, Watlab. Zaingir, Seer, Doabgah.

SOURCE-Chairlllan Town Area Committee, Sopore. ·113

Table 25-eontd.

(e) Pardealara about banks/credit' eo.operadve. sociedes

Type Number No. of depositors Nature of transaction Volume of transac- r------.A.----"'" tion during 1967-68 Fixed Savings Current deposit 2 S 4 5 6 7

Large lized 20 Advancement of loan N.A. against agricultural produce i.e. paddy and fruits, pulses. Small lized 7 Sale of commodities N.A. euential to the life. Service societies 18 Sale of chemical ferti- N.A. lizen and seeds. Co-operative Bank 4'2 62 Disbursement of loans Rs. 6,65,000 as loan to the societies was taken by the societies 47 81 As in other banks i) Total amount' deposited =Rs.2,74,339.68 ii) Total amount withdrawn =Rs. 2,9+,263.60 The Jammu and Kaslunir Bank Ltd. 80 260 596 As in other banks Rs. 28,83,298.97

~2 Credit co-operauve societies have their accounts in the Central Co-operative Bank Ltd., Sopore so against number of depositors instead and individuals the number of co-operative societies have been given. tIndividuai Depositors.

SOURCE-Manager Jammu Be Kashmir Bank Ltd., Sopore, and Assistant Registrar, Co-operatives, Sopore. ?II4

Table 25-c0ntd.

(d) Mcmey 10IUlet'S i'egistered-1IDder -Mo~ --Lea~ Act

Number Transaction during 1967-68 Remark. ,-----,------...... ------~ Nature Amount .. 0' 2 S 4

No registered 1D0Dey lemieu are CUD~tiOniog in the area. -

(e) Particalar. aboat do.estie animal. and livestock

Type - '-Number Registration Cor Remarks

; .... \ 1;' Bun. - -1,159 -

2. Milching ~OWB 2,305 3. .ooata 108 4. Sheep 527 5. Honet 93 6. Mulea 28 7. Cocks and hem 2,534 8. Ducb 241 9. Other binD 117

SOURCE-Tehsildar, Sopore. 115

Table 25-etmc14.

(l) Problem, If aDY, created by stray animal.

Type Nature of problem 2

No~

SOURCE-Tebaidar. Sopore. 116

Table 26 Spedal pardealan oa COIIUD1ltadoa to aacJ from

Name of one village at a distance of Appr, Predominant Approximate No. ofpel'lODJ By 3 miles, 6 miles, 9 miles and 12 population economy commuting to the. town miles on each transport line, waterway ,------A.-----"""I ,-__..A. __ """I going out of the town if there is By Foot By Cycle By Bua Train Other another town within the above and other' means distance cticulars of the same also automobile Tonga will ve to be furnished

2 .. 5 6 7 ·8 3 mil••

I. SangrlUDa Sopore-Baramulla 885 i) Cultivation 25 5 10 15 route ii) Orchards See10 Sopore-Handwara 1,435 i). Cultivation 15 6 20 29 route i1) Orchards Adipora Sopore~Bandipora 1,181 i) Cultivation 14 .. S 6 route, Sopore Wular ii) Orchards Lake iii) Labour Tarazua Sopore-Haigam 2,403 i) Cultivation 12 6 20 route ii) Orchards iii) Shopkeeping Seerjagir S?pore-Baramul1a by 2,676 i) Cultivation 10 3 22 rIver ii) Orchards iii) Fishery Saidapora Sopore-Hardoshiva 787 i) Cultivation 9 3 IS route ii) Orchards Ribbon Sopore-Robama 1,529 iJ Cultivation 8 6 13 10 route ii Orchards 6 mil. Watalab Sopore-Bandipora 963 i) Cultivation 20 16 route ii} Orchards Hardoshiva Sopore-Hardoshiva 2,483 i) Cultivation 6 7 8 10 route ii). Orchards iiI) Labour Wadoora Sopore - Handwara 1,133 i) Cultivation 5 10 8 route ii) Orchards Bw,am Sopore-Srinagar 627 i) Cultivation 2 8 8 route, Bopore-Hai- ii) Orchards gam-route 11.7

the tow. (OD the bam 01 .tad), ia .dJagea)

For Other Appr. No. or penons commuting For Remarks r- ..... reasons rrom the town Sale r- Sale or Ser- Private Edu- ~--~ or Ser- Pri- Edu- Other goods vice pro- cation By By By By By goods vice vate cation reuons ression Foot Cycle Bus Train other pro- and means ression other Tonga auto- mobile 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 f7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

5 35 5 10 15 5 10 8 6 5 27

6 18 8 38 10 5 13 21 9 4 7 29

6 3 8 6 5 7 8 6 3 4 11

9 6 7 8 8 15 6 9 4 18

11 6 5 9 25 6 13 8 2 10 24

3 4 6 3 9 7 2 11 4- 3 10

6 4- 9 8 10 4 6 10 12 8 4- 8 12

6 8 15 2 6 11 15 8 3 11

5 4 6 3 13 6 4 10 7 10

4 7 5 10 2 6 20

2 5 . 4- 4 6 10 11 2 10 15 118

Table 26-amcld. Spedal partlcuJan 0. COIIUIl.tadoD to aad fl'OlD

Name of one village at a distance of Appr. Predominant Approximate No. ofperaoua By Smiles, 6 miles, 9 miles and 12 population economy commuting to the town miles on each transport line, waterway r- - .... r---'---.... going out of the town if there is By Foot By Cycle.!l Bus Train Other another town within the above other means distance particulars of the same also automobile Tcmga will have to be furnished

2 S 4 5 6 7 8

Jaoawara Sopore-Wular Lake 809 i) Cultivat ion 10 12 8 route ii) Orchards 9 mIleti Ish.tingo Sopore-Bandipora 1,822 i~ Cultivation 17 .. 6 route ii Orchards iii) Service Baramullo town Sopore-Baramulla 29,744- i) Shopkeeping IS 260 40 route ii) Fruit and other contractors iii) Labour iv) Gov.t. and private JerVlce

