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لودویگ :WITTGENSTEIN ویتگنشتاین:: LUDWIG ODYSSEYاودیسه ی TRACTATUSتراکتاتوس THE TRACTATUS ODYSSEY THE 100 Years Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 100 Years Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus صد ِسالگی رسالهی منطقی-فلسفی

”این اثر در عین حال ,time که same سخت at theفلسفی ست، ,and ادبی نیز هست، philosophical گرچه از is strictly ِپرگویی work کارهای The“ادبی مبراست .“ ,The work is strictly philosophical and, at the same time“ literary, but there is no babbling in it.” literary, but there is no babbling in it.”

راهی Hisکه لودویگ .of psychology ویتگنشتاین برای inِ the directionنگاشنت رسالهی temptation منطقیفلسفی ,definite میشود. -Logicoِسفر فلسفیTractatusاش با to his لودویگ path بولتزمان و Wittgenstein’sِدستگاه ِنوپای Ludwig Wittgenstein’s path to his Tractatus Logico- definite, temptation in the direction of psychology. His Ludwig پیمود، از نگر Boltzmannفضا و زمان،Ludwig و with همچنین began پیشرفت odyssey فکری ِخود in philosophical فلسفهی Both ِدانش وی .odyssey میan آغازد. termed دور وbe بر سال1905can rightly ، گرایشی به Philosophicus can rightly be termed an odyssey. Both in philosophical odyssey began with Ludwig Boltzmann Philosophicus It ویتگنشتاین در .science روند of نگارش، بهof philosophyراستی کم از discipline اودیسه infant ندارد. the این and شوپنهاور در او as Wittgenstein’sپیدا میas wellشود، ولی ,sense دیری spatial منیand پاید، زیرا با temporal آثار the temporal and spatial sense, as well as Wittgenstein’s and the infant discipline of philosophy of science. It the intellectual development in the course of writing it, the took a Schopenhauerian turn around 1905 but not for intellectual development in the course of writing it, the took a Schopenhauerian turn around 1905 but not for نوشته همه جنبههای سفری گیرا و باورنکردنی را داراست. ُگوتلب ِفرگه آشنا و نظام فکریاش برای همیشه دگرگون میشود. Tractatus contains all the associations of an exciting, long, as an encounter with the work of Gottlob Frege Tractatus contains all the associations of an exciting, long, as an encounter with the work of Gottlob Frege یتنه پوالدین دانشاش از آثار ِفرگه را دیگر اندیشه ِکاران وین، این اثر، که نویسنده understandingآن را even his فروتنانه But نامهی .that forever منطقیفلسفی improbable journey. changed all that forever. But even his understanding improbable journey. changed all از جمله کارل کراوس، آدولف لوس و ُاتو واینینگر آبدیده میکنند. نامیده، by سراسر tempered صحنهی up beingفلسفه ی پس ended از جنگof Frege ِجهانی یکم heritage را of the heritage of Frege ended up being tempered by of the پس زمینهی پیچیدهی او، تراکتاتوس را نزد دوست و دشمنش دگرگونLoos andکرده. سفر Adolf این ,Kraus اودیسه برKarl پهنهfromی گیتی از heritage وین آغاز The work, which the author unpretentiously termed his Viennese heritage from Karl Kraus, Adolf Loos and The work, which the author unpretentiously termed his Viennese Otto Weininger. This complex legacy would make the فهمناپذیر و کم وtransformed بیش entirelyچاپ ,ناپذیر Treatiseمی کرد، تا آنکه دیباچهی his Logico-Philosophicalراسل his Logico-Philosophical Treatise, entirely transformed Otto Weininger. This complex legacy would make the میشود، منچستر و کیمبریج و ِاسکیولد ِن نروژ را درمینوردد، از – Tractatus incomprehensible to friends and foes alike برای آن و the تالشهای ,I. Geographically سردفترش، War دوروتی World رینچ، afterراه را برای philosophy after World War I. Geographically, the Tractatus incomprehensible to friends and foes alike – philosophy میان کارزارهای گالیسیا )در لهستان( میگذرد، به ایتالیا میرسد and more or less unpublishable, except on the basis of انتشار هموار کرد.,odyssey takes in Vienna, Manchester, Cambridge, and more or less unpublishable, except on the basis of odyssey takes in Vienna, Manchester, Cambridge و دوباره به وین بازمیگردد. گاه ویتگنشتاین میان شهرهای Skjolden in Norway, various scenes of battle in ’s Introduction and through the efforts Skjolden in Norway, various scenes of battle in Bertrand Russell’s Introduction and through the efforts یادشده آمد و .publishers شد the داشته وwith گاه راه ,Wrinchگم میکرده Dorothy و سر از ینا ,secretary هم Vienna. of his ویتگنشتاین، to پس از آنکه returning پاسخی before قطعی ,Italy و بیand چون و ,(Poland)چرا برای Galicia (Poland), and Italy, before returning to Vienna. of his secretary, Dorothy Wrinch, with the publishers. Galicia درمیآورده؛ شهری که میزبان ُگوتلب ِفرگه بوده. همهی between مسئلهforth های and دیرین back فلسفه moved یافت، شیوهای Wittgenstein تولستویی پیش Sometimes Wittgenstein moved back and forth between Sometimes like Having solved all of the traditional problems ofگرفت و در places یکیto از detours دورافتادهmade ترین وtimes he فقیرترین other روستاهای ;places اتریش these places; other times he made detours to places like Having solved all of the traditional problems of these سفر حرفهای ویتگنشتاین، با دودلی میان هوانوردی و فلسفه، با philosophy definitively and unassailably, Wittgenstein دبیر شد. .Jena, where Gottlob Frege lived. philosophy definitively and unassailably, Wittgenstein Jena, where Gottlob Frege lived متایلی اندک )هرچند اندک ولی حتمی( به قلمرو روانشناسی آغاز chose to pursue the Tolstoian life of a village chose to pursue the Tolstoian life of a village Wittgenstein’s professional odyssey involved wandering schoolmaster in one of the poorest parts of Austria. Wittgenstein’s professional odyssey involved wandering schoolmaster in one of the poorest parts of Austria. between aviation and philosophy with a slight, but between aviation and philosophy with a slight, but

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1889 _ 26 آوریل _ در ِکوشک خانوادگی در نویوالدئگ زاده شد. 1906 _ 1903_ اشتاتس اوبررئالشوله در لینتس. 1889 26 April Born in Vienna, in the family villa in Neuwaldegg 1889 26 April Born in Vienna, in the family villa in Neuwaldegg 1908 _ 1906 _ حتصیل در رشتهی مکانیک در in Linzدانشگاه پلیتکنیک در Staatsoberrealschuleشارلوتنبورگ برلین. Staatsoberrealschule in Linz 1903-1906 1903-1906 Berlin-Charlotten _ 1908 _ 1911 burg منچستر، دانشکدهی Hochschule فنآوری: Technische دانشجویat the پژوهشی studiesدر کتابخانهEngineerی دانشکدهی مهندسی. Engineer studies at the Technische Hochschule Berlin-Charlottenburg 1906-1908 1906-1908 ,laboratory of the engineering department همچنین in theبعدها کار student داوطلبانه در Research ایستگاه :of Technologyهواشناسی. Manchester, College of Technology: Research student in the laboratory of the engineering department, 1908-1911 Manchester, College 1908-1911 1911 _ 21 ژوئن _ ارائهstation ی طرح ریز weather به the ِریز of ملخ ِپیشران Observer هواپیما در voluntary دفتر also ثبت laterاختراعات. later also voluntary Observer of the weather station the Patent Officeتابستان _drive to خنستین دیدار باpropeller ُگوتلب flight ِفرa گه.June Submission of a detailed draft for a flight propeller drive to the Patent Office 1911 21 June Submission of a detailed draft for 21 1911 Summer First meeting with Gottlob Frege in Jena Summer First meeting with Gottlob Frege in Jena 17 آگوست _ ِثبت ِملخ پیشران 17 August Patent for propeller drive 17 August Patent for propeller drive پاییز _ دانشجوی میهمان در دانشگاه کیمبریج. Autumn Guest student in Cambridge Autumn Guest student in Cambridge 18 اکتبر _ خنستین دیدار با برتراند راسل.October First meeting with Bertrand Russell 18 October First meeting with Bertrand Russell 18 1912_ 1 فوریه _ ِدانشگاه ِ ترینیتیکیمبریج،as Undergraduate دانشجوی ,College سال آخر، Trinity مالقات با Cambridgeدیوید ِپینسنت.February Cambridge Trinity College, as Undergraduate 1912 1 February 1 1912 27 تا 7 سپتامبر _ سفر به ایسلند، همراه با پینسنت. Meets David Pinsent Meets David Pinsent 12 اکتبر _ جایگیر شدن در خانهای در Pinsent محوطهی with هیول together ِ)دانشگاه ,Island ترینیتی(Sept. Trip to Island, together with Pinsent 7-27 Sept. Trip to 7-27 12 October 12 October 22 نوامبر _ ایراد ِسخنرانی " Court فلسفه چیست؟"in Whewell‘sبرای اجنمن an apartment حواریون کیمبریجFurnishing an apartment in Whewell‘s Court Furnishing 22 November Lecture ”What is Philosophy?“ for The 22 November Lecture ”What is Philosophy?“ for The Cambridge Apostles دسامبر _ دیدار با ِفرگه December Visit to Frege in Jena December Visit to Frege in Jena 1913_ 20 ژانویه _ مرگ پدرش، کارل Wittgenstein ویتگنشتاین.January Death of his father 1913 20 January Death of his father Karl 20 1913 (Øystese سپتامبر _ سفر ,Bergen به نروژ، به ,Christiania) همراه with Pinsent پینسنت)کریستیانیا، ُاtogether سلو، برگن، ,to Norway ِاویستس(September Trip to Norway, together with Pinsent (Christiania, Bergen, Øystese) September Trip اکتبر _ کیمبریج October Cambridge October Cambridge ویالی خانوادگیFamily villa in Neuwaldegg Family villa in Neuwaldegg 11 اکتبر _ Familyنروژ، اسکیولدن، Klingenberg اقامت the در withخانه ی staying خانوادهی ,in Skjolden کلینگنبرگ.- October Norway - in Skjolden, staying with the Klingenberg Family 11 October Norway 11 1914 _ آوریل _ جی.ای.مور در اسکیولدن به in Skjolden مالقاتش میMoore آید..April Visit from G.E. Moore in Skjolden 1914 April Visit from G.E 1914 May Return from Skjolden to Vienna May Return from Skjolden to Vienna ِمی _ بازگشت از اسکیولدن به وین. 14 July Hochreit, letter to Ludwig von Ficker about a donation 14 July Hochreit, letter to Ludwig von Ficker about a donation ِ 14 جوالی _ هوخرایت _ artists نامه به Austrian لودویگ ُفن فیکر و to impecunious اهدای 100crowns /000 کرون به of 100,000هنرمندان تنگدست اتریشی of 100,000 crowns to impecunious Austrian artists 26 جوالی _ دیدار با آدولف لوس July Vienna, first meeting with Adolf Loos 26 July Vienna, first meeting with Adolf Loos 26 7 آگوست _ پیوسنت army خودخواسته به ارتش the Austrian اتریشAugust Volunteers for service in the Austrian army 7 August Volunteers for service in 7 9 آگوست _ shipsرسیدن به Vistula کراکف، of the خدمت درto one یکی از کشتیassigned های ِرود ,in Krakow ویستوال "در Arrival ِ کسوت چراغAugust 9گردان" August Arrival in Krakow, assigned to one of the Vistula ships 9 1 سپتامبر _ آغاز ِخواندن "چکیدهی چهار اجنیل" از .”of a spotlight تولستوی.for the operation of a spotlight”. “for the operation“ 1 September Starting to read Tolstoy’s “Gospel in Brief” 1 September Starting to read Tolstoy’s “Gospel in Brief” 6 نوامبر _ آگاهی از ِمرگ گئورگ تراکل. قصر ویتگنشتاین November Learns of the death of Georg Trakl Palais Wittgenstein 6 November Learns of the death of Georg Trakl Palais Wittgenstein 6 9 سپتامبر _ انتقال به کارگاه Krakowتوپ in سازی در workshop کراکف December Transfer to the artillery workshop in Krakow 9 December Transfer to the artillery 9 1915 _ فوریه workshop_ به at the عنوان forge مهندس،of the ِسرپرستی ریختهsupervision ِگری کارگاه,February Work as an engineer, supervision of the forge at the workshop 1915 February Work as an engineer 1915 جوالی _ ترکیدن لوله hospital در کارگاه military و stay inبستری شدن در ,a pipe explosionبیمارستان ارتش July Injury during a pipe explosion, stay in military hospital July Injury during آگوست _ انتقال به no. 1 سوکال و train کارگاه workshop ِآموزشی توپartillery سازی to شمارهSokal ی August Transfer to Sokal to artillery workshop train no. 1 August Transfer 1to 1916 _ 21 مارچ _ اعزام Bukowinaبه front inبوکووینا، در to the مرتبهی gunner ِسرباز پیادهMarch Transfer as a simple gunner to the front in Bukowina 1916 21 March Transfer as a simple 21 1916 June Participation in fights during the Brusilow offensive June Participation in fights during the Brusilow offensive ژوئن _ پیکار در مدت حمله به بروسیلوف 2 September Vienna, meeting with Adolf Loos 2 September Vienna, meeting with Adolf Loos 2 سپتامبر _ دیدار با آدولف Engelmann لوس Paulدر وینOctober Officer training in Olomouc, meets October Officer training in Olomouc, meets اکتبر _ آموزش افسری در ُا circleلوموتز، دیدار با پائول ِاEngelmann’s ِنگwithلمان November Regular meetings with Engelmann’s circle November Regular meetings نوامبر _ نشستهای همیشگی با محفل ِانگلمان December Vienna, visits Adolf Loos 25 December Vienna, visits Adolf Loos 25 1917 January 1917 January سرای موسیقی در Wittgenstein قصر at Palais ویتگنشتاینMusic salon 25 دسامبر _ دیدار با آدولف لوس Return to the front in Bukowina Music salon at Palais Wittgenstein Return to the front in Bukowina 1917 _ ژوئن _ بازگشت به کارزار بوکووینا End of June Home leave in Vienna End of June Home leave in Vienna July-December In the field July-December In the field ِپایان ژوئن _ مرخصی در وین 20 December Vienna 20 December Vienna جوالی-دسامبر _ بازگشت به کارزارMarch Transfer to the Italian front in Asiago 1918 18 March Transfer to the Italian front in Asiago 18 1918 آگوست _ ِپایان نگارش accident تراکتاتوس flying در in a وین، killed مرخصی ,Pinsent استحقاقیMay Death of David Pinsent, killed in a flying accident 8 May Death of David 8 اکتبر _ بازگشت دوباره به کارزار May-June In the field May-June In the field 3 نوامبر _ leave اسیر home شدنa در ِترنتوAugust Completion of the Tractatus in Austria, during a home leave August Completion of the Tractatus in Austria, during 1919_ 7 فوریه _ سن ِپ ِلگرینو- ِبرگامو Oktober Again in the field Oktober Again in the field 9 فوریه _ شهرستان کاسینو November Taken Prisoner of War in Trento 3 November Taken Prisoner of War in Trento 3 1919 7 February San Pellegrino/Bergamo Hochreit, the summer estate of the 1919 7 February San Pellegrino/Bergamo Hochreit, the summer estate of the هوخرایت، اقامتگاه تابستانی خانوادهی ویتگنشتاین 21 آگوست _ رهایی از کاسینو 9 February Cassino Wittgenstein family 9 February Cassino Wittgenstein family 25 آگوست _ وین August Release from Cassino 21 August Release from Cassino 21 پایان آگوست _ دیدار با آدولف لوس August Vienna 25 August Vienna 25 پخش داراییهایش میان خواهرانش )هرمینه و هلن( به جز Loos مارگارت، و Adolf برادرشVisits پائولEnd of August Visits Adolf Loos End of August Pau l,16 with exception of Margaret سپتامبر and _ آغاز Helene آموزش ِدبیری,Hermine دبستان، siblings در to his انستیتو تربیتhis fortuneمعلم کوندمانDistributesگاسه Distributes his fortune to his siblings Hermine, Helene and Paul, with exception of Margaret 13institute in the Kundmanngasse تا training 20 دسامبر at _the دیدار با teacher برتراند school راسل در دانشگاهan elementary الههSeptember Starts training for an elementary school teacher at the training institute in the Kundmanngasse 16 September Starts training for 16 13-20 Dec. Meeting with Bertrand Russell in The Hague 13-20 Dec. Meeting with Bertrand Russell in The Hague 1920 _ 22 ژوئن _ کامیابی در انستیتو کوندمانگاسه 1920 7 July Graduation certificate of the teacher training institute 1920 7 July Graduation certificate of the teacher training institute Vienna 19 جوالی nearتا 23 آگوست monastery_ باغبانی در Klosterneuburg نیایشگاه in the کلوسترنویبرگ،as a gardener حوالی وینJul.-23 Aug. Works as a gardener in the Klosterneuburg monastery near Vienna 19 Jul.-23 Aug. Works 19 سپتامبر _ Austria آموزگاری در Lower دبستان ِترات نباخ،,in Trattenbach ِاتریش پایینteacher دستSeptember Elementary school teacher in Trattenbach, Lower Austria September Elementary school visits 16 him in Trattenbach نوامبر _ ,the familyدیدار of موریتز ِنfriendر، and عکاس اتریشی و photographer دوست Austrian خانوادگیشان ,Nähr در تراتنMoritzباخ October Moritz Nähr, Austrian photographer and friend of the family, visits him in Trattenbach 16 October 16 1921 _ آگوست _ اسکیولدن، نروژ، همراه Sjögren با آرویدwithِ Arvidزیوگر ن ,August Skjolden, Norway, with Arvid Sjögren 1921 August Skjolden, Norway 1921 سپتامبر _ آموزگاری در تراتنباخ September Teacher in Trattenbach September Teacher in Trattenbach 28 November Logical-Philosophical Treatise appears in the “Annals of Natural Philosophy” 28 November Logical-Philosophical Treatise appears in the “Annals of Natural Philosophy” 28 نوامبر _ از نامهی منطقیفلسفی در "سالنامهی فلسفهی طبیعی" سخن میرود 1922 22 June Wittgenstein transfers the publishing rights to Kegan Paul in London 1922 22 June Wittgenstein transfers the publishing rights to Kegan Paul in London 1922 _ 22 ژوئن _ واگذاری همهی Innsbruckحق in چاپ به Russell کیگان ُپل در Bertrand لندنAugust Meeting with Bertrand Russell in Innsbruck 10 August Meeting with 10 10 آگوست _ دیدار با راسل در اینسبروکSeptember Teacher in Haßbach, Lower Austria September Teacher in Haßbach, Lower Austria سپتامبر _ آموزگاری در هاسباخ،Austria اتریش Lower پاییندست,October Move as teacher to Puchberg, Lower Austria October Move as teacher to Puchberg version اکتبر _ آموزگاری در English-Germanپوخ in برگ اتریش published پایینis دستNovember Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is published in English-German version November Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus نوامبر _ چاپ نسخهی یدوزبانه ِانگلیسی-آملانی نامهی منطقیفلسفی

