Snowboarding

SNOWBOARDING About Snowboarding: Snowboarding is a sport that involves descending a slope that is covered with snow on a snowboard attached to a rider's feet using a special boot set onto mounted binding. Established at Special Olympics: 2001 Differences of Special Olympics Snowboarding: Special Olympics does not offer as many Snowboarding events as the Federation Internationale de Skie. Special Olympics does not offer half pipe, snowboard cross, or parallel events because of the safety considerations in offering these events. By The Numbers: In 2011, 7,945 Special Olympics Athletes competed in Snowboarding events In 2011, 37 Special Olympics Programs hosted Snowboarding competitions Snowboarding was first introduced to the Olympic Games in 1998 at Nagano, Japan Slalom Snowboarding is similar to the events of slalom skiing – where athletes much complete a downhill course while racing through a series of gates. Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super Giant Slalom refer to the size and number of turns on each style of course. Events for Competition: 10 Meter Skate Glide Super Glide Novice, Intermediate & Advanced Super Giant Slalom Novice, Intermediate & Advanced Giant Slalom Novice, Intermediate & Advanced Slalom Associations/Federations/Supporters: Federation Internationale de Skie (FIS) Divisioning at Special Olympics: Athletes in every sport and event are grouped by age, gender, and ability – giving everyone a reasonable chance to win. At Special Olympics there are no World Records because each athlete, whether in the fastest or the slowest division is valued and recognized equally. In every division, all athletes receive an award, from gold, silver, and bronze medals, to fourth through eighth place ribbons. This idea of equal ability groupings is the foundation for competition in Special Olympics and can be witnessed at all events, whether it’s athletics, aquatics, table tennis, football, skiing, or gymnastics. All athletes are given an equal chance to participate, perform, and be recognized for doing their best by their teammates, family, friends, and fans.” www.specialolympics.org .

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Geometry and Running of the Alpine Skiing Fis World Cup
GEOMETRY AND RUNNING OF THE ALPINE SKI FIS WORLD CUP GIANT SLALOM PART ONE - GEOMETRY Wlodzimierz S. Erdmann, Andrzej Suchanowski and Piotr Aschenbrenner Jedrzej Sniadecki University School of Physical Education, Gdansk, Poland The aim of this paper is the presentation of the geometry of the alpine ski giant slalom at the highest world level in order to calculate the obtained time by videorecording velocity and acceleration of running. KEY WORDS: alpine skiing, giant slalom, fis world cup, geometry INTRODUCTION: In alpine skiing the role of a coach is a difficult one. This is due in part, to the fact that during the competition he would be unable to observe the athlete for the entire track, regardless of the position he chose, because of the extensive terrain. Before the competition the organizing committee provides data only on general description of the course, i.e. the length of the slope (measured usually without snow) and few data on the incline of the slope. Unfortunately, no data on geometry of gates is supplied to the coaches. During the competition the time of running of the entire course and of one or two segments of the course are displayed. These data do not provide sufficient information with which to evaluate adequately an athlete’s performance on the course. Possession of detailed data on the geometry of the poles setting and on the time of the running between them would allow the coach to more accurately assess the performance of the skier on the course, i. e. what velocity and acceleration he had achieved between the gates.
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Physical Testing Characteristics and Technical Event Performance of Junior Alpine Ski Racers David Heikkinen
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 5-2003 Physical Testing Characteristics and Technical Event Performance of Junior Alpine Ski Racers David Heikkinen Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Kinesiology Commons Recommended Citation Heikkinen, David, "Physical Testing Characteristics and Technical Event Performance of Junior Alpine Ski Racers" (2003). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 473. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/473 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. PHYSICAL TESTING CHARACTERISTICS AND TECHNICAL EVENT PERFORMANCE OF JUNIOR ALPINE SKI RACERS By David Heikkinen B.S. University of Maine at Farmington, 1998 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Kinesiology and Physical Education) The Graduate School The University of Maine May, 2003 Advisory Committee: Robert Lehnhard, Associate Professor of Education, Advisor Phil Pratt, Cooperative Associate Education Stephen Butterfield, Professor of Education and Special Education PHYSICAL TESllNG CHARACTERlSllCS AND TECHNICAL EVENT PERFORNlANCE OF JUNIOR ALPlNE SKI RACERS By David Heikkinen Thesis Advisor: Dr. Robert Lehnhard An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Kinesiology and Physical Education) May, 2003 The purpose of this study was to determine if a battery of physical tests can be used to distinguish between the ability levels of junior alpine ski racers. Many sports, such as football, have established laboratory and field tests to assess their athlete's preparation for competition.
