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A Afghans, 4 Agni Kund, 113 Agra, 6, 50 Agricultural Development, 129 Index A Ayodhya, 5, 7, 44, 104, 107, 115, 131 Afghans, 4 Agni Kund, 113 Agra, 6, 50 B Agricultural development, 129, 131 Badkot, 110, 111 Agriculture, 4, 12 Badrinath, 5, 11, 52–54, 80, 81, 93, 94, Agro-biodiversity, 130, 131, 133, 142, 144 99–101, 107, 109, 110, 115 Agro-climatic zones, 131, 132 Bageshwar, 31, 43, 44, 57, 67–69, 94, 107, Airavat, 91 110, 113–115 Akash Ganga, 2 Baghnath, 68, 113 Akbar, 9 Baijnath, 68 Akshaya Tritiya, 96, 97, 108, 112, 123, 124 Baishakhi, 101, 122, 123, 149, 150 Alaknanda, 1, 5, 20, 21, 24, 43–45, 47, 52– Bal Ganga, 44, 47, 52 58, 60, 93, 99, 101, 107, 109, 110, Balkhila, 44 138, 150, 151, 154 Banaras, 104, 105, 150, 151 Alkapuri, 5, 45, 52 Banbasa, 65 Allahabad, 18, 119, 131 Bandar pooch, 45, 50, 111 Alluvial plain, 129, 130 Bangar, 38 Almora, 62, 63, 68, 114 Bangladesh, 4, 6, 18, 19, 24, 27, 39 Amarkantak, 6, 20 Basudhara Tal, 45, 55 Amrit Ganga, 44, 54 Bay of Bengal, 3, 4, 6, 14, 18, 19, 27, 29, 38, Animal husbandry, 130 41 Annapurna, 81, 84 Bengali, 9 Anusuya Mata, 44 Betwa, 19–21, 23, 44, 69, 135 Arabs, 4 Bhagavat Gita, 12, 13 Arjuna, 2, 99 Bhagawati, 10 Aryan, 3, 4 Bhagiratha, 96, 106, 149 Ashoka, 4 Bhagirathi, 1, 5, 6, 13, 20, 21, 24, 32–35, 39, Ashwamedha Yagna, 104 43–49, 52, 54, 73–81, 83–86, 88–91, Asi, 104, 114, 140 93, 96, 98, 99, 110, 113, 120, 122, Asi Ganga, 44, 47, 74, 98 150, 151, 154 Asi Ghat, 105 Bhagirathi Bank, 44 Assam, 19 Bhairav Nath, 80 Atrimuni, 44 Bhaironghati, 31, 44, 48, 49, 75, 76, 78, Augustyamuni, 58 80–82 Avana Bugyal, 77, 85 Bhaja Govindam, 13 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license 157 to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 V. P. Sati, The Ganges, Springer Geography, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79117-9 158 Index Bhardwaj, 104 Chhattisgarh, 19, 21–25, 132, 133 Bhaskar Prayag, 11 Chhota Nagpur, 20 Bhatkot, 48 Chinyalisaur, 73 Bhatwadi, 48, 77, 89, 90 Chirbasa, 48 Bheel Ganga, 98 Chitrakut, 115 Bheeshma, 8, 101 Climate change, 71 Bhilangana, 5, 20, 21, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52 Climate induced hazard, 144 Bhimpul, 55 Cloudbursts, 153 Bhojpatra, 71 COI, 17 Bhojpuri, 9 Commercial farming, 130 Bhotiyas, 109 Conservation, 143, 145 Bhotiya Tribes, 65 Cooch Bihar, 132, 133 Bihar, 4–6, 19, 21–24, 27, 28, 125, 130–134, Corbett National Park, 30 136 Covid-19, 72, 121 Bikhoti, 122 Cropping pattern, 133 Bileshwar, 113 Crop Races, 38 Bilva Parvat, 101 Cultural, 