DOCSLIB.ORG

The Story of the US Naval Training School (WR) at Hunter College

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Story of the US Naval Training School (WR) at Hunter College City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research Lehman College 1993 Making Waves in the Bronx: The Story of the U.S. Naval Training School (WR) at Hunter College Janet Butler Munch CUNY Lehman College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/le_pubs/195 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] \ 8/:PJ:ORD PARK /3'/(. ·v·o. U.S. NAVAL TRAINING SCHOOL (WR) MAKING WAVES IN THE BRONX: BRONX, NEW YORK 63, N,Y. * THE STORY OF THE U.S. NAVAL t TRAINING SCHOOL .(WR) AT HUNTER COLLEGE Janet Butler Munch Severe manpower shortages, which resulted from fighting a war on two fronts, forced U.S. Navy officials to enlist women in· World War II. Precedent already existed for women serving in the ~ Navy since 11,275 womenl had contributed to the war effort in LJ ::i World War I. Women at that time received no formal indoctrina­ ~ ~ tion nor was any fom1al organization established. ~ 'q: There was considerable opposition to admitting women into ~ "this man's Navy" during World War II and a Women's Reserve LJ::::=========='J ~ had few champions among the Navy's higher echelons. Congress, WEST /9SYI STREET 0 public interest, and even advocacy from the National Federation Ir========~~IQ of Business and Professional Women's Clubs pressured the Navy ARMORY ..., IN 80llN/J$ ON .SPl:C'JAJ. O('CA.$/ONS into seriously pursuing the establishment of a Women's Reserve. Training women for onshore naval duty, it was reasoned, would U. S. Naval Training School (WR). free deskbound men for combat. Station buildings and boundaries. Courtesy of Lehman College Library of CUNY. Elizabeth Reynard, then a Barnard College professor of English, was commissioned by the Navy to explore the design of the pro­ gram, and she gave the Women's Reserve its acronym WAVES, standing for Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) 1 2 Janet Butler Munch Making WAVES in The Bronx: The Story of the U.S. Naval Training School 3 An advisory council, chaired by Dean Virginia G. Gildersleeve of fee of $200,000 made payable in monthly installments of Columbia University and consisting of prominent women educa; $16,666.67:1 tors from across the country, helped organize and establish stan; At a special meeting on January 8, 1943, the Executive Com­ <lards and procedures for the WAVES. The advisory council rec; mittee of the Board of Higher Education approved the use of ommended the appointment of Mildred McAfee, president of Hunter College's Bronx buildings as outlined in the January 5, Wellesley College, as director of the WAVES program. 1943, letter.S The "Navy Dept. Project, Hunter College," as the On June 30, 1942, the Women's Reserve of the U.S. Naval Board of Higher Education came to refer to the U.S. Navy Train­ Reserve was established. An enrollment quota of 11,000 was pro­ ing School (WR), was approved by the full board effective January jected: 10,000 for enlisted personnel and 1,000 for officers. Offi­ 25, 1943.6 cer indoctrination was given at Smith College and these women The Navy found the Hunter College site well suited for the became the administrators and teachers at the Women's Reserve Training School. Its four well-constructed stone buildings (Gillet schools. Enlisted personnel initially received basic training at Hall, Davis Hall, Gymnasium Building, and Student Hall) and Oklahoma Agricultural & Mechanical College (Stillwater), Iowa roomy campus could be adapted easily by the Navy for its adminis­ State Teacher's College (Cedar Falls), the University of Wiscon­ trative, testing, and orientation purposes. City and college offi­ sin (Madison), and at the University oflndiana (Bloomington). cials, too, were willing to make the campus available to the Navy. When it was found that naval indoctrination was inadequate, it Transportation facilities were excellent with two subway lines in was decided that a massive "boot camp" should be established to close proximity to the campus, and having a New York City loca­ effect better training and orientation. Finding a site which could tion was considered an asset for Navy recruiting purposes. accommodate some 6,000 persons at any one time was no easy Drilling and reviews were held at the nearby expansive Eighth task. When Texas State College for Women (Denton) rejected Regiment