Ancient Civilizations

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[ABCDE] Volume 1, Issue 15 April 9, 2002

CURRICULUM GUIDE: ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

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IN THIS ISSUE

Looking at Civilization Market Day Math Word Study: a look 2 5 7 at sweet desserts

Academic Content Word find Lincoln Memorial Standards 4 7 a Greek Temple? 10

Ancient Civilizations in Today’s World Looking at Ancient Civilization

KidsPost Article: “Traces of the Past” http://www.digonsite.com/ DIG: The archaeology magazine for kids Lesson: Influence of ancient Amazon River regions get to Learn about ancient civilizations through archaeology. civilizations on our food and Europe and North America to architecture be raised and eaten? http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/ Level: Beginning to Advanced 7. Upon what Roman building Subjects: History, Social Science were both the West Building of The Roman Empire in the First Century Related Activity: Math the National Gallery of Art and PBS online supplement to its program of the same title. In addi- the Jefferson Memorial tion to an introduction to the leaders, soldiers, poets and Procedure modeled? What characteristics of philosophers, students learn of Roman society and daily life in a Roman building do they share? this empire that rose from the chaos of civil war “to embrace Read and Discuss 8. Which civilizations hundreds of cultures and till the soil from which western civi- Before reading the KidsPost influenced the development of lization would grow.” Also, 8 lessons, a timeline and an articles ask students to define mathematics? “Emperor of Rome” game. “civilization.” What are the characteristics of a civilization? Read http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/ancien Can students think of any Give students “Word Study: a tgreece/index.html buildings or monuments in look at sweet desserts.” Students Reflections of Ancient Greece Washington, D.C., which remind are given background of some of The Discovery Channel School provides a K-5 lesson focusing them of another country or the fruits eaten by ancient on elements of ancient Greek civilization and its influence on civilization? civilizations and themselves. today’s society. Read the KidsPost articles. Give students the following Find the Food http://www.ancientgreece.com/ questions and discuss the Give students the Word Find, answers. “Foods from China and Central Ancient Greece 1. Where was Mesopotamia Asia.” Discuss how many of Clearly organized in sections such as geography, history, located? Find it on a map. What these foods they have eaten. Why mythology and other resources. The Art & Architecture section modern countries are now might these foods have has illustrations of columns in each style. located in that area? originated in China and Central www.historyforkids.org 2. What symbols communicate Asia? Where are they grown “stop,” “cross the street here,” today? History for Kids “boys bathroom,” “girls University professors write this site for use by middle school bathroom”? Who were the first Do the Numbers students. Egypt, Greece, Rome, Islam are some of the areas people to use symbols to Consumer mathematics is explored. Visitors are warned that this kid-safe site is funded by represent ideas and objects? combined with a recipe similar the books visitors buy. 3. What is cuneiform? Why is it to one served to Roman important in the development of emperors. Give students “Market http://www.pbs.org/foodancestors/hsplan1.html a written language? Place Math” reproducible. Food for the Ancestors: Two Worlds Meet 4. How does cuneiform differ A lesson for older students. Looks at implications of the from the alphabet? In what ways Compare and Contrast Spanish conquest of Mexico on the relationship between Native did Greek and Roman How similar is the Lincoln Americans and Aztecs and the formation of Mestizo culture. civilizations influence our Memorial to a Greek temple? written language? For the Greek people, temples http://cdli.ucla.edu/ 5. Find Mexico, the Andes and were sacred places. What the Amazon River on the map. emotions do your students have Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative What foods that we eat were first toward the Lincoln Memorial? The form and content of cuneiform tablets are brought to you cultivated by civilizations in Students will need to know through the efforts of an international group of Assyriologists, Mexico, Central and South something about Greek culture museum curators and historians of science. For scholars, but America? to do this assignment, or they when finished this site will provide visual examples of the begin- 6. How did foods from will need keen observation skills. nings of a written language. Mexico, the Andes and the

