Anti-Drug Campaigns Policyreport.Pdf

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antidrugs_ppr.indd 2 12/14/16 12:27 ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS CAMPAIGNS: WHAT WORKS AND WHAT DOESN’T WORK

Ronald U. Mendoza, PhD Ivyrose S. Baysic Eunice A. Lalic Summary

Since its inception at the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, the global war on drugs has remained a contentious issue. International evidence has illustrated that there was no clear link between a punitive approach or decriminalization and the increase or decrease of drug users. Despite this, some countries continue to adopt an enforcement-centric approach on the war on drugs. At the same time, the Philippines welcomed the new administration under Pres. Rodrigo Duterte this year. The country also faced the administration’s intensified campaign against the use of illegal drugs.

In aid of the government’s campaign against illegal drugs and in support of coordinated action across different agencies tasked with tackling the illegal drugs problem, the Ateneo School of Government, the Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, the Ateneo Human Rights Center and the Ateneo Law School conducted a policy forum on “Anti-Drug Campaigns: What Works and What Doesn’t Work” last 3 October 2016. The policy forum brought together international and local experts, policymakers, and various stakeholders in the anti-illegal drugs campaign in Southeast Asia and beyond. It offered a unique opportunity to present different views and learning experiences of other countries. What follows are the main insights gained from the discussion.

1) Anti-drug campaigns cannot be won over night, and countries like the US, Colombia, Thailand, and Indonesia have been fighting illegal drugs for several decades now. Trustworthy and independently generated data and statistics are critically important to base effective policy strategies on.

2) International evidence and experience suggest that punitive approaches alone are not necessarily effective. Without harm reduction strategies that could effectively protect the youth from addiction as well as effectively integrate addicts back into society, countries could face a rising burden of addiction.

3) International cooperation is often critically important in order to stem the tide of illegal drugs manufacture and flow orchestrated by international drugs and crime syndicates. Even where borders are relatively well secured (like in the US and in advanced economies for example), drugs smuggling has proven stubbornly difficult to shut down. In archipelagic countries like Indonesia (17,000 islands) and the Philippines (2500 islands) which have also opened its borders to tourism and trade, the challenge of interdiction is even greater.

antidrugs_ppr.indd 1 12/14/16 12:27 Consistent with its campaign promise, the Duterte administration has demonstrated a significant degree of political will to curb the proliferation of illegal drugs in the country. According to the Philippine National Police (PNP), in the short period from July 1 to Oct 3, 2016—less than 100 days—there were a total of 732,149 surrenders and 22,415 arrests. These surrenders and arrests were part of the government’s efforts to reduce the supply of illegal drugs through PNP’s Double Barrel campaign.

The Double Barrel plan, as explained by Police Senior Supt. Rene P. Pamuspusan, Chief of the Law Enforcement Division, Directorate for Operations of PNP, is composed of Project Tokhang (i.e. Toktok-Hangyo or “knock and negotiate”) for the lower barrel and Project HVT (high-value target) for the upper barrel.

Around 27% of the 42,605 barangays all over the country are affected by drugs, including the National Capital Region with 93% of its 1,706 barangays. Project Tokhang was launched by PNP to target these drug-infected barangays in coordination with the local government units, especially its anti-drug councils, NGOs, and others. Meanwhile, Project HVT (high value target) involves focus teams such as investigators, intelligence operatives, and tactical personnel. Operations here target illegal drug personalities and syndicates. The PNP has also moved on to include a modified Tokhang called “Taphang” (Tapok Hangyo) wherein homeowners of subdivisions, condos, business establishments, and government agencies would be gathered to discuss and advance the anti-drugs campaign.

Nevertheless, an alarming number of killings have also taken place—some 722 alleged vigilante killings (classified as deaths under investigation in PNP data) and 1,566 killings due to police operations, based on recent reports. These killings raise serious concerns over the rule of law and the over-all effectiveness of the anti-drugs campaign.

antidrugs_ppr.indd 2 12/14/16 12:27 experience, multidisciplinary perspectives on anti-drug policy reform, and the anti-illegal drugs campaign of the Duterte administration. We noted the main policy messages that emerged from the forum in this short article.