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1908-1911 1908-1911 1908 _ 1911 منچستر MANCHESTER MANCHESTER

Wittgenstein moved to Manchester in May 1908, after Wittgenstein moved to Manchester in May 1908, after ویتگنشتاین پس از سه ترم حتصیل در رشتهی مهندسی three semesters studying mechanical engineering at the three semesters studying mechanical engineering at the مکانیک در دانشکدهی ِفنی شارلوتنبورگ، در ِمی 1908 به Technical High School Charlottenburg (1906-1908). As Technical High School Charlottenburg (1906-1908). As منچستر رفت. در کسوت دانشجویی پژوهشگر در دانشگاه، تا a rather informal research student at the university, a rather informal research student at the university, سال on 1911 سرش researchتنها ِگرمand پژوهش و in experiments آزمایش در زمینهinvolved ی was دانش he was involved in experiments and research on he هوانوردی بود. درWittgenstein سال As early 1909 as 1909 پیشنهادهایی .1911 مبنی until بر پاسخ به aeronautics until 1911. As early as 1909 Wittgenstein aeronautics پرسشهای of a leading اساسی در بابthe solution منطق for ریاضیاتی راproposals در his محفل راسل presented his proposals for the solution of a leading presented پیشand کشید.,circle گویا Russell اوایل the سالlogic 1911 to خنستین بار با of mathematical منطق ِدان problem of mathematical logic to the Russell circle, and problem with بزرگ، ُگوتلبcontact ِفرin گه got دیدارhe می1911 کند.most likely in the summer of 1911 he got in contact with most likely in the summer of ِطراحی پروانه Propeller Drawing لودویگ در سال the great logician Gottlob Frege. Ludwig in 1910 Propeller Drawing the great logician Gottlob Frege. Ludwig in 1910 1910

1911 1911 1911 خنستین دیدار با ُگوتلب ِفرگه FIRST VISIT TO GOTTLOB FREGE IN JENA FIRST VISIT TO GOTTLOB FREGE IN JENA

I wrote to Frege putting forward some objections to his polite and then plunge back into logic and mathematics. He I wrote to Frege putting forward some objections to his polite and then plunge back into logic and mathematics. He نامهای برای فرِگه نوشتم و مسائلی را در آن پیش کشیدم .دل ریش کلهقندی، به هنگام گپ زدن سرای را باال و پایین میکرد. theories, and waited anxiously for a reply. To my great once showed me an obituary of a colleague, who, it was theories, and waited anxiously for a reply. To my great once showed me an obituary of a colleague, who, it was توی دلم نبود پاسخش برسد. خوشبختانه فرِگه نامهای داد و رمسًا من را شست و به کناری انداخت. خیلی ناراحت شدم، pleasure, Frege wrote and asked me to come and see him. said, never used a word without knowing what it meant; he pleasure, Frege wrote and asked me to come and see him. said, never used a word without knowing what it meant; he از من خواست به دیدارش بروم. به خانهاش که رفتم یک ردیف گرچه سراجنام گفت:"باز هم بیا."حالم سر جایش آمد. پس از When I arrived I saw a row of boys’ school caps and heard expressed astonishment that a man should be praised for When I arrived I saw a row of boys’ school caps and heard expressed astonishment that a man should be praised for کاله مدرسهی پسرانه آجنا بود، صدای جیغ و دادشان هم از آن بارها گفت و گو کردیم. فرِگه جز منطق و ریاضیات از هیچ a noise of boys playing in the garden. Frege, I learned later, this! The last time I saw Frege, as we were waiting at the a noise of boys playing in the garden. Frege, I learned later, this! The last time I saw Frege, as we were waiting at the بیرونfind any میآمد. ever بعدها you دریافتم Don’t“ که فرhimِ گهI said to روزگار ,train خوبی my ندارد،station for منیگفت. ,young من diedاگر had موضوع children دیگری his را– life پیش married میکشیدم،had a sad سرسری had had a sad married life – his children had died young, station for my train, I said to him “Don’t you ever find any had دانستمHe بچههایش ”!?objectsو are سپس زنش that numbers جوامنرگ theory شدهاند. in your پسرکی را difficulty و believe مبادیI آداب to whom پاسخی ,son میداد و an adopted بیدرنگ had به he منطق ;wife و his ریاضیand then his wife; he had an adopted son, to whom I believe difficulty in your theory that numbers are objects?!” He and then به then again سرپرستی but – پذیرفته بود که see a difficultyمیدامن to برایش I seem پدر خوب و Sometimes“ مهربانی Frege’s replied بازمیگشت. into یک بار shown ِآگهی I was مرگ یکی .fatherاز and good همکارانش را a kind نشامن was داد heو he was a kind and good father. I was shown into Frege’s replied “Sometimes I seem to see a difficulty – but then again خواهد بود. آثارش را نشامن داد. ِمرد ریزاندام و ”.it آراستهای see بود با I don’t گفت:" این,beard آدم pointed هرگز with aچیزی را manکه neat معنایش smallرا was a منیدانسته Frege بر زبان .study. Frege was a small neat man with a pointed beard, I don’t see it.” study نرانده" در absolutely اوج He شگفتی .he talked گفت: as "این room چیزها the مایهی around فخر آدمی bounced است! who bounced around the room as he talked. He absolutely who at آخرین but باری که فرِ;depressedگه را felt veryدیدم، I در me, and ایستگاه with منتظر floor قطار the بودیم. ازwiped the floor with me, and I felt very depressed; but at wiped او up. I پرسیدم: I cheered "تاکنون so در ,”again نظریهتان بهmust come مشکلی he said “You برخنوردهاید؟ end این theکه the end he said “You must come again”, so I cheered up. I عددها را would شیء that. Frege میبینید؟" after گفت:" him گاهیwith انگار سدی discussions میبینم_several ولیhad several discussions with him after that. Frege would had if حلظهای بعد ;mathematics منیبینمش."never talk about anything but logic and mathematics; if never talk about anything but logic and I started on some other subject, he would say something I started on some other subject, he would say something

از گفت(1988 ,و گوی Ludwig لودویگ Young ویتگنشتاین با ,McGuinness پیتر گیچBrian ) ِلودویگ Courtesy) جوان،to Peter ،1988 Geach برایان مک ِگینس.( Ludwig Wittgenstein in a personal communication to (Courtesy Brian McGuinness, Young Ludwig, 1988) – Ludwig Wittgenstein in a personal communication –

