Osmanli Teşkilat Ve Kültür Tarihi

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Osmanli Teşkilat Ve Kültür Tarihi OSMANLI TEŞKİLAT VE KÜLTÜR TARİHİ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI PROF. DR. ARZU TOZDUMAN TERZİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI OSMANLI TEŞKİLAT VE KÜLTÜR TARİHİ Prof. Dr. Arzu Tozduman Terzi Yazar Notu Elinizdeki bu eser, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi’nde okutulmak için hazırlanmış bir ders notu niteliğindedir. ÖN SÖZ Altı yüzyılı aşkın bir süre hüküm süren Osmanlı Devleti, siyasetiyle, iktisadî ve kültürel yaşamıyla dünya tarihine yön veren bir devlettir. Böyle uzun süre ayakta kalan bir devletin diğer dünya devletlerini yüzyıllarca etkilediği de bilinen bir gerçektir. Asırlarca varlığını sürdüren bir devletin ise kuşkusuz köklü bir teşkilatı ve kültür yapısı olmalıdır. İşte bu derste öğrencilerimize Osmanlı Devletinin merkez ve eyaletlerindeki askerî, idarî, ilmî teşkilatının yapısı ve temel özellikleri öğretilecektir. Devletin kuruluşundan büyük bir devlet hâline gelinceye kadar nasıl bir yapılanma içerisinde kendini geliştirdiği vurgulanacaktır. Osmanlı Devletinin kendine özgü bir kültürel yapısı vardır. Öncelikle köklü bir kültürel yapının oluşmasında etkili olan ilmiye teşkilatı üzerinde durulacaktır. Derslerimizin bir kısmında ise kültürel yapıya temas edilerek, öncelikle Osmanlınin idarî merkezi olan sarayda kültürün yansıması olan protokol kuralları ve törenler incelenecektir. Ardındansa kalan sınırlı derslerimiz nispetinde Osmanlı kültürünün parçaları olan minyatür, mimari tezhip, hat ve müzik sanatlarının özelliklerine temas edilecektir. Mahiyeti hakkında yukarıda bilgi verdiğimiz ve Osmanlı Teşkilat ve kültürel yapısını incelemeyi amaçlayan bu ders kitabı, dersi seçen öğrencilerin Osmanlı Devleti’nin teşkilatının nasıl bir sistem dâhilinde işlediğini kavradıklarında ve kültürel yapısından sunulan kesitlerle Osmanlı kültürü hakkında fikir sahibi olduklarında yazılış amacına ulaşmış sayılacaktır. i İÇİNDEKİLER ÖN SÖZ ....................................................................................................................................... i KISALTMALAR ....................................................................................................................... 1 YAZAR NOTU .......................................................................................................................... 2 1. OSMANLI PADİŞAHI VE OSMANLI SARAYININ TEŞKİLÂTI .................................... 3 1.1. Osmanlı Padişahı ................................................................................................................. 9 1.1.1 Padişahların Yetki ve Sorumlulukları ............................................................................. 12 1.1.2. Padişahların Gelirleri ...................................................................................................... 12 1.2. Osmanlı Sarayının Teşkilâtı .............................................................................................. 13 1.2.1. Osmanlı Devletince Kullanılan Saraylar ........................................................................ 13 1.2.2. Harem ............................................................................................................................. 14 1.2.3. Enderun .......................................................................................................................... 17 1.2.4. Dârüssaâde Ağası ........................................................................................................... 19 1.2.5. Bîrun ............................................................................................................................... 21 2. OSMANLI MERKEZ TEŞKİLATI ..................................................................................... 29 2.1. Divân-ı Hümayûn .............................................................................................................. 30 2.2. Divân-ı Hümayun Üyeleri ................................................................................................. 30 2.2.1. Veziriazam ve Vezirler ................................................................................................... 30 2.2.2. Kadıaskerler ................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.3. Defterdar ......................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.5. Divâna Katılan Diğer Üyeler .......................................................................................... 30 2.3. Divân-ı Hümâyun Kalemleri ............................................................................................. 30 2.1. Divân-ı Hümayûn .............................................................................................................. 35 2.2. Divân-ı Hümayun Üyeleri ................................................................................................. 36 2.2.1. Veziriazam ve Vezirler ................................................................................................... 37 ii 2.2.2. Kadıaskerler ................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.3. Defterdar ......................................................................................................................... 42 2.2.4. Nişancı ............................................................................................................................ 44 2.2.5 Divâna Katılan Diğer Üyeler ........................................................................................... 45 2.3. Divân-ı Hümâyun Kalemleri ............................................................................................. 47 3. OSMANLI DEVLETİNDE EYALET TEŞKİLATI ............................................................ 56 3.1. Eyalet ve Beylerbeyi ......................................................................................................... 63 3.1.1. Eyalet İdaresi .................................................................................................................. 63 3.1.2. Beylerbeyi ..................................................................................................................... 64 3.2. Sancak ve Sancak Beyi ..................................................................................................... 66 3.2.1. Sancak Sistemi ............................................................................................................... 66 3.2.2. Sancak Beyi .................................................................................................................... 67 3.3. Diğer Taşra Görevlileri ..................................................................................................... 68 3.3.1. Mütesellim ...................................................................................................................... 68 3.3.2. Muhassıl ......................................................................................................................... 69 3.3.3. Ayan ................................................................................................................................ 69 4. OSMANLI ASKERÎ TEŞKİLATINDA MERKEZİ ORDUNUN GENEL YAPISI .......... 78 4.1. Devletin Kuruluş Yıllarındaki İlk Kuvvetler..................................................................... 84 4.2. Kapıkulu Ocakları ............................................................................................................. 84 4.2.1. Kapıkulu Ocaklarına Asker Temini ve Acemi Ocağı .................................................... 84 4.2.2. Yaya Kapıkulu Ocakları ................................................................................................. 87 4.2.3. Atlı Kapıkulu Ocakları ................................................................................................... 93 5. EYALETLERDEKİ ASKERİ TEŞKİLAT VE OSMANLI ORDUSUNDA BATILILAŞMA ..................................................................................................................... 102 5.1. Osmanlı Eyalet Ordusu ................................................................................................... 108 5.1.1. Timarlı Sipahiler ......................................................................................................... 108 iii 5.1.2. Yardımcı Kuvvetler ...................................................................................................... 109 5.2. Kara Askerî Teşkilatının Bozulması ............................................................................... 110 5.3. Islahat Çalışmaları ve Orduda Batılılaşma ...................................................................... 111 5.3.1. XVII. ve XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Yapılanlar ...................................................................... 111 5.3.2. III. Selim ve Nizâm-ı Cedîd ......................................................................................... 113 5.3.3. Sekban-ı Cedid ............................................................................................................ 114 5.3.4. Eşkinci Ocağı ............................................................................................................... 114 5.3.5. Asakir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye ........................................................................... 115 5.3.6. Tanzimattan Sonraki Askeri Yenilikler ......................................................................
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