A review of international policy experience on combating Punitive drugs suggests how punitive approaches alone have produced very mixed results. Various studies have shown approaches are that these have resulted into a range of “unintended consequences” including: the creation of a huge criminal only effective to a market; the displacement of production and transit to new areas (the balloon effect); the diversion of resources from certain extent; and health to enforcement; the displacement of use to new drugs; and the stigmatization and marginalization of people these need to be who use drugs (UNODC, 2008).

balanced by harm Atty. Ricky Gunawan, Director of the Community Legal Aid in Jakarta, a group that has worked with the advocates reduction to be fighting to stop the execution of Mary Jane Veloso among others, shared Indonesia’s challenges. Indonesia’s policies more effective. are primarily punitive, according to Gunawan; and it rehabilitates only a small fraction of its addicted citizens. Based on Gunawan’s experience, in particular areas in Indonesia, out of 522 cases wherein the amount of drugs fell under the threshold, only 8.2% were rehabilitated. On the one hand, under the effectivity of Article 127 which is a call to rehabilitate drug users, only 27% of 151 cases were rehabilitated. There is also the issue on prison overcrowding. In Indonesia, for example, they have attributed the problem of overcrowding to the war on drugs with 129,662 prisoners (almost half were convicted on drug-related cases) and 67, 496 detainees. A total of 197,158 prisoners and detainees are housed in a prison facility that has a capacity of 118,692.

Furthermore, even with two rounds of executions that took place in 2015, drug use still increased to 5.9M by November 2015 from 4.2M in June that same year. Gunawan noted that Indonesia’s rapidly overcrowding prisons have also produced unintended consequences—including the creation of “markets” for drugs in the country’s prison system. He also noted that anti-drug campaigns target poorer citizens –those who have no access to legal aid and treatment, considering that the society commonly demonizes drug users.

Gunawan argued how an alternate strategy that respects human dignity and anchors on evidence-based public health RICKY GUNAWAN responses could be much more effective in stemming the Director, Community Legal Aid in Jakarta tide of drugs. Harm reduction, an approach that focuses

antidrugs_ppr.indd 3 12/14/16 12:27 on reducing the adverse health, economic, and social consequences of illegal drug use, could be a complementary strategy along with prevention and treatment. According to UNODC, an effective anti-illegal drugs policy should include supply reduction, community development, preventive education, treatment, and rehabilitation.

BOX 1 According to UNAIDS (2013), around 3 to 5 million people who inject drugs are located in Asia. The unsafe injection of drugs is a major driver HARM REDUCTION of HIV epidemic in many Asian countries like Indonesia, Pakistan, and PRACTICE AND POLICY the Philippines. Many countries in Asia have adopted harm reduction IN ASIA policies. However, the implementation of these policies is a different story. For example, needle and syringe exchange programs operate to varying degrees within the region, from the small scale projects in Macau and Mongolia to higher coverage in Indonesia and Malaysia. In the 2014 report of Harm Reduction International, policies that facilitate harm reduction services in the region do not translate to provision of adequate response in scope and quality. In Cambodia, for example, the law states that a person who injects drugs or someone who is arrested for a drug-related offense should be referred to a treatment facility. In practice, the legal provision of referral to treatment is not widely implemented.

