DOCSLIB.ORG

A Review Investigation on Outdoor and Indoor Propagation Models

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Review Investigation on Outdoor and Indoor Propagation Models Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews 1(1): 1-11, 2018; Article no.JMSRR.41658 A Review Investigation on Outdoor and Indoor Propagation Models V. O. A. Akpaida1, F. I. Anyasi1, S. I. Uzairue2*, A. I. Idim3 and O. Alashiri2 1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. 2Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. 3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun Delta State, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author VOAA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis. Author SIU wrote the protocol and first draft of the manuscript. Authors FIA and AII managed the analyses of the study. Author OA managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JMSRR/2018/41658 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Madogni Vianou Irenee, Departement de Physique, Laboratoire de Physique du Rayonnement LPR, Cotonou, Universite d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Benin. (2) Dr. Anjanapura V. Raghu. Professor, Department of Basic Science, Centre for Emerging Technology, Jain Global Campus, Jain University, India. (3) Dr. Suraya Hani Bt Adnan, Associate Professor, Department Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia. Reviewers: (1) Vikram Puri, DuyTan University, Vietnam. (2) S. Sridhar, S. A. Engineering College, India. (3) Muhammad Faheem, Abdullah Gul University, Turkey. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/25560 Received 25th April 2018 Accepted 10th July 2018 Review Article th Published 14 July 2018 ABSTRACT Path loss exponent has turned out to be one of the key challenges that are been faced in the telecommunications sector both in Nigeria and other countries. There is a great need to take a critical look at the various mathematical methods and techniques that have been developed by many researchers of which are used in the calculation of signal loss in telecommunication industry. This article draws the conclusion that all the methods are accurate depending on the condition(s) or factors after reviewing over fifty (50) journals. It was therefore concluded that the method that is applied to a particular situation depends on the surrounding environments. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Akpiada et al.; JMSRR, 1(1): 1-11, 2018; Article no.JMSRR.41658 Keywords: Path loss; propagation; models; signal strength. 1. INTRODUCTION Path loss is typically communicated in dB. In its most straightforward shape, the path loss can be Path loss is the decrease in power density computed utilizing the equation. (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it travels through space. Path loss is a noteworthy L = 10 n + C (1) part of the investigation and plan of the connection spending plan of a Where L is the path loss in decibels, n is the path telecommunication framework. The term is loss exponent, d is the separation between the generally utilized as a part of wireless transmitter and the receiver, normally estimated communication and signal spread. Path loss in meters, and C is a consistent which represent could be due to impacts such as: free-space framework losses. loss, absorption, reflection, diffraction, aperture- medium coupling loss and refraction. Path loss is The estimation of C typically fluctuates and is also affected by shapes, territory, condition ordinarily reliant on the kind of demonstrating (urban or provincial, vegetation and foliage), under thought. A rundown of run of the mill path spread medium (dry or wet air), the separation loss exponents acquired in different versatile between the transmitter and the receiver, and the situations has appeared in Table 1. stature and area of the antennas [1-5,6]. Path loss typically incorporates propagation losses Table 1. Path Loss Exponents for Different caused by the regular development of the radio Environments [11,12,13,14,15] wave front in free space, absorption losses (aka infiltration losses), when the signal goes through Environment Path loss media not straightforward to electromagnetic exponent, n waves, diffraction losses when part of the radio Free space 2 wave front is discouraged by a hazy deterrent, Urban area cellular radio 2.7 to 3.5 and losses caused by other wonders [7,8,9,6]. Shadowed urban cellular radio 3 to 5 In building line-of-sight 1.6 to 1.8 The multipath effect is a process in which a Obstructed in building 4 to 6 signal emanated by a transmitter may travel Obstructed in factories 2 to 3 