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An On-Site Test Battery to Eval~Ate Giant Slalom .Skiinq Performance
.. J"., _ ...... ;.~- , • ,~- ... ~.-{ .., .. -.. -. ,. ".I.; .. ,.,.! ., , ... :. j"':" ,.,...,,~.~ ':'t~ .. ·~fr .. ~~r\ 1 . \ 1 1 ~ 1 . An On-site Test Battery to Eval~ate . ! Giant Slalom .Skiinq Performance - 1 By , .- in partial fulfiliment of the requirements for the, degree of Master of- Arts . (Educatio~) .' .' f Department of Physical Education Division of Graduate Studies and Research Faculty of Education .. ) .. ~ MC~ill University • ,', , > _...,. ..... Montireal, Quebec . , \ January, 1988 t \ ~ r • ':"'J. 1 Q ,. {. \' .. / Permission has been granted rL' autorisation a étE! ac.cordl!e to the Nati-onal Library of à la Bibliothèque nationa1e Canada to Ilicrofilm this du Canada de microfi lmer thesi~ and to lend or sell cet te thèse et . de prêter ou copies of the ,film. ; de vendre des exemp1aires dU fi1m• • The author (~opyright owner) L'auteur (titulaire du droit j' has' reserved other d'auteur) se réserve 1es pub1ication rights, and autres droits de publicat~on: néither the thesis nor ni la thèse ni de longs extensive ex,tracts from it extraits 4e - celle-ci ne May be printed or otherwise doivent êt~e imprimés ou reproduced wi thout h~s/her autrement reproduits sans son written permis&ion. autorisation écrite. l SBN ~ 0-:315-459 86-7 o ...... .... .. c , • .' -, " - , ", "T"'- ".;;" "\ "1 • .. • • ..••• ....... :' .• -~. 'f ';. .. v ii ,'c" ABSTRACT ,/ • ,/ ,Thirty,-three subj ects were jf'Eudied using' tersts to meqsure pO\ier, agi-lity, anaerobic endurance and aerobic , IC! enduranc~ to determine if an on-site test battery would • ~distinguish among club (n = 11'), divisional (n = 14), and " provincial lever (n- = 9) giant s!alo.m skiers. Both /' construct validity and' criterion-related, validity of the test battery were examined.
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Performance Parameters in Competitive Alpine Skiing Disciplines of Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super-Giant Slalom
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Performance Parameters in Competitive Alpine Skiing Disciplines of Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super-Giant Slalom Lidia B. Alejo 1,2 , Jaime Gil-Cabrera 1,3, Almudena Montalvo-Pérez 1 , David Barranco-Gil 1 , Jaime Hortal-Fondón 1 and Archit Navandar 1,* 1 Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (L.B.A.); [email protected] (J.G.-C.); [email protected] (A.M.-P.); [email protected] (D.B.-G.); [email protected] (J.H.-F.) 2 Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain 3 Royal Spanish Winter Sports Federation, 28703 San Sebastian de los Reyes, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the kinematic patterns and impacts in male and female skiers in the super-giant slalom, giant slalom and slalom disciplines of an international alpine skiing competition using a portable Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology device. Fifteen skiers (males, n = 9, females, n = 6) volunteered to participate in this study. Data acquisition was carried out using a wireless inertial measurement device (WIMUTM PRO: hybrid location system GNSS at 18 Hz with a precision locator UltraWideband UWD (<10 cm) and 3D accelerometers 1000 Hz) where distances covered in different speed and acceleration thresholds and Citation: B. Alejo, L.; Gil-Cabrera, J.; impacts above 5g were recorded in each of the disciplines. Male and female alpine skiers showed Montalvo-Pérez, A.; Barranco-Gil, D.; different physical parameters and impacts even though they competed in the same courses in the Hortal-Fondón, J.; Navandar, A.