“I believe that I have never invented a new line of thought: that has always been “I believe that I have never invented a new line of thought: that has always been " بر این باورام که هرگز سنگ بنای خط ِفکری نویی نگذاشتهام: هرچه گفتهام از کس دیگری بوده. من با given me by someone else. I have only seized on it immediately with a passiona- given me by someone else. I have only seized on it immediately with a passiona- ,Russellشور و ,Frege انگیزشی آن را از ,Hertz خود و تصریحش,Boltzmann کردهhow ام. is هرچه ازThat بولتسمان و ِه.clarificationرتس و of ِ فرگه و work راسل وfor the کراوس te urge for the work of clarification. That is how Boltzmann, Hertz, Frege, Russell, te urge ”.me و لوس و influenced واینینگر و Sraffa اشپنگلرand و سرافا اثر ,Spengler گرفتهام، این گونه ,Weininger بوده.",Kraus, Loos, Weininger, Spengler, and Sraffa influenced me.” Kraus, Loos

Value فرهنگ و and ارزشCulture and Value Culture

ON WITTGENSTEIN اثرگذارترین فیلسوفان برINFLUENCES ویتگنشتاین MAIN PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES ON WITTGENSTEIN MAIN PHILOSOPHICAL

ُاتو Weininger واینینگرOtto سورن کیKierkegaard یرکهگورSøren آرتور Schompenhauer شوپنهاوئرHertz Arthur هاینریش هرتسHeinrich لودویگ Boltzmann بولتسمانLudwig Boltzmann Heinrich Hertz Arthur Schompenhauer Søren Kierkegaard Otto Weininger Ludwig

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1911-1912 1911-1912 1911-1912 کیمبریج CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE ”.your brother "چشم by ما به taken برادر to be شماست که گام in philosophy بزرگ step بعدی راbig در next فلسفه the بردارد."We expect the next big step in philosophy to be taken by your brother.” “We expect“

In 1912 I visited Ludwig in Cambridge. He had become friends In 1912 I visited Ludwig in Cambridge. He had become friends "سال 1912 در کیمبریج به ِدیدار لودیگ رفتم، با راسل دوست شده with Russell and both of us had been invited to tea in Russell’s with Russell and both of us had been invited to tea in Russell’s بود و bookcases راسل with its tall هردویمان را ,nowبه see it صرف still چای can بهI دفتر .room زیبایش college دعوت beautiful college room. I can still see it now, with its tall bookcases beautiful کرد. هنوز windows جلوی چشمامن old-fashioned است؛ ,and the high کتابخانهها بلند ,wall space سراسر all the دیوارها را filling all the wall space, and the high, old-fashioned windows filling پوشانده .transoms بود. and پنجرههای mullions بلند و stone کهنه، با symmetrical سنگکاریهای beautifully زیبا و with theirمتقارن .with their beautifully symmetrical stone mullions and transoms و the next big step in شیشهسردریهایشان. expect ناگهان We“ راسل ,meرو toبه منsaid کرد و Russell گفت:"چشم Suddenly Russell said to me, “We expect the next big step in Suddenly ما so به was برادر statementشماست که This گام بزرگ ”.brother بعدی your را by در taken فلسفه to be بردارد." یک آن philosophy to be taken by your brother.” This statement was so philosophy چشمامن everything سیاهی moment رفت.extraordinary and incredible to me that for a moment everything extraordinary and incredible to me that for a went black. went black. _هرمینه ویتگنشتاین، یادداشتها. کاجل 1911 ترینیتی ,Cambridge کیمبریج، Hermine Wittgenstein, Family Memoir Trinity College Cambridge, 1911 – Hermine Wittgenstein, Family Memoir Trinity College1911 –

but ِزن بدی pleasant نیست. ,plainاز very لودویگ is, and بزرگترthan he است، older ساده – و at all fatalبیآالیش. She is not at all fatal – older than he is, and very plain, pleasant but She is not she was خوشمشرب I think است – ولی at times شورانگیز work نیست.uphill ارتباطwas rather برقرار It کردن با .exciting او notکار not exciting. It was rather uphill work at times – I think she was .there دشواریwere notاست. به if she گمامنas کمرو arguing بود. fell to گرچهI من and و last he لودویگ shy. Atجوری به ratherگفت .rather shy. At last he and I fell to arguing as if she were not there و گو so – مینشستیم Cambridgeکه to گویی اوhe came آجنا since نبود. به من different گفت از is quite وقتی says he لودویگ She says he is quite different since he came to Cambridge – so She much happier; she feels it is the right place for him. much happier; she feels it is the right place for him. به کیمبریج آمده پاک آدمی دیگر شده؛ سرزندهتر شده. میگفت جای – Bertrand Russell to Lady Ottoline Morrell, 10 July 1912 – Bertrand Russell to Lady Ottoline Morrell, 10 July 1912 درستی آمده.

_ نامهیto راسل project به the بانو- legacy اتوالین مورل، of 10 Frege‘s جوالی Wittgenstein‘s reception of Frege‘s legacy - the project to Wittgenstein‘s.1912 reception rewrite the first 11 chapters of Bertrand Russell‘s Principia rewrite the first 11 chapters of Bertrand Russell‘s Principia هرمینه Wittgenstein ویتگنشتاینHermine Wittgenstein Hermine طرح بازنویسی یازده فصل از کتاب .to materialise سرچشمهی failed - ِریاضیات برتراند Mathematica - failed to materialise. Mathematica راسل، به نصیحت فرگه، به سراجنام منیرسد. At the end of his first term at Cambridge he came to me and said: At the end of his first term at Cambridge he came to me and said: ترم ?not یکاش or که idiotدر کیمبریج complete بهI am aپایان رسید، me whetherپیشم tellآمد و please گفت:" توyou رو Will“خدا ?Will you please tell me whether I am a complete idiot or not“ میگی من ;an aeronautخلام یا نه؟ become چون I shall اگر خل ,idiot باشم complete میرمif I am aهوانورد میشم، ,Because ...اگر ;Because, if I am a complete idiot, I shall become an aeronaut ... but, if not, I shall become a philosopher.” I told him to write me but, if not, I shall become a philosopher.” I told him to write me هم نه، فیلسوف."بهش گفتم ترم که متام شده، یک چیز فلسفی دربارهی something during the vacation on some philosophical subject something during the vacation on some philosophical subject هرچی خواستی برای من بنویس..." اوایل ترم دیگر برگههایش را آورد. ... . At the beginning of the following term he brought me the ... . At the beginning of the following term he brought me the جملهی اولش را که خواندم رو بهش کردم و گفتم:"نه، هوانورد نشو." fulfillment of this suggestion. After reading only one sentence, I fulfillment of this suggestion. After reading only one sentence, I _برتراند راسل، ”.aeronautواپسین an وصیت not become خردورزانه.said to him: “No, you must not become an aeronaut.” said to him: “No, you must Betrand Russell Betrand Russell برتراند راسل – Bertrand Russell, Last Philosophical Testament – Bertrand Russell, Last Philosophical Testament

Wittgenstein has been talking a lot, at different times, about Wittgenstein has been talking a lot, at different times, about ویتگنشتاین بارها از "هرزهآدمها"حرف میزد. به آنهایی که ازشان “Philistines” – a name he gives to people he dislikes! [...] We talked “Philistines” – a name he gives to people he dislikes! [...] We talked خوشش منیآمد میگفت "هرزه آدم"_)...( از حق رای زنها گفتیم. about Woman’s suffrage: he is very much against it – for no about Woman’s suffrage: he is very much against it – for no سخت مخالف بود. دلیل خاصی هم نداشت. میگفت:"هر زنی که particular reason except that “all the women he knows are such particular reason except that “all the women he knows are such تو زندگی the girl students میشناسم خنگ و University گول Manchester است."میگفتsaid that atدخترهای He دانشگاه .”idiots”. He said that at Manchester University the girl students idiots sمنچسترWhich disgust همهوقتشان را .professorsصرف the الس with زدن با flirting استادها their time میکنند. all این spendماجرا spend all their time flirting with the professors. Which disgusts خیلی پکرش .of all sorts میکرد؛ مثل همهی half-measures کارهای he dislikes بیهودهی as – جهان.him very much – as he dislikes half-measures of all sorts. him very much _دیوید پینسنت. 1913خاطرات، 7 فوریه David H. Pinsent, Diary 7 February 1913 – David H. Pinsent, Diary.1917 7 February – David Pinsent David Pinsent دیوید پینسنت

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1913-1914 1913-1914 1913-1914 اسکیولدن SKJOLDEN SKJOLDEN " اینجا ”.seriousness آرام quiet است itsو می,meanشود I گفت چشم;scenery انداز معرکهwonderfulای the دارد، یعنی ,perhaps هیبتی در,and آن quiet نهفته."It’s the quiet and, perhaps, the wonderful scenery; I mean, its quiet seriousness.” “It’s the“

نامهی to G.E. Moore ویتگنشتاین به Wittgensteinجی.ای.مور. Wittgenstein to G.E. Moore

Being alone here does me no end of good and I do not think I could now Being alone here does me no end of good and I do not think I could now اینجا ماندن کمکی به حال من منیکند، تازه، گمان نکنم دیگر بتوامن میان bear life among people. Inside me, everything is in a state of ferment! bear life among people. Inside me, everything is in a state of ferment! مردم باشم. درومن غوغاست." 1913-1914Ludwig Wittgenstein to Bertrand Russell, Nov-Dec 1913 Ludwig Wittgenstein to Bertrand Russell, Nov-Dec 1913 لودویگ ویتگنشتاین به برتراند راسل، نوامبر-دسامبر 1913 SKJOLDEN Wittgenstein first visited Norway in the summer of 1913, on a Wittgenstein first visited Norway in the summer of 1913, on a “It’s the quiet and, perhaps, the wonderful scenery; I mean, its quiet seriousness.” enjoyed a ویتگنشتاین، never خنستین had بار He تابستان .Pinsent 1913 از David نروژ with دیدن کرد، together همراه با holiday together with David Pinsent. He had never enjoyed a holiday Wittgenstein to G.E. Moore get دیویدas he could پینسنت. soon هرگز as این ,that چنین از سفر convinced لذت was نبرده and بود و much گمانso میکرد holiday so much and was convinced that, as soon as he could get holiday centuryاسکیولدن در 19th پایان of theسده ی the endنوزدهم He Skjolden at هرگاه به .be—happyنروژ بیاید وhe would کارش را ,work از his سر گیرد، resume باز and خوشنود Norway خواهدto شد. Being aloneback here doesto Norway me no end and of good resume and I do his not work, think I could he would now be—happy. He Skjolden at the end of the 19th century back bear life amongbelieved people. he Inside could me, nevereverything do ishis in a best state exceptof ferment! in exile. believed he could never do his best except in exile. باور داشت جز در تبعید منیتواند شکوفا شود. Ludwig Wittgenstein to Bertrand Russell, Nov-Dec 1913