Armory (Kingsbridge Armory) of the New York State the idea of a naval training school, the Bronx campus of the all National Guard during inclement weather. Immediately south of female Hunter College was considered. That Elizabeth Reynard the campus, Walton High School provided an auditorium, which knew both Fiorello LaGuardia, mayor of New York City, and could seat 1,399. George N. Shuster, president of Hunter College, eased matters Since Hunter was a commuter college with no dormitories, the -considerably.3 The Navy approached both men informally regard­ housing of enlisted personnel and officers was the most critical ing the training school. Having patriotic motivations, both were problem faced by the Navy. Originally, it was thought that bar­ happy to assist in the Navy's efforts to bring the war to a close. racks might be built on the Hunter campm,. The idea was James J. Lyons, borough president of The Bronx, was also enthusi­ scrapped, however, because of the lack of sufficient shower facili­ astic about the Navy using the uptown Hunter campus. Indeed, ties on campus and the need for speedy establishment of the sta­ Lyon's own secretary, Margaret Persson, enlisted in the WAVES. tion. The Navy chose instead to use the authority of the Second On December 30, 1942, the secretary of the Navy authorized War Emergency Act to commandeer five- and six-story apartment the establishment of a boot camp at Hunter College. The Navy's buildings in the immediate area. The secretary of the Navy formal request and letter of intent regarding use of the Hunter requested the attorney general to institute condemnation proceed­ College Bronx division campus was sent to Mayor LaGuardia on ings on the first four apartment buildings commencing on January January 5, 1943. Building changes necessitated by combining 7, 1943. Additional condemnation proceedings were subsequent­ Hunter downtown and uptown programs were to be borne by the ly instituted until a total of seventeen buildings were finally taken Navy. Expenses incurred by the removal of laboratory equipment over for Navy barracks. Of these apartment buildings, ten were for the teaching of biology, chemistry, and physics were to be on University Avenue, two on Strong Street, two on Reservoir included. Additionally, the Navy was charged the annual rental Avenue, two on West 197th Street, and one on West 195th 4 Janet Butler Munch Making WAVES in The Bronx: The Story of the U.S. Naval Trainjng School 5 Street. Fourteen buildings were used for recruit barracks, two for (Coast Guard women). Afterwards, the women marched to the ship's company personnel (one for men and one for women), and IND subvvay for a fare-free, non-lltop ride co the Training Bchool the final building was for°'female officer quarters. in The Bronx. The American Women's Voluntary Services The Navy announced its intent to take over the Jerome Park manned some thirty-five information booths around the city, dis­ area apartment buildings on January 9, 1943, and, by January tributing enlistment applications and providing information on 11th, tenants received formal notification via memorandum from the WAVES and SPARS. Movie theaters and store windows pub­ E.J. Marquart, Rear Admiral, USN, Commandant, Third Naval licized the enlistment drive through special displays. District.7 Understandably upset at being uprooted from their Captain Amsden and his staff had the daunting task of estab­ homes by the Navy, tenants held protest meetings, but to no avail. lishing the largest naval boot camp in the country at the station In all, 613 families or 1,860 persons (not including about 100 peo­ which the Navy came to call the "U.S.S. Hunter." ple already in the armed forces) were evicted from their apart­ Virginia Gildersleeve, chairwoman of the Advisory Council for ments.s The Mayor's Committee oh Property Improvement assist­ the Women's Reserve, United States Navy, praised Captain Ams­ ed the tenants in relocation and paid their moving expenses. This den for his genius in planning the location and function of nearly fact did not, however, make up for the inconvenience or financial two hundred offices and departments at the newly established hardship of tenants. In a letter to the U.S. Navy dated February Training School. It was a plan which, she noted, was so "sound 8, 1943, Mrs. Margaret Tully of 80 Strong Street speaks of having and workable" that it "never thereafter had to be changed in any to "pay more rent" for her new apartment in order to "get out fundamental way."11 Gillet Hall housed the administrative offices, quick." She continues by protesting that "the U.S. Navy should and the medical and dental department. Davis Hall was the site at least pay my difference in rent ... I am a poor woman and some­ of training activities, the coffee shop Betty Boot, ship's service, thing should be done."9 the beauty shop Mona Monet, uniforming, and personnel classifi­ When the first five buildings were finally vacated on January cation. The Gym Building was for indoor athletics, swimming, 31 , 1943, the Navy had to work rapidly to clean, paint, and make and the neuro-psychiatry ward.