Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76559-6 — the Exoplanet Handbook Michael Perryman Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76559-6 — The Exoplanet Handbook Michael Perryman Index More Information

Index

albedos, 124, 278 secular change in parallax, 64 ALMA, astrometry/imaging, 177 source motion, 64 Antarctic space-based searches, 69–73 astrometry, 63 Thiele–Innes constants, 68 imaging, 161–162 atmospheres, see interiors and atmospheres transits, 110 apocentre/apoapsis, 9 BD Catalogue, 6 apsis/apsides, 9 binary and multiple stars, 206–207 argument of pericentre, 10 planets around, 55–60 asteroseismology, see host stars circumbinary, 56 astrometry, 61–73 circumstellar, 56 aberration, 64 dynamical stability, 56 accuracy from the ground, 62–63 examples, 60 accuracy limits, 65 formation, 58 Antarctic, 63 P-type orbits, 57 astrometric signature, 61 properties, 59 barycentric motion, 66 S-type orbits, 56–57 early investigations, 64 bisector analysis, 23 effects due to disk instabilities, 65 bolometric corrections, 184 brown dwarf desert, 35, 213, 241 future observations from space, 71–73 brown dwarfs, 209–215 ground-based searches, 68–69 census, 210 instruments/programmes classification, 212 ALMA, 177 definition, 7 AMEX, 73 detection, 209–211 ASTRA, 69 disks and planets, 213 CAPS, 69 formation, 214–215 CHARA, 123–125, 162, 184, 185 free-floating objects of planetary mass, 215 DIVA, 73 fusion, 209 ESPRI, 69 luminosity and age, 211 FAME, 73 nomenclature, 210 Gaia, 72 occurrence as binary companions, 213 Hipparcos, 69–70 recognition of, 212 see HST–FGS, HST–FGS spectral features, 212 JASMINE, 73 surveys, 211 JMAPS, 73 X-ray and radio emission, 213 LIDA, 73 Nano-JASMINE, 73 Catalogue of Nearby Stars, 6, 182 OBSS, 73 chaotic orbits, 44–47 OSIRIS, 73 Hyperion, 45 PHASES, 69 indicators of chaos, 46–47 SIM PlanetQuest/SIM Lite, 72–73 fast Lyapunov indicators, 46 STEPS, 68 MEGNO, 46 VLT–PRIMA, 69 relative Lyapunov indicators, 47 interferometry, 63 Kirkwood gap, 45 limits due to surface structure, 65 Lyapunov exponent, 45 microarcsec accuracy, 64–65 Lyapunov time, 45 multiple planets, 66–68 Pluto, 45 linearisation, 68 collisional signatures modeling, 67–68 accretion onto the central star, 178 relative orbit inclination, 67 FH Leo, 179 perspective acceleration, 64 V838 Mon, 178