Notes on Logic Notes on Logic WittgensteinAfter first a shortvisited stayNorway in inBritain the summer where of 1913,he dictated on a his , After a short stay in Britain where he dictated his , he was اندکی 1913در بریتانیا in Octoberماند ,و ِدرباب the Tractatusمنطقاش to را کهon the road خنستین stepگام هایشfirst در theراه holiday togetherthe first with step David on Pinsent. the road He hadto thenever Tractatus enjoyed a, in October 1913 he was Skjolden نامهیof منطقیthe village فلسفی in بود ,north نگاشت. اکتبرthis time1913 further دوباره به نروژ ,back in Norwayبازگشت، holiday soback much in and Norway, was convinced this time that, asfurther soon as north,he could in get the village of Skjolden back to Norway and resume his work, he would be—happy. He Skjolden at the end of the 19th century of این بار place باالدستfavoured ها،a به become روستایwas to کوچکی به نام Skjolden اسکیولدن در .the Sognefjordناحیه ی on the Sognefjord. Skjolden was to become a favoured place of on believed he could never do his best except in exile. زوگنفیوردن. .life اسکیولدن his به دلش throughout نشست و times چندین بار several به at آن سر زد.residence at several times throughout his life. residence کارتپستال از to Wittgenstein’s اسکیولدن برای Skjolden ِدوست from ویتگشتاین،Postcard from Skjolden to Wittgenstein’s Postcard After a short stay in Britain where he dictated his Notes on Logic, my“ ویلیام اکلز، با reference اشاره the به with"اتاق من" در ,Eccles خانهی William کلینگنبرگ؛ friend William Eccles, with the reference “my friend Tractatus محل House اقامتش در the first step“You on must the road come to the as soon as, inTerm October ends 1913 and he I was shall meet you in Bergen. I rooms” indicating the Klingenberg House “You must come as soon as Term ends and I shall meet you in Bergen. I rooms” indicating 1913the Klingenberg-1914 ترم متام شد بیا بِرگن. مشتاق دیدنتام! کتاب منطق و چیزهای دیگر back in Norway, this time further north, in the village of Skjolden am looking forward to your coming more than I can say! I am bothered where he was staying in 1913-1914. am looking forward to your coming more than I can say! I am bothered where he was staying in 1913-1914. on the Sognefjord. Skjolden was to become a favoured place of before youخیلی die آزارم داد.hope I shan’t امیدوارمBut I منیرم و .things بیایی و and other بنشینیم Logik حسابی death with دربارهاشto death with Logik and other things. But I hope I shan’t die before you to residence at several times throughout his life. گپ بزنیم." ”.come for in that case we couldn’t discuss much.” Postcard from Skjolden to Wittgenstein’s come for in that case we couldn’t discuss much friend William Eccles, with the reference “my ویتگنشتاین به جی.ای.مور You mustWittgenstein come as soon as Termto G.E. ends Moore, and I shall 18.2.1914 meet you in Bergen. I rooms” indicating the Klingenberg House Wittgenstein to G.E. Moore,1914.2.18 18.2.1914“ am looking forward to your coming more than I can say! I am bothered where he was staying in 1913-1914. to death with Logik and other things. But I hope I shan’t die before you I said it would be dark, and he said he hated daylight. I said it would be I said it would be dark, and he said he hated daylight. I said it would be بهش گفتم تاریکه، گفت از روشنایی بیزار. گفتم تنها میمانی، گفت با ”.come for in that case we couldn’t discuss much Wittgensteinlonely, to G.E. and Moore, he said 18.2.1914 he prostituted his mind talking to intelligent people. lonely, and he said he prostituted his mind talking to intelligent people. همنشینی با خردمندان مغزش را به گند کشیده. گفتم دیوانهای، گفت خدا I said he was mad, and he said God preserve him from sanity. (God I said he was mad, and he said God preserve him from sanity. (God I said it would be dark, and he said he hated daylight. I said it would be برتراند Russell راسلBertrand جی.ای Moore مور.G.E نکند باخرد باشم.)خدا هم چنین نکرد( (.certainly will.) G.E. Moore Bertrand Russell certainly will lonely, and he said he prostituted his mind talking to intelligent people. راسل به بانو اتوالین مورل I said he wasRussell mad, and to heLady said GodOttoline preserve Morrell him from sanity. (God Russell to Lady Ottoline Morrell certainly will.) G.E. Moore Bertrand Russell Russell to Lady Ottoline Morrell andجی .ای 1914 مور در in April آوریل Skjolden 1914به in اسکیولدن آمد و visited Wittgenstein ویتگنشتاین Moore افکارش را.G.E. Moore visited Wittgenstein in Skjolden in April 1914 and G.E Wittgenstein dictated his thoughts to him. The substance was a Wittgenstein dictated his thoughts to him. The substance was a با او در میان گذاشت. چکیدهاش ِبسط در باب منطق بود و صحبتهای G.E. Moore visited Wittgenstein in Skjolden in April 1914 and development of the Notes on Logic and this dictation was to become development of the Notes on Logic and this dictation was to become آن روز به یادداشتهای مور رسید. همهی اینها گامهای ِمقدماتی Wittgenstein dictated his thoughts to him. The substance was a developmentMoore of the Notes Notes. onIt isLogic a preliminary and this dictation stage was to to thebecome Tractatus and directly Moore Notes. It is a preliminary stage to the Tractatus and directly تراکتاتوس بودند و بازتاب افکار آن دوران او. بازگو کردن افکارش یکی Moore Notes Tractatus . It is a preliminary stage to the and directly Wittgenstein’s house above the Wittgenstein’s house above the خانهی ویتگنشتاین، بر فراز دریاچه. عکس را reproduces Wittgenstein‘s thoughts at this time. As a method of reproduces Wittgenstein‘s thoughts at this time. As a method of Lake Eidsvatnet. Photo taken by از روشهای کاریاش بود. بارها برای دوستان و همکاران افکارش را reproduces Wittgenstein‘s thoughts at this time. As a method of Wittgenstein’s house above the Lake Eidsvatnet. Photo taken by ویتگنشتاین در سال 1950 برداشته work, dictating to friends and colleagues was something he used onLake Eidsvatnet. Photo taken by work, dictating to friends and colleagues was something he used on work, dictating to friends and colleagues was something he used on Ludwig Wittgenstein in 1950. Ludwig Wittgenstein in 1950. بازگو میکرد، چه در نروژ چه در کیمبریج. .Ludwig Wittgenstein in 1950 several occasions,several both occasions, in Norway both and inin Cambridge.Norway and in Cambridge. several occasions, both in Norway and in Cambridge.

WittgensteinWittgenstein designed a small designed house in a thesmall spring house of 1914, in forthe his spring of 1914, for his Wittgenstein designed a small house in the spring of 1914, for his در بهار 1914، کلبهی کوچکی برای خود در اسکیولدن بنا کرد. همان next stay in Skjolden. In the meantime, World War I broke out next stay in Skjolden. In the meantime, World War I broke out next stay in Skjolden. In the meantime, World War I broke out سال جنگ جهانی یکم آغاز شد و تا 1920 نتواست به آن کلبه سر بزند. and so he could not visit Skjolden again until the 1920s and use the and so he could not visit Skjolden again until the 1920s and use the and so he could not visit Skjolden again until the 1920s and use the دههی سی و پنجاه روزهای بسیاری در آجنا به سر برد. house himself. He spent there long periods again in the 1930s and in 1950. house himself. He spent there long periods again in the 1930s and house himself. He spent there long periods again in the 1930s and in 1950. The house today, reconstructed in 2019. in 1950.

.The house today, reconstructed in 2019 "گزارهها خود ِامر ّمسلماند: یعنی این سیاهی ِدان روی میز، .The house today, reconstructed in 2019 همان خانه، امروز، بازسازی شده در سال Propositions are themselves facts: that this inkpot is on this table may 2019“ بیانگر آن است که من پشت این میز نشستهام." express that I sit in this chair.” در باب منطق “Propositions are themselvesNotes on Logic facts: that this inkpot is on this table may “Propositions are themselves facts: that this inkpot is on this table may express that I sit in this chair.” express that I sit in this chair.”

Notes on Logic Notes on Logic

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1914 1914 1914 بازگشت به وین BACK TO VIENNA BACK TO VIENNA

Letter to Ludwig von Ficker, editor of the literary journal Der Letter to Ludwig von Ficker, editor of the literary journal Der نامه به لودویگ فن فیکر، سردبیر مجلهی ِادبی برِ ِنر در اینسبروک. Brenner in Innsbruck. Wittgenstein knew that Karl Kraus admired Brenner in Innsbruck. Wittgenstein knew that Karl Kraus admired ویتگنشتاین میدانست که کارل کراوس از ِدوستداران کار فن فیکر است von Ficker‘s work and this gave him confidence to address the von Ficker‘s work and this gave him confidence to address the و همین به او قوت قلب داد نامهای به او بنویسد، و اندکی که گذشت publisher, who subsequently became a good friend. publisher, who subsequently became a good friend. دوستان خوبی شدند.

Hochreit Hochreit هوخرایت Hohenberg, Lower Austria Hohenberg, Lower Austria 14 July 1914 14 July 1914 هوهنبرگ، اتریش پاییندست

14 جوالی Dear Sir: Dear Sir: 1914 Forgive me for asking you for a big favor. I should like to transfer a Forgive me for asking you for a big favor. I should like to transfer a sum of 100.000 crowns to you with the request that you distribute sum of 100.000 crowns to you with the request that you distribute سرکار، با عرض پوزش، درخواست بزرگی از شما دارم، مایلم مبلغ this sum, at your own discretion, among Austrian artists who are this sum, at your own discretion, among Austrian artists who are I assume 100/000 that کرون since حتویل matter شما in thisداده، و you شماto به am turning صالحدید I خود آن .means را میان without means. I am turning to you in this matter since I assume that without which هنرمندان and know کمبضاعت talents اتریشour best تقسیم of کنید. many من به with شما روی acquainted زدهام are زیرا you are acquainted with many of our best talents and know which you my گمان to fulfill میکنم care بیشتر you از همه باof support. Shouldاستعدادهای need بزرگ in این mostبوم are آشنایید themو ofخود of them are most in need of support. Should you care to fulfill my ,event میدانید any چه in کسbut بیشتر ,address نیازمند above این at theکمک me مالی to است.please write خواهشمندم به ,request, please write to me at the above address, but in any event, request درخواست بنده .beingرسیدگی و the time همچنین for پاسخی secret به matter نشانی this باال keep ارسال pleaseکنید. .please keep this matter secret for the time being اگر امکانش هست، این موضوع تنها میان من و شما ,yours باشد.Very truly yours, Very truly Ludwig Wittgenstein, Jr. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Jr. ارادمتند شما

recipients chosen by Ludwig von Ficker were Georg لودویگ Among theویتگنشتاین Among the recipients chosen by Ludwig von Ficker were Georg Trakl, Rainer-Maria Rilke, Adolf Loos and Oskar Kokoschka. Trakl, Rainer-Maria Rilke, Adolf Loos and Oskar Kokoschka.

.Loos معمار Adolf آدولف لوسThe architect میان آنهایی که فنفیکر برگزید، نامهای بزرگی چون گئورگ تراکل، .The architect Adolf Loos On 26 July 1914 Ludwig von Ficker mediated the first meeting On 26 July 1914 Ludwig von Ficker mediated the first meeting راینر ماریا ریلکه، آدولف لوس و اسکار کوکوشکا به چشم میخورند. between Wittgenstein and Adolf Loos, at the Café Imperial in between Wittgenstein and Adolf Loos, at the Café Imperial in Vienna. Adolf Loos was the only one among the beneficiaries of Vienna. Adolf Loos was the only one among the beneficiaries of the در At بیستوششم .appreciated جوالی really 1914 فن فیکر art Wittgensteinنشستی در whose کافه ِامپریال donation وین the donation whose art Wittgenstein really appreciated. At the the the ترتیبto داد dueو آدولف ,in Viennaلوس و celebrity ویتگنشتاین را با هم a controversialآشنا wasکرد. Loos آدولف timeلوس time Loos was a controversial celebrity in Vienna, due to the در listed میان کسانی کهWittgenstein کمک later مالی Much دریافت .(1912) کردند تنها Michaelerplatzهنرمندی on بود که house on Michaelerplatz (1912). Much later Wittgenstein listed house .his life ویتگنشتاین of کارش را میinfluences پسندید. در آن intellectual زمان greatest آدولف the لوس در among وین Loosِمرد .Loos among the greatest intellectual influences of his life Loos House on Michaelerplatz in Vienna. Loos House on Michaelerplatz in Vienna. خانه آدولف لوس در وین سرشناسی بود؛ و سبب آن خانهاش در میشائیلپالتس وین)1912( بود و حرف و ِحدیث پشتش. مدتها بعد ویتگنشتاین از لوس به عنوان یکی از تأثیرگذارترینها بر زندگی خود یاد کرد.

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آگوست August 1914 August 1914 1914 کراکف KRAKÓW KRAKÓW

"خدا پناهم ”!me باشد!"God be with me!” “God be with“

خاطرات دوران جنگ Wartime Diaries Wartime Diaries

در بیستfrom وهشتم a letter اکتبر received 1914 گئورگ ِتراکل Wittgenstein شاعر 1914 نامهای به On 28 Octoberویتگنشتاین On 28 October 1914 Wittgenstein received a letter from the poet Georg Trakl - the connection was established the poet Georg Trakl - the connection was established نوشت. او هم از هنرمندان تنگدستی بود که کمک به دستش رسیده through Wittgenstein‘s donation to poor artists. Trakl through Wittgenstein‘s donation to poor artists. Trakl بود. تراکل در بیمارستان ارتش در کراکف بستری بود و از ویتگنشتاین was in the garrison hospital in Krakow and asked was in the garrison hospital in Krakow and asked خواسته بود به دیدنش بیاید. ولی پنجم نوامبر که ویتگنشتاین به Wittgenstein to visit him. But when he reached Krakow Wittgenstein to visit him. But when he reached Krakow کراکف رسید نوشت: :on 5.11., he noted: on 5.11., he noted