Rohama Sopore-Rohama 2,389 i) Cultivation 20 .. route ii) Orchards 12 mIl_ Pattan Sopore-Srinagar 4,896 i) Cultivation 11 route ii). Orchards in) Shopkeeping iv) Private and Govenunent Ser- vice Maidan- Chaugal Sopore-Handwara 1,835 i) Cultivation 17 7 route ii) Orchards iii) Labour

109 64- 429 222 .llS

For Other Appr. No. of persons commuting For Remarks r----Jo.---"""' reasons from the town '. Sale ,------"-- Sale of Ser- Private Edu- r------Jo.------, of Ser- Pri- Edu- Other goods vice pro- cation By By By By By goods vice vate cation reasons Cession Foot Cycle Bus Train other pro- and means fession other Tonga auto- mobile 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24- ... "

., ... 3 5 6 17 5 10 12 6 3 4 14

4 5 2 4 8 5 40 10 8 47

8 20 60 20 207 12 340 32 10 18 47 309

4 11 9 15 6 2 6 13

4 4 2 12 5 2 s 2

5 5 6 5 14 3 3 2 6

81 80 200 97 386 81 71 551 188 93 51 129 40 578

SOURCE- Personal observations of the Investigator. -120

Table 27 Special pardealan about baportallt volmatary orga.... adOlUl baclacIIDg club.,

Name Location When Member established ,... -Jo..- .., Number Basis of membership Whether mainly associated with . particular caste or community/occupation group/other interest group 2 3 4 5 6

New Fruit Dealen and Sopore town 1967 10 Grower or dealer in fruit Occupational group Growen Association or both

The Kashmir Fruit Growers Sopore town 1948-49 85 Grower or dealer in Aasociation tiuit or both

Mill Ownen welfare AlaOo Sopore town 1956 62 Member Ihould be a Mill dation Owner (Saw Mill or grinder or husking mill)

Driven and CleaDen Auo- Sopore town May,l966 209 Member Ihoulc:l be either dation a driver or cleaner or booking clerk or trana­ port mechanic

Co-operative Transport Sopore town Nov.,l966 41 Driven or cleaners with Worken Society Ltd.. more than 5 yean es­ peri-

Private Employees Union Sopore town June, 1968 100 Private employees other than Govemment emplo­ yees 121 libraries, private educational sodeties, caste or community assOciations etc.

Aims aud objecta Nature of activity Social reform or Area of Quantitative Working social change if operation, index of hours for any promoted including various types various types by the organi­ plans outside of activities of activities sation the town

7 8 9 10 11 12

i) To remove various Association forwards Baramulla N.A. difficulties in fruit the fruit boxes of its District business members to various ii} To find marketa markets and gets for fruit supply commission on the iii) To look after same. orchards and nur­ series

i) UplifUnent of the Association geta loan Sopore N.A. fruit industry from the Govt. and tehsil ii) Fruit protection forwards to their devices members at 1% more iii) To find marketa interest which is cre­ for the. fruit supply dited to the funds and to arrange of the Association. transportation AIao the Association exports fruit boxes of its members within and outside the State.

Welfare of the Mill Sopore N.A. owners and to fight· tehsil for common causes

i) To look after the Pay of Driver Sopore Formed a co­ Under consi~ interests of drivers has increased tehsil operative trans­ deration and cleaners from Rs. 60/- or port union for ii) To check the high Rs. 70/- to Rs. the upliftment handedness of 150/- or Rs. of the members vehicle owners. 200/- To recon­ cile the minor disputes.

Upliftment of the At present co-ope­ Sopore Under consi­ community and to rative has three trucka tehsil deration b"ave their own trans­ (two on long routes port vehicles and one local) of their own.

To find some other To look after the in­ Sopore Under consi­ employment poten­ terests of the emplo­ tehsil deration· tial for the class yees. as _ a subs idiary source of income 122 Table 27-&M1d. Special pardeular. about importaat vol_tary orpaiaatio.s iDclacUag clabs,

Name If there iI an attached library ------, Finance by main IOurce Type of boob Appr. Average Rate of subs­ (fiction. number cription or/and drama, child­ other payment ren'sstory of various book, bio- service graphy. poli- tiCaf literature, econOtnic and lIOCial problem. others. jOUl'llllll, by categoriea) IS 14 15 16 17

New Fruit Dealera aDd MembeDhip fee 'RI. 1110/-. Gi'owera Auociation Commission per case of fruit 0.10 paiIe

The KuIuDir Fruit Growers Membership' fee RI.151/-• & DeaIen Aaoc:iation . '·Commission per case of fruit 0.04 paise. One perceIIt interest on Government loan

Membership fee RI. 10/- and Rs. S/- monthly subscription

Driven and Cleanen Office has got a reading room where local papers Monthly-subscription for dri- AIIociation are available ven etc. RI. 51- per month and for deanen RI. 2.50 per month. Monthly subacriptiODl totalRl. 7,827.48 (income)

Co-operative Transport Rs. 250/- as membership Worken Society Ltd. fee. Total income for the year 1966-67 RI. +.!I05/- and f01' the year 1967-68 RI. 5,699/­ Govemmen t share RI. 50,000/- financed by co­ operative bank RI.69,OOO/-

Private &nployeea Union RI. S/- membership fee and subscription Ri. 2/- per month. Total amount RI. 400/- 123

Ubraries, private __catiow societies, caste or comm.1IDity associations etc.-contd.

Expenditure by main If affiliated to If having Remarks . items any social, branches, political, cultural, particulars religioUli or other of the same types of organi­ sation, particulars of the same

18 19 20 21

N.A. No accounts have been maintained by the AEsociation upto this time. The Association separated in the year 1967 from the other Association namely the Kashmir Fruit Dealers lit Growers Association.

N.A. The Association is not in a position to show their accounts due to certain difficulties •

. N.A. Items of recurring expendi­ ture are one peon and purchaaing of stationery

RI. 5,723.92 One clerk, one peon and office rent. (Exp.)