149–152, 154 Biodiversity, 27, 30 Cultural town, 14, 15 Biodiversity loss, 142 Culture, 2, 9, 10, 15 Bodh Gaya, 44 Custom, 1, 2, 9 Bodhisattva, 44 Brahma, 1, 2, 10, 12 Brahmakamal, 71 D Brahmaputra, 4, 6, 18, 19 Dagar, 48 Brinda, 84 Dakpathar, 49 Brindavan, 5, 107, 115 Damodar, 6, 19–21, 23, 44, 47, 69, 135 Britishers, 4 Dandeshwar, 115 BRO, 76, 80, 81 Dayara Bugyal, 71, 77 Buddha, 44, 105 Debris flow, 153, 154 Buddhism, 149 Dehradun, 73, 97, 100, 101, 112 Buddhist, 2, 10 Delhi, 18–20, 22–24, 50, 131, 132, 135 Delta, 27, 28, 31, 38, 41, 152, 153 Deltaic Region, 18 C Deotal, 45, 55 Can, 19, 44 Deval, 57 Central India, 6 Dev Deepawali, 126 Central Plateau, 132, 133 Devprayag, 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 31–36, 43, 44, 47– Chamba, 73 49, 54, 93, 95, 99, 110, 119, 130, 150, Chambal, 17, 19–21, 23, 24, 135 151 Chambal River, 44 Dev Sharma, 99 Chamoli, 5, 31, 44, 56, 57, 97, 109 Dhaka, 4 Chamoli Town, 53 Dhanaulti, 73 Champawat, 64, 68 Dharali, 75, 76, 78, 81–83, 85 Chand, 115 Dharasu, 47–49 Chandi Devi, 101 Dharchula, 64 Chandika Devi, 113 Dharma Ganga, 44, 52 Chandpur, 6 Dhauli Ganga, 5, 20, 21, 44, 45, 53, 55, 56, Chandramauli, 90 64, 65 Chandrapuri, 58 Diverse landscape, 129 Char Dhams, 101 Diwalikhal, 45, 61 Chaukhamba, 45, 58, 59 Doab, 39, 104 Chaukhutiya, 62 Dodital, 74 Chaurabari, 45, 58 Dolphins, 142 Index 159 Doon Valley, 30, 100 Ganga System, 44, 69 Dravidian, 4 Ganga water, 149, 154 Dudhatoli, 45, 61 Ganga-Yamuna Doab, 130, 131 Ganges, 1–4, 6, 10, 12, 15 Ganges civilization, 3, 4, 6 E Gangetic Dolphin, 18 Earth, 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13 Gangetic plain, 4, 6, 12 Economic, 149, 152, 154 Gangi, 51 Eco-Sensitive Zone, 71, 73 Gangnani, 73, 75, 77, 78, 88, 89 Environmental, 149, 154 Gangori, 74, 75 Environmental issues, 137, 138 Gangotri, 3, 5, 7, 9–11, 14, 33, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 72–82, 84, 90, 92, 93, 95–97, 99, 101, 115, 150 F Gangotri National Park, 30, 72, 76, 80, 84 Fairs, 1, 2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 93, 96, 101, 113, Gangotri Peak, 80 115 Garhwal Himalaya, 21 Faizabad, 50 Garhwali, 9 Falgu, 5, 44 Garuda Purana, 13 Falgu River, 107 Gauchar, 53 Farakka, 6, 19, 20 Gaumukh, 1, 3–5, 10, 14, 15, 18, 20, 31–33, Farakka Barrage, 39–41 36, 71, 72, 75–79, 93–96, 101 Faunal Resources, 29, 41 Gaundar, 59 Fertile Plain, 17, 19, 27, 39, 41 Gaura, 10 Festivals, 1, 2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 93, 96, 98, 101, Gaurikund, 58, 108, 110 106, 115 Gautam Buddha, 2, 44 Flash flood, 153, 154 