Know Your Monument If you have time, arrange for Food for Thought Instead of looking at the a docent-led tour of the influence of Greek architecture National Gallery of Art ON THE WEB on the Lincoln Memorial, see collection. Paint your own still what your students know life. http://online.sfsu.edu/~patters/culinary/pages/croporigins.html about the Lincoln Memorial. Food Plant Origins This reproducible could be A Note Lists of plants by geographic area of origin used as the springboard for a The KidsPost article and mini-research activity. Give activities in this curriculum students “The Lincoln guide remind students of the http://www.foodreference.com/ Memorial.” Students can work influence of earlier cultures on The Food Reference Web site alone, in pairs or groups of their own. You may wish to three to complete the encourage your students to Click on facts and trivia after reviewing the day’s culinary quiz to worksheet. Teachers are attend this summer’s find quick background of many foods. provided “Lincoln Memorial Smithsonian Folklife Festival Background” to help with this on the Mall. The event will be http://dig.archaeology.org/drdig/greece/67.html assignment and to give you dedicated to an exploration of additional lesson ideas. the ancient Silk Road and its Ask Dr. Dig influence on American life Dr. Dig answers a student’s question about ancient Roman food. Enrichment today. Musicians, artists, 1. What two other places storytellers and cooks from 20 associated with Abraham countries will share their lives. http://www.lewiskappes.com/LK/Pompeiiana/ Lincoln should people visit in Watch the Washington Post for TheRomanCookery/SOTHEMEALS.htm Washington, D.C.? Tell why plans and daily scheduled So the Meals of Apicius Begin you have selected these places. events. A sampling of recipes and secrets of cookery during the reigns of the Give directions on how to get Caesars collected by Apicius, translated into English. If this whets to one of these places. Start Tuesday, April 9 KidsPost your instructions at school. Be article on ancient civilizations. your appetite, get The Roman Cookery of Apicius translated by John sure to include the school’s “Traces of the Past” can be Edwards. address and the address of the found at destination. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ http://www.ontheline.org.uk/schools/chocbix/index.htm 2. Research the relation of wp-dyn/education/kidspost olives to the city of Athens. /nie/A16889-2002Apr8.html Welcome to Chokky Central Include Helen of Troy, the A lesson in trade and economics using Chokky bikkies, popular hero Academus and the February 10, 2002, Book treats in Great Britain. Children learn about the connection of cocoa philosopher Plato. World page 8 plantations in Ghana to English factories and consumers. Interactive 3. Study the role of fruit and “With Charity for All,” Post quizzes and activity suggestions are provided. vegetables in art. Read “A Book World reviews of Feast of Pears Painted for the Lincoln’s Virtues: An Ethical Medicis, Preserved for the Biography and Lincoln’s http://aboutpizza.com/history/ Ages” (found at Greatest Speech: The Second http://www.washingtonpost.com/ Inaugural. Pizza’s Colorful History wp-dyn/education/ http://www.washingtonpost.com/ Pizza Hut gives you the origin of pizzas, tomatoes and mozzarella kidspost/nie/A25780- wp-dyn/education/kidspost cheese and about anything else you want to know about pizza. 2002Mar27.html. /nie/A42632-2002Feb7.html IN PRINT Hendrickson, Robert. Ladybugs, Tiger Lilies & Wallflowers: A Gardener’s Book of Words.New Yo rk:Prentice Hall General Reference. 1993. Insects, flowers and foods make their way into this collection. Etymology, legends and stories are arranged in alphabetical order for easy use.

Foods from China and Central Asia Botanists believe the following foods originated in China and Central Asia. See if you can discover them by reading left to right, right to left, up and down and diagonally. Foods from China: buckwheat, kiwi, lotus, orange, peach, tea. Foods from Central Asia: almonds, apple, carrot, cherry, garlic, grapes,onion, parsnip, pear, peas, plum, radish, spinach, tarragon, wheat. Can you also locate China and Asia within the word find? Although lotus root is the food, only “lotus,” not “lotus root,” is in this word find. T P L U M G R A P E S A O E N K A I S A M O E E R A S R T D R O Y H T F R R L A M S A B W A E T A I R Y N B E P E A S P C R S I A A E H C A H R A P P L E A W R E E T G I C M G C K R H H S O N I O N H C C C H I N A W N A S U T O L P J C I D R L B R A D I S H K S O

Market-Day Math: Dazzling Your Guests with Drizzle

It is an orange root. The Latin word for it was carota,which was derived It is a member of the parsley family. from the Greek word, karoton.We call it carrot. It is good for us. You might like potatoes better, but today we are eating The Romans ate it and so should we. what the Romans ate. We don't know about potatoes, What is it? tomatoes or corn. They are products of the New World.