Cost of two vehicles RI. There are three types of members in the 96,000/- Insurance charges Society. A class member has to subscribe RI. 3,100/- deposit with Rs. ·1,000, B class member Rs. 500/- and C co-operative bank RI. .class member RI. 250/-. B and C class 3,115/-. Registration and members have to pay the rest of amOWlt other purchases RI.2,OOO/- slowly so as to become A Class member.

Ra. 350/- Central Labour One office clerk is functioning there. There are Union, . no fixed hours for la bour work especially Srinagar in hotels, cinema or in fruit areas. 124

Table 27-eontd.

Special particulars about imPO~Dt voluntary orgaaisatioDS iacludlng clubs,

Name Location When Member established r------J--- ~ Number Basis of membership Whether mainly associated with particular caste or community /occupation group/other interest group 2 3 4 5 6

Private Mazdoor Union Sopore town May, 1968 175 Road labourer on daily Occupational group wages. Mill worken and other labouren

ADi::-e-Behboodi Kiraya- Sopore town Dec., 1965 600 Member should be a lDterest group tenant

AD J & K KiIlUl CoDference Sopore town May,l968 60 A member should be a Occupational group cultivator

Tailon Uiliou Sopol"e town Sept., 1964 200 Member should be a tallor 125

libraries, private educ:ational soc:ieties, 'c:aste or c:omm.umty assodatiollS etc:.-contd.

Aims and objects Nature of activity Social reform or Area of Quantitative Working social change if operation, index of hounfor any promoted including various types various types by the organi- plans outside of activities of activities sation the town

i 8 9 10 II 12

i) To fix the labour To fight for the cause For the cause Sopore Refer Eighthoun wages of the labouren and of social uplift town Col. 10 a day ii) Hours of work their interests. of the labourers they have hel­ ped in various ways i. e. for marriages, spe­ cial occaaiona and house cons­ tructions, volun· tary contribu­ tions have been raised for hel­ ping the labou­ reno Interest free loans are provided by the Union pay­ able in eBlY instalment. To fix up the rent, to The Anjman has Misbehaviour of Sopore BA.M. taB lee the interests of decided that no owner owners of va­ town P. M. BI various tenants, e.g. should be allowed to rious shops was ordered by no landlord or owner compel any tenant checked and no Govt. should tease any to leave the shop. double locking tenant. Rent Control In caae it happens of shops or Ordinance should be the Anjaman inter­ other under implemented in venes and setdes the hand means Sopore town area matter. . were allowed also. to happen. Land to tillen, Plll!­ Helping the cultiva­ AboliShing of 300 villages Two meetings turea should not be ton in reIUoving dowery system of tehsil in a month unneceasarily used by differences and dis­ and avoiding Sopore and to discuss town people, to putes, avoiding liti­ divorce, BI far Handwara various issues penue children for gation. BI possible. facing the education, other villagers. facilities be given to villagen BI provided to town people. To help the brother­ Reconciliation of dis­ Sopore Mter every hood, to get acholar­ putes among the town three months ships for their child­ members. one meeting ren. To help in is held. getting the employ­ ment for educated penonll in the com­ mUDity. Every mem­ ber should have a house to live in. 126

Table 27 -contd. Speclal particulars about im.portant voluntary organisations including clubs,

Name ,...______If there is an .A. attached ______library ----, Finance by main Bource Type of books Appr. Average Rate of subs- (fiction, number cription orland drama, child- other payment ren's story of varIous book, bio- service graphy. poli- tical literature, economic and social problem, others, journals, by categories) 13 14 15 16 17

Private Mazdoor Union Local newspapers are purchased for keeping in the RI. 3/- per month. office room RI. 1,600/-

AnJ:.:-e.Behboodi Kiraya- Re. 1/- per month or-iI(j depending on the member. RI. 1,500/-

All J & K KUan Conference lU. 11/- per year and volWl­ tary payments RI. 3,000/-

Tailors Union Re. 1/- membership. Rs. 75/- • 127

Bbraries, pzoivate ecIacatioaal socleties, caste or' commmdty aaaodatioas etc.-contd.

&;penditure by main If affiliated to If having items any social, branches , political, cultural, Jl&l'ticulan religious or other of the same types of orgaoi­ lation, particulan oftheaame

18 19 20 21

RI.900/- Items of expenditure :­ One ofIice clerk, one peon and purchase of stationery.

Ra. 1,200/- The Anjman desire. that lome new markea lIhould be let up 10 that the demand of new ahopa may be ltablized in the market. Rent which i. inc:reaaiDg day by day may also be checked.

RI. 260/- per month, one National clerk, one peon and pur­ Congress c;hue 0{ ltationery

Ra. 30/- 128 Table 27 - Spedal pardcalar. about Important voluntary orgamsatiODs includiDg clubs,

Name Location When ,-______Member--A. established Number Baaia Qf membenhip Whether mainly"""' associated with particular caste or community/occupation grouplothet interest group 2 3- -4 5 6

Tonga Drivers Association Sopore town 1963 800 Tonga or cart driver Occupational group

Anjman Zargaran Sopore town 1954 64 Member should be a gold or silversmith. Member­ ship fee Re. 0.25 per year and subscription Re. 0.50

New Kashmir Carpenters Sopore town 1968 250 One must be a carpenter. Association Membership fee Re. 0.25.

Oil Mill Industrial Co- Sopore town 1962 39 Oil Kolhu Owners. Mem- operative Society Limited bership fee Rs. 12.50 and 0.10 paise per kg. on oil sale ia also -credited to the Society.

Anjman-e-Teelian Sopore town 1955 100 Oil extractors and stollers families

Anjman HaJaman Sopore town 1966 15 Member should be a barber. Membership fee 0.25 paise per month 129

Ubrar:les, private educatioDal societies, ~te or comm:aDity associatiODs etc.-contd.

Aims aDd objects Nature of activity Social reCorm or Area of Quantitative Working social change if operation, index of hours Cor any promoted including various types various types by the organi­ plans outside oC activities oC activities sation the town

7 8 9 10 11 12

To fix the routes Union help at the To look after Sopore and the rates time of accidents. the interests of tehsil various mem- bers. .