Gaya, 5, 107, 115 Floral Diversity, 29 GD Agrawal, 144 Forest Survey of India (FSI), 17, 30, 31 Ghaghara, 19–21, 23, 24, 47, 64, 65, 69 Ghastoli, 55 G Ghat, 2, 3, 6, 11, 93, 98–101, 104, 105, 119, Gairsain, 61 120, 124 Gandak, 6, 19–21, 23, 47, 69 Ghat Town, 56 Ganga, 17–25, 27–29, 31, 32, 34–41, 43– Ghora Gad, 44 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 61, 64, Ghugri, 6 69, 71–75, 77–79, 81–92, 119–127, Global Positioning System, 93 129–136, 149–154 Godavari, 121 Ganga Aarti, 100–102, 105 Goddess, 1, 3, 5, 8–11, 13, 14 Ganga action plain, 144, 145 GOI, 17–19 Ganga Basin, 17–19, 22–25, 27–31, 41, Gomati, 19–21, 43–45, 47, 68, 107, 110, 113, 137–139 151 Ganga Delta, 30, 41 Google Earth, 32–35, 37–41 Ganga Dussehra, 96, 101, 102, 106, 119, Gopeshwar, 44 124, 125, 149–151 Gorges, 72, 75, 76, 80, 81 Ganga Dwar, 102 Gori Ganga, 20, 21, 64, 66 Gangajal, 1, 8, 10–14, 125 Government of India, 129 Ganga Mahotsav, 126 Govind Ghat, 53 Ganga Movement, 143 Govind National Park, 30 Ganga River, 93–95, 99, 100, 103–107, 110, Greek, 4, 130 115, 149–154 Gunji, 64 Ganga Sagar, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 15, 38, 40, Guru Garanth Sahib, 13 41, 93–95, 106, 107, 115, 119, 120, Gurukul, 102 149–152 Guru Nanak Dev, 101 Ganga Sammelan, 144 Gwaldam, 68 160 Index H Jalandhari, 44 Hanol, 94, 107, 112, 113, 115 Jalangi River, 47 Hanuman Chatti, 48, 54, 111 Janki Chatti, 48 Hardula fair, 82 Jaspur, 75, 77, 78, 85–87, 91 Hari, 5, 13 Jataganga, 44, 76, 80, 107, 114 Haridwar, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 18, 31, 32, 36–38, Jaunsar Bawar, 112, 113 93–95, 100–104, 115, 116, 119–122, JCB, 76 124, 125, 150, 152–154 Jhala, 47, 48, 75, 85–87 Hari Ki Pauri, 36, 101, 102 Jharkhand, 19, 21–23, 25, 69, 132, 133, 135 Hari Prayag, 11 Joshimath, 81 Harish Chandra Ghat, 105 Joshiyara Dam, 47 Harshil, 74–77, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 96 Harsil, 44, 78, 84, 85 Haryana, 19, 22–24, 131, 132 K Hastinapur, 39 Kabir Ghat, 105 Hebrew, 9 Kail Ganga, 57 High Court, 10, 129, 144 Kaimur Range, 6 Hill Region, 132, 133 Kalagarh, 61 Himachal Pradesh, 19, 22–24, 28, 131, 132 Kalapani, 64 Himalaya, 1–5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 27, 38, 141, Kali, 19–21 143, 144 Kalidas, 43 Himalayan ecosystem, 144 Kali Ganga, 45, 58 Himavant, 8 Kalimath, 49, 58, 59 Hindi, 5, 9 Kalindi, 111 Hindon, 19 Kalindikhal, 78 Hindu, 1–14, 93, 95, 96, 99, 101–106, 113, Kali River, 45, 64–67 119–121, 124, 126 Kali System, 45 Hinduism, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 149 Kalsi, 49, 