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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76559-6 — the Exoplanet Handbook Michael Perryman Index More Information Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76559-6 — The Exoplanet Handbook Michael Perryman Index More Information Index albedos, 124, 278 secular change in parallax, 64 ALMA, astrometry/imaging, 177 source motion, 64 Antarctic space-based searches, 69–73 astrometry, 63 Thiele–Innes constants, 68 imaging, 161–162 atmospheres, see interiors and atmospheres transits, 110 apocentre/apoapsis, 9 BD Catalogue, 6 apsis/apsides, 9 binary and multiple stars, 206–207 argument of pericentre, 10 planets around, 55–60 asteroseismology, see host stars circumbinary, 56 astrometry, 61–73 circumstellar, 56 aberration, 64 dynamical stability, 56 accuracy from the ground, 62–63 examples, 60 accuracy limits, 65 formation, 58 Antarctic, 63 P-type orbits, 57 astrometric signature, 61 properties, 59 barycentric motion, 66 S-type orbits, 56–57 early investigations, 64 bisector analysis, 23 effects due to disk instabilities, 65 bolometric corrections, 184 brown dwarf desert, 35, 213, 241 future observations from space, 71–73 brown dwarfs, 209–215 ground-based searches, 68–69 census, 210 instruments/programmes classification, 212 ALMA, 177 definition, 7 AMEX, 73 detection, 209–211 ASTRA, 69 disks and planets, 213 CAPS, 69 formation, 214–215 CHARA, 123–125, 162, 184, 185 free-floating objects of planetary mass, 215 DIVA, 73 fusion, 209 ESPRI, 69 luminosity and age, 211 FAME, 73 nomenclature, 210 Gaia, 72 occurrence as binary companions, 213 Hipparcos, 69–70 recognition of, 212 see HST–FGS, HST–FGS spectral features, 212 JASMINE, 73 surveys, 211 JMAPS, 73 X-ray and radio emission, 213 LIDA, 73 Nano-JASMINE, 73 Catalogue of Nearby Stars, 6, 182 OBSS, 73 chaotic orbits, 44–47 OSIRIS, 73 Hyperion, 45 PHASES, 69 indicators of chaos, 46–47 SIM PlanetQuest/SIM Lite, 72–73 fast Lyapunov indicators, 46 STEPS, 68 MEGNO, 46 VLT–PRIMA, 69 relative Lyapunov indicators, 47 interferometry, 63 Kirkwood gap, 45 limits due to surface structure, 65 Lyapunov exponent, 45 microarcsec accuracy, 64–65 Lyapunov time, 45 multiple planets, 66–68 Pluto, 45 linearisation, 68 collisional signatures modeling, 67–68 accretion onto the central star, 178 relative orbit inclination, 67 FH Leo, 179 perspective acceleration, 64 V838 Mon, 178 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76559-6 — The Exoplanet Handbook Michael Perryman Index More Information 404 Index collisional debris, 178 terrestrial planet formation, 224–229 proto-planet collisions, 177 chemical differentiation, 230 comets, see solar system, minor bodies coagulation equation, 228 CoRoT, see transits embryos, 226 cross-correlation spectroscopy, 17 Epstein drag, 226 feeding zone, 228 detection methods, 4 Goldreich–Ward mechanism, 226 Doppler shift, 16 gravitational focusing, 227 Doppler variability, 126 isolation mass, 228 dwarf planet, definition, 7 meter-size barrier, 227 oligarchic growth, 228 Earth, see solar system orderly growth, 227 eccentric anomaly, 10 planetesimal growth, 226 eccentricity, 9 post-oligarchic growth, 228 distribution, 37 runaway growth, 227 eclipsing binaries, 81–82 size and shape of bodies, 230 CM Dra, 82, 114 solar nebula theory, 224 DP Leo, 82 stages of growth, 225–229 NN Ser, 82 Stokes drag, 226 HW Vir, 81 thermophoresis, 227 QS Vir, 82 tidal effects, 244–251 emission spectroscopy, 137–143 application to known exoplanets, 247 constraints on planet mass and radius, 246 formation and evolution, 217–253 constraints on tidal dissipation parameters, 247 debris disks, 222–224 orbital evolution, 245–246 disk dispersal, 222 planet shape, 248 disk formation, 218–219 specific dissipation function, 245 disk viscosity and turbulence, 221 spin–orbit resonance, 246 giant planet formation, 231–237 spin-up of host stars, 248–249 core accretion, 231–235 tidal heating, 249–251 disk instability, 235–237 tidal heating and habitability, 250–251 dynamical shake-up, 234 tidal locking, 246 effects of migration, 234 young stellar objects, 219–220 Goldschmidt element classification, 231, 232 free-floating planets, 95–96, 101, 215 atmophiles, 231 chalcophiles, 231 Gaia, 61, 63, 64, 67, 72, 94, 95, 113, 178 lithophiles, 231 Galactic coordinates, 183 siderophiles, 231 genetic algorithm minimisation, 14, 55 layered accretion disks, 221 Giant Magellan Telescope, GMT, 27, 159, 161 magnetorotational instability, 221 giant planet formation, see formation and evolution minimum mass solar nebula, 220, 233–235, 242 Gliese Catalogue, 6 molecular clouds, 217 orbital migration, 237–244 habitability, 282–291 and existence of terrestrial planets, 241 anthropic principle, 286 and the brown dwarf desert, 240 astrobiology roadmaps (NASA/ESA), 283 evidence for, 237 characterising Earth-like atmospheres, 289 gas disk