To look after the in­ After Gold Control Delegations meet Sopore Gold and silver terests of the commu­ Act, the unemploy­ the Govt. and tehsil smiths who mi­ nity ment thus caused got loans at grated due to should be removed. Rs. 1,0001- for Gold Control each Camily. Act were hel­ Some of their ped by the children were Anjman. Six provided Govt. Camilies were service. Anj­ also rehabilita­ man is helping ted who had the needy mem­ migrated out- bers financially. side. To help .the commu­ Sopore Twe meet­ nity and to fight Cor tehsil tings are their common causes held in a and provide work week. Wor­ Cor the carpeDtera. king hours 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. in­ cluding one hour lunch break.

To work jointly Cor Society purchues oil­ Sopore helping the brother­ seeds on, wholesale town hood. rate and provides it to various· kolhus on wages and gets back oil and residue and sell it on a shop situated in Sopore town. The total income oC the So­ ciety is being utilized in the expansion of the industry.

Upliftment of the couununity.

Upliftment oC the community and to lolve their day to day prob1emt. 130

Table 27 -timId. Special partlealars aboat u..portant volantary orgaDisatioJls mdading dabs,

Name If there is an attached library Finance by main source ,__---- -.A. ______--, Type of books Appr. Average Rate of subs- (fiction, number cription orland drama, child- other payinent ren's story of various book, bio- service graphy, poli- ticall iterature, economic and social problem, others, journals, by categories) 13 14 15 16 17

Temp Drivers Auociation

Anjmao Zargaran Ra. 54/-

New Kaahmir Carpenters Union

Oil Mill Industrial Co­ RI.4187.5O operative Society Membetshipa and income from we of oil.

AIljmao-e-Tee1i&D

Anjmao ~BDlIID 'Ra. 133/- lSI libraries, private eclllcatioaal societies, caste or eomm'llllity associatioDs ete.-contd.

Expenditure by main If affiliated to· If having Remarb . items any social, branches, political, cultural, particulars religious or other of the same types of organi­ sation, particulars of the lame

18 19 20 21

R.I. S9/- With the Anjman Zargarau., SriDagar

Carpenten Association, Srinanr. branch ofSriDagar UDiOll

RJ. SO/- per month Items of spenditure are : the pay of one clerk and one chowkidar and pur­ c:lwe of ltationery.

They have no memberllbip lee.

.... If/. 132

Table 27-Cf1Ileld. Spedal pardcular8 about Important volaatary orgaalsadoD8 hac1acling clubs,

Name Location When Member established r- ~--- .... Number Basis of membership Whether mainly associated with particular caste or community/occupation group/other .interest group 2 3 4 5 6

Butchen Union Sopore town 1964- 150 Member should be a Occupational group butcher. Membership fee 0.25 paise.

Mahigiran Alloeiation Sopore town 1918 400 Member should be a fisherman. 133

Hbraries, private eclueadollal societies, _ste or comm.1Udty associadollS etc.--eoneld.

AimI and objects Nature of activity Social reform or Area of Qpantitative Working Bacia! change if operation, index: of hours for any promoted including various types various types by the organi- plans outside of activities of activities sation the town

? 8 9 10 11 12

To help the butchen Sopoce Shop remains in getting the sheep. town open for five Fixing the meat price days in a with . Government week. wor- and to fight for the king hours regular supply of from 8 A. M. meat. to 8 P.M. Close days are Saturdays and Tuesdays. Upliftm.ent of the Sopore tehlil community fixing the price of the fish. 194

Table 27-c"neld. Special particalars about important vol1Ultary orgaaisatioDS iucludiag club.,

Name If there is an attached library Finance by maio source ~------~ ,------Type of books Appr. Average Rate oflubs- (fiction, number cription or/and drama, child- other payment ren's stOry of vlirio\ll 1:)ook, bio- service graphy, poli- tical literature, economic and locial problem, others, journals, by categories) 13 14 15 16 17

Butchers Union Ra. 37.50

11.._1.:":__ AIIoc:iati ~_AU I OD 135

Hbriuies, private edaeadoaal lIOCieties, ea&te or comm1lllity assodatlo.. ete.-coneili.

Expenditure by main If afIiliated to If baviD&' Remarb items any social, branches , political, cultural, particulan religious or other of the lame typeS of organi­ lation, partic:ulan of the same

. 18 19 20 21

RI. 37.50 SriDagar Butchers Union

SOURCE-All Ullicms and AIIociaticms of Sopore TOWIL 136

Table 28 Special particulars .boat poHdcal orgaDillation8 including

Name Location Since when Number Basia of Whether mainly Ainu and objections fun<:tioning membership associated with in the place slip particular caste or community/ occupation group/ interest group 2 3 4 6 7

Naticmal Congresa Soporetown 1965 6,000 i) The number Interest group To assist the Govern­ mould be a ment follower of To look after the Congres. benefits of the peo­ Party and its ple and upliftment principles of the Sopore tOWD ii) Membenhip fee is Re.O.25 Jana Sangh Sopore town 1965 300 i) Any person Party ia afIi- i) Free and impartial who agrees "liated with electioD5, in the with the poli- Alllndia Jana State tical views of Sangh Party ji) To fight for the the party democratic righ ts ii) Membership iii) Social and ~ono­ fee is Re.O.25 mic uplift Swatantra Forwn Sopore town 1967 55 i) Who agrees Party is afIilia­ i) Free and impartial with the ted with All re-elections in the pol i tic a I India Swatan- State views of tra Party ii) Indo-Pak amity the Party iii) Fighting for pre­ ii) Mernberahip vailing Democracy fee Re. 0.25 in the State

National Conference Sopore town 1940 600 i) M e m b e r Concentrated i) To provide various JIlust agree jn 1 lit K State facilities to the with the onfy people principles of ii) J lit K is an integ­ the party ral part of India ii) Re. 0.25 as iii) Party should gain membership maximum power _fee iv) Democracy on Social pattern v) Seculansm

Political Conference Sopore town 19" 3,000 i) Member Concentrated i) To fight for the must be a in whole valley Democratic rights follower of of the people of the princi­ Jilt K State ples of the Party ii) Membership fee is Re. 0.25

Plebiscite Front Sopore town N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N. A­ Awami Action Sopore town N.A. N.A. N.A. N. A. N.A. Committee 137

AD LuUa and Local Political Parties

Nature of Issues on which political actions Number of seats held by Particulars of other overt activity or the taste of politically educa- . the Party in the local power or influence com­ ting the public were concentrated constituencies of Lok manded by the organi­ during 1967-68 and method of Sabba, Vidhan Sabha, sation in the area operation Municipality, other statutary bodies (specify) 8 9 10- 11 12

Political 7-1 public meetings are held One seat taken by the Formation of Drivers and every month Party for Legislative Cleaners Association, Assembly during 1967 assisting Fruit Growers Association in thtl elec­ tion of president, for­ mation of Mazdoor Union.