THE PROBLEM need three pounds. How much will 1. Eight people will be eating the collards cost? Roman Recipe dinner. You are in charge of buying 4. Now let’s think about dessert. the carrots, collards and dessert. You will need $8.00 to purchase a OLIVE OIL Read the recipe for Olive Oil small cake and honey. Subtract DRIZZLED CARROTS Drizzled Carrots. What three ingre- $8.00 from the money you have left. Ingredients dients must be on your grocery list? What is your balance? Carrots, for 4 servings, 1 pound Check the Food section of the Post. 5. Which of these fruits will you Salt, 1 teaspoon Can you find a store with better buy? How many can you buy from prices than those at Market A or what’s left of your $30? Olive oil, to taste Market B? apples: $1.29 per pound figs: $5.98 per pound 1. Scrape a fine layer off exterior of MARKET A pomegranites: $1.50 each carrot. Cut off the ends. Slice carrots: $1.25 per pound lengthwise into 3/8-inch-wide olive oil: $2.79, 8.5 oz. bottle 6. What is the total you have strips. salt: $.99 small container spent? Now it is your turn to relax. Someone else is responsible for MARKET B cooking the meal. 2. Boil 2 cups salted water. Add carrots: $1.99 per pound carrots. olive oil: $2.99, 8 oz. bottle 3. Cover pan with a lid and bring salt: $.99 small container to boil again. 4. Cook until carrots are tender— 2. At which store will you buy 18–20 minutes. your groceries? Show your figures so 5. Drain. Place carrots on serving we know how you came to this dish. conclusion. You have $30 to spend. How much must you budget for ingredients to Do like the Romans. Drizzle olive make the Olive Oil Drizzle Carrots? oil over the top. Don't worry about tax for this exer- cise. 3. You are also serving collards. These greens originally came from Asia Minor. Romans liked them. As their empire expanded, they took collards with them to England. Both Market A and Market B are selling them for $.99 per pound. You will

The Lincoln Memorial: A Greek Temple?

Greek Temples placed at this entrance created a verandah. If columns Most Greek temples resembled a rectangular box. To were placed outside the opisthodomos,a back porch was the right was the entrance porch or pronaos. In the created in the rear. middle was the central hall or cella.To the left was the If columns were placed all around the exterior of back porch or opisthodomos. Statues of the gods being the temple, a colonade was created. In order to honored were placed in the center of the cella. support the roof, columns were sometimes added You entered the temple at the pronaos. Columns inside the temple.

In what ways is the Lincoln Memorial similar to a Greek temple?

In the two columns list ways the two have parallel features or similarities.

Greek Temple Lincoln Memorial

In what way does the Lincoln Memorial differ from a Greek temple? Write a paragraph on the reverse side.

Three Greek Orders ence. Its capital is an undecorated, column is the most slender and Columns hold up roofs. This square slab set on top of a round light. Its capital, carved in the shape doesn’t mean they have to be hidden shape. of an inverted bell, is ornately deco- or plain. In classical architecture, rated. This deep capital usually has columns have three sections: the The Iconic: Set on a richly molded carvings of foliage Acanthus leaves. base, the long section or shaft and circular base, the Iconic column is the top that is called a capital. The also tapered. It is not as wide in These styles defined the three Greeks developed three styles, or circumference as a Doric column Greek classical architectural orders. orders, of columns. and its fluting is narrower. Spiral The Doric order was developed on shapes decorate the capital. The the mainland and western colonies. The Doric: The oldest column has spiral, scroll-like ornament is called Most consider the masterpiece of no base. Its shaft, that tapers at the a volute. Iconic temples may also the Doric order to be the Parthenon top, has vertical fluting. Fluting have a sculpted frieze. (448-432 B.C.). The Iconic order looks like rounded grooves running originated in Asia Minor. Last, up the column in parallel rows. This The Corinthian: Built on a base and came the Corinthian order, an column has the greatest circumfer- plinth below it, the Corinthian embellishment of the Iconic.

The Lincoln Memorial: A Closer Look

Quick Facts. Place your answer on the blank before the question.

______1. What war took place when Abraham Lincoln was President of the United States? ______2. Number of states in the Union at the time of President Abraham Lincoln’s death. Count the number of columns outside the Lincoln Memorial to confirm the answer. ______3. Type of Greek column used in the design of the Lincoln Memorial. ______4. Number of states named in the upper frieze of the Lincoln Memorial. ______5. How many years after the death of Lincoln was the memorial dedicated?

Importance of Details. Write your responses on your relation to other monuments, government buildings and own paper. State your answers in complete sentences. geographic features important? 10. Passages from what two speeches of Lincoln are 6. Who designed the statue of Lincoln? Why was he inscribed on facing walls of the memorial? Of all his selected to be the sculptor? speeches, why do you think these two were selected? 7. Describe the statue of Lincoln. What emotion is Include quotations from the speeches as part of your expressed on his face? answer. 8. Who was the architect of the Lincoln Memorial? 11. What experiences, beliefs and hopes of the Why was his design selected? American people are revealed in the design details of 9. The Lincoln Memorial is placed at the western end the Lincoln Memorial? of the Mall in Washington, D.C. Why do you think this 12. What events have taken place at the Lincoln site was selected? Is the Lincoln Memorial’s physical Memorial?

