Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Abdullah I, 168 in Soviet Union, 295 Admor of Chortkov, 23, 63 See also violence and massacres Admor of Zanz, 64 apocalypse, 361 Admor of Zhidachov, 25, 26, 34–37, 62 Arabs, 165–66, 168 Aelia Capitolina, 5 Aramaic, 380 Agricultural SS Unit, 272–73 Ari of Safed, 30, 35, 52 agriculture, land leases, 20–21, 27 aristocracy (szlachta), 13, 17, 21 Ahavat Zion, 79 Aristotle, 53 airplanes, 149 Armavir, 244, 262 Aktion (aktzias) Armia Krajowa, 314 in Bolechow, 258–59, 323–26 Asad, Muhammad. See Weiss, Leopold in Boryslav, 278–79 (Muhammad Asad) in Drohobych, 249, 273–74, 276–77, Asad, Munira, 172, 331, 334, 335 281–83 Asad, Pola Hamida, 156, 334, 335 SS’s responsibility, 245–46 Asad, Talal, 172, 331 Alayev (Communist Party secretary in Salyany), Ashkenaz, 3, 6, 8, 9, 91 310–11 Ashkenazi, Moses Aaron, 40, 51 Al Azhar University, 335 Ashkenazi, Rachel, 40 Alexander (Poland), 126 Asino, 242 Alexandrowitsch, Dr., 133 assimilation, 218–20 Aliyev, 296 Austria, 23, 225, 333 al-Shammari, Husayn, 172 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 27, 60, 86, 102, al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd, 331–32 105–8, 109, 132 American-JewishCOPYRIGHTED Organization, 373 automobiles, MATERIAL 80, 149 Anders, Wladyslaw, 293–94 Avigdor, Isaac, 301, 303 Anglobank, 75 Avigdor, Rabbi Yaacov, 301, 302, 303 anti-Semitism Azerbaijan, 263, 285, 287–99 and assimilation, 219–20 at Lvov University, 221–22 Baal Shem Tov, Rabbi Israel, 32–33, 34, 63 of Poles, 26–27, 135–36, 188, 215, 219–20 Babylonian Talmud, 161 of Ruthenians, 128–29 Babzade family, 297 in Salyany, 294–96 Backenroth, Abraham (tavern keeper), 19, 40

405

bbindex.inddindex.indd 405405 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:492:33:49 PPMM 406 INDEX

Backenroth, A. (company), 76 Backenroth, Miriam Yuta, 156 Backenroth, Arie, 117–19 Backenroth, Naftali “Tulek,” 204, 316 Backenroth, Avi, 386 childhood of, 201 Backenroth, Avraham Yosef “Avrumche” family tree, 212 Chortkov court tradition, 62–65 forged identity, 301–8 death of son, Arie, 118–19, 120 Judenrat membership offer, 247, 248 family trees, 40, 156, 211, 212 during Nazi occupation, 245, 248, 250–58, Franz Josef’s ball in honor of, 121–23 270–78, 281–82, 317–18 funding grandson Moye’s Jerusalem trip, 150 during Nazi withdrawal, 311–12 labor riots, 67 Soviet interrogation after war, 311–14 marriage to Haya Heller, 51, 55–56 during Soviet occupation, 201–3 and mother’s business acumen, 50 after WWII, 352 oil company, 61–62, 75–76, 81, 146, 201 Backenroth, Papche, 122–23 Passover celebration, 148–49 Backenroth, Pearl, 56 and wealth, 62 Backenroth, Sabina, 202, 212, 282 Backenroth, Babe Libbe, 156, 212 Backenroth, Sara-Ethel, 118, 123, 143 Backenroth, Clara. See Sobel, Clara Backenroth Backenroth, S. (company), 76 Backenroth, David Hirsch, 156, 201, 212 Backenroth, Shmuel Leib, 14, 19, 20, 23, 40 Backenroth, David Moses “Moye” Backenroth, Shmuel Leib II childhood, 143–45 education funding, 35 memories of grandfather Avrumche, 119, family trees, 40, 156, 212 123, 149 marriage to Debora Schor, 43–44 on Muscophiles, 121 oil discovery/business, 39, 42–44, 50 pogrom escape, 143–44 religious observance, 62 in Romania during WWII, 199, 200 Backenroth, Shmuel Leib “Leibele” (Stella’s Zionism, 145–46, 150–51 father), 211–12, 250 Backenroth, Deborah Rubinstein, 156 Backenroth, Shmuel Yitzhak, 56, 119, 144 Backenroth, Debora Schor, 43–44, 50, 51, Backenroth, Silcha, 156, 158 156, 212 Backenroth, Silke Kupermann (Kuperberg), Backenroth, Dora, 311 19, 23 Backenroth, Elimeilech, 3, 16 Backenroth, Stella. See Wieseltier, Backenroth, Elimeilech “Meilech” Epstein Stella Backenroth death of, 42 Backenroth, Tsiril, 23, 25, 27, 35–37, 39, 40, economic diffi culties and Rabbi’s fi nancial 212 advice, 25, 27, 28, 35–37 Backenroth, Wolf, 212 marriage to Tsiril, 23 Backenroth, Zvi Hersh, 39 oil discovery, 39 Backenroth, Zygus, 199, 315 religious observance, 62 Backenroth & Gaertner, 76 Backenroth, George, 212, 282, 307 Backenroth & Horn, 76 Backenroth, Gittel, 156 Backenroth-Bronicki, Naftali. See Backenroth, Backenroth, Haya Heller, 40, 51, 55, 65, 156, Naftali “Tulek” 211, 212 Backenroth Brothers (oil company), 56, 58, Backenroth, Isaac, 122 59–60, 75–76, 208 Backenroth, Isaiah “Schie,” 212 Backenroth clan Backenroth, Israel, 156, 202, 212, 301, 302 Drohobych settlement, 15–16 Backenroth, Itzig, 39 migration (1350), 3–5, 12 Backenroth, Junia, 202, 212, 248 origin of name, 12–13 Backenroth, Leib (brother of Naftali), 201, Backenroth-Heller, David Moses “Moye.” See 202, 212 Backenroth, David Moses “Moye” Backenroth, Leib (father of Stella), 198, 199, Baden, 110–11 201 Bagirov, Mir Jafar, 295, 296 Backenroth, M. & Leib, J. (company), 76 Baker, Josephine, 213 Backenroth, Melech, 212 Baku, 263, 287, 291