404 Index

collisional debris, 178 terrestrial planet formation, 224–229 proto-planet collisions, 177 chemical differentiation, 230 comets, see solar system, minor bodies coagulation equation, 228 CoRoT, see transits embryos, 226 cross-correlation spectroscopy, 17 Epstein drag, 226 feeding zone, 228 detection methods, 4 Goldreich–Ward mechanism, 226 Doppler shift, 16 gravitational focusing, 227 Doppler variability, 126 isolation mass, 228 dwarf planet, definition, 7 meter-size barrier, 227 oligarchic growth, 228 Earth, see solar system orderly growth, 227 eccentric anomaly, 10 planetesimal growth, 226 eccentricity, 9 post-oligarchic growth, 228 distribution, 37 runaway growth, 227 eclipsing binaries, 81–82 size and shape of bodies, 230 CM Dra, 82, 114 solar nebula theory, 224 DP Leo, 82 stages of growth, 225–229 NN Ser, 82 Stokes drag, 226 HW Vir, 81 thermophoresis, 227 QS Vir, 82 tidal effects, 244–251 emission spectroscopy, 137–143 application to known exoplanets, 247 constraints on planet mass and radius, 246 formation and evolution, 217–253 constraints on tidal dissipation parameters, 247 debris disks, 222–224 orbital evolution, 245–246 disk dispersal, 222 planet shape, 248 disk formation, 218–219 specific dissipation function, 245 disk viscosity and turbulence, 221 spin–orbit resonance, 246 giant planet formation, 231–237 spin-up of host stars, 248–249 core accretion, 231–235 tidal heating, 249–251 disk instability, 235–237 tidal heating and habitability, 250–251 dynamical shake-up, 234 tidal locking, 246 effects of migration, 234 young stellar objects, 219–220 Goldschmidt element classification, 231, 232 free-floating planets, 95–96, 101, 215 atmophiles, 231 chalcophiles, 231 Gaia, 61, 63, 64, 67, 72, 94, 95, 113, 178 lithophiles, 231 Galactic coordinates, 183 siderophiles, 231 genetic algorithm minimisation, 14, 55 layered accretion disks, 221 Giant Magellan Telescope, GMT, 27, 159, 161 magnetorotational instability, 221 giant planet formation, see formation and evolution minimum mass solar nebula, 220, 233–235, 242 Gliese Catalogue, 6 molecular clouds, 217 orbital migration, 237–244 habitability, 282–291 and existence of terrestrial planets, 241 anthropic principle, 286 and the brown dwarf desert, 240 astrobiology roadmaps (NASA/ESA), 283 evidence for, 237 characterising Earth-like atmospheres, 289 gas disk migration, 238–243 continuously habitable zone, 283–284 halting migration, 241–242 dynamical stability, 55 hot Jupiters, 237 Earth’s spectrum over geological history, 289–290 hot super-Earths, 238 exoplanets in the habitable zone planet–planet scattering, 243–244 GJ 581, 286 planetesimal disk migration, 243 HIP 5750, 287 resonant migration, 242–243 frequency of habitable planets, 287 scattering into resonances, 244 Galactic habitable zone, 286 type I migration, 238–239 habitable zone, 283 type II migration, 239–240 importance of the Moon, 285 type III migration, 240 orbital dependence, 284–285 overview, 217 planet radius, 285 population synthesis, 251–253 plant life and photosynthesis, 289 protoplanetary disks, 220 searches for water, 284 protostars and protostellar collapse, 217–218 SETI, 290–291 protostellar, protoplanetary, and debris disks, 218 Catalogue of Nearby Habitable Systems, 291 satellite formation, 237 optical surveys, 291 star formation, 217–218 radio/microwave surveys, 290–291