سحرگاهI به There شهری که .hospital درآن garrisonبستری theبود city to رسیدم. in the باخبر شدم morning چند the روزIn the morning in the city to the garrison hospital. There I In learned that Trakl died a few days ago! This hit me very hard. In August 1914 learned that Trakl died a few days ago! This hit me very hard. In August 1914 در آگوست 1914، ویتگنشتاین چراغ ِگردان یکی پیش مرده. خیلی آزرده شدم. چه جانسوز! چه جانسوز! درجا با از کشتیهای رود assigned ویستوال، wasبه نام گوپالنا، در How sad, how sad!!! I wrote immediately to Ficker about it. Wittgenstein was assigned How sad, how sad!!! I wrote immediately to Ficker about it. Wittgenstein کراکوف شد. نامهای فیکر را آگاه ساختم. کارم متام شد. نزدیکهای ساعت شش Made errands & then returned to the ship about 6 o‘clock. to one of the Vistula ships, Made errands & then returned to the ship about 6 o‘clock. to one of the Vistula ships, سوار کشتی شدم. هیچ نکردم. ِتراکل بیچاره!---! هرچه ِخواست Didn’t do any work. Poor Trakl! ––– ! Thy will be done. ––––. the Goplana, in Krakow “for Didn’t do any work. Poor Trakl! ––– ! Thy will be done. ––––. the Goplana, in Krakow “for .”the operation of a spotlight خداست.---. .”the operation of a spotlight 2.1 2.1 We picture facts to ourselves. We picture facts to ourselves. 2.1 گئورگ in militaryتراکل در Trakl رخت Georgنظامی، ما حقایق را پیش خودمان متصور میشویم. Georg Trakl in military 2.11 2.11 uniform, about 1912 uniform, about 1912 حدود A picture presents a situation in logical space, the A picture presents a situation in logical space, the 1912 2.11 existence and non-existence of states of affairs. existence and non-existence of states of affairs. یک تصویر در محیط منطقی، ِبیانگر یک موقعیت است، بیانگر هستی، 2.12 2.12 نیستی و وضع امور. .A picture is a model of reality. A picture is a model of reality 4.031 4.031 2.12 یک by تصویر منونهی constructed واقعیت ,it were است.In a proposition a situation is, as it were, constructed by In a proposition a situation is, as way of experiment. way of experiment. 4.31

“In the proposition a world is as it “In the proposition a world is as it the خاطرات ,Diaries جنگ، دفتر Wartimeویتگنشتاین در این گزاره، گویی اجزای جهان در یک گزاره، یک موقعیت، از راه جتربه ساخته میشود. Wartime Diaries, the -از اکتبر Wittgen 1914 تا which ژوئن experimental- notebook1915 آزمایشی)تصادفی( کنار togetherهم putآمده اند I always carry Tolstoy‘s “Gospel in Brief” around with me like were put together experimental- notebook which Wittgen- I always carry Tolstoy‘s “Gospel in Brief” around with me like were ly. (As when in the law-court in ly. (As when in the law-court in -stein used between Octo )مانند دادگاهی در پاریس که .a talisman. stein used between Octo- a talisman .is re- ber 1914 and June 1915 تصادف accidentرانندگی در آن با a motor-car خودروهای Paris a motor-car accident is re- ber 1914 and June 1915. Paris ”(.etc اسباببازی,of dolls بازسازی means میby شود(.presented همیشه "چکیدهی اجنیلها"ی 1914 تالستوی چون October 11 طلسمی ,Diaries همراهم است.Wartime Diaries, 11 October 1914 presented by means of dolls, etc.)” Wartime خاطرات جنگ 11 اکتبر 1914 Wittgenstein must have reached the town of Tarnów Wittgenstein must have reached the town of Tarnów while the ship was being loaded or unloaded. In any case, while the ship was being loaded or unloaded. In any case, کشتیشان که در شهر تارنوف پهلو میگیرد تا باربگیرد یا بار زمین he acquires the only German-language book available he acquires the only German-language book available Copy of the German Copy of the German بگذارد، به هر روی، in Brief ویتگنشتاین Gospelبه کتابفروشیای میرود و تنها کتاب Gospel in Brief نسخهای از of Tolstoy‘s چکیدهی editionچهار there in a bookshop: Tolstoy‘s . It had a edition of Tolstoy‘s there in a bookshop: Tolstoy‘s . It had a Gospel in Brief from Gospel in Brief from اجنیل تالستوی، از سال 1894، آملانیduringزبان آجنا را self-imageتهیه میmoral کند: "چکیدهی Wittgenstein‘s اجنیلها"on از تالستوی.influence این great influence on Wittgenstein‘s moral self-image during great -همانی که which Wittgenویتگنشتاین به 1894همراه -which Wittgen 1894 داشت.stein owned کتاب اثر شگرفی از حلاظ روحی.life در of his زمان end جنگ وthe حتی until باقی war and عمرش برthe war and until the end of his life. stein owned. the او گذاشت.

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1915 1915 1915 سوکال SOKAL SOKAL " ”.sand اگر on کاغذ گیرwrite نیارم، I would روی شن paper میhad no نویسم."If I had no paper I would write on sand.” “If I“

نامهای به .WWI یکی in از friend دوستانa درto زمان جنگ Wittgenstein ِجهانی یکم .Wittgenstein to a friend in WWI

.Philosophical Treatise آگوست و the Logical سپتامبر writing :1915 ofآغاز of the نگارش نامهی Beginning منطقی :1915 فلسفی August-September 1915: Beginning of the writing of the Logical Philosophical Treatise. August-September .engineerآگوست as a production :1915 ویتگنشتاین به train کارگاه artillery ِقطاری to an توپ سازی is assigned منتقل و سرپرست Wittgenstein تولید :1915 میشودAugust 1915: Wittgenstein is assigned to an artillery train as a production engineer. August

“Die Grenzen meiner Sprache bedeuten “Die Grenzen meiner Sprache bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Welt.” die Grenzen meiner Welt.”

“The limits of my language “The limits of my language ”.my world "محدودیتof های limits زبان the من،mean the limits of my world.” mean محدودیتهای جهان من است." Wartime Diaries Wartime Diaries خاطرات دوران جنگ 1916 1916 1916 بوکووینا BUKOWINA BUKOWINA

سه منونه از نشانWittgenstein هایی که the decorations ویتگنشتاینThree of ارج نامهawarding ای the برای for به دست application آوردن ِنشانReward برجک دیدهthe ِبانیon توپpost خانه، از observation کارهای Artillery observation post on the Reward application for the awarding Three of the decorations Wittgenstein Artillery دریافتSilver کرد: ,Bravery نشان for برنز Medal دلیری، Bronze نشان :2nd received ِ سیمین دلیری of Bravery درجه دوof the Silver Medal ویتگنشتاین در of Wittgenstein‘s بوکووینا.Bukowina front, one of Wittgenstein‘s of the Silver Medal of Bravery 2nd received: Bronze Medal for Bravery, Silver Bukowina front, one assignments. class Medal for Bravery 2nd Class, Kaiser Karl assignments. class Medal for Bravery 2nd Class, Kaiser Karl سیمین دلیری)درجه دو(، چلیپای .Cross نیروهای Troop Cross. Troop کایسار کارل.

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1918 1918 1918 هوخرایت و ِاوبرالم HOCHREIT & OBERALM HOCHREIT & OBERALM

”.done without it "جنگ haveجامن I’dرا whatجنات داد. know چه میI don‘t کردم اگر;my life نبود."The war saved my life; I don‘t know what I’d have done without it.” “The war saved“ Felix Salzer, 1930s ویتگنشتاین در گفتhis nephew وگویی با with خواهرزادهاش، in conversationفلیکس زالتسر، Ludwig Wittgenstein in conversation with his nephew Felix Salzer, 1930s Ludwig Wittgenstein1930

هشتم ِمی crash.،1918 دیوید in a plane پینسنت diedدر سقوط Pinsent هواپیما David کشته ,1918 شد.On 8 May 1918, David Pinsent died in a plane crash. On 8 May

David was my first and my only friend... the hours I have David was my first and my only friend... the hours I have دیوید خنستین و تنها دوستم بود، اوقاتی که با او گذراندهام، بهترین spent with him have been the best of my life. spent with him have been the best of my life. اوقات زندگیام بوده.,Wittgenstein to David‘s mother Ellen Pinsent, Wittgenstein to David‘s mother Ellen Pinsent نامهی ویتگنشتاین به مادر دیوید، August 1918 August 1918 1918

1918کارت ,card شناسایی نظامیmilitary ویتگنشتاین، 1918Wittgenstein’s , پیشنویس Prototractatusرساله، پیشکش Prototractatus, Wittgenstein’s military card, 1918 به خاطرهPinsent’s ی to پینسنتDedication to Pinsent’s Dedication In August 1918 Wittgenstein dictates the final version of In August 1918 Wittgenstein dictates the final version of .memory آگوست 1918، نسخهی ِپایانی تراکتاتوس به پایان میرسد. جست و .memory جوی دراز برای .begins یافنت ناشر a publisher آغاز for میشود.the Tractatus. The long search for a publisher begins. the Tractatus. The long search

First page of the so-called 1919 First page of the so-called 1919 Engelmann Typescript from 1919 Engelmann Typescript from August 1918. Wittgenstein had this August 1918. Wittgenstein had this یبرگه ِخنست نسخهی ِچاپی انگلمان، کاسینو سالduring .1918 his war ویتگنشتاینhim این with نسخه را CASSINO typescript with him during his war CASSINO typescript در is also اسارتIt به.on it همراه داشت workedو and رویش کار captivity and worked on it. It is also captivity میکرد. editionsاین همچنین Tractatus منونهthe ای for بود برای the model کتابی به ِنام رسالهی منطقیفلسفی نوشتهام. حاصل شش ِسال گذشته the model for the Tractatus editions and نسخهی 1921 ویلهلم ُازوالد Ostwald 1921، و Wilhelm کیگان byپال I‘ve written a book called “Logisch-Philosophische by Wilhelm Ostwald 1921 and I‘ve written a book called “Logisch-Philosophische 1922 از رسالهی منطقی-فلسفی است. به گمامن پاسخی به پرسشهایمان است. شاید خودبزرگبینی Abhandlung” containing all my work of the last 6 years. I Kegan Paul 1922. Abhandlung” containing all my work of the last 6 years. I Kegan Paul 1922. باشد ولی همینگونه است. آگوست 1918 به پایان رسید و دو ماه بعد believe I‘ve solved our problems finally. This may sound believe I‘ve solved our problems finally. This may sound از book in پیشگامانام.arrogant but I cann‘t help believing it. I finished the book in arrogant but I cann‘t help believing it. I finished the نامهای به برتراند .Prigioniere راسل، made 13 مارچAugust 1918 & two month after was made Prigioniere. August 1918 & two month .after1919 was Letter to Bertrand Russel, 13 March 1919 Letter to Bertrand Russel, 13 March 1919 کوندمانگاسه KUNDMANNGASSE KUNDMANNGASSE Cassino - police barracks, from 1916 آموزشگاه دبیریاری Cassino - police barracks, from 1916 اسارتگاه کازینو، 1916 TRAINING AS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER prisoner of war camp TRAINING AS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER prisoner of war camp به کاجل پرورش مربی میروم تا آموزگار بشوم. دوباره به سرای دانش بازگشتهام. خندهدارتر از چیزی است که میگویم. راستش خیلی سختم I‘m going to a Teachers’ Training College to become a teacher. So here I am sitting in a schoolroom again, which sounds I‘m going to a Teachers’ Training College to become a teacher. So here I am sitting in a schoolroom again, which sounds ,behave like a grammar school boy, and, funny as it sounds است. longer دیگرI can no منیتوامن ;hardمثل it terribly بچهمحصلها I find رفتار In factکنم، و.it is بامزه than آجناست funnierکه ,funnier than it is. In fact I find it terribly hard; I can no longer behave like a grammar school boy, and, funny as it sounds !bear it از hardly خجالت I can سرم بلند I often thinkمنیشود و thatبه me خودم great for میگویم so از is پسش humiliation برمنیآیم! the humiliation is so great for me that I often think I can hardly bear it! the به پائول ِا1919 نگلمان، September 25 سپتامبرWittgenstein to Paul Engelmann, 25 September 1919 Wittgenstein to Paul Engelmann,1919 25

The schoolhouse in the The schoolhouse in the Sophienbruckengasse (later Sophienbruckengasse (later Kundmanngasse) around 1900. Kundmanngasse) around 1900. A school class practice with ساختمانthe picture مدرسهin ی On the lower right in the picture A school class practice with On the lower right کالس in the درسی با ِآموزگاران آموزشی،teachers-in-training سوفی ینformer ِبروکtheن to گاسه ) پس از entrance این the entrance to the former teachers-in-training in the the 03/1902 کوندمانگاسه Kundmanngasse,1903_1902 کوندمان.institute گاسه( نزدیک training سال teacher training institute. Kundmanngasse, 1902/03 teacher1900

The property Kundmann- The property Kundmann- Wittgenstein‘s testimonials ملک Ludwig خیابان before 19 کوندمانlong ,19 گاسه، پیش gasse 19, long before Ludwig Wittgenstein‘s testimonials gasse Catalogue of گواهی نامهClass ی the رضایت fromاز از آنthe که there لودویگ built ویتگنشتاین خانهWittgensteinای Wittgenstein built there the from the Class Catalogue of ,LBA ویتگنشتاین، 4th Year رفتارسنجی، theاز برای Margaret خواهرش sister مارگارت for his ستونبارو houseدر ,house for his sister Margaret the 4th Year LBA بایگانی سال 20/1919 حتصیلی 1920School-1919 Year آن بنا کند..Stonborough. School Year 1919/20 Stonborough

