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The American Indian Response to Injustice and a Dire Situation

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The American Indian Response to Injustice and a Dire Situation The American Indian Response to Injustice and a Dire Situation Interviewer: Josh Sennett Interviewee: Dr. Gabrielle Tayac Instructor: Mr. Haight Date: February 21, 2010 Table of Contents Interviewee Release Form………………………………………………………2 Statement of Purpose……………………………………………………………3 Biography………………………………………………………………………..4 Historical Contextualization: “Destructive Policies, Broken Promises, Removal, and Termination: The Modern Consequences of American Indian Policies ……………………………………………….6 Interview Transcription………………………………………………………….31 Time Indexing Recording Log………………………………………………….55 Interview Analysis……………………………………………………………...56 Works Consulted………………………………………………………………..61 Statement of Purpose The purpose of this project is to examine American Indians today and what factors have brought them to their current status. By interviewing Dr. Gabriel Tayac- who not only is an Indian of the Piscataway Nation tribe, but is also an historian and curator of many exhibits at the National Museum of the American Indian and an advocate for indigenous human rights- we can explore how Indians have resisted exploitation in the end of the 21st century. Biography QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Dr. Gabrielle Tayac was born in New York City in 1967. Her father, a Piscataway Indian, distanced her from Piscataway culture, but her grandfather, Chief Turkey Tayac, significantly influenced her and her connection to Piscataway heritage. Although her high school, the Bronx High School of Science, barely taught about American Indian history, she knew that she wanted to study American Indian history as a career. She attended Cornell University from 1985 to 1989 because of its unique American Indian Program. She became the Program Coordinator in 1986 until she graduated with a B.S. in the Department of Human Service Studies and several awards. She then went to Harvard to get her doctorate in Sociology. From 1990 to 2006, she worked as a curriculum consultant, advising textbook publishers on including accurate and adequate American Indian history. In 1995, she became the Recognition Coordinator for the Piscataway tribe and created a petition under tribal direction for state recognition which was approved by everyone on the state-appointed Recognition Committee. Nevertheless, the petition is still pending approval. She began working with the National Museum of the American Indian in 1999 as a Research Consultant, and then curated some of the largest exhibits that are currently displayed. Such exhibits include Our Lives: Contemporary Native Life and Identity, IndiVisible: African-Native American Peoples of the Americas, and Return to a Native Place: Peoples of the Chesapeake Region, as well as several others. She has given many speeches about American Indians and indigenous peoples to various universities and museums. Today, she works in the museum as an historian. Her uncle, Billy Tayac, is the current chief of the Piscataway tribe, and Dr. Tayac still participates and brings her two children to Piscataway cultural events. Destructive Policies, Broken Promises, Removal, and Termination: The Modern Consequences of American Indian Policies Shawnee War Chief Tecumseh declared, “Once there were no white men in all this country; then it belonged to the red men…placed on it by the [Creator] to keep it, to travel over it, to eat its fruits… [We were] once a happy race, but now made miserable by the white people, who are never contented, but always encroaching… we are determined to go no farther. The only way to stop this evil is for all to unite” (qtd. in Miller 188-189). Exemplified by Tecumseh‟s words, American Indians have been mistreated by whites, yet have responded to fight this injustice. The status of Indians in the United States is directly related to their first contact with Columbus in 1492. Indians have prospered in North America for over 10,000 years, but throughout the last five centuries, have struggled to survive. In the way of European and American progress, Indians have been slaughtered, removed from their homes, and forced to assimilate into American culture. Two aspects of the Indian-European relationship that remain consistent to today are the oppression of Indians by supposedly superior whites, and the resistance of this by proactive Indians. To understand the substandard conditions of American Indians today, one must examine the history of the relationship and policies between Indians and European explorers, the colonies, and United States, as well as gain a first-hand perspective from an American Indian who has experienced these hardships. Christopher Columbus‟ treatment of the natives of the Bahama Islands became an