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Engineering Geologic Assessment of the Slope Movements And EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1113–1126, 2013 Natural Hazards Natural Hazards www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1113/2013/ doi:10.5194/nhess-13-1113-2013 and Earth System and Earth System © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Engineering geologic assessment of the slope movements and Discussions Open Access Open Access liquefaction failures of the 23 October 2011 Van earthquakeAtmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement M = ( w 7.2) Techniques Techniques A. Karakas¸, O.¨ Coruk, and B. Dogan˘ Discussions Open Access Open Access Kocaeli University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Izmit,˙ Kocaeli, Turkey Biogeosciences Correspondence to: A. Karakas¸([email protected]) Biogeosciences Discussions Received: 30 October 2012 – Published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: – Revised: 29 January 2013 – Accepted: 18 April 2013 – Published: 26 April 2013 Open Access Open Access Climate Climate Abstract. On 23 October 2011, a M = 7.2 earthquake oc- 1 Introduction w of the Past of the Past curred in the Van Province in eastern Turkey, killing 604 peo- Discussions ple. The earthquake was triggered by a thrust fault due to a Earthquakes are natural events that have different effects on compression stress in the region, and caused extensive dam- the earth. Some effects severely affect humans, man-made Open Access Open Access age over a large area. Many structures in the earthquake re- structures, and nature. The severity of the impact is directly Earth System gion collapsed, and the damage spread from the city of Van related to the magnitude ofEarth the earthquake, System the local geolog- ical conditions, and the structural quality of the buildings. A to the town of Ercis¸, in a distance of 60 km. The earthquake Dynamics Dynamics generated several slope movements and liquefaction failures large magnitude earthquake could have a disastrous impact Discussions in the region, and this study evaluates these processes from over a large area. the perspective of engineering geology, and presents field The Van earthquake, which occurred in East Anatolia, Open Access and laboratory results related to these processes. Attenuation Turkey (Fig. 1), on 23 OctoberGeoscientific 2011, severely affected hu- Geoscientific Open Access relationships were used for estimation of peak ground ac- mans, man-made structuresInstrumentation and nature. The total human Instrumentation celerations (PGAs), and an empirical liquefaction evaluation casualty was 604. The structural damage included mainly method employing ground accelerations was used to define buildings with 4–8 stories inMethods the town of and Ercis¸and Van city Methods and threshold accelerations initiating the liquefaction. center, adobe houses in villages,Data Systems main highways, factories, Data Systems The results demonstrate that landslides were widespread and historical monuments. In addition to the human losses Discussions Open Access and more frequently observed in the field in comparison and the structural damage, the area suffered severalOpen Access slope Geoscientific with earthflows and rockfalls. Flow-type liquefaction and lat- failures as well as extensiveGeoscientific liquefaction and related failures eral spreading was found to be widespread and more com- in different locations of the Van region during the field cam- Model Development paign. The damageModel caused Development by the slope failures and lique- mon than the liquefaction-related settlement. The minimum Discussions threshold acceleration value for the initiation of soil lique- faction was minor compared to the human loss and destruc- faction was calculated to be 188.87 cm s−2 (∼ 0.19 g) in the tive structural damage. In contrast, several large earthquakes Open Access Open Access earthquake region. Laboratory results indicated that the soil worldwide have generatedHydrology large mass movements and and ground Hydrology and liquefaction was closely associated with grain size. The slope deformations related to liquefaction in the past. Among these instabilities, liquefaction and associated ground failures oc- earthquakes, the 1964 AlaskanEarth earthquake System (Mw = 9.2) gener- Earth System curred mainly in rural areas, and their impact on structures ated extensive liquefaction andSciences numerous landslides, which Sciences was quite low as compared to the human loss and structural caused major damage to structures. The 1989 Loma Prieta Discussions damage by the earthquake. earthquake (Mw = 6.9) triggered a great number