Index 405

solar analogues, 286 coronagraphy, 152–157 solar twins, 286 four-quadrant phase mask, 155 spectroscopic indicators of life, 287–290 free-flying occulters, 156–157 stellar spectral type, 285 lunar occultation, 157 system stability and architecture, 285 optical vortex coronagraph, 155–156 ultraviolet radiation zone, 284 Fomalhaut, 171, 172 HD Catalogue, 6 ground-based interferometry, 162 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 187 HR 8799, 171, 172 hierarchical stability, 43 instruments/programmes Hill radius, 43 ALMA, 177 Hill stability, 43 Darwin, 163–167, 181, 287, 288, 290 Hipparcos, 6, 22, 32, 33, 47, 49, 61, 69–70, 95, 112, 168, 178, 181, European Extremely Large Telescope, 159–161 184, 186, 187, 203, 286, 291 extremely large telescopes, 159–161 bolometric corrections, 184 Gemini Planet Imager, 159 Galactic coordinates, 183 Giant Magellan Telescope, 159–161 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 187 Subaru–AO188–HiCIAO, 159 nearby star census, 181–182 Thirty Metre Telescope, 159–161 photometry, 113, 139, 141, 179, 184, 185 TPF,153, 158, 163–167, 288, 290 space velocities, 183 VLT–NACO, 2, 36, 99, 153, 155, 158, 168, 170, 171, 173, host stars, 181–207 223 ages, 186, 187 VLT–SPHERE, 159 alpha elements, 198 other, 158 angular diameters, 184 integral field spectroscopy, 158 asteroseismology, 201–205 laser guide stars, 151 excitation of g-modes, 204 mm/sub-mm wavelengths (ALMA), 177 masses of giant host stars, 204 nulling interferometry, 163 masses of imaged companions, 204 β Pic, 171 radii of transiting planets, 204 planet compilation, 168 tests of self-enrichment, 203 radio wavelengths, 173–177 beryllium abundance, 201 resolved imaging bolometric magnitudes, 184 hypertelescopes, 167 effective temperature, 184 Life Finder, 167 element abundances, 185, 188–201 Planet Imager, 167 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 187 superlenses, 168 lithium abundance, 199–201 searches around exoplanet host stars, 170 magnetic and chromospheric activity, 205–206 searches around nearby stars, 170 masses and radii, 186 searches around white dwarfs, 172–173 metallicity dependence, 188–201 searches in debris disk systems, 171 biases, 191 space interferometry (Darwin, TPF), 163–167 different Galactic origins, 193 space-based (HST, Spitzer, JWST), 162–163 primordial occurrence, 191 speckle calibration, 157 self-enrichment, 192 speckle noise, 157–158 r- and s-process elements, 196, 198 speckle suppression, 157 refractory and volatile elements, 194–198 star–planet brightness ratio, 149 rotation velocities, 186 star–planet separation, 149 X-ray activity, 206 stratospheric observations, 162 hot Jupiter interiors and atmospheres, 255–291 definition, 103 atmospheres of gas giants, 271–278 hot subdwarfs, 81 albedos, 124, 278 V391 Peg, 2, 81 atmospheric circulation, 273–274 HST, 112, 130, 131, 137, 139, 140, 153, 167, 170, 213, 220, 222, carbon chemistry, 275 230, 231 carbon/oxygen ratio, 275 ACS, 2, 112, 131, 140, 163, 168, 171, 172 chemical composition, 274 COS, 141 condensate clouds, 276 FGS, 2, 39, 48, 53, 68, 70–71, 73 core accretion start models, 274 NICMOS, 140, 142, 163, 170–172, 223 dependence on initial conditions, 274 STIS, 2, 139, 140, 163, 223 effects of external heating, 273 WFPC2, 168 hot start models, 274 Hyperion, 45, 231 models, 271 oxygen chemistry, 275 imaging, 149–179 photochemistry, 277–278 active optics, 150 photolysis, 277–278 adaptive optics, 150–152 pressure–temperature relations, 272 Antarctic, 161–162 rainout, 276