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1920 1920 1920 اتریش پاییندست/ ِچاپ THE TRACTATUS تراکتاتوسLOWER AUSTRIA / PUBLICATION OF THE TRACTATUS1920 LOWER AUSTRIA / PUBLICATION OF TRACTATUS I‘ve read your treatise and Russell‘s preface twice in a row. ... My work consists of twoLOWER parts: of theAUSTRIA one which is here,/ PUBLICATION OF THEI‘ve read your treatise and Russell‘s preface twice in a row. ... My work consists of two parts: of the one which is here, رسالهات را با درآمدِ راسل دوبار ِپشت هم خواندم. خندهام ...نوشتهی من دو بخش دارد؛ یک بخش هرچه درون این است و I had to laugh at myself because I knew from the start that and of everything which I have not written. And precisely I had to laugh at myself because I knew from the start that and of everything which I have not written. And precisely I‘ve read your treatise and Russell‘s preface twice in a row. ... My work consists of two parts: of the one which is here, All میگیرد، :I think چون ,In brief ... میدانستم .one چیزی important دستگیرمpart is the منیشود، secondولی بازstop. this بخش yet I couldn‘t دومش andهر in it چیزی که درanything آن understand نیاوردهام است. I couldn‘tبخش ارزشمند I couldn‘t understand anything in it and yet I couldn‘t stop. this second part is the important one. ... In brief, I think: All I had to laugh at myself because I knew from the start that and of everything which I have not written. And precisely in خواندم. و defined حسی have کهI دارم ,today این است:babbling نه are از many رسالهی whichتو of thatخوشم آمد like the و I don‘t واالی that بخش دوم:certain feelingاست... one سخن had کوتاهI only کنم:end به In theگمامن هر گزافهای In the end I only had one certain feeling: that I don‘t like the of that which many are babbling today, I have defined in I couldn‘t understand anything in it and yet I couldn‘t stop. this second part is the important one. ... In brief, I think: All نه از درآمد راسل، ولی .it خیلی silent about مشتاقام چاپ remaining شود.by مگر book بد myاست much to کهlike so امروزه از I would دهان that اینbut و آن ,book either میشنویم، your منto با prefaceنیاوردنشان در این .preface to your book either, but that I would like so much to my book by remaining silent about it In the end I only had one certain feeling: that I don‘t like the of that which many are babbling today, I have defined in have the book printed. Is that a shame if you pay yourself Wittgenstein to Ludwig von Ficker, late October 1919 have the book printed. Is that a shame if you pay yourself Wittgenstein to Ludwig von Ficker, late October 1919 هزینهی چاپ را خودت بدهی؟ باید در این مورد با هم گپ بزنیم. کتاب، همه را پیش .it کشیدهام.preface to your book either, but that I would like so much to my book by remaining silent about for it? I still have to talk to you about that! for it? I still have to talk to you about that! هرمینه ویتگنشتاین به لودویگ 19 اکتبر 1920 به 1919 لودویگ فنOctober فیکر، late واپسین ,von Ficker روزهای اکتبر have the book printed. Is that a shame if you pay yourself Wittgenstein1919 to Ludwig Hermine Wittgenstein to Ludwig, 19 October 1920 Hermine Wittgenstein to Ludwig, 19 October 1920 for it? I still have to talk to you about that! Hermine Wittgenstein to Ludwig, 19 October 1920 D.E., I‘m trying the old job again as you can gather from D.E., I‘m trying the old job again as you can gather from اکلز عزیز، همان طور که از این برگه پیداست، دوباره برگشتهام به this postcard. However I don‘ t feel so miserabel now, as I this postcard. However I don‘ t feel so miserabel now, as I D.E., I‘m trying the old job again as you can gather from کار پیشین، گرچه دیگر حس بدبختی ندارم. چون نهایت اگر نشد، ;have decided to come to you if the worst came to the worst; have decided to come to you if the worst came to the worst in پیش توwith his pupilsمیآیم، که دیر یا Wittgensteinزود to همین طور هم from Wittgenstein میشود. Postcardسالم گرم which it certainly will sooner or later. Please remember Postcard from Wittgensteinthis to postcard. Wittgenstein However with I don‘ his pupils t feel in so miserabel now, as I William Eccles, 1925 Otterthal, 1925 which it certainly will sooner or later. Please remember have decided to come to you if the worst came to the worst; William Eccles, 1925 Otterthal, 1925 مرا به همسرت و بچهها برسان. هیو را هم از طرف من یک فصل me to your wife, give my affectionate greetings to your me to your wife, give my affectionate greetings to your pupils in ویتگنشتاین his همراه with دانشآموزانش، to 1925Wittgenstein کارت پستال from Wittgenstein ویتگنشتاین به Postcardویلیام ِا ِکلز، children and give Hugh a sound thrashing in my name. which it certainly will sooner or later. Please remember childrenWilliam and Eccles, give1925 1925 Hugh a sound thrashingOtterthal, in my 1925 name. کتک جانانه بزن. me to your wife, give my affectionate greetings to your Yours ever L. Wittgenstein Yours ever L. Wittgenstein children and give Hugh a sound thrashing in my name. ارادمتند.ل.ویتگنشتاین. ,Postcard from Wittgenstein to William Eccles, Postcard from Wittgenstein to William Eccles Yours ever L. Wittgenstein دوست دارم بدامن نظر کراوس دربارهی کتامب چیست. اگر شد از September 1925 12 September 1925 12 Postcard from Wittgenstein to William Eccles, او بپرس. خوشحال میشوم بدامن، لوس هم شاید بداند. خبرش را September 1925 12 But I would like to know what Kraus said about [my work]. If But I would like to know what Kraus said about [my work]. If برایم بنویس. you have the opportunity to find out, I would be very happy The very first publication of the Tractatus in Karl Kraus you have the opportunity to find out, I would be very happy The very first publication of the Tractatus in Karl Kraus to hear it. Maybe Loos knows something. Write to me. 1921, without Wittgenstein‘sBut I would permission. like to know what Kraus said about [my work]. If نامهی ویتگنشتاین به پائول .permission انگلمان Wittgenstein‘s 25 اکتبر to hear it. Maybe Loos knows something. Write to me. 1921,1918 without you have the opportunity to find out, I would be very happy Wittgenstein to Paul Engelmann, 25 October 1918 Tractatus لودویگ فنفیکر آنچنان متایلی به چاپ تراکتاتوس در مجلهی برِ ِنر 1918 کارل Karl Krausکراوسin 25 October خنستین چاپ,to Paulof the Engelmannتراکتاتوس ، بی publication اجازهی The veryWittgenstein firstویتگنشتاین، 1921 to hear it. Maybe Loos knows something. Write to me. 1921, without Wittgenstein‘s permission. نداشت. Wittgenstein to Paul Engelmann, 25 October 1918 Ludwig von Ficker was very skeptical about the idea of Ludwig von Ficker was very skeptical about the idea of Tractatus Der Brenner publishing the in the magazine . publishing the Tractatus in the magazine Der Brenner. Ludwig von Ficker was very skeptical about the idea of Frank Plumpton Ramsey, Frank Plumpton Ramsey, the first translator of the publishing the Tractatus in the magazine Der Brenner. TRACTATUS the first translator of the THE AND Tractatus into English. TRACTATUS THE AND Tractatus into English. فرنک ,Ramsey پالمپ ِ نترمزی، Frank Plumptonخنستین Ludwig von Ficker THE THE VIENNA CIRCLE Ludwig von Ficker of theکسی که رساله translatorرا به the firstانگلیسی THE TRACTATUS AND .Englishبرگردانند Tractatus into تراکتاتوس و حلقهی وین The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus exerted a great elements in the Tractatus; but all were anxious to hear Ludwig von Ficker a great elements in the Tractatus; but all were anxious to hearلودویگ فن فیکرTHE VIENNA CIRCLE The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus exerted influence on various philosophical schools, but especially from the man who had seen the true philosophical influence on various philosophical schools, but especially from the man who had seen the true philosophical on the Vienna Circle. Among the members of this implication of the workThe of TractatusFrege and Logico-Philosophicus Russell. At Moritz exerted a great elements in the Tractatus; but all were anxious to hear نامهی At Moritz منطقیفلسفی.Russell اثر and شگرفیFrege برwork of مکاتب of the گوناگون فلسفی this implication چند of تن از members اعضای the حلقه، از Among جمله .Circle کارناپ، Vienna امید on theداشتند این بینش، group were positivist philosophers and mathematicians, Schlick’s insistence, Wittgensteininfluence on finally various met philosophical with schools, but especially from the man who had seen the true philosophical گذاشت، with ولی met اثرش بر finally حلقهی وین چیزWittgenstein دیگری ,insistenceبود. میان Schlick’sاین حلقه بتواند با ,and mathematiciansروش های دانش philosophers طبیعی، گرهایpositivist از group wereمشکالت بشر را including , , Rudolf some members of the Viennaon the Vienna Circle in Circle. 1927. Among Later the members of this implication of the work of Frege and Russell. At Moritz Rudolf some members of the Vienna Circle in 1927. Later بگشاید. این ,Waismann اعضا Friedrich بعدها جناح ,Schlick چپ Moritz حلقه را شکل includingدادند و از نفوذ فیلسوفان پوزیتیویست و ریاضیدانانی همچون موریتس اشلیک، Carnap and Herbert Feigl, who were enthusiastic about Wittgenstein met abovegroup all with were Schlick positivist and philosophers Waismann and mathematicians, Schlick’s insistence, Wittgenstein finally met with Carnap and Herbert Feigl, who were enthusiastic about Wittgenstein met above all with Schlick and Waismann فریدریش وایسمان، رودولف کارناپ و هربرت فایگل به چشم ویتگنشتاین Later .1927 ناخرسندin شدندCircle زیرا او the Viennaعقیده of داشت membersحوزه ی some ارزشها Wittgenstein‘s Tractatus. What mainly attracted them, to discuss the foundationsincluding of mathematics. Moritz Schlick, Waismann Friedrich Waismann, Rudolf Wittgenstein‘s Tractatus. What mainly attracted them, to discuss the foundations of mathematics. Waismann it seems, was the ability of the Tractatus to account for made notes of many ofCarnap these conversations, and Herbert Feigl, which who were enthusiastic about Wittgenstein met above all with Schlick and Waismann می خورد که which عالقه به کار ,these conversations ویتگنشتاینof نشان of many دادند. notes چیزی madeکه for را account باید toاز پهنهی Tractatus دانشof the سراسر ability دور was the ساخت. دیگر,it seemsاعضا، از جمله the truth of the propositions of logic and mathematics, subsequently circulatedWittgenstein‘s among the other Tractatus members. What of mainly attracted them, to discuss the foundations of mathematics. Waismann بیشترof نظرشان members را otherجلب the کرده بود among گویا circulatedتوانایی تراکتاتوس subsequentlyدر اثبات اشلیک،,and mathematics بیشتر به of logic جنبهی معنوی of the propositions تراکتاتوس the truthگرایش داشتند، گرچه without allowing for any substantive science other than the circle. it seems, was the ability of the Tractatus to account for made notes of many of these conversations, which قضایای منطقی و ریاضیاتی بود با استفاده از تنها .circle دانش the طبیعی.other than همه از science اینکه این substantiveسخنان را، any از for دهان allowingکسی که همه withoutمفاهیم فلسفی the natural sciences as they were known. the truth of the propositions of logic and mathematics, subsequently circulated among the other members of the natural sciences as they were known. راسل و ِفرگه را درک کرده بشنوند، بیمناک بودند. با .the circleپافشاری Some members of the circle, such as Carnap, hoped that without allowing for any substantive science other than Some members of the circle, such as Carnap, hoped that موریتس اشلیک، سال 1927، ویتگنشتاین به دیدار چند تن از .this insight would make it possible to apply the methods the natural sciences as they were known this insight would make it possible to apply the methods of natural science to the problems of humanity. These Some members of the circle, such as Carnap, hoped that These حلقه ی وین .humanity تنof داد. problems بعدها to the ویتگنشتاین science تنها با of naturalاشلیک و وایسمان members formed the left wing of the movement and this insight would make it possible to apply the methods and دیدار کرد وof the movementدرباره ی wing مبانی the left ریاضی به formed گفت و گو membersنشست. وایسمان were later to be hostile to the influence of Wittgenstein, of natural science to the problems of humanity. These از ,of Wittgenstein بسیاری از این the influence نشستto ها be hostileیادداشت to برمیlater داشت wereو به دست تک تک because he wished to reserve the realm of values as members formed the left wing of the movement and because he wished to reserve the realm of values as اعضا میرساند. ,something completely outside the sphere of science. were later to be hostile to the influence of Wittgenstein Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein‘s apartment in the Palais something completely outside the sphere of science. Other members of the movement, such as Schlick because he wished to reserve the realm of values as Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein‘s apartment in the Palais Schönborn in Vienna, where Ludwig Wittgenstein and Moritz Schlick Other members of the movement, such as Schlick خانهی Schlick مارگارت and Moritz ستونبارو و Wittgenstein ویتگنشتاین در Ludwig کاخ شونwhere برو، وین.,in Vienna لودویگ Schönbornویگنشتاین و موریتز اشلیک خنستین بار در سال 1927 در حین صرف ناهار با هم دیدار کردند. .himself, were more sympathetic towards the mystical somethingfirst met completely over lunch in outsideFebruary the 1927. sphere of science himself, were more sympathetic towards the mystical first met over lunch in February 1927. Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein‘s apartment in the Palais Other members of the movement, such as Schlick Schönborn in Vienna, where Ludwig Wittgenstein and Moritz Schlick himself, were more sympathetic towards the mystical first met over lunch in February 1927.

