Diaspora Minang 2014

TYPOLOGY OF PADANG TRADITIONAL 1.0 INTRODUCTION HOUSES (Case Study: Kuranji & Pauh) Rantau (overseas) is an area or country that is Desy Aryanti, outside tar ofuko the hometowndarek. In the concept of minangkabau culture, rantau is also intends an area in and outside region (inland or Bung Hatta University core) of Minangkabau. Beside that it is also mean Padang, Indonesia Rantauthe word shoreline or water1 shed rivers and terms [email protected] that refer to the border. [email protected] Noor Hayati Ismail, for the minangdarek people are parts of minangkabau nature and have a relationship of rinterdependenceantau di hilia withrantau di mudiakas their core area. University of Kebangsaan , rantauFurthermore,nan duo the rantau regionrantau is divided as Bangi, Malaysia and that known as [email protected] . In connection, also became [email protected] Rantauthe gateway to Minangkabau by minangkabau ABSTRACT community, in other terms can be mean a harbor. area in a side of life are new place to life, The writing is to trace and find out the origin of the trade area, and can be connection to get out from Padang traditional house, typology , and its amount the energy, population, disappointment, characteristics, in terms of the system of spatial, curiosity, andSuma ambition Oriental. So it becomes the2 physical, and persolekan. According to Tambo of rantauextension and development rantau region itself. Minangkabau, that the boundaries of the Tome Pires in has noted that some Minangkabau region consists of two parts: Darek area in west coast of Sumatra such as and Rantau. Darek is the beginning of Pariaman, Tiku, and Barus as The King . of Minangkabau region consisting of three LUHAK Minangkabau port area, as well as Kampar and3 (Tanah Datar, Agam, Limo Puluah Koto). Rantau is Indragiri region on the eastern coast of Sumatra the expansion area of the Minangkabau that Not many people care about the traditional houses formed many community in every Luhak, they are : darekin the Padang City. It is cause of physical form,  Rantau Luhak Agam are West Coast of architecture, is different with rumah gadang in Pariaman to Air Bangis, Lubuk Sikaping, area. Thus, either of public or government and Pasaman . seem a little neglect that building. Generally,  Rantau Luhak Tanah Datar are Kubung traditional buildings are located in areas of Tigo Baleh West Coast and South Coast, Minangkabau coast is influenced by the tradition from Padang to Indrapura , Kerinci , and form outside minangkabau, such as the tradition Muara Labuh . of Aceh (in colonial times).  Rantau Luhak Lima Puluh Kota are Bangkinang, Kampar Kiri and Kampar Kanan, Rokan to Malaysia . In this research, there were took two region as the case study, Kuranji and Pauh. With this study, the result can be the basis to determine how the form of Minangkabau traditional house which is located in rantau region. It is recommended that further research be conducted to complement and find out if there is a 1 Adat Minangkabau dan similar form of traditional house traditional of Merantau dalam Perspektif Sejarah Padang Malays in Malaysia. Kato, Tsuyoshi, (2005), Keywords : Typology, Padang traditional home, 2 Indonesia Dalam Kajian Sarjana Jepang, Balai Pustaka, ISBN Rantau Region 979-690-360-1 3 The Suma Oriental, Yayasan of Obor TomeIndonesia Pires Cortesao, Armando, (1944), , London: Hakluyt Society, 2 vols 1 Diaspora Minang 2014