406 Index

stratospheres, 276–277 mandalas, 66 temperature inversions, 276–277 Markov Chain Monte Carlo minimisation, 14, 67, 119 atmospheres of terrestrial planets, 278–282 mass function, 12 capture of nebular gases, 278 mean anomaly, 10 chthonian planets, 281 mean longitude, 10 ejected planets, 281–282 mean motion, 10 erosion, 279–281 metallicity of host star, 37 formation, 278–279 microlensing, 2, 83–102 hydrodynamic escape, 281 astrometric, 94–95 Jeans escape, 280–281 binary lens, 87 outgassing through accretion, 278–279 blending, 92 outgassing through tectonic activity, 279 caustics and critical curves, 87–90 photolytic dissociation, 281 classification of event types, 90 planetesimal erosion, 279–280 early surveys, 86 stripping of hot Jupiters and Neptunes, 281 Einstein radius, 85 chemical composition and condensation, 257–260 finite source size effects, 90 composition of the solar system planets, 257 formulation, 84–87 diagnostics from rotation, 270–271 free-floating planets, 95–96, 101 Galilean satellites, 270 future developments, 102 solar system giants, 270 high-magnification events, 88–90 equations of state, 261 historical background, 84 gas, rock, and ice, 255–257 individual events giant planet interiors, 260–271 MOA–2007–BLG–192, 98, 99 dependence on composition, 265–267 MOA–2007–BLG–400, 98, 99 effects of stellar irradiation, 265 MOA–2008–BLG–310, 98, 99 H/He gas giants, 266 MOA–2009–BLG–319, 98, 99 model predictions, 265–267 OGLE–2003–BLG–235, 2, 98, 100 ocean planets, 269–270 OGLE–2003–BLG–390, 2, 98 atmospheres, 269 OGLE–2005–BLG–71, 2, 98, 100 candidates, 270 OGLE–2005–BLG–169, 98 hypothetical existence, 269 OGLE–2006–BLG–109, 2, 98, 101 ocean depth, 270 OGLE–2007–BLG–368, 98, 99 opacities, 264–265 instruments/programmes phase diagram for hydrogen, 261–262 Euclid, 102 phase diagram for water, 262–263 Galactic Exoplanet Survey Telescope, GEST, 102 refractory and volatile elements, 259 JDEM–Omega, 102 snow line, 259–260 MicroFUN, 96–99 structural models, 263–264 Microlensing Planet Finder, MPF,102 super-Earths, 267–269 MiNDSTEp, 96–99 compositional extremes, 267 MOA, 96–99 equation of state, 267 OGLE, 96–99 mass–radius relation, 268–269 PLANET/RoboNet, 96–99 ternary diagrams, 267–268 WFIRST, 102 light bending, 84 JWST, 114, 150, 153, 156, 162, 163, 167 light-curve modeling, 90 MIRI, 114, 155, 163 limb darkening, 91 NIRCam, 114, 155, 158, 163 limitations and strengths, 100–102 TFI, 163 magnification, 85–87 magnification maps, 88 Kepler, see transits microlens parallax effects, 92–94 Kepler’s laws, 11 naming conventions, 98 kinematic properties, 183 observations, 96–99 Kozai migration, 60, 127, 128 orbital motion, 91–92 Kozai resonance, see resonance planet compilation, 98 planet orbiting the source star, 95 Laplace resonance, 2, 3, 32, 50, 51, 244, 299, 300 ray shooting, 89 laser frequency combs, 20 satellite orbiting a planet, 95 Levenberg–Marquardt minimisation, 13, 14, 67, 119 single lens, 87 line of apsides, 9 star spots, 91 Lomb–Scargle period algorithm, 13 statistical results, 100 longitude of ascending node, 10 terrestrial parallax, 94 longitude of pericentre, 10 migration, see formation and evolution Love number, 134 minimum mass solar nebula, see formation and evolution Lyapunov exponent/indicators, 45–47 multiple planet systems, 37–55