along a wide range of paths to a receiver concurrently. Multipath waves join at the receiver 2. PATH LOSS PREDICTION antenna, bringing about a resulting signal that TECHNIQUES may fluctuate generally, contingent upon the circulation of the force and relative engendering The process of calculating the path loss is time of the waves and bandwidth of the usually called prediction. Exact prediction is transmitted signal. The aggregate power of plausible only for less complex cases, such as meddling waves in a Rayleigh fading situation the previously mentioned free space propagation differs rapidly as a component of space (which is or the flat-earth model. In practical cases the known as a small-scale fading). Small-scale path loss is calculated by using a number of fading alludes to the fast changes in radio signal approximations. Statistical methods (likewise abundancy in a brief timeframe or travel separate called stochastic or empirical) depend on [10] estimated and arrived at the midpoint of losses along typical classes of radio connections. Some 1.1 Path Loss Experiment of the most commonly utilized methods are Hata, Okumura-Hata, the COST Hata model, In wireless communication studies, path loss is W.C.Y.Lee etc. which are otherwise known as spoken to by the path loss exponent, whose radio wave propagation models and are typically esteem is regularly in the scope of 2 to 4, where 2 utilized as a part of the plan of cellular networks is for propagation in free space, 4 is for and public land versatile networks (PLMN). The moderately lossy conditions and for the instance Okumura-Hata as refined by the COST-231 of full specular reflection from the earth surface project is the method employed for wireless alluded to as the level earth display. In a few communications in the very high frequency conditions, the path loss exponent can achieve (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF) frequency values in the scope of 4 to 6. Then again, a band (the bands utilized by walkie-talkies, police, passage may go about as a waveguide, bringing maneuvers and cellular telephones). For FM about a path loss exponent under 2. radio and the TV broadcasting, the path loss is 2 Akpiada et al.; JMSRR, 1(1): 1-11, 2018; Article no.JMSRR.41658 most commonly predicted utilizing the ITU model extraordinary for a similar distance along two as described in ITU-R P.1546 recommendation. unique paths and it can be distinctive even along Other well-known models are those of Walfisch- a similar path if estimated at various Ikegami, W.C.Y Lee, and Erceg. circumstances. Ray tracing is one of the deterministic methods in In radio wave condition for versatile antennas is view of the physical laws of wave propagation close to the ground. Viewable pathway that are additionally utilized as they are expected propagation (LOS) models are highly altered. to produce more accurate and solid predictions The signal path from the BTS antenna normally of the path loss than the empirical methods but raised over the rooftop tops is refracted down are considerably more costly in computational into the local physical condition (slopes, trees, exertion and rely upon the definite and accurate houses) and the LOS signal only here and there description of all objects in the propagation reaches the antenna. Nature will produce a few space, such as structures, rooftops, windows, deflections of the direct signal unto the antenna, entryways and walls. They are therefore where typically 2-5 deflected signal components employed predominantly for short propagation will be vectorially included. These refraction and paths. Among the most commonly employed deflection processes cause loss of signal methods in the plan of radio gear such as strength, which changes when the versatile antennas and bolsters is the limited difference antenna moves (Raleigh fading), causing quick time-space strategy. varieties of up to 20 db. The network is therefore intended to give an excess of signal strength Comparable methods are employed in predicting compared to LOS of 8-25 db relying upon the the path loss in other frequency bands (medium idea of the physical condition, and another 10 db wave (MW), short wave (SW or HF), micro wave to maintain a strategic distance from the fading (SHF) although the actual calculations and because of development. [16] equations may slightly be dissimilar to those for VHF/UHF. Dependable prediction of the path 2.1 Propagation Models loss in the SW/HF band is particularly difficult, and its accuracy is comparable to weather A radio propagation model, otherwise called the predictions [16]. Easy approximations for Radio Wave Propagation Model or the Radio calculating the path loss over distances Frequency Propagation Model is an empirical significantly shorter than the distance to the radio mathematical plan for the characterization of skyline: In free space the path loss increases radio wave propagation as a function of with 20 dB every decade (one decade is when frequency, distance and other conditions. The the distance between the transmitter and the conduct of propagation for every single receiver increases ten times) or 6dB for every comparable connection under comparable octave (one octave is when the distance between constraints is usually predicted with a solitary the transmitter and the receiver pairs).