The Lincoln Memorial: A Guide for Teachers

Lincoln Memorial ended his march on Washington Sites About Sights on www.washingtonpost.com with a speech from the steps, and Prominent on both the noted African American opera ON THE WEB Washington skyline and the back of singer Marian Anderson gave an http://www.nara.gov/education/teaching/me U.S. currency, the Lincoln outdoor concert on the grounds morial/memhome.html Memorial is one of the city’s most after being denied the stage at The Unfinished Lincoln Memorial recognizable landmarks. The nearby Constitution Hall. A lesson from the National Archives and Records striking marble monument anchors A small exhibition center beneath Administration for teaching with documents the western end of the Mall, and the memorial covers Lincoln’s life, http://www.americaslibrary.gov/pages/jb_0420 while its design suggests something the construction of the memorial _chester_1.html from the Greek Parthenon, its effect and important events in its history. is quite somber. American Sculptor Daniel Chester French Designed by architect Harry A quick introduction to the sculptor Bacon, the classical structure is http://www.archrecord.com/WEEKLY/ARCHives lined with 36 Doric columns, and /cram.asp the facade is etched with the names Architectural Record Archives of the 36 states in the union during A pdf file: “The Lincoln Memorial, Washington Lincoln’s presidency. The upper DC -Henry Bacon, Architect” by Ralph Adams level frieze contains the names of Cram, Architectural Record, June 1923 the 48 states at the time the memo- http://www2.cr.nps.gov/pad/adventure/land- rial was dedicated in 1922. mark.htm In the atrium at the top of the Great American Landmarks Adventure steps sits the 19-foot marble statue An artist’s sketch of each of 43 National of Lincoln, designed by Daniel Landmarks that can be downloaded and a brief Chester French. Lincoln sits on a description of the role of the place or building in throne-like structure with a contem- American history is provided by the National Park AGENCE-FRANCE PRESSE plative expression, his arms at his This April 10, 1865, file photo was the last Service. Go to teachers guide for activities, list of sides. The statue gazes due east, over portrait of President Abraham Lincoln. He was books and supplemental resources. the Reflecting Pool on a direct axis assassinated later that month. http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lesso with the Washington Monument ns/62wash/62wash.htm and the Capitol Building. The east and west walls are With Charity for All The Washington Monument: Tribute in Stone A National Park Service “Teaching with Historic engraved with passages from on www.washingtonpost.com Places Lesson Plan” provides maps, readings, images Lincoln’s second inaugural address Book World reviews of Lincoln’s and activities. and the Gettysburg Address. On the Virtues: An Ethical Biography and north and south walls are two Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lesso massive murals by Jules Guerin, one Second Inaugural.Even if you do not ns/19decatur/19decatur.htm an allegory of Truth and Justice, the have time to read these two works, Decatur House: A Home of the Rich and Powerful other depicting the Angel of Truth read Edwin M. Yoder’s insightful A National Park Service “Teaching with Historic freeing a slave. evaluation of these two works and Places Lesson Plan” provides maps, readings, images As is appropriate for the president Lincoln. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural and activities, including “What Makes a Hero?” who delivered the Emancipation Address is only 701 words, but was http://www.chesterwood.org Proclamation, the Lincoln written by a man who, according to Chesterwood Estate and Museum Memorial has been the site of Yoder, “was that rarity, a statesman Visit the 122-acre estate of Daniel Chester French in significant events in the civil rights telling his audience what they might Stockbridge, Massachusetts. See working models of movement—Martin Luther King Jr. not wish to hear.” the seated Lincoln and The Minute Man.