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Million Pounds of Sandalwood: the History of Cleopatra's Barge in Hawaii
    A Million Pounds Of Sandalwood The History of CLEOPATRA’S BARGE in Hawaii by Paul Forsythe Johnston If you want to know how Religion stands at the in his father’s shipping firm in Salem, shipping out Islands I can tell you—All sects are tolerated as a captain by the age of twenty. However, he pre- but the King worships the Barge. ferred shore duty and gradually took over the con- struction, fitting out and maintenance of his fam- Charles B. Bullard to Bryant & Sturgis, ily’s considerable fleet of merchant ships, carefully 1 November expanded from successful privateering during the Re volution and subsequent international trade un- uilt at Salem, Massachusetts, in by Re t i re der the new American flag. In his leisure time, B Becket for George Crowninshield Jr., the her- George drove his custom yellow horse-drawn car- m a p h rodite brig C l e o p a t ra’s Ba r g e occupies a unique riage around Salem, embarked upon several life- spot in maritime history as America’s first ocean- saving missions at sea (for one of which he won a going yacht. Costing nearly , to build and medal), recovered the bodies of American military fit out, she was so unusual that up to , visitors heroes from the British after a famous naval loss in per day visited the vessel even before she was com- the War of , dressed in flashy clothing of his pleted.1 Her owner was no less a spectacle. own design, and generally behaved in a fashion Even to the Crowninshields, re n o w n e d quite at odds with his diminutive stature and port l y throughout the region for going their own way, proportions.
    [Show full text]
  • !Lay, 1911 N11.1
    11al. XX11JJJ !lay, 1911 N11.1 Official Organ of l(appa Rappa 6amma Voluine X'XVIII MAY, 19H Number2 6oard of Editors Editor-in-Chief- Mrs. Ralph T. C. Jackson "Hearthstone," Dighton, Mass. Exchange Editor- Mrs. Howard B. Mullin . 842 Ackerman Ave., Syracuse, N.Y (!lnutruta INAUGURAL ADDREss-Virginia C. Gildersleeve . IOI FRIENDS-A Song-Cora Call Whitley ............... .. I07 THE INSTALLATION OF Miss GILDERSLEEVE-Eleanor 1\lfyers w8 PROFESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN HOME ECONOMICS- Flo?'a Rose ............ ................... III THE KAPPA TouR . I I6 PARTHENON . ............... ... .... .. .... .. .. II8 TRuE PAN- HELLENISM ......... ................ I r8 A BROADER FRATERNITY LIFE ....... .. .. ... ...... I I9 WHAT THE WoMEN ARE DOING AT MICHIGAN . .... .. I20 INITIATION REQUIREMENTS . I22 PosT-PLEDGE DAY REFLECTIONS ... .. ... ....... I24 THE SENIOR's Vmw PoiNT ........ ....... ..... I25 THE BLASEE FRATERNITY GIRLS . .......... .. ....... 'I27 EDITORIAL . I 29 CHAPTER LETTERS ...... .. ....... .. ....... ......... I30 ALUMNAE AssociATION REPORTS . .. ..... ... .. ....... I6o I N MEMORIAM . 163 ALUMNAE PERSONALS . I64 ExcHANGES ....... .. ........................... I7I CoLLEGE NoTES .. .. .. .... ........ ........... ... .. .. I83 MAGAZINE NoTES . .............................. ..... I86 Subscription price, one dollar per year. Published four times a year in February, May, October and December by Georg-e Banta, Official Printer to Kappa Kappa Gamma, t65-167 Main Street, Menasha, ·wisconsin. Entered as second class matter November 3, 1910, at the postoffice at Menasha, 'liTis., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Material intended for publication must reach the editor before the first of January, April, September and November. 1J1 rateruity mtrednry ~ranll Qloundl Grand President- MRs . A. H. RoTH, 262 West T enth Street, Erie, Pa. G1·and S ecretary--EvA PowELL, 921 Myrtle Street, Oakland, Cal. Grand Treasnrer-MRs. PARKER. KOLBE, 108 South Union Street, Akron, Ohio Grand Registrar-JuLIETTE G.