A comprehensive harm reduction strategy, as recommended by UN agencies, should include these nine core harm reduction interventions:

1. Needle and syringe programmes 2. Opioid substitution therapy and other drug dependence treatment 3. HIV testing and counselling 4. Antiretroviral therapy 5. Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) 6. Condom programmes for injecting drug users and their sexual partners 7. Targeted information, education and communication for injecting drug users and their sexual partners 8. Vaccination, diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis 9. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of TB

antidrugs_ppr.indd 4 12/14/16 12:27 The table shows Country or Explicit Operational Operational Drug the countries Territory supportive needle exchange opioid consumption in Asia that reference to programs substitution rooms have adopted harm reduction programs harm reduction in national policy policies. documents

Afghanistan Source: Harm Reduction International, 2014 Bangladesh

Cambodia

China

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia

Laos PDR

Macau

Malaysia

Maldives

Mongolia

Myanmar

Nepal

Pakistan

Philippines

Taiwan

Thailand

Vietnam

antidrugs_ppr.indd 5 12/14/16 12:27

which is mainly due to high likelihood of unprotected intercourse during drug intoxication (Urbina and Jones, 2004). Also, although non-injection is the preference of most ATS users, injection parenteral use is increasingly common (Maxwell and Rutkowski, 2008) which could lead to needle sharing.

Table 1. Most Widely Used Illicit Country or Territory Most Widely Used Drug Drugs in East and Southeast Asia, Per Country/Territory Afghanistan Opioid (opium) Bangladesh Opioid (cough syrup) Source: UNODC and selected government websites Cambodia Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (crystal methamphetamine) China Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (crystal methamphetamine and ecstasy) Hong Kong Opioid (heroin) India Opioid (heroin) Indonesia Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (crystal methamphetamine) Laos PDR Opioid (opium) Macau Opioid (opium and heroin) Malaysia Opioid (heroin) Maldives Cannabis Mongolia Cannabis Myanmar Opioid (opium) Nepal Cannabis Pakistan Cannabis Philippines Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (crystal methamphetamine) Taiwan Opioid (heroin) Thailand Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (crystal methamphetamine) Vietnam Opioid (heroin)

antidrugs_ppr.indd 8 12/14/16 12:27

decriminalization of less destructive forms of drugs and their most affected populations (not only the drug users but also those engaged in the drug market for survival), support for innovative policies, resetting of metrics (such as the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on drugs shifted its 1998 goal of “drug-free world” to “society free of drug abuse” on 2015) and the promotion of open and inclusive debate on drug policies, as mentioned in the UNGASS on drugs last April 2016.

In terms of evaluating anti-illegal drugs policies, most governments around the world have focused on reducing the demand and supply. Indicators include number and volume of illicit drug seizures, number of drug-related arrests and incarceration, and prevalence of drug use in the general population, among others. However, based on a study of Werb, et al (2016) published in The Lancet, these narrow sets of indicators do not capture all facets of the problem and the overall effectiveness of an anti-drug policy. To meaningfully evaluate an anti-drug policy, indicators that measure real-world outcomes should be developed. This new set of indicators could include impacts of drug policies on community health, safety, development, and human rights.

Lai also underlined the recent adjustment in Thailand’s strategy, which also emphasized punitive approaches in its initial stages. She noted its adoption of harm reduction, possible drug law amendments to reduce penalties and

Patients attend a gymnastics session at the Taipas rehabilitation clinic in Lisbon August 10, 2012. Lisbon’s Taipas rehabilitation clinic is one of over 40 such clinics across the country, the result of Portugal’s 11-year- old pioneering drugs policy which decriminalised drug use while offering free treatment and state-funded street- work programmes. REUTERS/Rafael Marchante

antidrugs_ppr.indd 11 12/14/16 12:27 options for alternatives to incarceration, and support for decriminalization and ending compulsory treatment. She also acknowledged the experience of Uruguay and some American states such as Washington and Colorado, which have made significant inroads in curbing drug use by decriminalizing some types of drugs (especially the medical use of cannabis).