Word Study: A Look at Sweet Desserts

What will you have for dessert were still cherries. spoke this language lived in southern today? How about something rich in Peaches and cantaloupes originated India and northern Sri Lanka. See if fiber and naturally sweet? Yes, fruit in Persia. It was Columbus who you can find these countries on the for dessert. brought seeds for the muskmelon, globe. Travel west to Persia, today’s You might have an apple from what Americans call cantaloupes, to Iran, where oranges were called Washington or grapes from Hispaniola on his second voyage to narang. In Old Italian, an orange California, a peach from Georgia or the New World. was called melarancio (mela, fruit + an apricot from Oregon. The Arabic word for finger is arancio,orange tree) from which Old Fruits are the parts of the plant that “banana.” It is no surprise that the French got pume orenge.Around protect the seeds, or future plants. cluster in which bananas grow is 1380, “orange” was used in a Middle Some are dry fruits such as walnuts called a “hand.” English text. If you choose to eat an and pea pods. Some are juicy and The names for orange can be found orange, you will be joining ancient brightly colored fleshy fruits. Plums in many languages. Oranges are sailors and today’s antarctic have one seed; others, such as squash believed to have first grown in China. explorers who include oranges in and cucumbers, have many seeds. “Orange” is most likely of Dravidian their food supply. The wind and humans can scatter origin, according to the American Whatever fruit you select for seeds to new locations. So do birds Heritage Dictionary.People who dessert—enjoy. who eat the fruit, fly away, then pass the seeds in their waste. “Fruit” is a Middle English word that came from an Old French word which was based on the Latin word fructus, which means “enjoyment” and “fruit.” This Latin noun comes from the verb frui, which means “to enjoy.” Botany, the study of plants, helps us understand where fruits originally grew. Written accounts and etymology, the study of word origins, also reveal who ate what foods. Cherries have been eaten by many people. Botanists believe that cherries originally grew in Central Asia. The Assyrian karsu and Semitic kerasos became kerasia in Greek and ceresia in Latin. Cherry growers and botanists in the 1800s developed new varieties and gave them names such as Bing and Lambert, but they

Academic Content Standards This lesson addresses academic content standards of Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia. Among those that apply are: Maryland Virginia Washington, D.C. Social Studies History and Social Science History World History (3.0): Students will Introduction to History and Social Chronology and Space in Human examine significant ideas, beliefs, Sciences, Grade 3: Develop an History, Content Standard 1: and themes, organized patterns and understanding of the elements of Students understand chronological events, and analyze how individuals civilizations and their order and spatial patterns of and societies have changed over interrelationship by studying human experiences, by placing the time in the World. 3.2 Students several early civilizations. History stories of people and events in the demonstrate understanding of how 3.1 The student will explain the context of their own time and civilizations emerged in term “civilization” and describe the place. By the end of Grade 3, the Mesopotamia, Africa, China, and ancient civilizations of Greece and student will the Indus River Valley. 3.2.8.1 Rome, in terms of geographic ■ recognize the prominent analyze the criteria anthropologists features, government, agriculture, monuments in Washington, D.C., and archeologists use to define architecture, music, art, religion, and civilizations, such as social sports, and roles of men, women, hierarchy, government, writing and children. ■ distinguish between past, present systems, and long distance trade. and future time. Geography 3.5: The students will Peoples of the Nations and World distinguish between meridians of Religious, Ethical and (7.0): Students will understand the longitude and parallels of latitude Philosophical Forces in History, diversity and commonality, human and use the equator and prime Content Standard 5: Students interdependence, and global meridian to identify the Northern, explain the beliefs and principles of cooperation of the people of the Southern, Eastern and Western the major religious, ethical systems, United States and the world hemispheres and the locations of philosophies and ideologies that through a multicultural and a the ancient civilizations. have guided individual lives, shaped historical perspective. 7.1 Students economic, social and political Grade 8 8.2 The student will demonstrate understanding of the institutions, and influences the compare selected ancient river similarities and differences in the course of history. By the end of civilizations, including Egypt, ways individuals, groups, societies, Grade 3, the student will Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and and cultures live and interact in the demonstrate an understanding of Shang China, and other ancient world. In the context of U.S. the people, events, problems and civilizations, in terms of the History through 1877, world history ideas that were significant in development of language and through the middle ages, and in creating the history of Washington, writing; contemporary world geography at D.C. the end of grade 8, students know 8.3 The student will describe, Cultural History: Tradition, and are able to: 7.1.8.4 analyze how analyze, and evaluate the history of Creativity and Diversity, Content the environment and cultural ancient Greece from about 2000 to Standard 6: Students understand diffusion influence the development 300 B.C., in terms of its impact on the different ways individuals have of the United States and other Western civilization; cultures. expressed experiences, beliefs and 8.4 The student will describe, aspirations in art, architecture, A complete list of Standards of Learning of analyze and evaluate the history of music and literature. Maryland can be found on the Web ancient Rome from about 700 B.C. at http://www.mdk12.org/mspp/standards/. A complete list of Standards for Teaching and to 500 A.D., in terms of its impact Learning of the District of Columbia Public on Western civilization; Schools can be found at 8.8 The student will describe and http://www.k12.dc.us/. compare selected civilizations in Asia, Africa and the Americas, in terms . . . and contribution to later civilizations. A complete list of Standards of Learning of Virginia can be found on the Web at http://www.pen.k12.va.us/.