2.0 BACKGROUND Luhak Tanah Luhak Luhak Limo Datar Agam Puluh Koto darek Darek - Alam Surambi - Ampek - Hulu Minangkabau region was known as area and Sungai Pagu Angkek - Lareh rantau area. area are the areas that the - Batipuah Sapuluah - Lawang Nan - Luhak located in the middle area of the Bukit Barisan. Koto Tigo Balai - Ranah Darek highlands are valley of Singgalang, - Kubuang Tigo Baleh - Nagari - Sandi - Langgam Nan Tujuh sakaliliang Tandikat, Marapi, and Sago Mountain. The - Limokaum 12 Koto Danau highlands, the valleys and the top of Bukit Barisan - Lintau Sambilan Maninjau darekare Minangkabau region and known as the Koto original minangkabau. Based on geography data, - Lubuak Nan Tigo LUHAK Luhak Tanah Datar, - Nilam Payuang Luhak areasAgam, consistsand Luhak of threeLimo Puluah regions Koto that Luhak called Sakaki Tanah Datar. Three of them areluhak nan tuo - Pariangan Padang luhak Luhak Agam luhak. Panjang is known as or the - Sungai Tarab Luhak Limo Puluah Koto luhak Salapan Batua oldest, is younger , and - Talawi Tigo is youngest or the Tumpuak last formed. merantau - Tanjuang Nan Tigo - Sapuluah Koto darek Table 1.0 Diateh rantau The tradition of in Minangkabau society Rantau Luhak Tanah DatarDarek area in MinangkabauRantau Luhak has led to therantau development of the area and AgamEach luhak has its own territory or their Rantau area Luhakaround.Limo around it. The development area that made it is Puluah Koto is in Southeast(Rantau and Kampar Kiri and known as area. The river valleys and Rantauis Kamparin North Kanan and) West meanwhile is in East to areas of Riau streams are came from the area of Bukitrantau Barisan . Rantau area of each luhakmanaruko in essence a hill and empties into Strait of Sumatera (Malacca) regional of population distribution of luhak, several of local and South China Sea is called as rantau. The people open a new darek area in otherrantau place with that population derived from natural community of ujuanggradually darek becomekapalo a new rantau resident for generation. The border area betweendarek the and are commonlyrantaucalled Minangkabau. Initially, the definition of is , or areas located at the end (the limited to colonization areas in the riverrantauvalleys darekperiphery)rantauof and became head (beginning) of . It and streams that flow eastward from is mean that the population are settle between the shoreline of Minangkabau. Recently, the term of has and areas. expanded in definition and meaning in area stand outside of Minangkabau. Even, western coast of Besides the three shoreline areas above, there is West Sumatra West as Pariaman, Pesisir Selatan Rantauan area that Nan far from Sambilan the shoreline darek area and and Padang are also called rantau area of are in the Rantau Malay PeninsulaNan Sambilan (Malaysia), namely RantauMinangkabau. 4 (Negeri Sembilan Malaysia). are Jelai, Jelebu, area in minangkabau society are not only , Kelang, Naning, Pasir Besar, , covers the coastal area or about three luhak Segamat, and Ujong. Nowadays, not all of them in commonly called darek, but also larger than that. the area of Negeri Sembilan, but enter the other Not only a few areas in Sumatera, butluhakalso nancrossed tigo area such as Naning (Malacca) and Kelang (Luhakover toTanah the Datar, Malay Luhak Peninsula,Agam Borneo, , and Luhak and (Pahang)Luhak. Luhak Agam Luhak Limo LimoSulawesi.Puluah Darek Kot o area). includes luhak Tanah Datar Puluh Koto The three of at the present time is synonymous with Tanah Datar Rantau Nan District, Agam District, and Lima Puluh Kota Kurang Aso Duo Puluah - Nagari-nagari - Manggilang District in the Province of West Sumatera. Each - Lubuak Barat - Tanjuang Balik luhak has they own areas that have been formed Ambacang Sumatera - Pangkalan since the first time. Darek zoning are: - Lubuak Jambi - Padang - Koto Alam - Gunuang Koto - Pasaman - Gunuang Malintang - Benai Barat - Muaro Pati - Pangian - Pasaman - Rantau Barangin - Baserah Timur - Rokan Pandalian 4