archetype for future Indian-European relationships. The first affiliation between Europeans and Indians formed between Christopher Columbus and the Arawaks of the Bahama Islands on October 12, 1492. The natives greeted the Spanish sailors with hospitality and generosity, freely trading with them and bestowing Columbus with a mask of solid gold. Recently, gold became a new form of wealth in Europe, and the “frenzy for money” (Zinn 3) that dominated Renaissance Europe drove Columbus‟ thirst for wealth. The main purpose of his second voyage to America was to bring back slaves and gold. They went around the islands in the Caribbean, searching for gold and rounding up slaves. Indians who were unable to obtain the unrealistic quota of gold had their hands cut off, and any who fled were hunted down and killed. Battles, diseases, forced labor, mass suicides, and the murder of infants to save them from the Spaniards contributed to the extinction of the Arawaks by 1650. Yet somehow, Columbus‟ legacy is a topic of controversy. Historian Howard Zinn wrote in A People’s History of the United States, “In the history books given to children in the United States… it all starts with adventure—there is no bloodshed—and Columbus Day is a celebration” (8). Columbus‟ destructive, genocidal actions served as a paradigm for the future relationship between Indians and the colonists the United States Government. Throughout the early colonial period, tensions existed between Indians and the foreign settlers. The English colonists created the first colony at Jamestown, Virginia, where Powhatan ruled the Powhatan Confederacy. Captain John Smith, leading the colonists, treated Powhatan with respect, and established a peaceful and beneficial trading relationship. Powhatan even helped the colonists survive in the harsh winter conditions. However, more English settlers were sent to America, ordered to make a profit for the London stock company. Historian Frank Waters wrote in Brave are My People: Indian Heroes Not Forgotten, “Instead of clearing new forest land for themselves, they drove Powhatans off their fields, burned their villages, and worked those captured as slaves” (18). This proved to be the first of many broken peace treaties for economic motives. Powhatan died in 1618 and was replaced by his brother, Opechancanough, who led an attack on the English settlement. Over 300 colonists were killed. Waters wrote, “The English retaliated with a campaign to exterminate every Indian man, woman, and child in all Virginia. All troop commanders were forbidden to make peace upon any terms whatever” (21). This war had two significant consequences: the extermination of the Powhatan Confederacy by 1644, and the creation of a dehumanizing image of Indians that created racism. Christopher Brooke, a Virginian colonist poet, describes the Indians as “Soules drown‟d in flesh and blood; Rooted in Evill, and oppos‟d in Good; Errors of Nature, of inhumane Birth” (qtd. in Miller 118). This image would perhaps be more destructive than the weapons of the whites, because the image of a savage, inferior, and immoral Indian would exist for centuries, and provide justification for endless cruelty. Few Indians survived the retaliation, and their descendants live in Virginia today, among small and often poor reservations. The elimination of the Pequot tribe exemplified the violence and cruelty of the colonists. The Pequot War originated from the killing of Puritan trader John Oldham and his crew in 1636. The Massachusetts Bay Colony sent 200 warriors to exterminate the tribe. Over 600 Indians were killed, and their villages and farms were torched. At the end of the war in 1638, a treaty designated where the remaining 200 Pequot Indians would be enslaved and how the land of the Pequots would be split up. After a brutal battle, Captain John Mason declared “The Lord was pleased to smite our Enemies… and to give us their Land for an Inheritance” (qtd. in Madaras 28). This illustrates how colonists justified conquering Indian lands as the chosen people and how the image of Indians had transformed to become the enemies of the public. Clergymen even regarded Pequot as “agents of Satan” (Josephy 303). As a result of the war, wrote Historian Alvin Josephy Jr., “Settlers moving ever-westward equated all Indian behavior with that of the war period in New England and, expecting the worst from every Indian, often committed violence first” (305). The misconception of Indians as violent savages exists today, and is destructive to the image of Indians today. By dehumanizing Indians, settlers were content to drive off any Indians in the way of westward expansion. In the 18th century, the colonies and the U.S. government created several policies that would defend Indians from the invasion of frontier settlers. However, these policies were unrealistic and not enforced.
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