BOX 2 In 2001, Portugal adopted a health-centered approach in addressing the issue of illegal drug use. A comprehensive form of decriminalization was THE PORTUGUESE enacted by eliminating criminal penalties for low level consumption of all DECRIMINALIZATION illicit drugs and reclassifying these activities as administrative violations. When one is found to be in possession of personal-use amount of drugs, MODEL the person is ordered to appear before a commission comprised of legal official, a health official, and a social service official. The commission Source: Drug Policy Alliance, 2015 determines the extent of addiction and recommends the appropriate sanction which could be in the form of a voluntary program, fine, or administrative sanctions. The law allows the following substances:

• Cannabis, 25 grams • Hashish, 5 grams • Cocaine, 2 grams • Heroin, 1 gram • LSD or ecstasy, 10 pills

This health-centered policy has generated notable outcomes including: 1) no major increase in drug use, 2) reduced problematic and adolescent drug use, 3) fewer people arrested and incarcerated for drugs, 4) more people receiving drug treatment, 5) reduced incidence of HIV/AIDS, 6) reduced drug-induced deaths, and 7) reduced social costs of drug misuse.

Nonetheless, according to the architect of Portugal’s drug policy, Dr. João Goulão, these outcomes should be viewed as the result of not just the decriminalization of drugs but of a larger set of policies that target reduction of both supply and demand, including measures of prevention, treatment, harm reduction, and social reinsertion.

antidrugs_ppr.indd 12 12/14/16 12:27 Table 2. Congestion Rate of the Jails Region Number of Jails Floor Area (sq. m.) Cell Area (sq. m.) Ideal Capacity (4.7) Jail Population Variance Percent of Congestion in the Philippines, September 2015 NCR 39 49,175.07 22,318.02 4,749 21,868 17,119 361% Source: Bureau of Jail Management and Penology I 21 4,445.00 2,481.00 528 3,427 2,899 549%

II 19 3,847.00 2,073.00 441 2,221 1,780 404%

III 33 11,250.00 5,482.00 1,166 9,047 7,881 676%

IV A 52 14,873.22 8,069.20 1,717 14,083 12,366 720%

IV B 18 3,115.00 1,938.00 412 865 453 110%

V 36 5,352.00 3,169.00 674 2,623 1,949 289%

VI 35 19,199.00 10,727.00 2,282 6,822 4,540 199%

VII 34 13,513.06 8,835.48 1,880 10,618 8,738 465%

VIII 37 3,934.00 1,953.00 416 1,842 1,426 343%

IX 20 5,241.42 3,247.64 691 4,595 3,904 565%

X 22 9,424.00 4,751.48 1,011 3,706 2,695 267%

XI 13 11,322.50 3,511.00 747 4,711 3,964 531%

XII 14 2,988.00 3,817.40 812 4,250 3,438 423%

XIII 26 4,822.00 2,991.00 636 2,029 1,393 219%

CAR 26 4,253.00 2,088.00 444 931 487 110%

ARMM 16 3,130.80 1,290.25 275 323 48 18%

TOTAL 461 169,885.07 88,742.47 18,881 93,961 75,080 398%

antidrugs_ppr.indd 13 12/14/16 12:27 Region Number of Jails Floor Area (sq. m.) Cell Area (sq. m.) Ideal Capacity (4.7) Jail Population Variance Percent of Congestion