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PREFACE PREFACE درآمد

Perhaps this book will be understood only by someone written here makes no claim to novelty in detail, and Perhaps this book will be understood only by someone written here makes no claim to novelty in detail, and نوشتهای که در دست دارید، تنها فهم آنهایی میشود که از پیش و دلیل آنکه خاستگاه آنها را نیاوردهام این است که هیچ عالقهای who has himself already had the thoughts that are the reason why I give no sources is that it is a matter of who has himself already had the thoughts that are the reason why I give no sources is that it is a matter of با این اندیشهها آشنا یا دستکم همانند این اندیشهها را در سر ندارم که بدامن اندیشههای من پیش از این در سر چند تن گشته. expressed in it—or at least similar thoughts.—So it is not indifference to me whether the thoughts that I have had expressed in it—or at least similar thoughts.—So it is not indifference to me whether the thoughts that I have had پرورانده باشند؛ پس .elseکتاب کتابی by someoneدرسی نیست. anticipated زمانی هم been به have تنها gave یادآورif it میشوم که be achieved وامدار آثار would سترگ purpose ُگوتلب ِفرگه، و a textbook.—Itsدوست .a textbook.—Its purpose would be achieved if it gave have been anticipated by someone else هدفش میgreat رسد که to Frege’s کسی آن را am indebtedبخواند I و از that درکش mention خرم only باشد. I will عزیزم .it جناب برتراندand understood راسل read هستم، who که person انگیزانندهone ی to بخش pleasureزیادی pleasure to one person who read and understood it. I will only mention that I am indebted to Frege’s great این کتاب مسئلهBertrand های.Mr فلسفیfriend را of myپیش میکشد writingsو the نشانof میand دهد_works از این and اندیشهها در ,philosophy من of بودند. اگر the problems ارزشی درwith این deals کار book نهفته The book deals with the problems of philosophy, and works and of the writings of my friend Mr. Bertrand The به گمان بنده .thoughts البته_ my که of طرح پرسش the stimulationدرباره ی of این much مسئلهfor ها are Russell باشد، در دو problems چیز these است: why یک آنکه the reason اندیشهها that در آن به ,I believe روشنی ,shows, I believe, that the reason why these problems are Russell for much of the stimulation of my thoughts. shows برآمدهthe از :things برداشت in two نادرست از it consists منطق زبان,value مان has anyاست. شایدthis work بشود If بیان شدهاند، و .is misunderstood هرچه هم language روشنترof our بیان logic شده the باشند_is that هرچه posedتیر posed is that the logic of our language is misunderstood. If this work has any value, it consists in two things: the The whole sense of the book might be summed up in first is that thoughts are expressed in it, and on this The whole sense of the book might be summed up in first is that thoughts are expressed in it, and on this سراسر کتاب را در این چند واژه خالصه کرد: آنچه بیان پذیر دقیقتر به هدف خورده باشد_ ارزش واالتری خواهند داشت. the following words: what can be said at all can be said score the better the thoughts are expressed—the more the following words: what can be said at all can be said score the better the thoughts are expressed—the more است، آشکارا باید گفت، و دربارهی آنچه بیانپذیر نیست، باید اکنون آگاهم که جز اندکی از این راه دراز نپیمودهام، زیرا که clearly, and what we cannot talk about we must pass the nail has been hit on the head—the greater will be its clearly, and what we cannot talk about we must pass the nail has been hit on the head—the greater will be its خاموش ماند. توامن برای به اجنام رساندن این راه ناچیز است_ باشد که over in silence. value.—Here I am conscious of having fallen a long way over in silence. value.—Here I am conscious of having fallen a long way از این رو آماجpowers این my کتاب، because کران Simplyنهادن بر .possible اندیشه is است، of what البته نه short دیگران ,thought بیایند to و limitپیش aتر draw بروند.Thus the aim of the book is to draw a limit to thought, short of what is possible. Simply because my powers Thus the aim of the book is to اندیشه، بلکه task.—May ِبیان of the اندیشه: زیرا برای accomplishment کران the نهادن for بر slight اندیشه،are too از طرف of دیگر، expressionِ درستی to the اندیشهbut هایی که ,thought اینجا to آمده، در نگر rather—not من or rather—not to thought, but to the expression of are too slight for the accomplishment of the task.—May or خنست باید دو سوی مرز را اندیشهپذیر .it better کرد do )باید and بتوان come به others تاخت to ناپذیر و a limit نهاییdrawاند. toاز این able رو to be باور دارمin order پاسخ for نهایی به :thoughts: for in order to be able to draw a limit to others come and do it better. thoughts اندیشه thatناپذیر هم thoughts اندیشید(.On the other hand the t r u t h of the همهیof the limitپرسش های both sides اساسی را to find یافتهام. وhave اگر اینwe shouldباور درست ,thought, we should have to find both sides of the limit On the other hand the t r u t h of the thoughts that thought پس تنها and در زبان میunassailable توان me این to مرز را seems نهاد، و هرچه هم communicated آنhere سوی are باشد، what پس to thinkدومین able ارزش be اینto کتابhave آن استshould که i.e. we) درمییابیم با thinkableحل thinkable (i.e. we should have to be able to think what are here communicated seems to me unassailable and cannot be thought). definitive. I therefore believe myself to have found, on cannot be thought). definitive. I therefore believe myself to have found, on مرز بیافتد، آشکارا جز چرند خنواهد بود. این مسئلهها چه اندک مثری بردهایم. It will therefore only be in language that the limit can be all essential points, the final solution of the problems. It will therefore only be in language that the limit can be all essential points, the final solution of the problems. هیچ دوست second ندارمthen theبدامن چه ,belief اندازه this دیگرin فیلسوفان mistaken در not این I am زمینهif ها And ل.وdrawn, and what lies on the other side of the limit will And if I am not mistaken in this belief, then the second drawn, and what lies on the other side of the limit will کار it کردهthat اند. is بیگمان consists آنچه work اینجا this آوردهof ام valueهرگز the دعوی which تازگی in ندارد، thing وین simply be nonsense. thing in which the value of this work consists is that it simply be nonsense. .1918 I do not wish to judge how far my efforts coincide shows how little is achieved when these problems are I do not wish to judge how far my efforts coincide shows how little is achieved when these problems are with those of other philosophers. Indeed, what I have solved. with those of other philosophers. Indeed, what I have solved. L. W. L. W. Vienna, 1918 Vienna, 1918

1922 نوامبر November 1922 November 1922 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is published in a German – English version. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is published in a German – English version. ینسخه ِانگلیسی-آملانی نامهی منطقی- فلسفی به چاپ میرسد.

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لودویگ ویتگنشتاین، پس از رساله:LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN: AFTER LUDWIGTHE TRACTATUS WITTGENSTEIN: AFTER THE TRACTATUSLUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN: AFTER THE TRACTATUS