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparative Analysis of Path Loss Prediction Models for Urban Macrocellular Environments
    COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS PREDICTION MODELS FOR URBAN MACROCELLULAR ENVIRONMENTS A. Obota, O. Simeonb, J. Afolayanc Department of Electrical/Electronics & Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. aEmail: [email protected] bEmail: [email protected] cEmail: [email protected] Abstract A comparative analysis of path loss prediction models for urban macrocellular environments is presented in this paper. Specifically, three path loss prediction models namely free space, Hata and Egli were used to predict path losses. The calculated path loss values were compared with practical measured data obtained from a Visafone base station located in Uyo, Nigeria. The comparative analysis reveals that the mean square error (MSE) for free space, Hata and Egli were 16.24dB, 2.37dB and 8.40dB respectively. The results showed that Hata's model is the most accurate and reliable path loss prediction model for macrocellular urban propagation environments, since its MSE value of 2.37dB is smaller than the acceptable minimum MSE value of 6dB for good signal propagation. Keywords: macrocellular areas, path loss prediction models, Hata model, mean square error 1. Introduction nals generally propagate by means of any or a combination of these three basic propaga- Nowadays, wireless communication technol- tion mechanisms; reflection, diffraction, and ogy is influencing every area of modern life, scattering [2, 3]. One of the most impor- and has encouraged useful researches in nearly tant features of the propagation environment all fields of human endeavour. Cellular ser- is path (propagation) loss. Path loss is de- vices are today being used by millions of peo- fined as the difference (in dB) between the ple worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Propagations Models in Mobile Telecommunication Systems
    “1st International Symposium on Computing in Informatics and Mathematics (ISCIM 2011)” in Collabaration between EPOKA University and “Aleksandër Moisiu” University of Durrës on June 2-4 2011, Tirana-Durres, ALBANIA Comparison of Propagations Models in Mobile Telecommunication Systems Ivana Stefanovic1, Hana Stefanovic1 1College of Electrical Engineering and Computing Applied Science, Belgrade Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Wireless channels are subject to random fluctuations in received signal power arising from multipath propagation and shadowing arising from the multiple scattering conditions. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the statistical modeling and characterization of these different effects, resulting in a range of models for wireless channels which depend on the particular propagation environment and underlying communication scenario. The comparative analysis of different theoretical and empirical propagation models, such as Okumura, Hata, COST-231 Hata, and Longley-Rice, is given in this paper. After a brief introduction and description of these models, we present some numerical results using MATLAB and RadioWORKS. INTRODUCTION Radiowave propagation through wireless channels is a complicated phenomenon characterized by different effects such as reflection, diffraction and scattering phenomenon. An exact mathematical description of this effects is either too complex for tractable communication system analysis, although considerable efforts have been devoted to the statistical modeling and characterization of wireless channels. In this paper we will characterize the variation in received signal power over distance due to path loss and shadowing. Path loss is caused by dissipation of the power radiated by the transmitter as well as effects of the propagation channel. Path loss models generally assume that path loss is the same at the given transmit-receive distance, which means that path loss model does not include shadowing effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison Andfine Tuning Empirical Pathloss Models At
    ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING Comparison and Fine Tuning Empirical Pathloss Models at 1800MHZ and 2100MHZ Bands for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia By Esayas Andarge Advisor Dr. -Ing. Dereje Hailemariam A Thesis Submitted to the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Telecommunications Engineering October, 2018 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING Comparison and Fine Tuning Empirical Pathloss Models at 1800MHZ and 2100MHZ Bands for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia By Esayas Andarge Approval by Board of Examiners _____________________________ ____________ Chairman, School Graduate committee Signature Committee Dr. -Ing. Dereje Hailemariam ____________ Advisor Signature ______________________________ ____________ Internal Examiner Signature _____________________________ ____________ External Examiner Signature Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis is my original work, has not been presented for a degree in this or any other university, and all sources of materials used for the thesis have been fully acknowledged. Esayas Andarge ______________ Name Signature Place: Addis Ababa Date of Submission: _______________ This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor. Dr. -Ing. Dereje Hailemariam ______________ Advisor’s Name Signature 3 Abstract Pathloss models play a very important role in wireless communications in coverage planning, interference estimations, frequency assignments, Location Based Services (LBS), etc. They are used to estimate the average pathloss a signal experience at a particular distance from a transmitter. Inaccurate propagation models may result in poor coverage, poor quality of service or high investment cost.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Radiowave Propagation Model for Hilly Areas
    International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering Volume 4, Issue 2, ISSN (Online): 2249–071X, ISSN (Print): 2278–4209 Development of a Radiowave Propagation Model for Hilly Areas Famoriji J. Oluwole, Olasoji Y. Olajide Abstract – Achieving optimal performance is a paramount III. THE COST-231 HATA MODEL FOR URBAN concern in wireless networks. One of the strategies is to use wireless empirical models to predict wireless link quality ENVIRONMENT factors such as path loss and the received power in any given transmission domain with irregular terrain. Measurement The COST-231 Hata wireless propagation model was results of signal strength in UHF band obtained in Idanre devised as an extension to the Hata-Okumura model and Town of Ondo State Nigeria were validated against the Hata model as reported by Abhayawardhana et al.,[3]. theoretical estimations. Okumura-Hata model, COST231- The COST-231Hata model is designed to be used in the Hata model and Egli model applicable for path loss frequency band from 500 MHz to 2000 MHz. It also prediction in area with high hill were examined. These models predictions were compared with predictions from contains corrections for urban, suburban and rural (flat) measurements taken in Idanre to determine the path loss environments. [3] also noted that ”although this models’ prediction error for each model. Consequently, modified frequency range is outside that of the measurements, its COST231-Hata model was developed for path loss prediction simplicity and the availability of correction factors has in the hilly areas. The model developed has 6.02% error seen it widely used for path loss prediction at this which made it applicable for hilly areas (Idanre).
    [Show full text]
  • Calculation of the Coverage Area of Mobile Broadband Communications
    Calculation of the coverage area of mobile broadband communications. Focus on land Antonio Martínez Gálvez Master of Science in Communication Technology Submission date: March Terje Røste, IET Supervisor: Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Problem Description The task is to study the principles and models for calculating transmission loss in radiopropagation in mobile systems for land. Recent models are Okumura et. al [1], COST 231 [2], Bullingtons model [3], Epstein and Peterson's model [4], Picquenards model [5] and a modification of Walter Hill [6]. Another option is to look at Radar Ray Trace models. One must choose to proceed with one or two of these principles in a deeper studium. Furthermore can study Teleplan ASTERIX program (which is made available to the department) for prediction of transmission