Ibid 2 Diaspora Minang 2014

Sikilang Aia Bangih - Sitinjau - Panti - Kuantan Singgigi - Kopa - Rao - Gunuang Sahilan Taratak Aia Hitam is the north limit Durian (West - Taluak Angin - Lubuak - Kuntu DitakuakPasaman), Rajo bordered by Natal– North Sumatera. - Inuman Sikaping - Lipek Kain Sialang Balantak Basiarea is Bengkulu. - Sutantiah Ujuang- dll Darek - Ludai area is in MuaroBungo, Jambi. - Taluak Rayo Kapalo Koto - Ujuang Bukik - Simpang - Sanggan 6 is in Rantau Barangin, Kulayang - Tigo Baleh Koto Kampar, Riau. - Aia molek - Palembayan - Kampar - Pasia Ringgit - Silaras Aia - Sibiruang 3.0 House Typology and Vernacular - Kuantan - Lubuk Basung - Gunuang Malelo Architecture Rantau- Talang Pasisia Mamak - Kampuang - Tabiang Panjang (Rantau Pinang - Tanjuang Banda - Simpang - Gunuang Bungsu Sapuluah) Ampek - Muara Takus typos - Sungai - Pangkai Typology is the study of type. Type derived from Garingging - Binamang the word (Greek), meaningful impression, a - Batang Kapeh - Lubuk Bawan - Tanjuang Abai - Kuok Surantih - Tigo Koto - Pulau Gadang picture (image) or a figure of something. Typology - Ampiang Perak - Garagahan - Baluang Koto can be defined as an activity classification and - Kambang - Manggopoh Satangkai grouping. Typology is a concept to describe - Lakitan - Tigo Baleh groups of objects based on similarity of basic - Punggasan - Lubuak Agung - Aia Haji - Limo Koto properties, by sorting or classifying the diversity - Painan Banda Kampar and similarity of shape. In general, typology word Salido - Kuok often used to describe the shape overall, structure - Tarusan - Bangkinang , or character of a particular shape or object. - Tapan - Rumbio - Lunang - AiaTirih Typology is divided into three main topics when - Silauik - Taratak Buluah viewing the object, they are : Ujuang- Indropuro Darek - Pangkalan 1. Site of the building Kapalo Koto Indawang 2. Form of the building - Pangkalan Kapeh - Pangkalan Sarai 3. Organization building parts - Anduriang - Koto Laweh Kayu Tanam Thus, the typology is a study that tried to trace the - Guguak Kapalo origin or the origin of architectural objects. So Hilalang - Sicincin that, there are three step that must be taken, they - Toboh are : Pakandangan 1. Determine the basic forms (formal - 2 x11 Anam structure) present in each of the Lingkuang - Tujuah Koto architectural object . - Sungai SariakTable 2.0 2. Determine the basic properties (properties) owned by each object, based Rantau area in Minangkabau on the existing basic form. 3. Learning the basic form of the Minangkabau rantau areas that expand until the development process into the realization. East Coast of Sumatera and the Malay Peninsula The basic form is the main geometric showed that Minangkabau region is essentially elements, such as triangles, rectangles, larger than the West Sumatera province, except circles, and ellipses, as well as a variety of Mentawai. Minangkabau region nowadays covers related variations. Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, and North Sumatera. As On the other understanding, typology is a study noted in Tambodari Minangkabausikilang aia bangihthat Minangkabau related to some type of object that has the same territory are :hingga taratak aia hitam type. Introductory of typology will lead to efforts dari durian ditakuak rajo to classify, categorize or classify based on certain hingga sialang balantak basi5 7 aspects or rules. Aspects include are : 1. Functions (including the use of space, structural, symbolic, etc.) 5

6 www.indonesianindonesia.com/f/4082-kerajaan- 7 Ibid pagaruyung www.antariksaarticle.blogspot.com 3 Diaspora Minang 2014

4.0 Location

2. Geometric ( includes forms, the principle Luhak of order, etc.) Tanah Datar Basa Ampek Baleh 3. Idioms (covering the period, geographic (ThePanghulu origin nanKuranji 14) societyTanahcomes Datar from location or political or power, ethnic and that initially cultural , etc.) from dropped to Solok. From Solok move to Sitinjau Lauik and Nowadays, understanding many traditional continue to Limau Manih, precisely in the Koto residences associated with the growth of Tuo Village. They devided into two group while in vernacular architecture. The diversity of Koto Tuo Village, 7 people remained in Limau IndonesianAustronesia vernacular architecture have Manih, while 7 others were continuingranji to travel to similarities traced from the diversity that comesnon- an area they called Kuranji. They name the place austronesianfrom the culture. The similarities of with Kuranji because they brough (from diversity were also appear from the solok). The journey continued to Korong Gadang architecture, such as : Papua. The where they devided each tribe there and marked characteristics of archipelago vernacular by a mosque and shower area for each clan. architecture are common with the characteristic8 Kuranji for Jambak clan, Korong Gadang for of Austronesian architecture, they are : Caniago clan, Kalumbuak for Koto clan, and Sungai Sapih for Guci calan. 1. Rumah Panggung Type, most of Indonesian vernacular house, except for Such zoning makes the population live in groups, Java, Bali, Lombok, Papua, using a wooden based on their clan. In further society column frame structure or the type house development, this limitation is not clear anymore as a stage adaptation efforts to climate because it was likely Jambak clan village also live and geography, using drag and press Koto and Caniago clan village. Beside that, this can connection system (pen systems) without occureb by intermarriage between different clan. the use of nails and cross log foundation system (wooden beams overlap each Before the constitution No.5 in 1979 about the other horizontally). subdistrict government is applied, Kuranji 2. Buildings column have pedestal stone, the subdistrict called Pauh subdistrict and lead by column are not planted in the ground, but Wali Nagari under the Padang Pariaman district put on the stone to make it more flexible administration government based on the when there are shocks or earthquakes . Kenagarianconstitution, No.5 in 1974 on Regional 3. Floor of the building is supported by Government. Pauh subdistrict consists of three pillars and wooden beams interlocking they are : each other, usually without the use of 1. Kanagarian Pauh Limo (Pauh V) nails. 2. Kanagarian Pauh Sambilan (Pauh IX) 4. Roof peak extention is always looks like 3. Kanagarian Limo Manih the aesthetic appeal. Roof of the building With the expansion of Padang which accordance looks dominance at the overall. Greater with the Minister in 1980, Pauh subdistrict finally proportion of the roof of the body and join with Padang City and devided into two, Pauh legs (bottom) building. Saddle roof is Limo Subdistrict and Kuranji Subdistrict, : more commonly used. 1. Pauh Limo subdistrict consists of : 5. Roof covering have an ornament on the Kanagarian Pauh Limo Kanagarian wall symbolizing social status, power, and PauhKanagarianSambilan Limau Manih cultural characteristics. Besides, their 2. Kuranji subdistrict consists of culture is always associated with water , Pauh Sambilan are such as canoes, rafts, boats, bridge, etc. consists of 9 Head Village and after the constitution No.5 in 1979 released 9 Village change into 9 region, they are :  Village Anduring : Tapian Suku Sikumbang Morfologi Bangunan Dalam  Village Pasar Ambacang : Tapian Konteks8 Kebudayaan Suku Koto Gartiwa, Marcus, 2011, Village Lubuk Lintah : Tapian Suku , Bandung: Muara Indah Melayu 4 Diaspora Minang 2014