NCR 39 49,175.07 22,318.02 4,749 21,868 17,119 361%

I 21 4,445.00 2,481.00 528 3,427 2,899 549%

II 19 3,847.00 2,073.00 441 2,221 1,780 404%

III 33 11,250.00 5,482.00 1,166 9,047 7,881 676%

IV A 52 14,873.22 8,069.20 1,717 14,083 12,366 720%

IV B 18 3,115.00 1,938.00 412 865 453 110%

V 36 5,352.00 3,169.00 674 2,623 1,949 289%

VI 35 19,199.00 10,727.00 2,282 6,822 4,540 199%

VII 34 13,513.06 8,835.48 1,880 10,618 8,738 465%

VIII 37 3,934.00 1,953.00 416 1,842 1,426 343%

IX 20 5,241.42 3,247.64 691 4,595 3,904 565%

X 22 9,424.00 4,751.48 1,011 3,706 2,695 267%

XI 13 11,322.50 3,511.00 747 4,711 3,964 531%

XII 14 2,988.00 3,817.40 812 4,250 3,438 423%

XIII 26 4,822.00 2,991.00 636 2,029 1,393 219%

CAR 26 4,253.00 2,088.00 444 931 487 110%

ARMM 16 3,130.80 1,290.25 275 323 48 18%

TOTAL 461 169,885.07 88,742.47 18,881 93,961 75,080 398%

antidrugs_ppr.indd 14 12/14/16 12:27 An exchange of views by a multidisciplinary panel of experts Illegal drug use is emphasized the importance of a rights-based approach which also engages different stakeholders—notably a health issue and families and the communities—in curbing the illegal drugs problem. Atty. Ray Paolo Santiago of the Ateneo Human promoting human Rights Center discussed the legal framework of the ongoing anti-drug campaign in the country. Data from Bureau of rights should Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) showed that the congestion rate inside prisons reached 398%. As shown anchor the anti- in Table 2, the ideal capacity of the 461 jails across the Philippines is only 18,881 inmates. However, it is occupied by drugs campaign. 93,961 inmates as of September 2015.

Moreover, the constitutional issues related to the Philippines’ anti-drug campaign, as discussed by Santiago, include: 1) right against deprivation of life, liberty, and property without due process of law, 2) right against unreasonable searches and seizures, 3) right against warrantless arrests, 4) freedom of speech and expression, 5) right to information, 6) right to adequate legal assistance, 7) rights during custodial interrogation, 8) right to be presumed innocent, and 9) right against self-incrimination. He mentioned that the anti-drugs campaign must be recalibrated in ways that strengthen the rule of law.

Furthermore, Dr. Vilma Diez, Director of the Dangerous Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment Program (DDAPTP), Office of Special Concerns of the Department of Health (DOH) discussed how the Philippine government is indeed sharpening its anti-drug campaign with a strong public health perspective. She discussed the immediate responses to support the large number of addicts who surrendered, which primarily include meeting the regional directors and the chiefs of the drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation centers monthly for their responses, plans and needs report. Second, she noted the critical convergence of work across key agencies, with the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) as the lead, together with DOH, Ugnayan ng Barangay at Simbahan (UBAS) and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), the agencies partner with other government offices (i.e. TESDA, DDB, BJMP, etc.).

According to the Health Secretary, Dr. Paulyn Ubial, the increasing number of drug surrenderers in the country SEN. RISA HONTIVEROS gave the Keynote demonstrates that it is a public health emergency (Rappler, Speech. She emphasized the importance of adopting the public health lens and harm 2016). The DOH will use around PhP145 million of its Quick reduction in fighting the war on drugs. Response Fund for treatment and rehabilitation centers.

15 RAY PAOLO SANTIAGO Executive Director, Ateneo Human Rights Center

MA. VILMA DIEZ Director III, Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and Treatment Program, Department of Health

Likewise, under the proposed 2017 budget, the department has allotted PhP3 billion for the operation of government-run treatment and rehabilitation centers in the country.

Diez also elaborated on the standard guideline on the voluntary surrenders of drug users and dependents. The immediate responses also include the distribution of manuals regarding community-based treatments. Another response is the building of temporary Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers or DATRCs in military camps such as those in Nueva Ecija, Capiz, Bohol, and Saranggani.

The DDAPTP aims to reduce the prevalence of drug abuse and its health-related effects, as mentioned by Diez. Furthermore, the goal of DDAPTP is to achieve a more effective leadership and governance for the prevention of drug abuse, and the treatment and rehabilitation of drug users; to provide a comprehensive, integrated health care services in TRCs as well as in communities, to implement strategies for health promotion and drug use prevention; and to strengthen information systems and evidence- based research. Diez also emphasized the importance of collaborative effort, notably among the community’s health care system, schools, workplaces, religious and voluntary organizations, media, law enforcement and regulatory

16 agencies, and the family, peers and the community where an individual belongs to prevent substance or drug abuse.

