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LIFE COAST BENEFIT Restoring a Brighter Coastline and Archipelago

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LIFE COAST BENEFIT Restoring a Brighter Coastline and Archipelago LIFE COAST BENEFIT Restoring a brighter coastline and archipelago LIFE COAST BENEFIT 1 THE LIFE COAST BENEFIT PROJECT has worked on the coast and archipelago islands in three counties CONTENTS Södermanland Östergötland Kalmar The Life Coast Benefit Project 2 from 2013 to 2019. The project has restored habitats for plants and animals in rich farmlands, thriving wetlands Background 4 and brighter forests. The budget was EUR 9.6 million Functioning archipelago landscape 6 and the project was financed by the EU LIFE fund, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the three counties Brighter forests 8 together. Active use of the land is necessary to maintain the species that are dependent on grazing, hay-making, Today’s archipelago landscape 10 or natural disturbances such as fire. Birds and islets 12 Coastal meadows and wetlands 14 Valuable trees 16 The project’s results in numbers 18 NATURA 2000 is a network for the protec- tion of nature. The network was formed in the EU to stop the extinction of animals and plants and to prevent The overall project is our greatest point of pride! 19 the destruction of their habitats. Each EU member country is obligated to protect valuable nature by appointing and caring for protected Natura 2000 areas for the purpose of preserving or strengthening their natural value. Published by County Administrative Board of Östergötland Photography by: Anna Ingvarsson front page (landscape), page 4 (cows), page 9 (sheep), Text Anneli Lundgren page 15 (observation tower), page 16 (pollard with arborist), Martin Larsson is the EU’s environmental funding instrument Layout Consid Communication AB page 3 (arctic tern), page 7 (pram with timber, fence), page 13 (hunter, mink LIFE trap), page 15 (machine), page 16 (small pollards), page 17 (arborist in tree), and it has partly financed the LIFE Coast Benefit project. Printing Danagård Litho last page (landscape), Länsstyrelsen Östergötland page 6 (birds-eye prim- The goals of the sub-programmes Nature and Biodiversity Report number 2019:7 rose), Bengt Håkansson page 7 (pram with cows), Hans Sandberg page 7 and the Environmental Programme are to contribute to the implementa- (barn with sheep), page 9 (flowers),Magnus Melander page 8 (controlled tion of EU policy and legislation for nature and biodiversity, and to Ref. no. 512-3620-19 burning), Marcelle Johansson page 9 (grazed forest), Stanislav Snäll page 9 (beetle), Terje Kolaas page 12 (mink), Länsstyrelsen Södermanland page ISBN 978-91-985269-7-4 promote integration with other political areas. To learn more, information 13 (Caspian tern), Anneli Lundgren page 13 (egg), Magnus Grimheden about LIFE is available on the websites of the Environmental Protection This publication can be downloaded from our website page 14 (wetland), Stephan Gäfvert page 15 (birds), Charlotta Larsson Agency and the EU. lansstyrelsen.se/ostergotland page 17 (clearing), Tommy Karlsson page 17 (Osmoderma beetles). 2 LIFE COAST BENEFIT LIFE COAST BENEFIT 3 We have worked to preserve nature along the coastline and in the archipelago within the Natura 2000 network. We have carried out measures in 45 different Natura 2000 areas. Södermanland 1. Tullgarn södra Södermanland 2. Borgmästarholmen 3. Askö 1 4. Nynäs 2 5. Horsvik 4 3 6. Stendörren 5 7. Skärgårdsreservaten 9-13 6 14 8 7 8. Rågö BACKGROUND 15 16 9. Sjösakärren 17 10. Västra Djupvik 18 20 11. Labro ängar An open landscape of pastures, meadows and sparse forests provides an incredible habitat for 19 12. Jungfruvassen 22 21 plants and animals. To preserve the great diversity we have, this landscape must be cared for. 13. Linudden Östergötland 23 25 Human use and natural disturbances, such as fires, have kept the landscape open and beneficial 14. Svanviken-Lindbacke 24 26 15. Strandstuviken to plants and animals for thousands of years. But now, conditions have changed: the landscape 27 16. Marsviken-Marsäng is slowly becoming overgrown and habitats for plants and animals are disappearing more and 28 31 29 more. We must therefore take measures to care for and preserve plants and animals that 3230 Östergötland 33 depend on sunlight and warmth. The LIFE Coast Benefit project has carried out maintenance 17. Svensksundsviken measures along the coast and in the archipelago in the counties of Södermanland, Östergöt- 18. Bråxvik 34 19. Ramnö- och Utsättersfjärden land and Kalmar. All measures were carried out within the Natura 2000 network. 35 20. Bråviken yttre 36 21. Stora Rimmö 22. Eknön The entire archipelago has been used and impacted by humankind throughout history, ever since the islands 23. Uggelö and skerries rose up from the ocean. Not until the late Middle Ages, in the fifteenth century, did signs of permanent 37 24. Herrborum homes begin to appear on the islands. Previously, the archipelago had been used seasonally, primarily for fishing 25. Uggleholmarna 26. Missjö and hunting, but also for making hay – in other words, harvesting grass to produce hay to feed cattle, horses Kalmar 38 27. Sankt Anna och Gryts skärgårdar and sheep on the meadows. Sometimes pastures were also used for grazing cattle during the summer months. 