50 Hiyunil, 47 Kalyasaur, 54 Holy Trinity, 102 Kamad, 104 Hooghly, 5, 6 Kannauj, 141 Hooghly-Bhagirathi system, 43 Kanpur, 18, 47, 137–139, 141, 142 Hydropower, 129, 130, 134–136 Kanwar Yatra, 125 Hydropower project, 137, 138, 141, 144 Kapila, 7, 101, 106 Kapkot, 57, 67 I Karnprayag, 11, 53, 57, 110 India, 17–19, 21–25, 43, 44, 48, 69 Kashi, 93, 104, 105, 113 Indian civilization, 4 Kashi Khanda, 105 Indo-Aryan, 4 Kashi Vishwanath, 73, 90, 91 Indra, 7, 8 Kausani, 113 Itawa, 47 Kedar Ganga, 44, 54 ITBP, 75, 87, 88 Kedarkhanda, 90, 98 Kedarnath, 5, 11, 43, 58, 80, 81, 93, 94, 99, 101, 107, 108, 115 J Kedarnath tragedy, 143 Jadhang Gad, 44 Keshavprayag, 11, 43, 52, 55, 109, 110 Jadh tribes, 76, 80 Kewer Gadhera, 57 Jageshwar, 94, 107, 114, 115 Khadar, 38 Jahanvi, 44, 49, 98 Kharadi Bagasu, 48 Jahnavi, 7, 10, 13 Kharkhari, 101, 103 Jain, 10 Kharkhari Ghat, 11 Jainism, 149 Kharsali, 48, 111, 112 Jaipur, 12 Khatling Glacier, 51 Index 161 Kolkata, 4–6, 18, 39, 131 Makara, 8 Kosani, 62, 68 Makar Sakranti, 102, 103, 120 Kosi, 6, 17, 19–21, 23, 45, 47, 61–63, 69 Malari, 56 Kot Bhramari, 113 Malla, 74, 75, 78, 90 Koteshwar Dam, 47 Mana, 43, 52, 55, 109, 110 Koti Dam, 51 Mandakini, 5, 43, 45, 53, 54, 57–59, 107, Krishna, 2, 13, 99, 105 108, 110, 151 Kshipra, 19, 44, 121 Mandal, 44, 54 Kumaon Himalaya, 21, 43–45, 69 Maneri, 74, 75 Kumbh, 2, 11 Maneri Dam, 47 Kumbh Mela, 119–122, 149–151 Mangrove, 30, 31 Kund, 49, 58 Mangrove Forest, 17, 18 Kushwan Ghat, 101 Manikarnika, 11 Kuthi, 45 Manikarnika Ghat, 73, 90, 91, 105 Kuti, 64 Mansa Devi, 101 Markandey Purana, 105 Mark Twain, 104 L Marora, 49 Lakhamandal, 48 Mass movement, 153, 154 Lakhwar, 51 Mathura, 107, 115 Laksheshwar, 91 Maurya, 4 Lakshmana, 99 Mayapuri, 101 Lakulisha, 114 M C Mehta, 141 Lambagad, 53 Meander, 27, 35, 36, 38, 72 Landslides, 153, 154 Megasthenes, 130, 131 Langasu, 53 Meghdutam, 43 Lanka, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 85 Meghna, 6, 18, 19 Lanka Chatti, 81 Mehalchauri, 61 Lastar Gad, 58 Meru, 10, 13 Latin, 4 Middle Ganga Basin, 17 Lipulekh, 64 Milam Glacier, 45, 65 Lord Ganesh, 74 Mizoram University, 72 Lord of Senses, 99 Moksha, 3, 4, 9, 44, 102, 104 Lord Shiva, 93, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 108, Moksha Dwar, 102, 103, 149 112–115 Mongol, 4 Lord Vishnu, 84 Mori, 51 Lower Ganga, 29 Mount Sumeru, 2 Lower Ganga Canal, 47, 130, 131 Mughal, 4, 9, 130 Lower Gangetic Plain, 30 Mukhawa, 44, 46, 96, 97 Lucknow, 44 Mukhimath, 75, 76, 80–85 Murshidabad, 4, 6, 131 M Muruga, 48,
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