loss and describe how this program may be further developed with improved models. If time permits can simple modification of ASTERIX performed and tested. It focused on the frequency ranges 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz. Assignment given: 31. August 2009 Supervisor: Terje Røste, IET Abstract This thesis aims to provide information about what different propagation prediction models must be the adequate ones for the radio planning of an LTE network. In the initial phase, a study of different propagation models was done mainly over COST231 and ITU-R P. Recommendations, emphasizing over the ones for diffraction over rounded obstacles and paths over sea as a recommendation from Teleplan AS. Matlab code is also presented since it was tried to test the convenience of the use of ITU-R P.1546 over sea paths and to compare Lee Model with ITU-R P.526 for rounded obstacles.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Empirical Propagation Path Loss Models for Fixed Wireless Access Systems
    Comparison of Empirical Propagation Path Loss Models for Fixed Wireless Access Systems V.S. Abhayawardhana∗, I.J. Wassell†,D.Crosby‡, M.P. Sellars‡,M.G.Brown§ ∗ BT Mobility Research Unit, Rigel House, Adastral Park, Ipswich IP5 3RE, UK. [email protected] †LCE, Dept. of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK. [email protected] ‡Cambridge Broadband Ltd., Selwyn House, Cowley Rd., Cambridge CB4 OWZ, UK. {dcrosby,msellars}@cambridgebroadband.com §Cotares Ltd., 67, Narrow Lane, Histon, Cambridge CB4 9YP, UK. [email protected] Abstract— Empirical propagation models have found favour in Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models developed both research and industrial communities owing to their speed of under the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers execution and their limited reliance on detailed knowledge of the (IEEE) 802.16 working group [2]. Examples of non-time- terrain. Although the study of empirical propagation models for mobile channels has been exhaustive, their applicability for FWA dispersive empirical models are ITU-R [7], Hata [8] and the systems is yet to be properly validated. Among the contenders, COST-231 Hata model [3]. All these models predict mean path the ECC-33 model [1], the Stanford University Interim (SUI) loss as a function of various parameters, for example distance, models [2] and the COST-231 Hata model [3] show the most antenna heights etc. Although empirical propagation models promise. In this paper, a comprehensive set of propagation for mobile systems have been comprehensively validated, measurements taken at 3.5 GHz in Cambridge, UK is used to validate the applicability of the three models mentioned their appropriateness for FWA systems has not been fully previously for rural, suburban and urban environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Basic Models and Artificial Neural Network
    Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 61, 133–146, 2017 Comparative Analysis of Basic Models and Artificial Neural Network Based Model for Path Loss Prediction Julia O. Eichie1, *,OnyediD.Oyedum1, Moses O. Ajewole2, and Abiodun M. Aibinu3 Abstract—Propagation path loss models are useful for the prediction of received signal strength at a given distance from the transmitter; estimation of radio coverage areas of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS); frequency assignments; interference analysis; handover optimisation; and power level adjustments. Due to the differences in: environmental structures; local terrain profiles; and weather conditions, path loss prediction model for a given environment using any of the existing basic empirical models such as the Okumura-Hata’s model has been shown to differ from the optimal empirical model appropriate for such an environment. In this paper, propagation parameters, such as distance between transmitting and receiving antennas, transmitting power and terrain elevation, using sea level as reference point, were used as inputs to Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the development of an ANN based path loss model. Data were acquired in a drive test through selected rural and suburban routes in Minna and environs as dataset required for training ANN model. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) network parameters were varied during the performance evaluation process, and the weight and bias values of the best performed MLP network were extracted for the development of the ANN based path loss models for two different routes, namely rural and suburban routes. The performance of the developed ANN based path loss model was compared with some of the existing techniques and modified techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Propagation Path Loss Model in Cell Phone System