bbindex.inddindex.indd 406406 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:502:33:50 PMPM INDEX 407

Balfour Declaration, 377 synagogue, 86 ball, in honor of Avrumche, 121–22 WWI, 102–3, 107–8, 116 banks, 73, 75 Book of Zohar, 30 Bardach, Hermann, 127 books, 317 Bar Kokhba, 5 Boryslav Barsam family, 328 Carpathian Oil Company, 278 Barsam, Sara, 212 environmental problems, 74 Bavaria, 8 labor unrest, 70 Bedouins, 165 map, 43 Beilis, Menahem Mendel, 112–13 oil, 42, 44, 47, 69 Beitz, Berthold, 278–81 population statistics, 368, 369, 387 Beitz, Elsa, 278, 280 work camp during WWII, 280 belfer, 178 bourgeoisie, 203–4, 227 Belgium, 371–72 Brahe, Tycho, 52 Belz´ec extermination camp , 258–59, 279, 280, Brahms, Johannes, 176 321, 326–27 Braude, Rabbi Aryeh Leib, 125 ben-Israel, Menashe, 361 Brazil, 78, 229–30, 336–37, 342–50 Berg, Alban, 122 bribery, 253 Berger, Israel, 371 Bronica Forest, 250, 251, 254, 315, 353–54 Berger, Josef, 371 Bronicki, Katya, 301–2 Bergheim, John, 72 Bronicki, Lucien Jehuda, 156, 204, 212, 282, Bergheim & MacGarvey Company, 72 316, 350, 351–55 Bergwald, Dr., 301, 302–3 Bronicki, Mikola, 302 Beria, Lavrenty, 392 Bronicki, Naftali “Tulek.” See Backenroth, Berlin, 163 Naftali “Tulek” Beskiden Erdöl AG, 391 Bronicki, Yehudit, 351 Bessarabia, 292 Bruckenstein (pianist), 324 Betar movement, 188, 239 Bucharin, Nickolai Ivanovich, 239 Bet-Yaakov seminary, 216–17 Budyonny, Semyon, 262 bin Ali, Hussein, 168 Bukovina, 109 Bismarck, Otto von, 78 Bulgaria, 311 Bissel, George, 47 Bund party, 127 Black Death, 4–5, 9–11 Bunem of Przusucha, Simha, 365 Black Madonna of Czestochowa, 314 Block, Hans, 276, 282 calendar, Jewish, 373 Blumenthal, Yaakov, 101, 138, 176, 178, 187, Canada, 78 190, 325 Carpathian Mountains, 4 Bolechow Carpathian Oil Company, 278–80 church, 87 Casimir the Great (Poland), 12, 17, 359 city hall, 84, 85 Caspian Sea, 265–67 description of, 84–85 casting sins upon waters, 236 government school, 90 Catholic Center, 324 Great Depression, 186–91 Catholic Church, 54–55, 365 Jewish-Christian relations, 94 cemeteries, 52 Jewish emigration, 141 charitable activities and contributions, 65, 77, Jewish school, 90, 181–82 187, 190 Jewish settlers, 91–93 Chechens, 264 leather industry, 83, 93–98, 175–76 Chillon, 10 map, 43 China, 363 market, 101 Chopin, Frederick, 176 Nazi occupation, 321–26 Chortkov dynasty, 62–65 roads, 185 Christians and Christianity, 7, 94, 170–71, 219 Soviet occupation, 227–28 Churchill, Winston, 389