    [Show full text]
  • USN How to Serve Your Country in the WAVES Or SPARS.Pdf
    To every woman who wants a part in winning this war Never in history have American women been offered such a chance to serve their country. Never has there been such an urgent need for their service. This is total war — a war in which every woman as well as every man must play a part. The men in the Navy and Coast Guard are in for one reason alone — to fight! They're in to fly the planes, man the ships, smash the Nazis and Japs. But to keep them lighting, there are important service jobs that must be carried on at home — man-size, full-time jobs which you, the women of America, can fill — jobs in which you can serve your country in your country and release the men to fight at sea. That is what you — as a member of the WAVES or SPARS — can do to help win this war. How you can do it is explained in detail in this book. Read every word of it. Then take a step you'll be proud of all your life—volunteer for the WAVES or SPARS today. Secretary of the Navy On duty in the radio control tower of one of the great Naval air bases. Helping to direct the take-off and landing of speedy fighters and huge 4-motored bombers, you're an integral part of Naval Aviation. And this is only one of the exciting and important jobs you may hold when you serve your country in the WAVES or the SPARS. What are the Waves and the Spars? The WAVES is an organization of women whose job is to replace Navy men at shore stations.
    [Show full text]
  • The War in the Bronx
    THE WAR IN THE BRONX J?SYOHOLOGISTS ray that in ordinary theless, much of the basic inaterial taught to life me use only 25% of our mental non-commissioned reserves in the Brons is cilpacities. The Waves and the Spar8 learn similar to that which a Hunter officer candi- t,o use at least SO%." This is the way the date at Smith College would learn. N;~v;ll Training School of the women's Re- For 1Pha.t Jobs Are Thsg Training? servr at the Bronx Buildings of Hunter Col- lege describes the improved mental activity The Training School at tlie Brons is \\.hat which naval training brings to the American is known as a "boot school," that is one women who go through its indoctrination. which offers preliminary indoctrination and classifies students according to the jobs for A tight-packed, concentrated, six week' which they are most suited. Specific train- coarse. leaves recruits "amazed at their pow- ing for these classifications (called ratings,! ers of retention and digestion of facts," in is acquired in a specialist's school after t.he words of the Public Relations Division. graduation from the "boot school." For es- Alid this combined with a vigorous physical ample, if after completing h'er course nt Hun- clductlt.ion program turns out women both ter she wishes to become a Raclio 3Ian. tlie pl~ysicallyfit and mentally receptive for spe- Apprentice Seaman Wave or Spar goes on ciitlizecl training to release a man for active to the Xavy radio training scliool at 3Iadison. duty. That the Hunter College campus in Wisconsin, to work for t.he official rating of tlie Bronx sllould be the scene of this trans- Radio >Ian.