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Applied Physiology of Water-Skiing Scott H
REVIEW ARTICLE Sports 0112-1642/96/00040262/$07.50/0Med. 1996 Apr; 21 262-276 O Adjs International Limited. All rights reserved. Applied Physiology of Water-Skiing Scott H. Leggett, l Kevin Kenneyl and Terry Eberhardt2 1 UCSD Orthomed, La Jolla, California, USA 2 Eberhardt Physical Therapy, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA Contents Summary 262 1 . Musculature Requirements 263 1 . 1 Slalom 263 1 .2 The Jump 265 2. Descriptive Characteristics of Water-Skiers 266 2. 1 Body Composition 266 2.2 Aerobic and Anaerobic Power 267 2.3 Strength 268 3. Strength and Conditioning for Water-Skiing 269 3. 1 Training Principles 269 3.2 Periodisatjon 270 4. Training Session Components 2n 4. 1 Warm-Up 271 4.2 Cardiovascular Training (Aerobic and Anaerobic) 272 4.3 Resistance Training 273 4.4 Cool-Down 274 4.5 Other Resistance Training Considerations 274 5, Conclusions 275 Summary Water-skiing is a physically demanding sport involving highly coordinated movements, extreme upper body torques, sustained isometric contractions and near maximal stresses on the anaerobic system. Due to the physical demands of the sport, elite skiers have developed physiological characteristics similar to other elite athletes. However, until recently little research has focused on the kinesiology, physiology and physical conditioning of water-skiing. Competitive water-skiing requires significant ski (fig. 3) involves factors of which many people physiological attributes specific to the sport. The are unaware of. process of turning a slalom ski (fig. 1), taking off In short, a slalom ski course consists of 6 buoys from a 1.83mjump (fig. 2), or manoeuvering a trick and 2 end-gates.
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Aerodynamic Drag Is Not the Major Determinant of Performance During Giant Slalom Skiing at the Elite Level
Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012: ••: ••–•• © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S doi: 10.1111/sms.12007 Aerodynamic drag is not the major determinant of performance during giant slalom skiing at the elite level M. Supej1,2,3, L. Sætran4, L. Oggiano4, G. Ettema5, N. Šarabon2, B. Nemec6, H.-C. Holmberg3,7 1Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia, 3Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden, 4Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 5Department of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 6Department of Biocybernetics, Automatics and Robotics, Josef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 7Swedish Olympic Committee, Stockholm, Sweden Corresponding author: Hans-Christer Holmberg, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, 83125 Östersund, Sweden. Tel: +46 70 4058960, Fax: +46 63 165740, E-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication 12 September 2012 This investigation was designed to (a) develop an indi- tiplied by cross-sectional area as a function of shoulder vidualized mechanical model for measuring aerodynamic height was established for each skier (r > 0.94, all drag (Fd) while ski racing through multiple gates, (b) P < 0.001). Skiing velocity, Fd, Et, and Ed per GS turn estimate energy dissipation (Ed) caused by Fd and were 15–21 m/s, 20–60 N, -11 to -5 kJ, and -2.3 to compare this to the total energy loss (Et), and (c) investi- -0.5 kJ, respectively.