Index 407

coplanarity, 39 GJ 876, 2, 14, 32, 36, 38, 41–43, 49–50, 67, 71, 177, 249, 267, dynamical modeling, 39 268, 299 resonances, see resonance GJ 1214, 2, 35, 108, 115, 143, 270 statistics, 39 HAT–P–1, 2, 129, 135, 143, 248, 249 theories of formation, 38 HAT–P–2, 106, 121, 129, 143, 144, 147 HAT–P–3, 135, 143, 146 nearby stars, 181–183 HAT–P–4, 113, 129 nomenclature HAT–P–7, 2, 106, 112, 113, 119, 129, 132, 142, 143, 204, 205 exoplanet names, 6 HAT–P–10, 104 microlensing events, 98 HAT–P–11, 112, 129, 131, 204 star names, 6 HAT–P–13,2,106,129,134 notation, 313–316 HAT–P–14, 104, 106, 129 numerical quantities, 309–311 HAT–P–23, 106 HAT–P–26, 106 HD 4113, 12, 30, 31 open clusters HD 10180, 2, 3, 38 Hyades, 34 HD 12661, 14, 46, 52, 53, 55 NGC 2423, 34 HD 17156, 2, 109, 122, 142, 143 NGC 4349, 34 HD 37124, 42, 47, 52, 66 radial velocity searches, 34 HD 40307, 30, 31, 35, 36, 55 orbit determination HD 41004, 22, 23, 248 multiple planet fitting, 13 HD 45364, 52 single planet fitting, 13 HD 52609, 2, 28 orbit inclination, 10 HD 60532, 42, 50–53 orbits, 9–14 HD 69830, 2, 36, 55, 224, 234, 267 HD 73256, 12, 248 packed planetary systems, 44 HD 74156, 44, 47, 53, 67 pericentre/periapsis, 9 HD 80606, 109, 122, 143 planet, definition, 7 HD 82943, 43, 52, 178, 193, 201 difficulties of formulating, 7 HD 108874, 52, 53, 55 IAU 2003 recommendation, 7 HD 114762, 2, 28, 210 IAU 2006 resolution, 7 HD 128311, 50, 51, 54, 55, 71, 177 planets/systems HD 141569, 222–224 2M J1207, 2, 163, 168, 170, 171, 178, 214, 215 HD 142022, 12, 13, 17 υ And, 2, 14, 38, 39, 42, 46, 47, 52, 53, 70–72, 124, 125, 142, HD 149026, 109, 113, 123, 136, 142, 143, 145, 189, 266, 272 175–177, 185, 187, 188, 205, 206 HD 168443, 55, 67, 71 μ Ara, 14, 38, 46, 47, 52, 54, 66, 71, 203, 204 HD 169830, 47, 53, 55 Barnard’s star, 18, 19, 64, 94 HD 188753, 22, 60 τ Boo, 113, 125, 126, 138, 174–177, 185, 187, 188, 205–206, HD 189733, 2, 109, 112, 113, 123–126, 128–131, 133, 135, 246–248, 276 138–142, 158, 177, 248, 272 γ Cep, 2, 28, 57, 58, 60, 70, 71 HD 202206, 52, 55, 59, 71 55 Cnc, 2, 3, 13, 14, 30, 31, 37, 38, 44, 47–49, 52, 70, 71, HD 209458, 2, 103, 104, 107, 112, 113, 118, 121, 123, 125, 126, 170, 185, 187, 188, 201, 224, 281 127, 129–131, 133–136, 138–143, 145, 158, 189, 248, CoRoT–1, 2, 111, 124, 129, 135, 137, 138, 143, 248 249, 262, 272, 273, 277, 281 CoRoT–2, 111, 129, 143, 146, 248 14 Her, 52, 188 CoRoT–3, 111, 129, 143–145 HR 4796A, 223, 224 CoRoT–4, 135 HR 8799, 2, 156, 158, 168, 170–172, 204, 223, 236, 242, 244 CoRoT–7, 2, 22, 35, 111, 143, 206, 247, 248, 250, 281 Kepler–1/3, 112 CoRoT–9, 143 Kepler–4, 2 CoRoT–10, 143 Kepler–6, 112 CoRoT–11, 129, 249 Kepler–8, 129 CoRoT–14, 143 Kepler–9,2,112,122,135 CoRoT–17, 111, 143 Lalande 21185, 64 16 Cyg, 14, 60, 70, 185, 187, 192, 199, 201, 286 DP Leo, 82 61 Cyg, 64 Lupus–TR–3, 108 CM Dra, 82, 114 MOA microlensing events, see microlensing ǫ Eri, 2, 71, 170, 177, 222, 223 OGLE microlensing events, see microlensing Fomalhaut, 2, 163, 168, 171, 172, 222, 223, 236, 242, 243 OGLE–TR–10, 106, 131, 189 G117–B15A, 80 OGLE–TR–56, 2, 28, 106, 143, 241, 247 G29–38, 80 OGLE–TR–111, 106, 135 GD 66, 80 OGLE–TR–113, 106, 135 GJ229B,168,170,210,212,272,273,277 OGLE–TR–122, 248 GJ 436, 113, 123, 127, 131, 135, 136, 142–144, 249, 281 OGLE–TR–123, 248 GJ 581, 2, 3, 30, 35, 36, 38, 55, 286–287 OGLE–TR–132, 106