    [Show full text]
  • A New National Defense: Feminism, Education, and the Quest for “Scientific Brainpower,” 1940-1965
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository A New National Defense: Feminism, Education, and the Quest for “Scientific Brainpower,” 1940-1965 Laura Micheletti Puaca A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Jacquelyn Dowd Hall James Leloudis Peter Filene Jerma Jackson Catherine Marshall ©2007 Laura Micheletti Puaca ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii To my parents, Richard and Ann Micheletti, for their unconditional love and encouragement. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While working on this dissertation, I enjoyed the support and assistance of numerous individuals and organizations. First, I would like to acknowledge those institutions that generously funded my work. A Mowry Research Award from the University of North Carolina’s Department of History and an Off-Campus Research Fellowship from the University of North Carolina’s Graduate School supported this project’s early stages. A Schlesinger Library Dissertation Grant from the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, as well as a Woodrow Wilson Dissertation Fellowship in Women’s Studies, allowed me to carry out the final phases of research. Likewise, I benefited enormously from a Spencer Foundation Dissertation Fellowship for Research Related to Education, which made possible an uninterrupted year of writing. I am also grateful to the archivists and librarians who assisted me as I made my way though countless documents. The staff at the American Association of University Women Archives, the Columbia University Archives, the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archives, the National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs Archives, the National Archives at College Park, and the Rare and Manuscript Collection at Cornell University provided invaluable guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Against Our Better Judgment: the Hidden History of How the U.S. Was
    Against Our Better Judgment The hidden history of how the U.S. was used to create Israel ALISON WEIR Copyright © 2014 Alison Weir All rights reserved. DEDICATION To Laila, Sarah, and Peter CONTENTS Aknowledgments Preface Chapter One: How the U.S. “Special Relationship” with Israel came about Chapter Two: The beginnings Chapter Three: Louis Brandeis, Zionism, and the “Parushim” Chapter Four: World War I & the Balfour Declaration Chapter Five: Paris Peace Conference 1919: Zionists defeat calls for self- determination Chapter Six: Forging an “ingathering” of all Jews Chapter Seven: The modern Israel Lobby is born Chapter Eight: Zionist Colonization Efforts in Palestine Chapter Nine: Truman Accedes to Pro-Israel Lobby Chapter Ten: Pro-Israel Pressure on General Assembly Members Chapter Eleven: Massacres and the Conquest of Palestine Chapter Twelve: U.S. front groups for Zionist militarism Chapter Thirteen: Infiltrating displaced person’s camps in Europe to funnel people to Palestine Chapter Fourteen: Palestinian refugees Chapter Fifteen: Zionist influence in the media Chapter Sixteen: Dorothy Thompson, played by Katharine Hepburn & Lauren Bacall Works Cited Further Reading Endnotes ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful to Katy, who plowed through my piles of obscure books and beyond to check it; to Sarah, whose design so enhanced it; to Monica, whose splendid work kept things together; and to the special, encouraging friends (you know who you are) who have made this all possible. Above all, I am profoundly grateful to the authors and editors who have produced superb work on this issue for so many years, many receiving little personal gain despite the excellence and dedication of their labors.
    [Show full text]
  • March 10, 1943
    L-43-207 erpinion No. 1943 R.R. 9 M-61 ME MORA N DU M Approved by B.O. 43-136 dated March 16, 1943- TO The Board March 10, 1943 FROM The General Counsel SUBJECT Creditability of Service Performed as a Member of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, the Women's Reserve of the Naval Reserve, the Marine Corps Women's Reserve, the Women's Reserve of the Coast Guard Reserve, and the Army Specialist Corps In response to requests from the Chairman and the Director of Retirement Claims, I submit herewith my opinion on the following: QUESTIONS 1. Is service rendered as a member of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAACS), the Women1s Reserve of the Naval Reserve (WAVES), the Marine Corps Women's Reserve (Marines), or the Women's Reserve of the Coast Guard Reserve (SPARS), creditable toward annuities under the Railroad Retirement Act as "military service"? 2. Is service rendered as a member of the Army Specialist Corps creditable toward annuities under the Railroad Retire­ ment Act as "military service"? CONCLUSIONS 1. Service rendered as a member of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAACS), the Women's Reserve of the Naval Reserve (WAVES), the Marine Corps Women's Reserve (Marines), and the Women's Reserve of the Coast Guard Reserve (SPARS) constitutes "military service" within the meaning of the Railroad Retirement Act and is creditable toward annuities under that Act, subject to the limitations contained in Section 3A. 2. Service rendered as a member of the Army Specialist Corps does not constitute "military service" within the meaning of the Railroad Retirement Act and is, therefore, not creditable tovrard annuities under that Act.