    Syrian Private University Faculty of Informatics & Computer Engineering Propagation Path Loss Model in Cell Phone system A Senior Project (Phase II) Presented to the Faculty of Computer and Informatics Engineering In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of Bachelor of Engineering in Communications and Networks Under the supervision of Dr. Eng.: Ali Awada Project prepared by Nawras Zaytona Bushra Farhat Samah Safaya Aghyad Alsosi Year: 2014/2015 All Copyrights reserved for SPU University© Acknowledgments We would like to thank our University (Syrian Private University) College of Computer and Informatics Engineering, and also our Academic staff. We present our Project as a Recognition of the effort which everyone did. Greeting to all four college flags and thanks to gave help Dr. Ali Skaf Dr. Samaoaal Hakeem Dr. Ahmad Al Najjar Dr. Hassan Ahmed Dr. Wael Imam Dr. Musa Al haj Ali Dr. Raghad Al najem Dr. Sameer Jaafar Dr. Ghassan Al nemer Dr. FadiIbraheem Dr. Wissam Al khateb Dr. Anwar Al laham 2 Dedication 3 أهدي هذا العمل إلى : مﻻك السماء على اﻷرض . زهرة التضحية وزنبقة احلنان مجاُل احلياة وأروع ما ُخلق .إىل ابتساميت وسعاديت أمي أطيب القلوب وأصدق الرجال . مشوخ العز وصمود اجلبال صاحب العطاء وعنوان الصرب و الوفاء . إىل أخي وصديقي أبي اﻻبتسامات اجلميلة وكربياء اﻷنوثة وروعة احلنان أخواتي ربي ُع خريفي وشتاءُ صيفي . أنوثتها اخلجولة وكربياء ذاهتا ُُميزة وُُمَيز‘‘ بأنين أملكها . نبض قليب وسر تفاؤيل . إىل عشقي اﻷبدي حبيبتي بييت الكبري وذكريات مقعد الدراسة . ضحكات أصدقائي وأيام الطفولة اجلميلة أساتذيت وجامعيت...التاريخ املشرف واحلضارة العريقة إىل أخويت وأهلي إىل القلعة الصامدة وطني المجروح إىل رجال العز وليوث اﻷرض و محاة العرض .
    [Show full text]
  • Outdoor Propagation Models-Comparison Literature Review
    International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering a Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249–071X, ISSN (Print): 2278–4209 Outdoor Propagation Models-Comparison Literature Review Mr. Umesh Yadav Department of Wireless and Mobile Communication GRD-IMT, Rajpur Road Dehradun, India Email: [email protected] Abstract - The aim of comparing different outdoor like: adhoc wireless network, wireless sensor network, propagation models is to study the earlier introduced models mobile communications etc. Between the two extremes of in the present environment of RF technology and present & past times, the mid-time arena have seen requirement. In the present era of telecom services coverage development of various propagation models like: Line of is not enough but we need to introduce cellular network with sight, okumura-Hata, cost etc. In order to facilitate better high quality parameters. In this comparison review we will focus on the type of terrain/ environment which will best suit planned & resource specific developments for the bet the different outdoor propagations models. HHHterment of QOS. This period of time also noticed several developments in the field estimation path loss in Keywords - Pathloss, Attenuation, Optimization, Antenna different propagation scenario profiles deploying variable Gain, Interference. modelling strategies. I. INTRODUCTION II. RADIO PROPAGATION The ability to communicate with people on the move has A. Types of Radio wave propagation mechanisms evolved remarkably since Guglielmo Marconi first To study and understand the modelling of radio wave demonstrated radio‟s ability to provide continuous contact propagation, it is first required to know the basics of its with ships sailing the English Channel. That was in year propagation mechanism.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Rf Propagation
    INTRODUCTION TO RF PROPAGATION John S. Seybold, Ph.D. ,WILEY- 'iNTERSCIENCE JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. CONTENTS Preface XIII 1. Introduction 1.1 Frequency Designations 1 1.2 Modes of Propagation 3 1.2.1 Line-of-Sight Propagation and the Radio Horizon 3 1.2.2 Non-LOS Propagation 5 1.2.2.1 Indirect or Obstructed Propagation 6 1.2.2.2 Tropospheric Propagation 6 1.2.2.3 Ionospheric Propagation 6 1.2.3 Propagation Effects as a Function of Frequency 9 1.3 Why Model Propagation? 