408 Index

OGLE–TR–182, 105, 106 bisector velocity span, 23 OGLE–TR–211, 106 convective line shift, 18 OGLE2–TR–L9, 106, 143, 249 cross-correlation spectroscopy, 17 70 Oph, 64 discovery by instrument, 29 51 Peg, 2, 20, 27, 28, 70, 138, 187, 188, 280, 286 discovery status, 28 V391 Peg, 2, 81 dispersed Fourier transform spectrometer, 27 β Pic, 2, 130, 168, 171, 178, 222, 223 Earth motion, 18 PSR B1257+12, 2, 28, 75–77 eccentricity distribution, 37 PSR B1620–26, 77–78 échelle spectroscopy, 23–25 NN Ser, 82 example orbits, 12 SWEEPS–4/11, 112 exposure metering, 21 TrES–1, 2, 107, 112, 125, 129, 131, 133, 135, 138, 142, 272, externally dispersed interferometry, 25–27 273 ﬁrst detections, 28 TrES–2,112,113,115,123,129,135,204 Fourier transform spectroscopy, 25 TrES–3,113,133,135,273 frequency of massive planets, 35 TrES–4,115,129,142,143,145,277 fringing spectrometer, 25 4UMa,2 gravitational redshift, 18 47 UMa, 28, 38, 52, 70, 187, 276, 286 holographic heterodyne spectroscopy, 25 61 Vir, 30, 31, 35 instruments/programmes, 23–27 70 Vir, 2, 28, 70, 174, 177 AAT, 19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 31, 33, 187, 189, 193, 286, 291 HW Vir, 81 ASEPS, 27 QS Vir, 82 CODEX, 24, 27 WASP–1, 2 CORALIE, 13, 22, 24, 29–33, 49, 59, 107, 129, 181, 183, WASP–2, 2, 115, 129, 143 188 WASP–3, 107, 108, 113, 129, 135 ELODIE, 2, 17, 20, 21, 24, 29, 32–34, 48, 59, 108, 129 WASP–4, 129, 248 HARPS, 2, 17, 20, 22–24, 27, 29, 31–34, 36, 129, 181, WASP–5, 129, 248 190, 199, 200, 286 WASP–6, 129 HARPS–north, 25 WASP–8, 107, 129 Hectochelle, 27 WASP–9, 107 Keck–HIRES, 2, 17–19, 21, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32–34, 45, 47, WASP–10, 133 49, 70, 129, 189, 193, 286, 291 WASP–11, 104 Lick, 2, 17–19, 21, 22, 24, 28–30, 32, 33, 46, 152, 187, WASP–12, 132, 134, 141, 143, 176, 241, 250 189, 193, 286, 291 WASP–14, 129, 250 MARVELS, 27, 29, 32 WASP–15, 129 SHARPS, 24, 27 WASP–17, 108, 129, 143 TEDI, 27, 30 WASP–18, 129, 143, 250 other, 24, 29, 33 WASP–19, 108, 143 jitter due to solar cycle, 22 WASP–21, 108, 181 low-mass planets, 35 WASP–27, 104 mass distribution, 35 WASP–29, 108 mass of host star, 37 WASP–33, 108, 130, 134, 143, 181, 249 mass–period relation, 37 WASP–37, 181 measurement from accelerations, 27 XO–1, 135 metallicity of host star, 37 XO–2, 113, 142 Michelson interferometer, 25 XO–3, 129, 143, 248 multiple planet systems, 37–55 polarisation, 126 on-line compilations, 28 populations synthesis, 251–253 orbital period distributions, 36 pulsars, 75–79 orbits, 9–14 planet detection limits, 78 photon noise, 22 planet formation, 77–78 planet compilation, 317–323 planetary satellites, 78 selection effects, 14 PSR B1257+12, 75–77 semi-amplitude, 12 PSR B1620–26, 77–78 spectral line bisector, 23 unconﬁrmed planets, 78 stellar noise/jitter, 21, 22 pulsating stars, 79–81 stellar space motion, 18 super-Earth systems, 55 radial velocity, 9–60 surveys accuracy limits, 21 binary and multiple stars, 34, 58 adaptive scheduling, 15 early-type dwarfs, 32 binary companions, 22 GK dwarfs, 29 bisector analysis, 23 GK giants, 32 bisector curvature, 23 infrared, 30 bisector inverse slope, 23 metal-poor stars, 34