 5.0 House Form

 Village Ampang : Tapian Kuranji Suku Tanjung Case Study 1:  Village Kalumbuk : Tapian Suku Dewi’s House (Suku Koto) Koto dan baduo  Village Korong Gadang : Tapian Suku Caniago  Village Kuranji : Tapian Built inbatang colonial aia era (established is Suku Jambak Nan Batujuah unknown/about 1800). Orientation of the house  Village Gunung Sarik : Tapian Suku facing to (river). According to current Jambak Nan baduo owners who are the theirs of that she is the 4th Village Sungai Sapih : Tapian Suku descendant of the house construction. The house Guci material made of some kind of wood, they are laban wood, banio wood, kalek wood, rasak wood. Kuranji is a subdistrict in Padang City, West These kind of wood is used in columns, floors, Sumatra, Indonesia. Previously, Kuranji was the walls, and roofs. subdistrict of Pariaman district, but based on the Governmentst Constitution No.17, 1980, since March 21 , 1980,Pasar KuranjiAmbacang became a new subdistrict in Padang City with9 the central government is in .

Kuranji Subdistrict is located 5 km from the city center. Kuranji have large land with variety in height which is between 8 m to 1,000 m above sea level, with10 density of rain about 384.88 mm/month. Kuranji is one of eleven subdistricts in Padang City. This subdistrict is located at 0 0 58' 4" south latitude and 100 0 21' 11' east longitude, whereas total area is about 57.41 km². The total area make Kuranji become the second largest subdistrict in Padang city after Koto Tangah Subdistrict. Kuranji have the limitation Photo 1 : Dewi’s House (Suku Koto) land that bordered by several subdistricts : Case Study 2 : North : Koto Tangah Subdistrict Nurbaiti’s House (Suku Jambak) South : East Padang Subdistrict West : Nanggalo and North Padang East : Pauh Subdistrict Built in ±1800th ’s, according to the owner state that she is the 7 descendant of this house. Material construction that used in the house are common with the previous house, they are banio wood, laban wood, wood rasak, and tarejua wood that located in the first old column in entry hall. Orientation is also direct to the river.

Figure 1.0

Region Map of Kuranji 9

10Legislasi. Mahkamahagung.go.id, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 1980 www.padang.go.id, Letak Geografis 5 Diaspora Minang 2014

PauhPhoto 2: Nurbaiti’s House (Suku Jambak) Case Study 3 : Afrida’s House (Suku Melayu)

Built in ± 1879 before Semen Padang Company standing (1910). According to the heir of this house that when he was a child, his grandmother is 100 year old house in 1979. Moreover, this house has been exist from the previous of grandmotherrumah. The materials gadang are banio wood, rasak wood, and laban wood. In general, the first material of both in Kuranji and Pauh are in common.

CasePhoto 3Study : Afrida’s4 :House (Suku Melayu) Farida’s House (Suku Caniago)

Built in the year of ±1800. The house facing aligned with the river. The material constructionrumah gadangare consists of banio wood, rasak wood, and laban wood. In general, the first material of both in Kuranji and Pauh are in common.