Working Committee meetings Party contE'Sted elec­ .. are held fortnightly in the tions held last year town and after six months and the member got at district level about 326 votes

Weekly meetings are held .. and fortnightly on tehsil level.

Weekly, fortnightly and Party has contested .. monthly meetings of the elections but failed Party are held to discuss various important issues

Econ'Omical, political and .. Social problems of Kashmir. District level meetings are held monthly and fortnightly at tehsil level.

N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

SOURCE-Goncemed Political Parties. 138

Table 29 Spedal particalars aboat voting behavioar of the population in the to_ daring the last general election held

Political institution of Year when Constituency Remarks which election was held election ,- -"------.., waaheld Name No. of Ethnic Socio-economic No. of votes regd. category class to which polled by each voters to which the voters of the candi- the voten predominandy dates along belong belong with ethnic (S.C., S. T., (upper claIII background othen, middle claIII, of the candi- Hindus, lower c1aas dates and Muslims, according to their party Christians, the standard amliation others) of the town) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Lok5abba March i) Gh. Nabi 26152 Muslims Voters belong to i) 4,434 All, the three 1967 (NatioDaJ. and all the above candidate. Congress) Hindus mentioned contested c1aases for Sopore conatituency ii) Ab. Gani ii) 3,068 Panm (National Conference) iii) Pateh Mohd. iii) 326 Zaki (Jana Sangh) 2. Vidban Sabha 3. MUDicipality 4. Other ltatutory bodies (apecify)

SOURCE-Alaiatant Electoral Registrar, Sopore Constituency. 139

Table 30 PARTICULARS ABOUT THE TRADE UNIONS . (a) Orgau1sational and operational aspect. Name Industry Factory to Category of When Whether Whether Number to which which related workers to established affiliated to under inRuence and related which any All India} of any categories related Regional political of office organiaation party bearers who are Dot labourers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Sopore Transport 27-5-1966 State Central Drivers Labour Union and Cleanen

(a> OrgauisatioDBl and operational .aspectfj-concld. Name Members Memben Issues and History of Other i------Jo- ,______J.,, _____--, problems being conciliation, relevent Number Whether Basis of Appr. percentage of currently dealt arbitration, particulars mainly belong membership workers of the with and gherao, strike to any caste and industry who are method of or lockout or community/ sUbscription members of the dealing with if any, in which operation groupl ,-___..A.. ___-, theBaIne the workers of the other interest Referent Other industry/factory group union rival of plant/opera­ union tional unit was involved during last three years 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1. Sopore 11 All Muslims Person must be No rival . Drivers a driver or wUon and cleaner. He Cleaners has to pay membership fixed by the Union. The member is bound to obey the Union rules and regu­ lation. The honorary or tempora ry member not exceedi ng two, can be appoint e d by the ma­ jority of 2/3 of working committee. (b) Statistical abstracts or disputes Nature of dispute No. settled during 1967-68 No. remaining unsettled during 1967-68 Remarks 1 2 S 4

SOURCE-Labour Commissioner, Srinagar. 140

Table 31 Special particulars about importaDt temples/churclaes etc.

Name When Constructional Associated Devotees -Whether Routine activities established details and myths and associated with r---__,A.------"! description of legends particulars Descrip- Time Appr. No. r-----"----~ r----.;...----"""I tion of visitors Physical Deities and Sect Caste Area structure othet reli- or of the gious or com- institu- sacred ob- munity tion jects and parapher- nalia 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 REFER SURVEY REPORT

Table 31-contd. Spee1al particulars about important- telDplesfchurches etc.-contd.

Name Festivals Functionary and Functionaries and. others r------=.A.------"""I others having special having special roles on ordi­ Name Occa- Time Nature No. of roles on ordinary nary-Remuneration, spe­ sian of visi tors r ____days,.A. _____ """I cial symbols of honour. activity reward etc•• if any Category No. Type of activity or special role 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 REFER SURVEY REPORT

Table 31-concld. SpedaI particulars about iJDportant tem.ples/churches etc.-concld.

Name Functionaries and Manage­ Finance Expendi­ Other parti­ others having special ment and per ture by culars of role, on social control annum main items impor.an<.e occasions r----.A.---"""I ---A. ----"""I Source Appr. Amount Category No. Type of Remuneration, activity special symbols or of honour, re­ .pecial ward etc., role if any 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 so REFER SURVEY REPORT 141

Table S2 Special particulars about fairs, festival including cattle fairs or weekly markets/ Shandis etc.

Whether participants mainly belong to Size of ,....______particular._.A. ______.... ,....____ congregation.A. ___ .... Name Location Occasion Time and Religion Sect Caste or Area Average Approximate duration commu- per day during the nity entire period 2 S 5 6 7 8 9 10

REFER SURVEY REPORT

Table 32 -contd. Special particulars about fairs, festivals including cattle fairs or weekly marketl &handis etc. -contd.

Name Shops and commercial establishments by types of commodities and objects Commercial recreation ___ dealt.A.- with______-.... establishments ,.... r------...... ------.... Commodity Number oC Communi- Places Crom Type Number Salient detaila or object establish- ties to which where dea- ments dealers mainly lers mostly belong come II 12 IS 14 15 16 17

REFER SURVEY REPORT

Table 32- concld. Special particulars about fairs, festivals including cattle fairs or weekly markets! shandis etc.-concld.