Index 409

M dwarfs, 30 secondary eclipse, see transits open clusters, 34 snow line, see interiors and atmospheres subgiants, 32 SOHO, 22, 52, 115, 134 youngstars,34 solar nebula, see solar system systemic velocity, 13 solar nebula theory, see formation and evolution wavelength calibration, 18–21 solar system, 293–307 fibre-optic scrambling, 20 age and early chronology, 296–297 hydrogen fluoride, 19 birth in star cluster, 293 infrared, 20 decametric emission, 174 iodine, 19 dynamical shake-up, 234 laser frequency combs, 20 Earth telluric lines, 19 atmosphere from ice-core records, 307 thorium–argon, 20 early atmosphere, 305 zero point, 18 evolution of CO2,CH4,O2, 305–306 radio emission growth and patterns in biodiversity, 307 astrometry, 173 mass extinctions, 307 Blackett’s law, 176 Milankovitch cycles, 301 exoplanet flux limits, 176 origin of atmosphere, 305 exoplanet flux predictions, 176 origin of Moon, 302 exoplanet magnetic fields origin of water, 298–299, 304 evidence, 175 Phanerozoic evolution, 306 super-flares, 176 snowball Earth, 306 theory, 175 giant planets, 293–295 future radio surveys (LOFAR, SKA), 177 Jupiter, 293 imaging, 173–177 masses and radii, 293 magnetic white dwarfs, 176 Neptune, 294 M dwarfs, 173 noble gas enrichment, 294 radio Bode’s law, 174 Saturn, 293 RS CVn binaries, 173 Uranus, 294 solar system decametric emission, 174 Mars, anomalous mass of, 298 reflected light, 124–125 minor bodies resonance collisional debris, 295 1:1 eccentric resonance, 54 comets, 295 1:1 resonance, 52, 53 Edgewoth–Kuiper belt, 295 2:1 resonance, 40 meteorite taxonomy, 297 3:1 resonance, 40 Oort cloud, 295 4:1, 5:1, 3:2, 5:2, etc., 52 planetesimals and protoplanets, 295 apsidal alignment, 42 Nice model, 303–305 apsidal corotation, 42 numerical integration of orbits, 299–300 apsidal libration, 42 obliquites, 300–302 apsidal motion, 42–43 orbital stability and chaos, 299–300 capture into, 41 orbits of terrestrial planets, 302 deep resonance, 40 planet properties, 309–311 disturbing function, 39 planet survival at late age, 80 exact resonance, 40 planetary satellites, 302 horseshoe orbits, 52 planetesimal migration, 302–305 inclination resonance, 52 capture of irregular satellites, 304 Kozai, 40, 53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 128, 130, 243, 300 Kuiper belt resonances, 303 Lagrange equilibrium points L1 − L5,52 lunar heavy bombardment, 304 Laplace, 2, 3, 32, 50, 51, 244, 299, 300 migration of Neptune, 304 mean motion, 40 orbit of Pluto, 303 physics of, 41 water on Earth, 304 proximity to, 52 resonances, 299, 300 resonance order, 40 solar barycentric motion, 66–67 resonant argument, 40 solar nebula, 220–222, 226, 233, 255–260, 268, 271, 272, resonant theory, 40 280, 294, 295, 297, 298 retrograde, 47, 54–55 transient heating events, 297–298 separatrix, 41 space velocities, 183 tadpole orbits, 52 spectral line bisector, 23 Trojans, 52–54, 56, 59, 136, 300, 303, 304 Spitzer Space Telescope, 2, 55, 93, 94, 103, 107, 109, 112, 121, retrograde orbits, 128–129 125, 131, 137, 139–142, 163, 167, 168, 172, 220, 272 Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, see transits IRAC, 81, 112 IRS, 112 Safronov number, 147 MIPS, 77, 112, 125, 224