bbindex.inddindex.indd 407407 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:512:33:51 PMPM 408 INDEX

cigarettes, 189 Dimitrov, Giorgi, 311 circumcision, 5 Dmowski, Roman, 132, 135, 147, 148, 188 civil rights, 92 Dniester River, 8 Clement XXII (Pope), 365 Dogilewsky, Principal, 181–83, 184, 185, 324 collectivization, 203 dog mating story, 282–83 communism and communists Dollfuss, Engelbert, 253 executions by Nazis, 251–52 Dönmeh sect, 31 at German university in Prague, 190 Don River, 262 Jews’ view of, 198 Dov Ber, Rabbi, the Maggid of Mezeritch, at Lvov University, 222 34, 63 Ullo’s friend Mehring, 239–40 Dovidl, 186–87 See also Soviet Union dowries, 180 Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 239 Drake, Edwin Laurentine, 47 Communist Party (Soviet Union), 297–99, drasha-shpruch, 137–40 310–11 dress and appearance Congress of Vienna (1814), 27 of Avrumche Backenroth at ball, 122–23 Congress Poland, 117 of Hasidic Jews, 32 Continental Can Company, 348 in 1350, 4 converts, religious, 169–71, 175, 331–32, 335 of Yerahmiel Backenroth, 111 Copacabana Palace Hotel, 337 Drohobych correspondence, 199, 204–5, 228–29, 230, 244 Backenroth tavern, 19 corruption, 297–98 Carpathian Oil work camp, 280 Cossacks, 118, 121 deportations of Jews from, 249, 258–59, Cossack Uprising, 21–22, 30 281–82 Council of the Four Lands, 26–27 description of, 73 counterfeit documents, 301–8, 318 economic crisis (1814), 27 craft guilds, 126 German occupation, 245–58, 317–18 crime, 74 Jewish settlers, 15–16 Crimean War, 105 Jewish solidarity in, 247 Cromwell, Oliver, 361 liberation from Nazis, 301 Crusades, 9, 170–71 Lucien’s visit (1990s), 354–55 currency, 378 map, 43 Czechoslovakia, 338 oil, 42–45, 48–49, 73–74, 79 Czech Republic, 6 population statistics, 73, 368, 387 Czernowitz, 200, 201 “slave market,” 67 Soviet occupation, 248–49 Dagestan, 263 Druker, Deborah, 40 dancing, 213, 235 Duomo Hotel, 343 Danube River, 6, 7 Danylo of Halytz, 358 Edelsberg, Dr., 248 Daszynski, Ignacy, 68–69 education death camps, 258–59 in affl uent Jewish families, 160–61 Deluge, The (Sienkiewicz), 360 Jewish school in Bolechow, 181–82 Demanion (policeman), 325 Jewish system, 218 deportations. See Aktion (aktzias) Maharal’s philosophy, 53–54 Depression, Great, 186–91 of women, 88–91, 183–84, 190–91, 213, Derbremidiger, Avraham Yaakov, 156 216 Der Yud, 129 Efraim of Lunshitz, Shlomo, 51 diaries Eichenstein dynasty, 25–26 Felix Landau, 251 Eichenstein, Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch, 25, 26, Leon Thorne, 249–50, 253, 258, 275, 34–37, 62 315–16, 317, 318, 319 Eichenstein, Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac, 25–26, 34 Diekman, 244 Einsatzgruppen, 246

bbindex.inddindex.indd 408408 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:512:33:51 PMPM INDEX 409