Name ,.... ______Religious.A. acti vi ties Amenities Manage- Finance Expendi- Remarks .... provided ment and by ture by main Location Time Nature of Particulars control source iteIllll activity oC functiona- ries 18 19 20 21 22 2S 24 25 26

REFER SURVEY REPORT 142

Table 33 (a) Partica.1ara of cbaema, prof.donal theatre

Particulars of establishment

Name Location When Type of Floor Projection Number of Number Average Total Remarb of estab- building space length leats by rates of shows number sale dnema liahed with refe- of ticketl per days of tickets proceeds rence to and sold Jler during main timings day au- 1967-68 materials of the ring the (in RI.) wed in ume month wall and prace- roof ding the month of lurvey 2 , 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Samad Sopore 1956 Old type, 7S'x3S1' 78' 72@RI. 2.30 2 mows at SOD 26,000.00 The sale. Talkies toWn lime, sand, 84@RI. 1.61 I.SOP. M. increaaed IIUl'khi,ce- 96 @RI. I.S7 &DdS P.M. due to meIlt, G.O.I. 200 @ Re. 0.65 Sundaya , the film IheetI etc. SO @ R.a. I.SO shows at Khana-i­ I.SOP. M. Khuda 4-.S0P. M. and 8.00P. M.

SOURCE-Manager, Samad Talkies, Sopore. 14-3

Table 33 (b)

(I) Partiea1ars or :&Ims shown duriag 1967-68 in cinema halls

Name of Number of Place of Language Theme ~Duration Average No. of Remarks cinema films production of show tickets sold per day during 1967-68 2 3 4 ,5 6 7 8

Sam&d Talkies 88 films Bombay Hindi N.A. 3 hours 367 , during and the year Madras

SOURCE-Manager. Samad Talkies, Sopore.

(il). Particulars or dramas performed duriag 1967·68

Name of theatre Name ofdrama Language Theme Occasion Month and Average Whether Remarks or opera hall of perfor- number of number of artists are roance days when spectators professional performed per day or amateur during the performance 2 !I 4 5 6 7 8 9 No dramas have been perro_med in the town-area during the year 1967-68.

SOURCE-Chairman, Town Area Committee

Table 34 Partic:u1ars or circuses shown in the town

Name Where Time Duration Arrange- Spectator's Average Ticket Particulars State State Remarks of perfor- of ment in aecommo- number rateS ofa few and and dis- circus med perfor- the circus dation of spec- important district trict to mlmce area tatOI'B per perfor- to which which day mance perfor- owner mel'll or mostly ownel'll belong mostly belong 2 9 .. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

SOURCE-Chairman, Town Area Committee 144

Table 35 Particalan of other recreadolUll adivides in the towa. (sports, tounaallleats, lIlusic coDfereace etc.)

Natui"e Brief Where When By whom Category of popula- Category of popula­ Source Remarks of rec- descrip- .organised tion to which perfor- tion to which specta­ of reatioual tion f!:~ mers and active parti- tors/passive partici­ finance activity cipanu mainly belong panu mostly belong (e.g. student, amateur, artist-male; female, etc. 2 S 4, 5 6 7 8 9

The school an d college boys play hockey', foot­ ball and other games, .in a ground near the toWn hall

SOURCE -Chairman, Town Area Committee

Table 36 Towa. Ban

Name Location When established Description of Natui"e of use Other particuIan the structure L 2 S 4 5 6

Townhall Sopore 1956 I Hall Public functiom, town 4 Rooms dramas and I Bathroom any cultural I Latrine programme

SOURCE-Chairman, Town Area Committee. 145

Table 37 Law aDd order, crime ~d defiaDt behaviour

(a) Particulars in respect of each police station, separately

Name Jurisdiction Number of criminal C8!eI Particulars of Other particu­ Remara by type dealt with cases of breach lars of defiant during 1967-68 of law and behaviour order on com- (e.g., Bucide, f;.;----'"" Num~ munal. politi- alcoholism, cal, industrial etc.) relatiom and,-- _.A._~ other grounds Type Number

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Police Station, Sangrama, Gurez, ·147/148/447 30 Refer column Nos. The true copy Sopore Bandip()ra, Kup- R.P.C. 3and4 of the origirial wara, K a rna h. crime state­ Keran. Villagam. ment supplied Handwara and So- by the Deputy pore Superinten­ 279-337/304 A 6 dent of Police, R.P.C. Sopore Divi­ 302 R.P.C. 2 sion, Sopore 304 R.P.C. 1 has been en­ 324/325 R.P.C. 8 closed for refe­ 336 R.P.C. 5 rence. The 341/342 R.P.C. 3 various types 353/332 R.P.C. 5 of criminal 354 R.P.C. 8 cases h _" v e 379/380/381 13 been referred R.P.C. in Col. 3 by 409 R.P.C. 2 yarious Ranbir 420 R.P.C. 1 Penal Cod e 436 A/447 1 Acts as men­ R.P.C. tioned below. 447/448 R.P.C. 17 452 R.P.C. 3 457/380 R.P.C. 9 2/3/E.5. Act. 1 2003 6/F.R.

SOURCE-Deputy Superintendent Police, Sopore. 146

Table S7-cMlld.

Regalado. XU of 1989 hbHshed i. 1933

147 Punishment for rioting. 148 Rioting, armed with deadly weapon. 279 Rash driving or riding on public ways. 502 Punishment for murder. S04 Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder. 504 A Causing death by negligence. 524 Voluntarily cauSiDg hurt by dangerous weapons or means. 525 Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt. 532 Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty. 336 Act endangering life or personal safety of others. 537 Causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others. 341 Punishment for wrongful restraint. 342 Punishment for wrongful confinement. 553 Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from dischar¥ of his duty. 354 Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty. 329 Punishment for theft. !ISO Theft in dwelling house, etc. !lSI Theft by clerk or servant of property in posse,.ion of master. 409 Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent. 420 Cheating and dishonesty inducing delivery of property. 436 ... Mischief by fire or. explosive substance with intent to destroy house etc. 447 Punishment for criminal trespass. 448 Punishment for house trespass. 452 Housetrespass after preparation for hurt, assault .or wrongful restraint. 457 Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by might in order to convict offence punisha­ ble with imprisonment. 147

....

