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University of Dundee the Last Councillors of State Before The University of Dundee The last Councillors of State before the Dynastic Change (1699). Introduction = Los últimos consejeros de Estado antes del cambio dinástico (1699). Introducción Pilo, Rafaella ; Storrs, Christopher Published in: Espacio Tiempo y Forma DOI: 10.5944/etfiv.2018.22877 Publication date: 2018 Licence: CC BY-NC Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Discovery Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Pilo, R., & Storrs, C. (2018). The last Councillors of State before the Dynastic Change (1699). Introduction = Los últimos consejeros de Estado antes del cambio dinástico (1699). Introducción. Espacio Tiempo y Forma, 31, 15- 22. https://doi.org/10.5944/etfiv.2018.22877 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in Discovery Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from Discovery Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 ESPACIO, AÑO 2018 ISSN 1131-768X TIEMPO E-ISSN 2340-1400 Y FORMA 31 SERIE IV HISTORIA MODERNA REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA 6 ESPACIO, AÑO 2018 ISSN 1131-768X TIEMPO E-ISSN 2340-1400 Y FORMA 31 SERIE IV HISTORIA MODERNA REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiv.31.2018 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA La revista Espacio, Tiempo y Forma (siglas recomendadas: ETF), de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia de la UNED, que inició su publicación el año 1988, está organizada de la siguiente forma: SERIE I — Prehistoria y Arqueología SERIE II — Historia Antigua SERIE III — Historia Medieval SERIE IV — Historia Moderna SERIE V — Historia Contemporánea SERIE VI — Geografía SERIE VII — Historia del Arte Excepcionalmente, algunos volúmenes del año 1988 atienden a la siguiente numeración: N.º 1 — Historia Contemporánea N.º 2 — Historia del Arte N.º 3 — Geografía N.º 4 — Historia Moderna ETF no se solidariza necesariamente con las opiniones expresadas por los autores. UniversidaD NacIoNal de EducacIóN a DistaNcIa Madrid, 2018 SERIE IV · Historia Moderna N.º 31, 2018 ISSN 1131-768X · E-ISSN 2340-1400 DEpósito lEgal M-21.037-1988 URl ETF IV · HIstoria Moderna · http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFIV Diseño y coMposicIóN Carmen Chincoa Gallardo · http://www.lauridilva.net/cch Impreso en España · Printed in Spain Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional. MONOGRÁFICO · SPECIAL ISSUE THE LAST COUNCILLORS OF STATE BEFORE THE DYNASTIC CHANGE (1699) LOS ÚLTIMOS CONSEJEROS DE ESTADO ANTES DEL CAMBIO DINÁSTICO (1699) ESPACio, TiEMPo Y FoRMA SERiE iV hiSToRiA MoDERnA 31 · 2018 ISSn 0214-9745 · E-iSSn 2340-1400 UnED 13 THE LAST COUNCILLORS OF STATE BEFORE THE DYNASTIC CHANGE (1699). INTRODUCTION LOS ÚLTIMOS CONSEJEROS DE ESTADO ANTES DEL CAMBIO DINÁSTICO (1699). INTRODUCCIÓN Rafaella Pilo1 & Christopher Storrs2 Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiv.2018.22877 The idea of coordinating a collection of biographical essays about some of the men raised by Carlos II of Spain to his Council of State in late November 1699 arises out of our own recent researches3. The need to clarify the dynamics which led to those promotions (of a total of ten during 1699)4 and to understand whether they favoured individuals who were linked with a francophile «party» in Madrid and to what extent they actually benefited the French cause in Spain: these are the ques- tions which have led us to focus on this subject5. On 29 November 1699, Carlos II in a single elevation –the last of his reign– promoted nine new Councillors of State, one sixth of the total number of councillors appointed by the last Spanish Habsburg6. This was by no means the only multiple promotion of the reign –witness those of 15 January 1666 (8), 30 September 1674 (5), 10 August 1680 (7) and 26 June 1691 (7)7. Nor was it the largest single promotion ever made to that body, 13 councillors having been appointed by Philip IV on 18 April 16248, but it was the largest single promotion made by Carlos II and sufficiently striking to both merit comment and divide opinion at the time and later. The imperial ambassador in Madrid, Count Harrach thought that all but two of the new councillors –Medinaceli and Santisteban– were not really deserving of their elevation9, although his view was clearly influenced by his assessment of its bearing 1. Università di Cagliari. C. e.: [email protected] 2. University of Dundee. C. e.: [email protected] 3. Pilo, 2014: 487-94; Pilo, 2016: 73-93; Pilo, 2017, 107-24; SToRRS, 2012: 21-53; SToRRS, 2015: 273-93; SToRRS, 201: 17-37; SToRRS, 2018: 217-49. 