10 1.4 Model Selection and Application 11 1.4.1 Model Sources H 1.5 Summary 12 References 12 Exercises 13 2. Electromagnetics and RF Propagation 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 The Electric Field 14 2.2.1 Permittivity 15 2.2.2 Conductivity 17 2.3 The Magnetic Field 18 2.4 Electromagnetic Waves 20 2.4.1 Electromagnetic Waves in a Perfect Dielectric 22 2.4.2 Electromagnetic Waves in a Lossy Dielectric or Conductor 22 2.4.3 Electromagnetic Waves in a Conductor 22 2.5 Wave Polarization 24 2.6 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves at Material Boundaries 25 2.6.1 Dielectric to Dielectric Boundary 26 vii VÜi CONTENTS 2.6.2 Dielectric-to-Perfect Conductor Boundaries 31 2.6.3 Dielectric-to-Lossy Dielectric Boundary 31 2.7 Propagation Impairment 32 2.8 Ground Effects on Circular Polarization 33 2.9 Summary 35 References 36 Exercises 36 3. Antenna Fundamentals 38 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Antenna Parameters 38 3.2.1 Gain 39 3.2.2 Effective Area 39 3.2.3 Radiation Pattern 42 3.2.4 Polarization 44 3.2.5 Impedance and VSWR 44 3.3 Antenna Radiation Regions 45 3.4 Some Common Antennas 48 3.4.1 The Dipole 48 3.4.2 Beam Antennas 50 3.4.3 Hörn Antennas 52 3.4.4 Reflector Antennas 52 3.4.5 Phased Arrays 54 3.4.6 Other Antennas 54 3.5 Antenna Polarization 55 3.5.1 Cross-Polarization Discrimination 57 3.5.2 Polarization Loss Factor 58 3.6 Antenna Pointing loss 62 3.7 Summary "3 References "4 Exercises "5 4.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Path Loss Tools and Practical Testing of Television White Space Frequencies for Rural Broadband Deployments
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Fall 2015 An Assessment of Path Loss Tools and Practical Testing of Television White Space Frequencies for Rural Broadband Deployments Braden Scott Blanchette University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Blanchette, Braden Scott, "An Assessment of Path Loss Tools and Practical Testing of Television White Space Frequencies for Rural Broadband Deployments" (2015). Master's Theses and Capstones. 1048. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1048 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ASSESSMENT OF PATH LOSS TOOLS AND PRACTICAL TESTING OF TELEVISION WHITE SPACE FREQUENCIES FOR RURAL BROADBAND DEPLOYMENTS BY BRADEN SCOTT BLANCHETTE Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, The University of New Hampshire, 2013 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering September, 2015 ii This thesis has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering by: Thesis Director, Dr. Nicholas Kirsch, Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dr. Michael Carter, Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dr. Richard Messner, Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering On August 10, 2015 Original approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio Propagation Modeling on 433 Mhz
    Radio propagation modeling on 433 MHz Ákos Milánkovich1, Károly Lendvai1, Sándor Imre1, Sándor Szabó1 1 Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3-9. 1111 Budapest, Hungary {milankovich, lendvai, szabos, imre}@hit.bme.hu Abstract. In wireless network design and positioning it is essential to use radio propagation models for the applied frequency and environment. There are many propagation models available for both indoor and outdoor environments; however, they are not applicable for 433 MHz ISM frequency, which is perfectly suitable for smart metering and sensor networking applications. During our work, we gathered the most common propagation models available in scientific literature, broke them down to components and analyzed their behavior. Based on our research and measurements, a method was developed to create a propagation model for both indoor and outdoor environment optimized for 433 MHz frequency. The possible application areas of the proposed models: smart metering, sensor networks, positioning. Keywords: Radio propagation model, 433 MHz, smart metering, positioning 1 Introduction We are accustomed to use various wirelessly communicating devices, which possess different transmission properties according to their application areas. There are devices operating at high bandwidth in short range, but can not percolate walls. On the contrary, other devices can penetrate all kinds of materials for long distances, but operate on lower bandwidth. The transmission properties of these various technologies – beyond transmission power and antenna characteristics – are principally determined by the operating frequency range of the system. In addition, the operating frequency determines the amount of attenuation for the technology, caused by different media. The ability of calculating the signal strength in a given distance from the transmitter is severely important in case of network planning, because such a model helps us to determine where to place the devices, so that the system operates properly.
    [Show full text]