- CO<

..,

_ N

.., I

......

= ....

• , . ..

- - ~ .... - - . 149

Table 37 -contd. (b) Particulars of saits :6.Iecl iD. courts during 1967-68 Number carried Type of Number instituted over from Number Number Remarks case in 1967-68 ,-______before--A. for ending in ending in conviction acquittal more than 1-2 years less than 2 years one year 2 3 i- S 6 7 8 ChaDan 164 16 27 72 23 23 Complaints 377 3 4 83 Mise. 96 2 38

SOURCE-Chief Judicial Magistrate, Sopore.

(c) -Particulars of Borstalschools/Mter care homes etc.

Number of inmates by nature of Name When crime and age-group at die time of Number Number Remarks established first offence rehabilitated reverting to ,- -"-- ~ after release, crime after Nature of Number who at the time- of during last release during crime first offence belonged to three years last three ,-____age-group-Jo.. years Below 12-15 16-18 12 Yrl. yn. yn. 2 3 .. 5 6 7 8 9

SOURCE -Deputy Superintendent Police, Sopore. 150

Table 37~ntd. Cd) Pardculars about prostitution

Locality Nuxnber of registered States and distriC1ll Restriction to Arrangement for Remarks prostitutes to which mainly which subjected medical belong check-up 2 3 5 6

(e) Home for rehabilitatioa of fallea 'WOIDeB ., Actual number of Name When Capacity inmates during Number Scheme Lei!lUl'e Particulars Remarks establiahed with reference 1967-68 by deserted for re- and re- of staff to nuxnber of age-group during habilita- creation manage- inmates that ,------"------. three don ment and can be acco- Below 21-90 31-40 Above year. control mmodated 20 yean yean 40 years years 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

. SOtJRCE-Deputy Superintendent Police, Sopore. 151

i .S

rI.I~ ~! !l.~ .. • ..d 'Self.,.::1 .l! ~ e:rJ ... B CD E-<~ ° °U ." iii'..... II Ii!~B!§!j It) go r~ ., ~ ..CIrli- U ° I ~ 9" SbO rI.I 1jb1l8~ Z e e· ;:.. I .!la ."!; ..CI fl~1 -0 - a I"" j H 10 :II I "( 2 ;:..1;; 8 e ..CII ...,~ .... >-! t ~I~ l..CI .~ e ..... Ij!;~ u !§!Io .. en -III) ez a .. -~"i3 ~ §~'S .; till r::Q - .~ I-0 ., ~ E~ eN -Ol;~ CD - ! 1l8~ ~1." .S I'" ...... ° I -." Ii! I . 11~ co .., s:; IN

i I ~o ~ It') ~ LI~N~ . -..... 11 [" ;:..~ot;l .. il .. •'!:: e t-5 i I 1i..!..CI .. -< r.. eeB .8 e "I:i d-5 a ~ B§ I-! - .~ s.s ~ L~ .., ~ .".. I N ,.. ..d-ii3 C"l ~'j :a ., 13 ~ ~ 152

Table 38 Special pardealars

S.No. Name Location Age of Main housetypes Road Water Lighting Latrine Drai- the Slum and approximate and supply nage number of each com- muni- cation

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 La

1. Khoshal Mattu Sopore town N.A. In the first ten Roads Satis- Satis- 50% houses Lack slums the houses and lanes factory factory have proper have been clustered are mostly latrines drainage together and lack congested . 2. Baha Y ousaf the fundamentals.. " " " " " of hygiene in the " 3. Sangram Pora construction of buildings as well " 4. Batapora as drainage system. "

5. Badhshah Masjid t.

6. Hajaman " 7. Telian .. ..

8. Muslim Peer " 9. Jamia Qadim " " 10. Khanka Mullit " " " ...... 11. Shahabad Temporary hut No proper Inade- Inade- Almost No " " type dwellings rQads and quate quate all houses drain- approach are without age lanes latrines Iystem 12. Maharajpora " " " .. 153

about SI1UDS

Appr. number Caste/communitiea and Main occupation of the Appr. Owner- Scheme Factors Remarks of hoUsehOld religious groups to which Slum dwellers distance ship of if any, responsi­ the Slum dwellers mainly of place Slum for re- ble for belong of occupa- land clama- continua- tions of tion tion of Slum of the the Slum dwellers Slum and rOOa­ hili­ tation of .Slum dwel­ lers 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

N.A. Islam/Shosha, Matto Fried chip sellers and N.A. N.A. N.A. Lack of Refer bakers town Survey planning Report and pro­ Islam/Dar, Mir, Togoo Fishing and business " vision of " limited Islam/Mantoo, Pandith Grocery, gold and budget " silversmithy " " " Hinduism I Bindroo, Government service, Tranzoo, Koul business and shop­ keeping Islam / Gojri, Ganjoo, Milk selling and " Pandith business " " " Islam/Hajaman Hair cutting " " , " Islam I Teeli, Malik, Oil-seed crushing Sheikh and hide selling " " " Islam/DIU, Gojri Fishing

Islam/Wani, Rangrez, Trade and commerce Hakim Islam/Wani, Peer, Hakim Priesthood and busi- ness " Islam/Sheikh Shoe making and scavenging

Islam/Dar, Mana Fishing " " "

SOURCE-Chairman Town Area Committee and personal observations of the Investigator 154

Table 39 Special particalars aboat migratory tribefl or groups visiting the town daring 1967.68 (to be obtained from poUce record)

Name oCthe When From Purpose Duration Number of persons Special useful . Special problem gang/tribe etc. visited where of stay in the gang service if any of law and order r-----~-_.. rendered if any created Males Females 1 2 3 ~ .; 6 7 8 9

SOURCE-Deputy SuperintendeDt Police. Sopore APPENDIX I

TOWN AREA ACT, 2011 (1954 A. D.)