El Alamein, Battle of, 259 Feigenbaum, Malka, 156, 158, 163 Elimeilech of Lizhensk, Rabbi, 26, 33, 34 Feigenbaum, Menahem Mendel, 158 Elisabeth of Bavaria, 371 feminism, 215 Emesa, 348 Ferdinand, Archduke Franz, 98, 106 emigration. See migration Ferdinand II, 54–55, 365 Endecja, 222 Fez, 358 Endeks, 132, 135, 188, 222 Final Solution, 197, 269–70. See also Holocaust Engels, Frederick, 239 fire, 136–37 entertainment, 213–14, 240 First Crusade, 9, 170 Epstein, Elimeilech “Meilech,” 23, 25, 27, 28, Fixer, The (Malamud), 372 35–37, 39, 40, 42, 212 Fliegner, 275–76 Epstein, Tsiril Backenroth, 23, 25, 27, 35–37, Foierstein, 76 39, 40, 212 food, 177, 235 Eretz Israel. See Israel food rationing, 110 Est, 262, 263, 264–65, 266, 285, 289–90 Ford, Henry, 80 extermination. See Aktion (aktzias) forged identity and documents, 301–8 Ezekiel, 30 Foss, 272, 282–83 Ezrat Nashim hospital, 167 Four Questions, 149–50 Fourteen Points, 147, 148 Faisal of Saudi Arabia, 172, 397 Frank, Alison Fleig, 366 family life, 177, 211–13 Frankfurter Zeitung, 165 Feder, Abraham Franko, Ivan, 68, 69 courtship/marriage to Lidka Kahane, 191 Franz Josef I, 86, 91, 104–6, 108, 115, family tree, 211 121–22, 376 fl ight during WWII, 233, 241–42, 244, 261, fressers, 384 262, 263, 265–66, 285, 286, 287 Freud, Sigmund, 163 in Salyany, 288, 292, 309–10 Friedman, Isidore, 315, 316, 317, 319 sense of humor, 234 Friedman, Josek, 395 during Soviet occupation, 205, 229 Friedman, Rabbi Israel of Rizhin, 63–64 typhus, 261, 263 Friedman, Sabina, 324, 325 at Ullo and Nushka’s wedding, 207 Fuchs, Isidore, 133 after WWII, 337 Feder, Leah “Lidka” Kahane Gabai’le, 129–30 birth, 96 gabbai, 34, 35 childhood, 83, 84, 113–15, 116, 136, 137, Galicia 141 under Austro-Hungarian rule, 23, 27 communism, 262 Backenroth clan’s journey to, 4 courtship/marriage to Abraham, 191 German occupation, 245–46 disposition of, 98, 178–79 Jewish settlers, 9 education, 183–84, 190–91 Jews’ situation in, 26–27 family tree, 211 within Kievan Rus, 15 fl ight during WWII, 233, 241, 261, 265–66, oil belt, 43, 80 286, 287 Paris Peace Conference division, 148 in Salyany, 288–89, 291, 292, 297 Polish-Ukrainian confl ict, 133–34 during Soviet occupation, 205, 229 Soviet occupation, 199, 202–5, 225, 227–28 typhus, 285, 288–89 WWI, 108, 109 at Ullo and Nushka’s wedding, 207 See also specifi c cities after WWII, 337 Galician-Carpathian Naphtha AG, 72 Feder, Meyer, 326 Galician Credit Bank, 73 Feder family, 328 Galicia-Volhynia, 17 Feigenbaum, Aryeh, 333, 334, 380–81 Galilee, 165 Feigenbaum, Dorian Isidor, 163–64, 166–67, Ganz, David, 51, 52 333 Gartenberg, Moshe, 76

bbindex.inddindex.indd 409409 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:512:33:51 PMPM 410 INDEX