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B-135232 Plans for Staging the 1976 Winter Olympic Games in Colorado
REPORT TO THE COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSU.AR AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Plans For taging The 1976 Winter Olympic Games h Colorado B735232 BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WAsHIN+~oN, a c. 20548 B- 135232 Dear Mr Chairman In response to your request of April 28, 1972, this 1s our report on the plans for staging the 1976 winter Olympic games m Colorado Our prmclpal observations are summarized in the digest at the beginning of the report, We have not obtaaned comments on our report from the Department of the Interior, the Denver Organizing Commlt- tee for the 1976 Winter Olympics, Inc , or the other organlzatlons in- volved m plannmg the games. The mformatlon that we have been able to obtain within the time llmltatlons of our review generally cover a planning actlvltles through July 1972 Subsequent changes m the planning for the games may have occurred, or may subsequently occur, which could affect the complete- ness and currency of the mformatlon m our report. We shall make no further dlstrlbutlon of thns report until we have obtained your agreement or public announcement has been made by you concerning its content8 Sincerely yours, Comptroller General of the United States The Honorable Wayne N Aspmall Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs House of Representatives Contents Page DIGEST 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5 Nature of the winter games 6 Sponsoring organxzations 6 2 FACILITIES PLANNING AND FUNDING 8 Minimum essential facilities 8 Highly desirable facilities
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The Bulletin, March 2021 1 the Bulletin RUAPEHU SKI CLUB CONTENTS Volume 86, No
The Bulletin, March 2021 1 The Bulletin RUAPEHU SKI CLUB CONTENTS Volume 86, No. 1 March 2021 2 President’s column 3 Ruapehu news 5 Bookings for 2021 8 Memories of Moira 13 Northern ski season 14 Barrymore movies 15 Junior champion 16 World ski awards 17 RSC calendar 17 New members 17 Obituaries 18 XC skiing boom 19 Skiing E-sports 20 White Island charges 25 X-Games medals 25 World ski champs 26 World snow racing Tukino skifield on the eastern (Desert Road) side of Ruapehu. Tukino has three club lodges and two rope 30 World snow news tows. Photo: Tukino skifield. 32 Club info page 2 The Bulletin, March 2021 PRESIDENT’S COLUMN so much time and effort into moving our office systems and website to the cloud, Kia ora koutou, hello everyone, enabling so much more flexibility around What a great summer it’s been for our work practices. most of us (unless you’re a farmer or a Looking forward I’ve already Wellingtonian, for opposite reasons!), mentioned that we are into our summer with people taking the opportunity to work season. I do encourage you to explore New Zealand. attend a work party this season, we really And then suddenly the realities need your help. Last year was difficult of Covid-19 came back to haunt us, financially for us and we will be relying with Level 3 and Level 2 being re- on work parties rather than contractors to imposed, hopefully only for a short time. get a lot of necessary maintenance done.
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Barbara Johnson Chosen Queen of Carnival at Theta Chi
Special Carnival Supplement • • • « Pages 5-8 Nancy Cole Wins Trophy . Page 4 UNH-UConn Basketball Prevue VOL. No. 42 Issue 17 Z413 Durham, N. H., February 12, 1953 PRICE — 7 CENTS Pages 11 Barbara Johnson Chosen Queen O f Carnival A t Theta Chi Tea By Claire Nickerson At a tea at Theta Chi last Thursday the queen of Winter Carni SPECIAL val and her four aides were chosen by Philip K. Brown, president of With this issue, The New the Hart Modeling Agency of Boston, and two of his top models, Hampshire presents its fourth an nual Winter Carnival Edition, a Miss Pollyanne Simonds and Miss Jayn Foss. The tea was formal round-up of the preparations, and the carnival court gave a preview of the glamour to be seen at names, and events that have gone the Ball in many beautiful gowns. into the making of the carnival The court was selected from 19 con weekend. testants including Betty Brown, Ash of the Carnival publicity then introduced Jon Riisnaes, our Champion ski jumper. You may attend the Carnival land ;Beverly Clark, Eliot, Me.; Marjorie Covell, Hampstead; Ann Crompton, During their chat the fact was brought Ball; you will probably witness out that a story had_ appeared that night or participate in one of the many Portsmouth; Judy Feldman, Pittsfield; Nancy Gorman, Portsmouth; Ruth Gran in the Boston Evening American about scheduled special programs. That ston, Wakefield, Mass.; Joyce Harsh, Jon. All facts considered the TV appear is the biggest part of Carnival. Northport, N. Y.; Barbara Johnson, La ance was a tremendous success and The other part—and the one conia; Elizabeth Johnson, Branford, afforded New Englanders a preview of that Outing Club is most aware Conn.; Ellen Robb, Caldwell, N.