Photo 4 : Farida’s House (Suku Caniago)

6 Diaspora Minang 2014

6.0 CONCLUSION

From the research about the typology ofR umah both GadangKuranji andKajang Pauh PadatitraditionalRumah house showsgadang that the type of house are include into the form of darek . This is very different from rumah gadang that located in region. The morphology of the traditional of minangkabau reflecting the culture, showing the changes of the patterns from the original traditional house of minangkabau particularly in the Padang City has been through a very long process .

Several conclusions can be conclude from this research are : The typology of Kuranji and Pauh traditional house are : 1. Rectangular shape house plans and rectangular parallel and transverse directions. Rumah panggung form, the bottom (underneath) is used for livestock and storage. 2. Gonjong shaped roofdarek forms are not, but tapering. Not the same as predicted in rumah gadang if Minangkabau. Roofs made of rumbio previously, but now it is replaced with zinc. Several construction has been modification. 3. The fronts ladder are connected by a terrace. The ladder is closed by roof on top. The roof follows the direction of the roof of the main house. At the lower end of the roof were given columns to keep from collapsed. These columns were connected to the main house on the left and right sides. This column formation make the area into a kind of transitional space before entering the house. Ladder form is similar to the form of the staircase Gayo Aceh (it estimated has the element of Aceh influence), including the carving shape. 4. The amount of space that is usually an odd, starts from 3, 5, and so on. Distance between house and the river is not too far away. The mass of the building is not too big. 5. Homes pinned on column that placed on the foundation pedestals. column height is about 1.5 to 2 meters from the ground. 6. The location of the entrance right in the middle . 7 Diaspora Minang 2014

Sejarah 7. There is an additional building, the Minangkabau functions are kitchens, washrooms, etc. Mansoer, MD., 1990. The building is made to stick to the main . Jakarta: Bhratara, hal. 2 house. The kitchen floor is made lower Hubungan Ranah dan than the floor of the main house. The Oktorafiani,Rantau Metha, SP, dan Surani, composition of the floor boards made M.Hum, 2011, more tenuous than the floor of the main (Studi Kasus Kongres Kebudayaan house, the goal in order to provide ease of Minangkabau Tahun 2010), Laporan cleaning/sweeping. Penelitian, Padang: Balai Pelestarian 8. The ouse constructions are (floors, walls, Sejarah dan Tradisional Padang etc) are all made of wood, such as laban wood, banio wood, kalek wood , rasak Refisrul, Maryetti, Rois Leonard Arios, wood. Femmy, 2008, Minangkabau dan Negeri 9. The walls andmotif floors are made of boards, Sembilan, Sistem Pasukuan di Nagari some are made of woven bamboo. Pagaruyung dan Negeri Sembilan Darul 10. Ornaments/ /engraving house Khusus Malaysia, Padang: Balai mostly comes from the element of Aceh, Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Aceh is probably due to the influence at Padang , Indonesia Dalam the time. Kajian Sarjana Jepang 11. The house orientation was built parallel Yayasan Obor Indonesia to the river or under the direction of Website cardinal from North to South or otherwise. It aims to liberate the sunlight dirent to the house. www.minangkabaunews.blogspot.com/2008/01/ REFERENCES system-pemerintahan-kerajaan-pagaruyung.html The Suma Oriental of www.indonesianindonesia.com Tome Pires Cortesao, Armando, (1944), , London: Hakluyt Society, 2 www.padang.go.id vols Tipologi Rumah Tradisional www.antariksaarticle.blogspot.com/2010 Melayu Riau di Desa Padang Sawah Dora, Ervina,Kampar 2013, Kiri,

Padang: Tesis Program www.nasbahrygallery1.blogspot.com/2013/7/ars itektur-rumah-padang-dan bagian.html Pascasarjana Tradisi Babako Di Minangkabau Acknowledgements : Ernatip dan Chrystyawati, Eny, 2009, (Study Kompartif Daerah Darek dan Rantau Minangkabau), : Padang: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan The authors would like to thank student for their help and support to this paper from Nilai TradisionalMorfologi Padang Bangunan Dalam Konteks Kebudayaan Bung Hatta University Padang, Indonesia , Gartiwa,Marcus,2011, Awly Muhammad Isra, Adat , Bandung: Muara Yuanda Sateria MinangkabauIndah dan Merantau dalam Oktri Anggraini Kato, Tsuyoshi,Perspektif (2005), Sejarah Akdina Harfia Rangga Romi Satria , Balai Pustaka, ISBN 979-690-360-1

Legislasi. Mahkamah agung.go.id, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 1980 8