Gartner family, 329 overprotection of Ullo, 178 Gazeta Polska, 135 in Vienna during WWI, 113–15 Gemara, 161 Graubart family, 91–93, 328 Generalgouvernement, 245 Great Britain, 112, 155, 168, 259, 331, 333, Geneva, 192–93 372 Germany Great Depression, 186–91, 214–15 Jewish emigration from/back to, 3, 12, 29, 78 Great Purge, 392 WWI, 108, 109, 112, 371–72 Great Rebellion, 357 See also Nazi Germany Great War. See World War I Gerstenfeld, Dr., 248, 303 Greenwald family, 328 Gestapo Gregory IX (Pope), 365 Final Solution implementation, 269–70, 279 Griffel (sawmill owner), 371 Jewish workers, 250–51, 252 Grunwald, Battle of, 176 Naftali’s relations with, 250–51, 252, Grynberg, Henryk, 388, 394–95 253–58, 270–77 Günter, 258 offi ces, 388–89 Gunter Schwarzburg Sonderhouse Company, 71 ghettos, 26, 259, 275, 326 Günther, Karl, 276, 282–83, 318–19 Gidzinski, Nikolai, 92, 179 Gutenberg, Johann, 365 Goebbels, Josef, 281 Guttmann, Rabbi, 125 Goerner, Theodore, 271 Goethe, 90–91, 158 Ha’ari, 30, 35, 52 Goldberg, Joseph, 127 Hadrian, 5 Goldberg, Julius, 127 Haftsmann, 277, 304, 305, 307, 312 Golem of Prague, 51 Haggadah, 149 Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 398 Hahn, Jacob de, 167–68 Göring, Hermann, 271 Haifa, 339 Graubart, Avraham, 89 ha-Kohen, Nehemiah, 361 Graubart, David halakha, 20, 53, 218, 366 on Archduke Ferdinand’s murder, 98 Halberstam, Rabbi Chaim, 64 death of, 180 Halych-Volhynia, 358 employee Hendel’s announcement of WWI HaMagid, 370 outbreak, 101–3 Hamida, Pola, 156, 334, 335 family tree, 211 Hardt-Helmrich, Donata, 254, 271 granddaughter Sonia’s attraction to Nunio, Haredi Jews, 167 179 Hasek, Jaroslav, 157 land gift to Yerahmiel, 96 hashmada, 218 land leasing, 93 Hashomer Hatzair movement, 127, 184, 241 moderate views of, 91 Hashwar, Sholime, 137–38 Rachel’s marriage to Yerahmiel, 88 Hasidism, 23, 25–26, 32–35, 63–64, 185–86, social status, 88 236–37 during WWI, 111, 115, 116 Hassid, Rabbi Yehuda, 32 Graubart, Herz, 229 Hauptmann, Isroel, 93 Graubart, Rachel. See Kahane, Rachel Graubart Hauptmann, Rabbi Eli Neta, 94 Graubart, Reisel Hausman, Moshe Hanina, 184 anti-Semitism incident, 129, 211 Havdala, 376 appearance of, 113 Haynt, 129, 140 at birth of Ullo, 84 Hazanovitz, Meir, 176 family tree, 211 Hebrew language, 12, 339 Franz Josef portrait, 108 Hebrew University, 223 granddaughter Sonia’s attraction to Nunio, Hebron massacre, 241 179–80 Heck (Gestapo commandant), 306–7 as household head for daughter Rachel’s fam- Heller, Abraham Halevi, 40 ily, 97, 177–78 Heller, Celia, 360, 385

bbindex.inddindex.indd 410410 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:522:33:52 PMPM INDEX 411