migration, 238–243 continuously habitable zone, 283–284 halting migration, 241–242 dynamical stability, 55 hot Jupiters, 237 Earth’s spectrum over geological history, 289–290 hot super-Earths, 238 exoplanets in the habitable zone planet–planet scattering, 243–244 GJ 581, 286 planetesimal disk migration, 243 HIP 5750, 287 resonant migration, 242–243 frequency of habitable planets, 287 scattering into resonances, 244 Galactic habitable zone, 286 type I migration, 238–239 habitable zone, 283 type II migration, 239–240 importance of the Moon, 285 type III migration, 240 orbital dependence, 284–285 overview, 217 planet radius, 285 population synthesis, 251–253 plant life and photosynthesis, 289 protoplanetary disks, 220 searches for water, 284 protostars and protostellar collapse, 217–218 SETI, 290–291 protostellar, protoplanetary, and debris disks, 218 Catalogue of Nearby Habitable Systems, 291 satellite formation, 237 optical surveys, 291 star formation, 217–218 radio/microwave surveys, 290–291 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76559-6 — The Exoplanet Handbook Michael Perryman Index More Information Index 405 solar analogues, 286 coronagraphy, 152–157 solar twins, 286 four-quadrant phase mask, 155 spectroscopic indicators of life, 287–290 free-flying occulters, 156–157 stellar spectral type, 285 lunar occultation, 157 system stability and architecture, 285 optical vortex coronagraph, 155–156 ultraviolet radiation zone, 284 Fomalhaut, 171, 172 HD Catalogue, 6 ground-based interferometry, 162 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 187 HR 8799, 171, 172 hierarchical stability, 43 instruments/programmes Hill radius, 43 ALMA, 177 Hill stability, 43 Darwin, 163–167, 181, 287, 288, 290 Hipparcos, 6, 22, 32, 33, 47, 49, 61, 69–70, 95, 112, 168, 178, 181, European Extremely Large Telescope, 159–161 184, 186, 187, 203, 286, 291 extremely large telescopes, 159–161 bolometric corrections, 184 Gemini Planet Imager, 159 Galactic coordinates, 183 Giant Magellan Telescope, 159–161 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 187 Subaru–AO188–HiCIAO, 159 nearby star census, 181–182 Thirty Metre Telescope, 159–161 photometry, 113, 139, 141, 179, 184, 185 TPF,153, 158, 163–167, 288, 290 space velocities, 183 VLT–NACO, 2, 36, 99, 153, 155, 158, 168, 170, 171, 173, host stars, 181–207 223 ages, 186, 187 VLT–SPHERE, 159 alpha elements, 198 other, 158 angular diameters, 184 integral field spectroscopy, 158 asteroseismology, 201–205 laser guide stars, 151 excitation of g-modes, 204 mm/sub-mm wavelengths (ALMA), 177 masses of giant host stars, 204 nulling interferometry, 163 masses of imaged companions, 204 β Pic, 171 radii of transiting planets, 204 planet compilation, 168 tests of self-enrichment, 203 radio wavelengths, 173–177 beryllium abundance, 201 resolved imaging bolometric magnitudes, 184 hypertelescopes, 167 effective temperature, 184 Life Finder, 167 element abundances, 185, 188–201 Planet Imager, 167 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 187 superlenses, 168 lithium abundance, 199–201 searches around exoplanet host stars, 170 magnetic and chromospheric activity, 205–206 searches around nearby stars, 170 masses and radii, 186 searches around white dwarfs, 172–173 metallicity dependence, 188–201 searches in debris disk systems, 171 biases, 191 space interferometry (Darwin, TPF), 163–167 different Galactic origins, 193 space-based (HST, Spitzer, JWST), 162–163 primordial occurrence, 191 speckle calibration, 157 self-enrichment, 192 speckle noise, 157–158 r- and s-process elements, 196, 198 speckle suppression, 157 refractory and volatile elements, 194–198 star–planet brightness ratio, 149 rotation velocities, 186 star–planet separation, 149 X-ray activity, 206 stratospheric observations, 162 hot Jupiter interiors and atmospheres, 255–291 definition, 103 atmospheres of gas giants, 271–278 hot subdwarfs, 81 albedos, 124, 278 V391 Peg, 2, 81 atmospheric circulation, 273–274 HST, 112, 130, 131, 137, 139, 140, 153, 167, 170, 213, 220, 222, carbon chemistry, 275 230, 231 carbon/oxygen ratio, 275 ACS, 2, 112, 131, 140, 163, 168, 171, 172 chemical composition, 274 COS, 141 condensate clouds, 276 FGS, 2, 39, 48, 53, 68, 70–71, 73 core accretion start models, 274 NICMOS, 140, 142, 163, 170–172, 223 dependence on initial conditions, 274 STIS, 2, 139, 140, 163, 223 effects of external heating, 273 WFPC2, 168 hot start models, 274 Hyperion, 45, 231 models, 271 oxygen chemistry, 275 imaging, 149–179 photochemistry, 277–278 active optics, 150 photolysis, 277–278 adaptive optics, 150–152 pressure–temperature relations, 272 Antarctic, 161–162 rainout, 276 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76559-6 — The Exoplanet Handbook Michael Perryman Index More Information 406 Index stratospheres, 276–277 mandalas, 66
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