of land- Open Access slides leading to severe damage to structures andOpen Access the blocking of major highways. The 1995 Kobe earthquake (Mw = 6.9) Ocean Science caused extensive liquefaction,Ocean resulting Science in sand boils, lat- Discussions eral spreading, and settlement-type ground deformations. Open Access Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere Discussions 1114 A. Karakas¸et al.: Engineering geologic assessment of the 23 October 2011 Van earthquake 1 2 Figure 1. Location map of the study area and simplified active tectonic lines and regions in Fig. 1. Location map of3 the studyTurkey. area General and view simplified of active active faults tectonic in Van and lines surrounding and regions areas in along Turkey. with General direction view of of active faults in Van and surrounding areas along4 with compressional direction of stress compressional creating the stress compression creating area the in compressionEast Anatolia. areaThe in23 EastOctober Anatolia. 2011 The 23 October 2011 Van earthquake region is shown5 inVan a earthquake red squared region area is with shown the in earthquake a red squared epicenter area with (blue the earthquake star). A – epicenter Mount Ararat,(blue T – Mount Tendurek,¨ S – Mount Suphan,¨ N – Mount6 Nemrut,star). A – NAFZ Ağrı Mountain, – North Anatolian T – Tendürek Fault Mountain, Zone, IF S – – I gdır˘Süphan Fault, Mountain, DBFZ –N Do– gubeyazıtNemrut˘ Fault Zone, TFZ – Tutak Fault Zone, HFZ – Hasan7 TimurMountain, Fault NAFZ Zone, – C¸FNorth – C¸aldıranAnatolian Fault,Fault Zone, SF – IF S uphan¨– Iğdır Fault, DBFZ MF – – Malazgirt Doğubeyazıt Fault, Fault BF – Bulanık Fault, EAFZ – East Anatolian Fault Zone,8 YSFZZone, –TFZ Yuksekova–S¸emdinli ¨– Tutak Fault Zone, HFZ Fault – Zone,Hasan Timur EF – Ercis¸Fault,Fault Zone, ÇF KBF – Çaldıran – Kavakbası Fault, Fault,SF – Bs¸F – Bas¸kale Fault, OF – Ovacık Fault (compiled from9 Süphan S¸engor¨ Fault, et al., MF 1985; – Malazgirt Barka, Fault, 1992; BF S¸aro – Bulanıkglu˘ et Fault, al., 1992; EAFZ Bozkurt, – East Anatolian 2001; Koc¸yi Fault git,˘Zone, 2002). 10 YSFZ – Yüksekova-Şemdinli Fault Zone, EF – Erciş Fault, KBF – Kavakbası Fault, BşF– 11 Başkale Fault, OF – Ovacık Fault (compiled from Şengör et al., 1985; Barka, 1992; Şaroğlu et 12 al., 1992; Bozkurt, 2001; Koçyiğit, 2002). The 1999 Izmit˙ (Golc¨ uk)¨ earthquake (Mw = 7.4) also gener- geology perspective. For this purpose, this study presents ated landslides and liquefaction-related surface features. The and discusses the occurrence of slope failure, liquefaction, 2011 Christchurch earthquake (Mw = 6.3) triggered several and associated ground failures according26 to field observa- landslides, rockfalls and liquefaction, which caused loss of tions in the Van earthquake region, and associates the slope life and extensive damage to properties, roads, and other in- and liquefaction failures to local geology. Attenuation rela- frastructure. tionships were used for estimation of peak ground accel- There is a broad range of studies about earthquakes and erations (PGAs), and an empirical liquefaction evaluation their effects with regard to slope failures, liquefactions and method employing ground accelerations was used for defin- related ground failures. A chronological summary of the ing threshold accelerations initiating the liquefaction. Addi- work that concerns earthquake-triggered slope and lique- tionally, 12 soil samples were taken from different localities faction failures is as follows: JSCE (2000); Alberto and of the earthquake region to define the relationship among liq- Romeo (2000); Wasowski and Gaudio (2000); Rajendran et uefaction, grain size and soil type. The distribution, extent, al. (2001); Wang et al. (2003); Keefer et al. (2006); Kausar and effects of the slope instabilities and liquefaction failures et al. (2010); Chigira et al. (2010); Miyagi et al. (2011); and are also presented. GIS was used to map and display the spa- GEER (2011). tial occurrences of geological impacts for the engineering ge- The purpose of this study is to evaluate slope failures, ologic evaluation in the meizoseismal area of the earthquake. liquefaction, and associated ground failures triggered by The slope movements observed in the field reconnais- the 23 October 2011 Van earthquake from an engineering sance were mainly landslides, earthflows, and rockfalls, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1113–1126, 2013 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1113/2013/ A. Karakas¸et al.: Engineering geologic assessment of the 23 October 2011 Van earthquake 1115 while liquefaction features were flow-type liquefaction,
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