1923_ پوخبرگ، ِاتریش پاییندست، آموزگاری دبستان 1924 _ سپتامبر_ دیدار با آدولف لوس در وین Puchberg in Lower Austria, elementary school1923 teacher Puchberg in Lower Austria, elementary school teacher 1923 Puchberg in Lower Austria, elementary school teacher 1923 آموزگاری دبستان در ُاترهال، ِاتریش پاییندست September Meeting Adolf Loos in Vienna 1924 September Meeting Adolf Loos in Vienna 1924 September Meeting Adolf Loos in Vienna 1924 1925_ آگوست_ میهمان جان مینارد کینز در لوئیس انگلستان Otterthal in Lower Austria, elementary school teacher Otterthal in Lower Austria, elementary school teacher Otterthal in Lower Austria, elementary school teacher واژهنامهی دبستان به چاپ میرسد August In England as guest of John Maynard Keynes1925 in Lewes August In England as guest of in Lewes 1925 August In England as guest of John Maynard Keynes in Lewes 1925 آوریل _ از پیشهی آموزگاری دست میشوید Dictionary for Elementary Schools is published1926 Dictionary for Elementary Schools is published 1926 Dictionary for Elementary Schools is published 1926 26 آوریل _ باغبانی در ِنیایشگاه ِبارمهرتسیگن برودر، هوتلدورف، وین April Leaves the teaching profession April Leaves the teaching profession April Leaves the teaching profession 3 ژوئن _ مرگ مادرش، ُلئوپلدین ویتگنشتاین April Hütteldorf in Vienna, at the Barmherzigen Brüder cloister26 as April gardenerHütteldorf in Vienna, at the Barmherzigen Brüder cloister as gardener 26 April Hütteldorf in Vienna, at the Barmherzigen Brüder cloister as gardener 26 آگوست _ کار بر روی خانهی کوندمانگاسه June Death of the mother Leopoldine Wittgenstein 3 June Death of the mother Leopoldine Wittgenstein 3 June Death of the mother Leopoldine Wittgenstein 3 1927_ فوریه_ خنستین دیدار با موریتس اشلیک August Work on the house in the Kundmanngasse August Work on the house in the Kundmanngasse August Work on the house in the Kundmanngasse 1928 _ مارس _ سری به نشستی با سخنرانی ریاضیدان هلندی، ل.ا.ی. براوئر، به نام اساس ریاضیات میSchlickزند February First meeting with Moritz Schlick 1927 February First meeting with Moritz Schlick 1927 February First meeting with Moritz 1927 پاییز _ ِکار خانه در کوندمانJ. Brouwer گاسه.E به .L سر میرسدMarch Visits a lecture on the foundations of mathematics1928 given byMarch the DutchVisits mathematician a lecture on L. the E. J.foundations Brouwer of mathematics given by the1928 Dutch mathematicianMarch L.Visits E. J. Brouwer a lecture on the foundations of mathematics given by the Dutch mathematician 1928 1929 _ کیمبریج Autumn Completion of the work on the house in the KundmanngasseAutumn Completion of the work on the house in the Kundmanngasse Autumn Completion of the work on the house in the Kundmanngasse 6 ژوئن _ ارائهی تراکتاتوس به ِعنوان پایاننامه و دفاع از آن برابر برتراند راسل و جی.ای.مور Cambridge 1929 Cambridge 1929 Cambridge 1929 18 ژوئن_ ِدریافت مدرک دکتراJune Oral examination by Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore, submitting6 June theOral Tractatus examination as his dissertation by Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore, submitting the Tractatus6 Juneas his dissertationOral examination by Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore, submitting the Tractatus as his dissertation 6 18 June 18 June 18 June 19 ژوئن_ بورس دانشآموختگی در کاجل ترینیتی Conferment of the degree of PhD Conferment of the degree of PhD Conferment of the degree of PhD 19 June 19 June 19 June دوستی با پییرو سرافا Scholarship from Trinity College Scholarship from Trinity College Scholarship from Trinity College Friendship with Friendship with Piero Sraffa Friendship with Piero Sraffa 1930_ آغاز تدریس آزمایشی در کیمبریج 1930 Lectures in Cambridge 1930 Lectures in Cambridge 1930 Lectures in Cambridge 16 ِمی _ کامیابی در دورهی تدریس آزمایشی 16 May Probationary Faculty Lectureship granted 16 May Probationary Faculty Lectureship granted 16 May Probationary Faculty Lectureship granted ژوئن _ پروانهی پژوهش صادر شد June Research Fellowship granted June Research Fellowship granted June Research Fellowship granted 5 دسامبر_ پژوهشگر، اقامت در خوابگاه ویول، ترینیتی کاجل 5 December Research Fellow, inhabits rooms in Whewell‘s Court 5 December Research Fellow, inhabits rooms in Whewell‘s Court 5 December Research Fellow, inhabits rooms in Whewell‘s Court 1931 _ تدریس در کیمبریج 1931 Lectures in Cambridge 1931 Lectures in Cambridge 1931 Lectures in Cambridge جوالی_ اسکیولدن با مارگارت رسپینگر July Skjolden. with Marguerite Respinger July Skjolden. with Marguerite Respinger July Skjolden. with Marguerite Respinger 1932 _ تدریس در کیمبریج 1932 Lectures in Cambridge 1932 Lectures in Cambridge 1932 Lectures in Cambridge 1933_ تدریس در کیمبریج Lectures in Cambridge 1933 Lectures in Cambridge 1933 Lectures in Cambridge 1933 15 ژانویه _ دیدار با فرنسیس اسکینر در کیمبریج January Meeting with in Cambridge 15 January Meeting with Francis Skinner in Cambridge 15 January Meeting with Francis Skinner in Cambridge 15 1934_ تدریس در کیمبریج Lectures in Cambridge 1934 Lectures in Cambridge 1934 Lectures in Cambridge 1934 جوالی _ سفر با اسکینر July Trip together with Skinner July Trip together with Skinner July Trip together with Skinner 1935_ ژانویه و ِمی_ تدریس در کیمبریج January-May Lectures in Cambridge 1935 January-May Lectures in Cambridge 1935 January-May Lectures in Cambridge 1935 7 سپتامبر _ سفر به روسیه Sept. Departure for Russia 7 Sept. Departure for Russia 7 Sept. Departure for Russia 7 12 تا 24 سپتامبر_ لنینگراد، موسکو، کازان، لنینگراد Sept. Leningrad, Moscow, Kazan, Leningrad 12-24 Sept. Leningrad, Moscow, Kazan, Leningrad 12-24 Sept. Leningrad, Moscow, Kazan, Leningrad 12-24 29 سپتامبر_ لندن Sept. London 29 Sept. London 29 Sept. London 29 1936_ ژانویه و می _ تدریس در کیمبریج January-May Lectures in Cambridge 1936 January-May Lectures in Cambridge 1936 January-May Lectures in Cambridge 1936 ژوئن _ پایان کارگروه پژوهش June End of Research Fellowship in Cambridge June End of Research Fellowship in Cambridge June End of Research Fellowship in Cambridge آگوست و دسامبر_ اسکیولدن، نروژ Aug.-Dec. Skjolden, Norway Aug.-Dec. Skjolden, Norway Aug.-Dec. Skjolden, Norway 1937_ اسکیولدن Skjolden 1937 Skjolden 1937 Skjolden 1937 تابستان_ وین Summer Vienna Summer Vienna Summer Vienna 1938 _ تدریس در کیمبریج، زندگی با اسکینر در ایسترود Lectures in Cambridge, lives with Francis Skinner1938 in the East Road Lectures in Cambridge, lives with Francis Skinner in the East Road1938 Lectures in Cambridge, lives with Francis Skinner in the East Road 1938 1939 _ 11 فوریه _ گزینش برای ِجانشینی جی.ای.مور، کرسی فلسفه Cambridgeدانشگاه at کیمبریجFebruary Successor to G. E. Moore to the Chair of Philosophy1939 at11 Cambridge February Successor to G. E. Moore to the Chair of Philosophy at Cambridge1939 11 February Successor to G. E. Moore to the Chair of Philosophy 11 1939 14 آوریل _ پذیرش شهروندی بریتانیا April Conferment of the British Citizenship 14 April Conferment of the British Citizenship 14 April Conferment of the British Citizenship 14 1 اکتبر_ به دست آوردن کرسی فلسفهی دانشگاه کیمبریج October Takes over the Chair of Philosophy at Cambridge 1 October Takes over the Chair of Philosophy at Cambridge 1 October Takes over the Chair of Philosophy at Cambridge 1 1940 _ آموزش کمکهای اولیه November First Aid training 1940 November First Aid training 1940 November First Aid training 1940 1941 _ 11 اکتبر_ مرگ فرانسیس اسکینر October Death of Francis Skinner 1941 11 October Death of Francis Skinner 1941 11 October Death of Francis Skinner 11 1941 نوامبر و دسامبر _ دستیاری در آزمایشگاه ِبیمارستان گای، لندن Nov.-Dec. London, Laboratory Assistant at Guy‘s Hospital Nov.-Dec. London, Laboratory Assistant at Guy‘s Hospital Nov.-Dec. London, Laboratory Assistant at Guy‘s Hospital 1942 _ ِبیمارستان گای، لندن London, Guy‘s Hospital 1942 London, Guy‘s Hospital 1942 London, Guy‘s Hospital 1942 27 April 27 April 27 April 27 آوریل _ ِجراحی کیسهی زرداب Gall operation Gall operation Gall operation 1943 1943 1943 1943 _ لندن، ِبیمارستانی گای London, Guy‘s Hospital London, Guy‘s Hospital London, Guy‘s Hospital 1944 February Newcastle, Swansea 1944 February Newcastle, Swansea 1944 February Newcastle, Swansea 1944_ فوریه_ سنانسی، نیوکاسل October Cambridge October Cambridge October Cambridge اکتبر _ کیمبریج 1945 January Cambridge 1945 January Cambridge 1945 January Cambridge 1945_ ژانویه _ کیمبریج Oct.-Dec. Lectures in Cambridge Oct.-Dec. Lectures in Cambridge Oct.-Dec. Lectures in Cambridge اکتبر – دسامبر _ تدریس در کیمبریج 1946 Lectures in Cambridge 1946 Lectures in Cambridge 1946 Lectures in Cambridge 1946 _ تدریس در کیمبریج 1947 Lectures in Cambridge 1947 Lectures in Cambridge 1947 Lectures in Cambridge 1947 _ تدریس در کیمبریج 31 December Resigns from the Chair of Philosophy at Cambridge 31 December Resigns from the Chair of Philosophy at Cambridge 31 December Resigns from the Chair of Philosophy at Cambridge 31 دسامبر _کنارهگیری از ِاستادی فلسفه 1948 Dublin, Oxford, Vienna 1948 Dublin, Oxford, Vienna 1948 Dublin, Oxford, Vienna 1948_ دابلین،آکفورد، وین 1949 Dublin, Vienna 1949 Dublin, Vienna 1949 Dublin, Vienna 1949_ دابلین، ویین May Diagnosed with an atypical form of anemia 20 May Diagnosed with an atypical form of anemia 20 May Diagnosed with an atypical form of anemia 20 ِ 20 یم _ تشخیص ابتال به گونهای از کمخونی ناشناخته October New York, Ithaca, as guest to October New York, Ithaca, as guest to Norman Malcolm October New York, Ithaca, as guest to Norman Malcolm اکتبر _ ایتاکا، نیویورک، میهملن نورمن ملکولم November Diagnosed with prostate cancer by Dr. Bevan 25 November Diagnosed with prostate cancer by Dr. Bevan 25 November Diagnosed with prostate cancer by Dr. Bevan 25 27 نوامبر _ به تشخیص دکتر بیوان، سرطان پروستات December Flight to Vienna 24 December Flight to Vienna 24 December Flight to Vienna 24 25 دسامبر _ بازگشت به وین Jan.-March Vienna 1950 Jan.-March Vienna 1950 Jan.-March Vienna 1950 1950_ ژانویه و مارچ _ وین February Death of his sister Hermine Wittgenstein 11 February Death of his sister Hermine Wittgenstein 11 February Death of his sister Hermine Wittgenstein 11 11 فوریه_ مرگ خواهرش، هرمینه ویتگنشتاین، کیمبریج، لندن. Cambridge, London Cambridge, London Cambridge, London اکتبر و نوامبر _ اسکیولدن، همراه با بن ریچاردز Oct.-Nov. Skjolden, with Ben Richards Oct.-Nov. Skjolden, with Ben Richards Oct.-Nov. Skjolden, with Ben Richards کریسمس _ کیمبریج، میهمان دکتر بیوان Christmas Christmas Christmas Bevan Death notice issued by Wittgenstein‘s siblings آگهیِ .siblings Drمرگِ guest of ویتگنشتاین، Cambridge, by Wittgenstein‘sصادرشده از issued سوی Death noticeخواهربرادرانش Cambridge, guest of Dr. Bevan Cambridge,Death notice guest issued of byDr. Wittgenstein‘s Bevan siblings 1951 _ آکسفورد Oxford 1951 Oxford 1951 Oxford 1951 19 فوریه_ ماندن در خانهی دکتر بیوان، استوریز ِاند، کیمبریج February Cambridge, stays in Storeys End, Dr. Bevan’s house 19 February Cambridge, stays in Storeys End, Dr. Bevan’s house 19 February Cambridge, stays in Storeys End, Dr. Bevan’s house 19 him. 29 آوریل _ are with درگذشت در خانهیO‘Drury دکتر Maurice بیوان. und الیزابت Richards انسکوم، Ben یوریک امسیتیز،,Smythies بن Yorick ریچاردز و موریس ,Anscombe ُآدراری بر Elizabeth بالینش.house. him بودند.April Dies in Dr. Bevan’s house. Elizabeth Anscombe, Yorick Smythies,29 April BenDies Richards in Dr. und Bevan’s Maurice house. O‘Drury Elizabeth are withAnscombe, him. Yorick Smythies, Ben Richards29 undApril MauriceDies O‘Druryin Dr. Bevan’s are with 29

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Considered to be the most influential philosopher of the But it is the later Wittgenstein, mostly recognized in Considered to be the most influential philosopher of the But it is the later Wittgenstein, mostly recognized in لودویگ ویتگنشتاین از تأثیرگذارترین فیلسوفان سدهی بیستم به ِسرشت بازمنود از راه زبان میپردازد: به سرشت منطق و 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein played a central, if the Philosophical Investigations (published posthumously 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein played a central, if the Philosophical Investigations (published posthumously میالدی به شمار میرود که در این صد سال نقش پررنگ و گرچه ِضرورت منطقی، به پیوند میان زبان و اندیشه و جهان حقیقی، controversial, role over the last 100 years. He continues in 1953), who took the more revolutionary step in controversial, role over the last 100 years. He continues in 1953), who took the more revolutionary step in جنجالی ای ایفا work کرده This و هنوز از .philosophy اعتبارش در traditional زمینهof هایall گوناگون، critiquing به as ساختار as diverse ِمتافیزیکی in areas جهان، و به thinking مرزهای current زبان و این که influence چه to influence current thinking in areas as diverse as critiquing all of traditional philosophy. This work to از منطق totally گرفتهa تا from زبان، butاز درک تا ,problems خواست،the same اصول much اخالق و دین،and addressesمی شود باethics زبان گفت، ,intentionو and سرشت آن چه perception منیتوان ,language گفت and ولی میlogicتوان logic and language, perception and intention, ethics and addresses much the same problems, but from a totally زیباییexamine شناسی to و them فرهنگ، beyond کاسته goes نشده it – است.different perspective نشان داد را بررسی میکند. .culture همچنین and سنت پیشین aesthetics فلسفه را ,religionبه religion, aesthetics and culture. different perspective – it goes beyond them to examine deep questions concerning knowledge of one’s own چالش میکشد، به ویژه فلسفهی ُگوتلب ِفرگه و برتراند راسل را؛ deep questions concerning knowledge of one’s own In his life, Ludwig Wittgenstein produced two great experience, language and thought, thinking and In his life, Ludwig Wittgenstein produced two great experience, language and thought, thinking and در طول زندگانی دو اثر بزرگ از او به جای ماند. او خنست با دو اندیشهورز بزرگی که خنست جهانبینی ویتگنشتاین را زیر و masterpieces of colossal importance. The early imagination, consciousness and self-consciousness, masterpieces of colossal importance. The early imagination, consciousness and self-consciousness, نامهی منطقیفلسفیاش شناخته میشد. در این اثر به ژرفترین زبر و دگرگون کرده بودند. Wittgenstein is epitomized in the Tractatus Logico- willing and intending, and many others. It undercuts his Wittgenstein is epitomized in the Tractatus Logico- willing and intending, and many others. It undercuts his پیچیدگیهای فلسفه میپردازد: به ِ سرشتبازمنود، و روی همرفته Philosophicus. This work addresses the deepest first philosophy, and moves off in new directions with Philosophicus. This work addresses the deepest first philosophy, and moves off in new directions with .stunning originality گرچه این of representationِویتگنشتاین پسین nature استthe که با :in philosophy پژوهشهای فلسفیproblemsاش .problems in philosophy: the nature of representation stunning originality )که سال of language 1953، پس meansاز by مرگش به چاپ representation رسید(and ofگامی generalانقالبی ترin general and of representation by means of language in برمیدارد و ;necessity به logical سراسر and فلسفهlogicی of پیش از nature خود the میتازد. ;particular رویکرد inاین ;in particular; the nature of logic and logical necessity کتاب هم ;reality به and همان thought پیچیدگیها و ,language مشکالت betweenاست، ولی از relations نگاهیthe relations between language, thought and reality; the of دیگر، limitsفراتر از the خود آنها;world میof theرود تا به structure پرسشهایی بس metaphysical ژرفtheتر، the metaphysical structure of the world; the limits of what can be said in language and the character of what what can be said in language and the character of what در یزمینه جتربهی شخصی، زبان، اندیشه، انگاشنت، آگاهی و cannot be said but can be shown. It also confronted the cannot be said but can be shown. It also confronted the خودآگاهی، خواست و انگیزه، و بسیاری موضوعات دیگر را پیش antecedent tradition in philosophy, in particular the antecedent tradition in philosophy, in particular the بکشد. ,Russellبنیان فلسفهی and Bertrand پیشینش را Frege میتاراند Gottlobو باof نواندیشهphilosophiesهایی ,philosophies of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell گیرا، گام بر views Wittgensteinمسیرهای نوینی whose میگذارد. ,his two great predecessors, whose views Wittgenstein his two great predecessors radicalized and transformed. radicalized and transformed.

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