    [Show full text]
  • 50 Years of Funding GWI Thanks VGIF for Its Continuing Support
    Photo courtesy Louise McLeod courtesyPhoto Louise 1969 - 2019 50 years of Funding GWI thanks VGIF for its continuing support Graduate Women International Chemin du Grand-Montfleury, 48 CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland Tel: +41 (0) 22 731 23 80 www.graduatewomen.org The Global Impact of VGIF Funding and IFUW / GWI 1969 - 2019 Argentina Finland Nigeria Australia France Pakistan Austria Ghana Philippines Burkina Faso Hungary Russia Burundi India Rwanda Cambodia Ireland Sierra Leone Cameroon Kenya South Africa Canada Korea Sri Lanka Croatia Japan Turkey Egypt Mexico Uganda El Salvador Nepal Vanuatu Estonia Netherlands Zimbabwe Fiji New Zealand GWI thanks VGIF for 50 years of continuing support ©2019 Page 2 VGIF and IFUW / GWI In 1964, the International Federation of University Women (IFUW) held a seminar at Makere University in Kampala, Uganda. Eighteen women representing university women or college graduates from Sub-Sahara Africa joined with seven colleagues from Europe and North and South America to discuss the special needs of women in Africa. They were particularly concerned with the long-range ways and means by which women might achieve a more signifi- cant role in the development of Africa. IFUW members and leaders continued to discuss the role university wom- en might play in providing leadership to identify pressing needs and then do something about these needs not only in Africa but also in Asia and in South America. Their premise was that "if comparatively small sums of money might be available to national or local associations of university women or other women's groups, universities or individuals to undertake imaginative and constructive programs planned by them in their countries or areas; much could be accomplished by broad educational means." 1969 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roots of the U.S.-Israel Relationship: How the Cold War Tensions Played a Role in U.S
    Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2013 The Roots of the U.S.-Israel Relationship: How the Cold War Tensions Played a Role in U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East Ariel Gomberg Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the History Commons, International Relations Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Recommended Citation Gomberg, Ariel, "The Roots of the U.S.-Israel Relationship: How the Cold War Tensions Played a Role in U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East" (2013). Honors Theses. 670. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/670 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Roots of the U.S.-Israel Relationship: How the Cold War Tensions Played A Role in U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East By, Ariel R. Gomberg Senior Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors in the Department of History UNION COLLEGE June, 2013 Abstract Today the relationship between the United States and Israel includes multiple bi-lateral initiatives in the military, industrial, and private sectors. Israel is Americas most established ally in the Middle East and the two countries are known to possess a “special relationship” highly valued by the United States. Although diplomatic relations between the two countries drive both American and Israeli foreign policy in the Middle East today, following the establishment of the State of Israel the United States originally did not advance major aid and benefits to the new state.
