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The Journal of Central Asian Studies ISSN 0975-086X THE JOURNAL OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Volume: XIX 2010 No. 1 CENTRE OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR SRINAGAR-190006 J&K, INDIA EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Riyaz Punjabi Prof. Valdimir Boyko Formerly Vice Chancellor Centre for Regional Studies, Russia & University of Kashmir Central Asia, Srinagar Barnaul State Pedagogical University Barnaul, Russia Prof. Gregory Gleason Department of Pol. Science Prof. Valeiry Khan University of New Mexico Institute of History USA Academy of Sciences Tashkent, Uzbekistan Prof. Valeria Piacentini Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore / Prof. Sattar Mazhitov Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Ch. Ch. Valikhanov Institute of Milano, Italy History and Ethnography Almaty, Kazakhstan Prof. Choi Han-Woo Korea University of International Studies Prof Reuel Hanks Seoul, Korea Department of Geography Oklahoma University Prof. Bolat Tatibekov USA Department of Employment and Labour Market Prof. Ilhan Sahin Institute of Economics Institute of History and Turkic Civilization Ministry of Education and Science Kyrgyzstan -Turkey Manas University Almaty, Kazakhstan Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Editorial Assistance Dr. Mushtaq A. Halwai Dr. Sheikh Talal Reserved 2010 © Published by Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir Srinagar – 190006 J&K , India The Journal is available online through EBSCO Host’s Database: Political Science Complete on web.ebscohost.com The publishers are not responsible for the views/reviews of the contributors in this volume of the Journal. No part of this Journal may be reproduced in original or translated without the explicit permission of the publisher. Prof. Valdimir Boyko Price per issue: India Rs 800/= or US$ 30. THE JOURNAL OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Volume: XIX 2010 No. 1 Chief Editor G. R. Jan Editor Mushtaq A. Kaw Associate Editors G. M. Mir Aijaz A. Bandey CENTRE OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR SRINAGAR GUIDELINES TO CONTRIBUTORS Scope of the Journal: The Journal welcomes original papers on any aspect of Central Asian Studies. General Instructions: Manuscripts legibly type-written on one side of A-4 size paper in double space should necessarily comprise the sub-headings like abstract, keywords, introduction, content material, findings/conclusion. The typescript should be carefully checked and preceded by a covering page stating the title of the paper, full name of the author, identification of the author with institutional/home/ mailing address. Preferential language is third person. References/footnotes should be given at the bottom of each page in the following pattern: a) References to books should include the author’s name (initials before the surname in capitals), title of the book (underlined), volume number and edition (if necessary), place of publication, name of publisher, date of publication and page number cited, e.g., L. A. WADDLE, Buddhism and Lamaism of Tibet, Vol. 1, Heritage Publishers, New Delhi, India, 1979, pp. 47-49. b) Reference to article in periodicals should include the author’s name, title of the article (within commas), followed by the name of Journal (in Italic), volume, number (if any), place of publication, year of publication and page number, e.g., E. J. GRABE, “The decorative Arts of Central Asia in Timuric Period”, Afghanistan Qtrly, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1971, pp. 60-75. Off prints: Ten off prints of the article are supplied free to contributors. Additional off prints can be provided against payment if asked for before the publication of the Journal. Contributors are entitled to a free copy of the Journal. Please send manuscripts and their soft copies for publication to: Prof. Mushtaq A. Kaw Editor The Journal of Central Asian Studies Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar – 190006 Jammu & Kashmir, India e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +91-194-2422553 (Off.) +91-194-2420923 (Res.) Cell: +91-9419586966 THE JOURNAL OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Volume: XIX 2010 No. 1 Contents METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES IN HISTORICAL STUDIES OF ETHNO-NATIONAL IDENTITY OF CENTRAL ASIAN PEOPLES Valeriy S. Khan 1-7 TAJIKISTAN AND CHINA Changing Images Muzaffar Olimov & Saodat Olimov 9-16 ANCIENT NISA Centre of Synergy along the Silk Route P. L. Dash 17-24 THE GOLDEN AGE OF GENOA’S EASTWARDS TRADE (13th – 15th Centuries) Valeria Fiorani Piacentini 25-40 GLOBALISATION AND CENTRAL ASIAN SPACE Costs & Benefits Mushtaq A. Kaw 41-54 RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN Bahram Navazeni & Maryam Navazeni 55-64 POLITICS OF ISLAMISATION IN UZBEKISTAN Kuldip Singh & Sushil Bodh 65-76 BERDYMUKHAMMEDOV’S TURKMENISTAN A Modest Shift in Domestic and Social