39 28. Dannskären 29. Bokö The land continued to be used and to support people until the mid-twentieth century. Before the industrialisation, 30. Arnö most people lived in the countryside. In 1870, seventy percent of the population worked in agriculture; today 40 31. Stjärnö-Fågelvik 41 32. Kattedal the figure is less than two percent. 33. Åsvikelandet-Kvädö 42 Arable land is now used both for summer grazing and for collecting winter fodder, and as a result, natural Kalmar pasturage and hay-making meadows are no longer used. Not even fields are needed in many places today. 43 It is especially difficult to achieve profitability in farming on the islands of the archipelago, where boat transports 44 34. Rågö of machinery and cattle are expensive. Trees and bushes are growing back in the landscape, the environment 45 35. Björkö 36. Södra Malmö is becoming dark and the temperature on the ground is falling. Plants and animals that need open landsca- 37. Misterhult pes with plenty of light and wamth are being out-competed. 38. Figeholm 39. Virbo med Ekö In the LIFE Coast Benefit project, we have worked with landowners, animal keepers and contractors on the coast 40. Storö to restore a brighter landscape. The project’s measures will also make it easier to care for the land in the future, 41. Vållö 42. Lövö for example through functional fencing for cattle, mooring for barges and improved tractor paths for farming. 43. Lindö 44. Björnö 45. Horsö-Värsnäs 4 LIFE COAST BENEFIT LIFE COAST BENEFIT 5 FUNCTIONAL ARCHIPELAGO LANDSCAPE Threats to the natural value of the archipelago landscape When grazing stops and meadows are no longer feed and daily care are high on the islands. Once cared for, the landscape becomes overgrown with fields and pastures become overgrown, they are no trees and bushes. Many old grazing pastures and longer entitled to environmental compensation from meadows have also been planted with conifers for the rural development programme and the financial a different return on investment when farming be- incentives for continuing to tend them disappear. comes financially difficult. Costs for animal transport, Project measures 1,600 hectares have been cleared of unwanted To facilitate tending the land, barns have been built or trees and brushwood; the land has been cared for existing buildings have been improved on four sites. On to protect the natural values associated with open five islands, the project has improved tractor paths and landscapes. Much of the area is now used for annual mooring for barges in order to make the transport of grazing, about 900 hectares, with financial compen- animals, fodder and required machinery easier. sation from the rural development programme, for example. Some land is grazed without compensa- As part of the project, 110 km of fencing were built tion, for example as needed during dry summers. and old worn-out fence sections were removed. A flock of sheep has moved into the new barn at Nynäs. Fences are expensive. Grazing is simplified now, with They graze differently than cows and can manage bushes new fences in place in the work-intensive archipelago and brushwood, which are common in pastures that have environment. become overgrown. Is it possible to see whether the natural value has returned yet? “Before the restoration, there were four little blossoms among the reeds. Now there are 400 and they’re blooming!” Hans Sandberg, reserve ranger The bird’s eye-primrose responded well to the measures When working on islands, everything must be transported Even cows have to travel by boat between the islands. at Sjösakärren. by boat, including harvested timber. Sometimes they try to run away! The work is facilitated by good mooring sites. 6 LIFE COAST BENEFIT LIFE COAST BENEFIT 7 Project measures As part of the project, a more open structure has been restored to 370 hectares of woodland pastures, with clearings among the trees. Farmers have released cattle to graze on the land again and can now be compensated BRIGHTER for their work from the rural development programme. We have worked with 165 hectares of forest that are FORESTS not grazed. To create varying forests with more light, spruce and pine trees were cleared to give the natural deciduous forest and older conifers more space. Threats to natural values in the forest Young trees that were crowding old giant trees were cut down to extend the lives of the biologically valu- Because pastures are no longer used for grazing, are disappearing from the landscape. Fires in forests able old trees. On some sites, new deciduous trees and wood and timber are no longer cleared exten- have long been opposed and have become un- were planted because the regeneration of deciduous sively for household needs, the previously thin and common.
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