4. BARRioS, 1984: 169, pp. 403-408. 5. The same question is approached, but from a rather different direction, by RiboT GARCíA, 2010. 6. RiboT GARCíA, ‘1994: 135; FERnánDEz Nadal, 2009: 69 (citing Archivo Historico Nacional, Madrid, Estado, legajo 248, expediente 29 for the decree appointing the new councillors). Christopher Storrs and Rafaella Pilo thank Carmen Fernández for very kindly providing them both with a copy of this invaluable study. 7. Calculations based on list of appointments to Council of State in BARRioS, 1984: 384-403. 8. EllioTT, 1986: 34. 9. Harrach to Emperor, no date but after 29 Nov 1699, in PRinCiPE Adalberto de BaviERA and GAbRiEl Maura GAMAzo, 2004: II, 1128-30. ESPACio, TiEMPo Y FoRMA SERiE iV hiSToRiA MoDERnA 31 · 2018 · PP. 15–22 ISSn 0214-9745 · E-iSSn 2340-1400 UnED 15 Rafaella Pilo & Christopher Storrs upon the resolution of the Spanish succession issue which was then exercising monarchs and ministers throughout Europe. Appointment to the Council of State was a royal prerogative10, but Harrach and many others saw the multiple promotion as the work not of the king himself but of Carlos II’s second consort, Mariana of Neuburg, and one which reflected the triumph of her faction at Court11. Earlier, in November 1698 Carlos II had drawn up a second will, modifying that which he had prepared two years before in September 1696, after consulting the Council of State. According to the later will, Spain and the entire Monarchy would pass, should Carlos die without children, to the young Electoral Prince of Bavaria, José Fernando. In some respects this coincided with the efforts of Louis XIV and William III to resolve the problem of the Spanish succession without war, except that their solution –embodied in the partition treaty of October 1698– had threatened the integrity of the Monarchy, which Carlos’s second will did not. Unfortunately, however, in February 1699, the designated main beneficiary of both projects died12. Subsequently, in June 1700, and following the conclusion after lengthy negotiations of William III and Louis XIV’s second partition treaty in March of that year, the Council of State advised the king to entrust the Monarchy to Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou13. After consulting Pope Innocent X, who also supported the French solution, Carlos II decided to follow the advice of the Council of State in his third and final will of October 170014. But why did this leading organ of the Monarchy so emphatically endorse the French candidate? The present collection of essays seeks to throw some light on this crucial development. According to Gabriel Maura Gamazo, Duke of Maura, whose studies of the reign of Carlos II remain influential15, the francophile element within the Council of State had been deliberately reinforced by Mariana of Neuburg following the death of the Electoral Prince of Baviera and the so-called «Oropesa riots» which erupted in Madrid in the spring of 1699. Mariana’s influence seemed to be reviving thereafter and –increasingly alienated from the Court of Vienna– she exploited her opportunity with the clear and evident intention to reinforce her own «party» or faction. Seen in this light the appointment of so many councillors of state in November 1699 appeared to strengthen a francophile tendency that had been cultivated, not without difficulty, since the 1680s, thanks to the diplomatic efforts of Louis XIV’s ambassadors in Madrid16. However, it remains unclear whether these individuals were in fact pro-French, and thus part of the attempt to construct «protection networks» which were 10. Von KAlnEin, 2001: 74-5. 11. Schonenberg to Stanhope, Madrid, 12 Nov. 1699, en LoRD MAhon, 1844: 196-7; Operti to duke of Savoy («Altezza Reale»), Madrid, 3 Sept. and 26 Nov. 1699, Archivio di Stato, Turin/Lettere Ministri/Spagna [hereafter AST/ LM/ Spagna], m. 43 and m. 45. 12. RiboT, 1994: 145-55; BélY, 2015: 259-272, and pp. 266-267. 13. LEgREllE, 1895 (2nd edition; original edition: 1888-1892, 4 vols.), to be found in <http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ bpt6k3777372/f1.image>, consulted on May 10th 2018. 14. BélY, 2015: 270. 15. RiboT, 2016: 91-107. 16. Maura, Vida y reinado de Carlos II, 2 vol., Espasa-Calpe, 2nd ed. Madrid, 1954, vol. II: 321 and following. 16 ESPACio, TiEMPo Y FoRMA SERiE iV hiSToRiA MoDERnA 31 · 2018 · PP. 15–22 ISSn 0214-9745 · E-iSSn 2340-1400 UnED LOS Últimos conseJeros DE Estado ANTES DEL CAMBIO DINÁstico (1699).
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