Politics Sebastien Peyrouse 77-96 IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS G. M. Mir 97-103 US INTERESTS IN CENTRAL ASIA Ali Ahmad Abu Romman 105-118 PERSIAN LITERATURE OF MEDIEVAL KASHMIR (14th – 16th Century) G. R. Jan 119-124 ARMENIAN ISSUE AS REFLECTED IN RUSSIAN ARCHIVAL RECORDS Mehmet Perinçek 125-130 INDIA AND GEORGIA Historical Perspective Vazha Kiknadze 131-138 CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS IN MONGOLIA Maqsooda S. Sarfi 139-148 ARAB UPRISING Internal and External Dimensions Aijaz Ashraf Wani 149-162 METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES IN HISTORICAL STUDIES OF ETHNO-NATIONAL IDENTITY OF CENTRAL ASIAN PEOPLES Valeriy S. Khan* Abstract: The identity of various ethnos in Uzbekistan gets complicated when methodological principles and criteria are substituted by ideological speculations during analytical studies. The stereotype Uzbek identity unless dynamic and glued to a set of behavioural expectation, heterogeneous or homogenous cultural setting, it remains abstract and static and eludes analysis. Historically Soviet period consolidated specific Uzbek identity and at present its characteristic is preservation and differentiation. Although ethnic and national identities have been incongruous, however, wrongly used interchangeably at different epochs of history. In those studies element of politico-administrative considerations were mostly left out. Likewise unity of natural historical and constructionist principle has to be given a serious attention while formulating components of Uzbek identity. In the last 30 years we witness substantial growth of ethno-national consciousness, expressed through effectuated national ideology intertwined with symbolic cultural revival. Keywords: Uzbekistan, Central Asia, Soviets, ethnic identity, Uzbek, Turkic, national consciousness. Introduction: History of Central Asian peoples and their ethnic roots is today the subject of academic discussions. Social scientists are debating the time of formation of their ethnic or national identity, (Tajik, Uzbek, Kazakh, Turkmen, Kirghiz) the ethno genetic components and the ethnic nucleus of one or the other identity with arguments about the reasons of their transformation.1 While speaking about the Uzbek identity, it is necessary to formulate methodological principles of the subject analysis which otherwise is frequently substituted for ideological speculations and myths. From our standpoint, there might be the following closely interrelated principles. * Institute of History, Academy of Sciences, Uzbekistan. 1 In case of Uzbek identity, Dr. M. A. Halwai from University of Kashmir writes: “The present status of the problem of ethnicity and identity in Uzbekistan is somewhat confused; mostly due to wide divergence of opinion with regard to the origin, distribution and number of ethnic groups, owing to the varying criteria which each group adopts to distinguish it from the other”; M. A. Halwai, Ethnicity in Uzbekistan: A Study in Culture and Identity, Srinagar, 2008, pp.7-8. See also: Масанов Н. Э. Мифологизация проблем этногенеза казахского народа и казахской номадной культуры. - Масанов Н. Э., Абылхожин Ж. Б., Ерофеев И. В. Научное знание и мифотворчество в современной историографии Казахстана. – Алматы, 2007. Methodological Principals in Historical Studies….. Principle of Historicism and Dynamic Nature of Ethnic Identity: Since the 1990s, due to the orientation of the state policy of Uzbekistan toward the revival of national (ethnic) values, Uzbek identity (Uzbekchinlik – or Uzbekness) come into common use, which is understood as a traditional ethnic model of mentality, values and behaviour of the Uzbeks. This model actually represents an important part of the Uzbek identity; that is, it is not only a similar appearance, similarity of language or cuisine, but it encompasses the presence of identical paradigms in psychology (specific feature of national consciousness) and behavioural expectations. And this identity should be aimed at strengthening of national unity and homogeneous identification components in it. It is noteworthy that ethnic identity is not abstract and static. It has a dynamic nature, existing in specific forms and within the limits of a certain historical context. Prior to the examination of identity of a specific ethnic group, it is a prerequisite to ask which identity is spoken about. Whether it is identity in historical context; under varied political system; of parent ethno or diaspora; of homogeneous or multi-cultural social setups; or specific age, sex and professional groups? Regarding historical approach, in the 20th century, the Uzbek identity was impacted by the socio-political processes of revolution, civil war, collectivization, industrialization, World War II, new forms of national culture, by way of nativization, long co-residing with the Slavic and other non Muslim people and new structure of social stratification. In addition
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