    [Show full text]
  • MINUTES the First Regular Meeting of the University Senate for the Year 1932-33 Was Held in the Library of the Engineering Building, Thursday, October 20, 1932
    Year 1932-33 No.1 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA THE SENATE MINUTES The first regular meeting of the University Senate for the year 1932-33 was held in the Library of the Engineering Building, Thursday, October 20, 1932. Seventy-two members responded to roll call. The following items were presented for consideration by the Committee on Business and Rules and action was taken as indicated. I. THE MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF FEBRUARY 18, 1932 Approved II. SENATE ROSTER FOR 1932-33 Voting List Akerman, John. D. Blitz, Anne D. Alderman, W. H. Boardman, C. W. Allison, John H. Bollman, J. L. (Rochester) Alway, Frederick J. Boss, Andrew Anderson, John E. Boss, William Anderson, William Boyd, Willard L. Appleby, W. R. Boyden, Edward A. Arjona, Carlos Boynton, Ruth E. Arnal, Leon E. Braasch, W. F. (Rochester) Arny, Albert C. Brekhus, Peter J. Bachman, Gustav Brierley, Wilfrid G. Bailey, Clyde H. *Brink, Raymond W. Balfour, D. C. (Rochester) Brooke, William E. Barton, Francis B. Brown, Clara Bass, Frederic H. Brown, Edgar D. Bassett, Louis B. Brueckner, Leo J. Beach, Joseph Bryant, John M. Bell, Elexious T. Buchta, J. W. Benjamin, Harold R. Burkhard, Oscar C. *Berglund, Hilding Burr, George O. tBierman, B. W. Burt, Alfred L. Biester, Alice Burton, S. Chatwood Bieter, Raymond N. Bush, Jol:n N. D. Bird, Charles Bussey, William H. Blakey, Roy G. Butters, Frederic K. Blegen, Theodore Casey, Ralph D. Chapin, F. Stuart French, Robert W. Cherry, Wilbur Garey, L. F. Cheyney, Edward G. Garver, Frederic B. ( Child, Alice M. Geiger, Isaac W. Christensen, Jonas J. Glockler, George Christianson, Peter Goldstein, Harriet Clawson, Benjamin J.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Commission on the Status of Women1
    Short History of the Commission on the Status of Women1 1946: Birth of the Commission on Status of Women United Nations commitments to the advancement of women began with the signing of the UN Charter in San Francisco in 1945. Of the 160 signatories, only four were women - Minerva Bernardino (Dominican Republic), Virginia Gildersleeve (United States), Bertha Lutz (Brazil) and Wu Yi-Fang (China) – but they succeeded in inscribing women’s rights in the founding document of the United Nations, which reaffirms in its preamble “faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of Nations large and small”. During the inaugural meetings of the UN General Assembly in London in February 1946, Eleanor Roosevelt, a United States delegate, read an open letter addressed to “the women of the world”: “To this end, we call on the Governments of the world to encourage women everywhere to take a more active part in national and international affairs, and on women who are conscious of their opportunities to come forward and share in the work of peace and reconstruction as they did in war and resistance.” A few days later, a Sub-commission dedicated to the Status of Women was established under the Commission on Human Rights. Many women delegates and representatives of non-governmental organizations believed nevertheless that a separate body specifically dedicated to women’s issues was necessary. The first Chairperson of the Sub- Commission, Bodil Begtrup (Denmark), also requested the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in May 1946 for a change to full commission status: “Women’s problems have now for the first time in history to be studied internationally as such and to be given the social importance they ought to have.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Radical Teacher's 100Th Issue
    RT 100 Anniversary Issue ISSN: 1941-0832 Introduction to Radical Teacher’s 100th Issue by Michael Bennett, Linda Dittmar, and Paul Lauter RT 100 Anniversary Issue RADICAL TEACHER 1 http://radicalteacher.library.pitt.edu No. 100 (Fall 2014) DOI 10.5195/rt.2014.146 o acknowledge and celebrate the 100th issue of goals, or some of them; but the provenance suggested a Radical Teacher, we are reprinting selected kind of sectarianism we wished then, and now, to avoid. essays from our very first issue (December T In the second issue, the subtitle of The Radical 1975) through our last year as a print journal (2012). Teacher was gone. Beginning with the third issue, the Though the selection process was never entirely clear or definite article disappeared. Our first book review, of agreed upon, we have tried to choose articles that reflect Editorial Group member Dick Ohmann’s English in America, Radical Teacher’s focus on class, race, and appeared in issue 3, along with a spirited exchange gender/sexuality, as well as on the socio-economic between the author and other board members concerning contexts of education and educational institutions, audience: the efficacy of reaching out to liberals as primarily but not exclusively in the United States. We also opposed to rallying fellow radicals. A feature called “News wanted some essays that emphasized theory and some for Educational Workers” began with issue 4. Both this that emphasized practice, always hoping that these foci feature and book reviews have been part of the journal came together as praxis. We tried to balance historical ever since.
    [Show full text]