The social dimensions of drug use should also be recognized Participation and addressed in order to protect the youth. Dr. Emma Porio, Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the of other social Ateneo de Manila University and Science Research Fellow at the Manila Observatory shared the key findings of her institutions is vital study, “Children in Drugs in Southeast Asia: Implications for Anti-Drug Campaigns/Reforms in the Philippines.” Porio to eradicate illegal noted that there are three intervention models to eliminate drug use: 1) community-based, 2) school-based, and 3) drug use. street-based approaches. Further, she emphasized the importance of focusing on the youth as the center of change, in collaboration with their families and their elders. Porio explained that the fight against illegal drugs is not solely the responsibility of the police through the campaigns like Tokhang Plan, rather, it is the responsibility of everybody. Recognizing the importance of information education campaigns to capacitate parents, teachers, community leaders, etc., she also identified the significance of communities building a safe environment for everyone. This underscores the need for child/youth/gender-sensitive drug policy framework, a supportive bureaucracy, and budget and other resources to support the fight against illegal drugs.

ELMER SORIANO Managing Director, Civika Asian Development

LUCIANO FELLONI Vicar Forane, Our Lady of Lourdes Vicariate

EMMA PORIO Professor of Sociology, Ateneo de Manila University Science Research Fellow, Manila Observatory

antidrugs_ppr.indd 17 12/14/16 12:27 Health leadership models for academe-LGU-clinic drug programs were also discussed by Dr. Elmer Soriano, Managing Director of the Civika Asian Development Academy. Soriano noted the important role of social labs for drug rehabilitation and possible social innovation of universities in the fight against illegal drugs. He further explained the need to recognize the nature of the challenge and the type of leadership needed.

In addition, Fr. Luciano Felloni, Vicar Forane of the Our Lady of Lourdes Vicariate in Caloocan City shared their church’s “Healing and Protecting” campaign. Fr. Felloni shared their experience working with the local barangay thru Ugnayan ng Barangay at Simbahan or UBAS to address the drug problem in their community. The rehabilitation program focuses on 1) health by implementing medical checkups, detoxification, feeding program, and exercise; 2) family, including the surrenderers’ co-dependents, parenting, marriage encounter, etc.; 3) livelihood such as their pay for work, TESDA trainings, product marketing etc.; 4) psychosocial support that includes counseling, therapy with psychologists and psychiatrists and Narcotics Anonymous; 5) spirituality by engaging the surrenderers in recollections, catechesis, and other similar activities.

The Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) as the drug policy- Openness of making body when it comes to illegal drugs is tasked to adopt a comprehensive, integrated, unified, and balanced government to national drug policy. Under the National Anti-Drug Plan of Action, DDB operates with its five pillars of action which partner and adjust serves as their strategy to eliminate drug use namely drug supply reduction, drug demand reduction, alternative its strategies development, civic awareness, and regional and local based on evidence cooperation. Mr. Benjamin Reyes, Chairman of DDB, noted how drug is key. supply and demand reduction are being accomplished through enforcement of activities and at the same time, providing for prevention, treatment, and promoting advocacy activities. The Board also promotes an alternative source of income for marijuana planters by providing different livelihood projects for planters in several marijuana plantation sites. Furthermore, attaining civic awareness and response is made through promoting advocacies on the local and international level. Meanwhile, regional and international cooperation is being managed by maintaining the connections with other countries via actively participating and hosting conferences, seminars and trainings.

18 HILARIO DAVIDE III Governor, Province of Cebu

BENJAMIN REYES Chairman, Dangerous Drugs Board

RENE PAMUSPUSAN Chief, Law Enforecement Division of the Directorate for Operations, Philippine National Police

Starting 2010 up until 2015, the number of drug-related arrests and cases filed by PDEA kept on increasing. (See Figure 6). In 2015, 19,432 drug-related arrests were made, as recalled by Reyes wherein 9.38% of these arrests were high value targets. Among DDB’s accomplishments are the success of conducting several advocacy activities, implementing 24 capacity-building and prevention programs such as “Barkada Kontra Droga” which focuses on the youth, interfaith-based programs and various research works.