Sec:ti0ll 45 I SaaitatioD Order the setting apart of places where vehicles The Town Area Committe may, by plying for hire may stand; general or special order in writing, pro­ (k) the prohibition of the tethering of vide and, if so advised by the Minister, cattle in any street or public place; shall provide for all or any of the follow­ ing matters within the town area, namely ;- (I) licensing of yards or depots for trade in hay, straw, thatching, grass, wood, (a) the regulation. of offensive callings charcoal or coal, or other dangerously in- or trades; flammable material; . (b) the disposal of corpse by burning (rn) the prevention or removal of any or burial; movable or immovable encroachment over (c) the repair or removal of dangerous any street, drain, sewer or channel and or ruinous buildings; the recovery of the expenses incurred on such prevention or removal or in rectifying (d) the prohibition of the storage of any damage caused to the street, drain, more than a fixed quantity of petroleum sewer or channel by such prevention or and other inflammable articles in any place removal; or building ; (n) regulating the posting of advertise­ (e) the regulation or prohibition of any ments and notice boards, and with the description of traffic; previous sanction of Government; (f) the disposal of mad and stray dogs; (0) the regulation of slaughter houses; (p) the prohibition for reasons of pub­ (g) the cleansing of any filthy building lic health of the use of any place for the or land, and the closing of any building sale of meat without a license granted not fit for human habitation; by the Committee or in contravention of (h) the disinfection of any building or the conditions laid down in the same; article which the Committee may consider (q) the fixing of the conditions subject necessary in order to prevent the spread to which, the circumstance in which and of any infectious or contagious disease ; the areas or localities in respect to which (i) the licensing of premises for manu­ licences for the sale of meat may be granted, facture, preparation for sale or sale of refused, suspended or withdrawn; articles of food or drink, and the regulation (r) the prohibition of brick-kilns and of the transport within the town area of potters kilns in any specified area; articles of food and drink; (s) the licensing of store-houses for any (j) the licensing of vehicles kept or explosive or for petroleum or any inflamma­ plying for hire, the control of traffic, ble oil or spirit; 156

(tl the prohibition of the keeping of (b) the prohibition of the removal or a brothel or the residence of a public ...use .. for drinking purposes of any water prostitute in any specified part of the town; from- any stream, well, tank, spring or (u) the regulation of the erection or other source where such removal or use re-erection of buildings (illcluding the pre­ causes or is likely to - cause disease or vention of the erection or re-erectipn of injury to health, and the prevention of any building for any reason the Govt. such removal or use by the filling in of may deem to be just and sufficient or in any well, tank, spring or. other receptacle pursuance of a general scheme sanctioned or _by any other meth()d· that may be by the .Government restricting the erection collsidered advisable; or re-erection of buildings or any class of (c) the prohibition of the deposit or buildings) ; storage of manure, refuse or other offen­ sive matter in the manner prejudicia;l to (v) the protection of trees; the public health, comfort or convenience; (w) defining the standard weights and (d) the excavation of earth and' the measures to be used in the town filling up of all excavations and depression area and Cor inspection of weights and injurious to health or offensive to the· measures; neighbourhood; (x) the holding -of fairs and industrial (e) the removal of noxious vegetation; exhibitions within the town area or under (f) protection against fire; the control of the Committee; (g) the disposal or destruction of (y) the licensing, inspectiot;,l and proper materials likely to convey infection ; regulation of the theatres, cinemas and (h) the registration of births and deaths; other places of public resort, recreation or (i) the condemnation and destruction. amusement; and of food which is unfit for human consumption; (z) the provision for the seizure and (j) the prohibition for reasons of public confiscation of ownerless animals straying health of the use of any place for the within the limits of the town area. sale of fish, milk, butter, ghee; meat, SectiOD 4.7 I ProvisioDS for SaDitatiOD game, poultry, fruit, vegetable or. sweet­ IIIld CODservaDC)' meats in default of a license granted by The Town Area Committee, by general the Committee or otherwise than in accor­ or special order in writing may, and if dance with the conditions of the license ; so advised by the Director of Health Ser­ (k) the fixing of the conditions, sub-· vices or such other officer as the Govern­ ject to and the circumstances, in which ment may nominate in this behalf shall, and the area or localities in respect of provide, if funds permit, for all or any which, licenses for the sale of fish, Cruit, of the following matters within the town vegetables, milk, butter, ghee, curd, meat, area :- poultry or sweetmeats may be granted, Ca) the protection from pollution and refused, suspended or withdrawn; periodical examination of all sources of (I) the setting apart of suitable places water used for drinking and bathing for bathing, washing and watering animals purposes; and for washing; 157

(m) the prevision, repair or removal (r) prohibition 'against letting infected of drains, privies and latrines; houses, doing of acts by diseased persons, keeping of injurious animals and feeding (n) the prohibition for reasons of public of animals on deleterious substances; health of the use of any open place for committing nuisance or camping in the (5) the disposal of dead animals; ground without having a sanitary tent; (t) the removal or alteration of roofs and external walls made of inflammable (0) the removal of hedges and trees material; overhanging on public streets and walls, etc.; (u) undertaking of house scavenging (p) the securing or enclosing untenan­ by the Committee; ted buildings becoming a nuisance; (v) any other measure which may be (q) the provisions of troughs and pipes necessary generally for conservancy of the on streets and lanes; town.

BRRATA

(The following printing mistakes are regretted )

Pag' No. Particulars For Read

5 Left hand side, under Trans- port, line 11 Sagrama Sangrama 7 Right hand side, Para I, line and few and a few 8 Left hand side, Under Market, line 10 establishments of establishments 10 Right hand side, Para I, line 13 comming coming 20 Left hand side, From tOp, line 4 greate great 20 Right hand side, From top, line 7 After the After this the 25 Under Dress, line 5 coverd covered 26 Left hand side, Para III, line 3 locality locally 31 Under Agriculture, against Nebari Awal 254 253 34 Right hand side, Para I, line 8 per case fruit per fruit case 35 Right hand side, Para II, last line 2.80 280 • 37 Right hand side, Para III, line 9 shap shape Right hand side, Para III, line 10 partiton partition Right band side, Para III, line 12 tee the 39 Under Industries, line 10 conductive conducive U3 AgainstJ&K Bank Ltd. under col. 2 80 -do- under col.·3 blank 80