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An Examination of Respiratory and Metabolic Demands of Alpine Skiing
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness 14 (2016) 76e81 www.elsevier.com/locate/jesf Original article An examination of respiratory and metabolic demands of alpine skiing Metin Polat* Department of Coaching Education, Erciyes University, School of Physical Education and Sport, Kayseri, Turkey Received 9 May 2016; revised 9 June 2016; accepted 12 October 2016 Available online 19 November 2016 Abstract Background/Objective: To measure the cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables during the giant slalom (GS) skiing activity under actual race conditions using a mobile gas analyzer. Methods: This study included 20 voluntary male alpine ski racers (mean age, 22.00 ± 1.45 years) who participated in international races. First, incremental running test was conducted to obtain volunteers' maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) values. Second, respiratory data were measured during their performance on the GS course. Before both GS performance and incremental running test and at 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes after the tests, blood lactate concentration was measured. Results:VO2max values of the volunteers were 51.36 ± 2.68 mL/kg/min and they used 74.96% of this during their performance on the GS course. Their blood lactate concentrations reached the maximum level of 13.69 ± 2.06 mmol/L at the 5th minute following the maximal exercise testing. After the GS performance, blood lactate values reached the maximum level of 10.13 ± 0.43 mmol/L at the 3rd minute. While the maximum heart rate was 196.5 ± 4.3 bpm during the maximal exercise testing, it reached 201.7 ± 20 bpm during the GS performance.
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Sondre Norheimt Father of Modern Skiing
Sons of Norway Mini Presentations #365: SONDRE NORHEIM- FATHER OF MODERN SKIING Image: Postcard of woman and man on a ski trip, 1894, by O. Jespersen. National Library of Norway, www.nb.no The father of modern skiing happens to come from Norway. Surprised? Skiing was not an expensive sport during Sondre’s lifetime. Pine skis Probably not, but you may be surprised at how much of an impact he could be cheaply made by local craftsmen and the ski hills were every- had on the early days of skiing. Sondre Norheim came from a little where. Skiing started as a means of transportation and entertainment. place known as the “cradle of skiing”, or Morgedal, Norway located It didn’t turn into a recreational sport until the mid-19th century when, in the heart of Telemark County. A fearless adventure seeker, Sondre in 1843, the world’s first non-military skiing competition was held took advantage of the Norwegian winters and excelled in ski jumping, in Tromsø, Norway. Skiing boomed primarily in Norway’s Telemark slalom skiing, Telemark skiing and alpine skiing. region. Its steep terrain was perfect for downhill skiing. Sondre Ouverson (son of Ouver) was born June 10, 1825 at Øverbø, Morgedal’s finest skier was undoubtedly young Sondre. He experiment- a small cotter’s farm, near Morgedal. He was a natural outdoors- ed on different hills, jumps, and with a variety of techniques and skis. man. His parents, Ouver Eivindsson and Ingerid Sundresdotter came He was also an excellent craftsman which made it easy to test his own from very poor families.
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A Case Study of Muscle Activity in Giant Slalom Skiing
A CASE STUDY OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY IN GIANT SLALOM SKIING R. A. Hintermeister, C. L. Suplizio, C.]. Dillman,]. R. Steadman Steadman-Hawkins Sports Medicine Foundation Vail, Colorado, USA INTRODUCfION Previous research has been helpful in providing a basic understanding of the response of the muscular system during skiing. Asang et al. (1975) and his colleagues (Grimm, 1978) were some of the first investigators to use telemetry with electromyogra phy (EMG) during skiing. They monitored surface EMG from four leg muscles in conjunction with force from a dynamometer between the binding and bottom of a boot to study six skiing styles ranging from a herringbone step to a parallel swing. Karlsson et al. (1978) looked at differences in EMG between a recreational skier and a competitive skier while skiing a slalom course. Muscle activity of the competitive skier was more dynamic, with discrete bursts of activity, than the recreational skier who displayed more continuous activity at a lower intensity. Other researchers have concentrated on the relationship between EMG and loads placed on the knee and leg for the purpose of inj ury prevention. Louie et al. (1984) examined the relationship between EMG of six leg muscles and torsion of the lower extremity measured with an instrumented ski binding. No significant relationships resulted from the on-snow experiments with three subjects. Maxwell and Hull (1989) compared loads measured from a dynamometer between the ski and boot with EMG activity from six muscles crossing the knee joint. Performance criteria for ski bindings were recommended based on knee loads. Although the cited literature has provided some fundamental data regarding patterns of muscle activity during skiing, only one of the subjects was a competitive racer.
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