Moreover, as of December 2015, there is a total of 44 DOH-accredited treatment and rehabilitation centers, both government and private-owned (see Table 3).

Reyes emphasized that the DDB adheres to international treaties and conventions as well as human rights policies. Thus, the Board does not condone the current issues on killings associated with the ongoing anti-drug campaign. Furthermore, DDB is already processing the publication of the guidelines for the standard implementation of Tokhang.

antidrugs_ppr.indd 19 12/14/16 12:27

Finally, the important role of leadership at the local level was reiterated by participants in the forum. On his part, Gov. Hilario P. Davide III of Cebu shared his province’s experience in addressing illegal drugs, under the leadership of Cebu Provincial Anti-Drug Abuse Council (CPADAC). He recognized their strong partnership with different agencies, the private sector, civil society, and non-government and government organizations for Cebu’s anti-drug abuse programs. Furthermore, the province of Cebu focuses and addresses their problems in accordance with their capabilities and resources, as Davide III mentioned. They also support the strengthening of local and barangay- based institutions, and they embraced the participation of community and church-based organizations, as well as other organizations. This allowed them to reach more communities more effectively, as partnerships amplified the scale and scope of their efforts.

Davide III acknowledged that the current drug problem of the country will not be solved through government polices alone. He emphasized the importance of the shared responsibility of the government and the community, as well as coherent and sustained policy approaches. In addition, Davide III noted that policy strategies should target the causes rather than the symptoms of the problem, putting an emphasis on reaching the youth and lowering their risks from taking up drugs in the first place.

HILARIO DAVIDE III Governor, Province of Cebu

antidrugs_ppr.indd 21 12/14/16 12:27 antidrugs_ppr.indd 22 12/14/16 12:27 Selected References

Drug Policy Alliance. (2015). Drug United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Decriminalization in Portugal: A Health-Centered (2008). A Century of International Drug Control. Approach [Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from https:// Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/ www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/ documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/100_ DPA_Fact_Sheet_Portugal_Decriminalization_ Years_of_Drug_Control.pdf. Feb2015.pdf United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Geronimo, Jee. (2016, October 18). Ubial: PH (2014). World Drug Report 2014. Retrieved from drug problem a ‘public health emergency’. http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/ Rappler. Retrieved from http://www.rappler.com/ World_Drug_Report_2014_web.pdf nation/149537-paulyn-ubial-drugs-public-health- emergency. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2015). World Drug Report 2015. Retrieved from Global SMART Programme. (2013). Patterns http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2015/ and Trends of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and World_Drug_Report_2015.pdf Other Drugs: Challenges for Asia and the Pacific 2013. Retrived from http://www.unodc.org/ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. documents/scientific/2013_Regional_ATS_ (2016). World Drug Report 2016. Retrieved from Report_web.pdf. http://www.unodc.org/doc/wdr2016/WORLD_ DRUG_REPORT_2016_web.pdf. Marshall, B. D., Galea, S., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. (2011). Injection Methamphetamine Use is Urbina, A. & Jones, K. (2004). Crystal Associated with an Increased Risk of Attempted Methamphetamine, Its Analogues, and HIV Suicide: A Prospective Cohort Study. Drug and Infection: Medical and Psychiatric Aspects of a Alcohol Dependence, 119(1-2), 134–137. http://doi. New Epidemic. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38 (6): org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.01 890-894. doi: 10.1086/381975.

Maxwell J.C. & Rutkowski B.A. (2008). The Prevalence of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Abuse in North America: A Review of the Indicators, 1992-2007. Drug and Alcohol Review. 27:229-235.

Stone, Katie, 2014. The Global State of Harm Reduction. Published by Harm Reduction International. Retrieved from https://www.hri. global/files/2015/02/16/GSHR2014.pdf.

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