410 Index

stability Spitzer, 112 chaos, see chaotic orbits STJ, 133 dynamical classification, 44 SWEEPS, 112 dynamical packing, 44 TESS, 114 hierarchical, 43 THESIS, 114 Hill criterion, 43 TrES, 106 Hill radius, 43 ULTRACAM, 82, 108, 133 Lagrange, 43 WASP/SuperWASP,107–108 star spots, 18, 23, 65, 91, 111, 115, 131 WFI/Lupus, 108 sub-brown dwarf, definition, 7 XO, 108 symplectic integrators, 44 interferometric observations, 123–124 systemic velocity, 13 light curves, 117–123 limb darkening, 118 terrestrial planet formation, see formation and evolution line-profile tomography, 130 tidal effects, see formation and evolution long-period planets, 109 timing, 75–82 mass versus period, 146 eclipsing binaries, 81–82 mass–radius relation, 143–146 planet compilation, 78 methods from eclipsing binaries, 119 pulsars, 75–79 multiple transiting planets, 122 Titius–Bode law, 48 M dwarfs, 103, 115 transits, 103–147 nodal precession, 134 anomalous radii of hot Jupiters, 145 observables, 117 Antarctic, 110 planet compilation, 325–327 apsidal precession, 133–134 planet surface gravity, 123 astrophysical limits, 115 planetary oblateness and rotation, 131 atmospheric limits, 115–116 planetary satellites, 130 atmospheric transparency, 116 pM and pL classes, 142 bow shocks, 132 polarisation, 126 candidate identification/confirmation, 105 properties of transiting planets, 143 circular orbits, 119–121 radial velocity discoveries, 108 circumbinary systems, 114 reflected light, 124–125 conjugate-plane photometry, 116 retrograde orbits, 128–129 Doppler variability, 126 rings and comets, 130 early studies, 104 Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, 2, 107, 127–130, 241 eccentric orbits, 121 Safronov number, 147 eclipsing binaries, 114 scintillation noise, 116 effects of other planets, 135 searches from ground, 105–110 effects of parallax and space motion, 136 searches from space, 110–114 effects of satellites, 135 searches in globular clusters, 109–110 ellipsoidal variations, 132 searches in open clusters, 109 emission spectroscopy, 137–143 secondary eclipse, 103, 126 equilibrium temperatures, 138 simultaneous transits, 122 future searches from ground, 110 star spots, 131 geometric formulation, 118 stellar density, 123 giant stars, 115 stellar rotation, 131 higher-order photometric effects, 130–132 surface gravity versus period, 146 higher-order spectroscopic effects, 136 tidal locking and asymmetric heating, 137–138 higher-order timing effects, 132–136 timing precision, 133 instrumentation for transit time determinations, 133 transit duration variations, 132–136 instruments/programmes transit time variations, 132–136 CoRoT, 2, 7, 110–111, 115, 146, 202–204 transmission spectroscopy, 137–143 EPOXI–EPOCh, 113, 231 Trojan planets, 136 HAT/HATNet, 105–106 white dwarfs, 103 Hipparcos, 113 transmission spectroscopy, 137–143 see HST, 112 Trojans, resonance JWST, 114 true anomaly, 10 Kepler, 2, 7, 111–112, 115, 125, 126, 132, 133, 136, 202 true longitude, 10 MACHO, 106 MEarth, 108, 115 white dwarfs, 79–81 MOA, 106 G117–B15A, 80 MOST, 113 G29–38, 80 OGLE, 106 GD 66, 80 PLATO, 114 pulsating, 79–81 SPICA, 114 transits, 103