Heller, Haya, 40, 51, 55, 65, 156, 211, 212 Horowitz, Rabbi, 324 Heller, Moses, 40 Hoyftman, Moshe, 227 Heller, Moses Walerstein Halevi, 40 Hungarians, 46 Heller, Nathan Halevi, 40 Hungary, 109, 386 Heller, Nechle Teomin, 51 hunger, 296, 323 Heller, Rabbi Yom Tov Lipman “Rital,” 40, 51, Hyrawka, 272 54–55, 366 Heller, Rachel, 51 Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, 172–73, 331–32 Heller, Sara, 40 Idris II, 358 Heller, Shmuel, 40 immigration. See migration Heller family, 328 India, 331–32 Helmrich, Eberhard, 254–55, 257, 271, infant mortality rates, 370 272–73, 275, 305, 307 inns, 19–20 Hemingway, Ernest, 157 intellectuals, 51–52 Hendel, 101–3, 116, 182, 183 intelligentsia, 251–52, 297 Herod the Great, 5 intermarriage, 159–60 Herzl, Theodor, 79, 108 Iqbal, Muhammad, 332 Herz, Michael, 387 Islam, 168–71, 331–32, 335 Herzog House, 110 Israel Heydrich, Reinhard, 278, 388 Balfour Declaration, 377 High Holy Days, 120, 199 Bar Kokhba revolt, 5 Hildebrand, Friedrich, 281 immigration, 145–46 Himmler, Heinrich, 275, 278 Mossad, 334–35 Hindenburg, Paul von, 109 Ullo’s early desire to travel to, 241 Hirsch, Baron Marice von, 79 War of Independence, 340 Hirsch, Clara, 370 Weiss-Asad’s opinions of, 165–68 Hitler, Adolf, 197, 207, 234, 244, 261 See also Jerusalem; Zionism and Zionist Hoffman, Hania Schulz, 317 movement Holocaust Backenroth family survivors and victims, Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 375, 377 328–29 Jagiellon Dynasty, 359 in Bolechow, 258–59, 323–26 Jan I Olbracht, 125 in Boryslav, 278–79 Jan II Casimir, 126 in Drohobych, 249, 252, 254, 258, 273–77, Janiewski, Beneck, 314 281–83 Janiewski, Franz, 315 rescuers, 278–81, 314–15, 321, 327 Jerusalem survivor stories, 314–15, 321, 325, 327, Hella Sobel Horn in, 223, 340, 342 328–29, 340 Leopold Weiss in, 163–68 Holova, Taras, 188 Moye’s journey to, 150–51 Holy Ark, 136 under Roman Rule, 5 Homburg, Hertz, 377 Ulla and Nushka in, 338–42 Horn, Arie, 341 Jerusalem syndrome, 164 Horn, Hella Sobel, 223 Jerusalem Talmud, 161 education, 215–17, 221, 222, 342 Jewish Colonization Agency (ICA), 79 in Jerusalem, 223, 340, 342 Jewish Legion, 144–46 at Josephine Baker performance, 213 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 396 letter to Stella, 199 JTA (Jewish Telegraph Agency), 130 marriage to Mondek, 223 Judenfrei, 269 on Naftali, 201 Judenrat relationship with Ullo, 208–11 in Bolechow, 323 religious observance, 217–18, 220–21 in Drohobych, 246–48, 250, 251, 252, 257, Horn, Israel Moshe “Mondek,” 223, 340 273, 274, 276, 318, 319–20 Horn, Yehiel, 223–24 Judische Rundschau, 166

bbindex.inddindex.indd 411411 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:522:33:52 PMPM 412 INDEX

kabbalah, 26, 29–32, 187 after WWII, 335–37 Kaddish, 119 Zionism, 184, 224, 239–41 Kaddish (Wieseltier), 385 Kahane, Itche, 88, 211 kahal, 27, 219 Kahane, Leah “Lidka.” See Feder, Leah Kahane, Alice, 349 “Lidka” Kahane Kahane, Allan, 345, 349 Kahane, Leibush, 211 Kahane, Carolina “Kreidel,” 211 Kahane, Nunio, 224, 326 Kahane, Esther, 211 Kahane, Nushka. See Kahane, Hanna Kahane, Eva, 84 “Nushka” Sobel Kahane, Haim, 84 Kahane, Rachel Graubart Kahane, Hanna “Nushka” Sobel, 208, 341 anti-Semitism incident against husband, cancer diagnosis, 348–49 128–29 courtship/marriage to Ullo, 207, 224–28 Belz´ec extermination camp, 321, 326–27 emigration to Brazil, 342–45 bookkeeping for family business, 97 emigration to Israel, 338–42 charitable acts, 187 fl ight during WWII, 233–34, 241–44, 263, children’s education, 183, 184, 185, 190 264 courtship/marriage to Yerahmiel, 87–88 pregnancies, 310, 338, 342 during Depression, 189 religious observance, 220, 224 education, 88–91 in Salyany, 289, 290, 292, 310 family tree, 211 Tajikistan visit, 294 during German occupation, 323, 327 Ullo’s dream of losing, 231–32 Hendel’s announcement of WWI outbreak, after WWII, 335–36 102 Kahane, Israel Herz “Ullo,” 341, 344 intuition, 140 anti-Semitism against father, 128–29 Lidka’s birth, 96 birth of, 83–84, 87 neighbor’s fi re, 136 childhood, 97, 98, 103, 116, 136–37, 339 newspaper subscriptions, 129–30 courtship/marriage to Nushka, 207, 224–28 on Poles, 107, 176–77 death of, 349–50 on Russian vs. Nazi threat, 198 disposition of, 238 Sonia’s attraction to Nunio, 180 drasha-shpruch, 137–40 during Soviet occupation, 203–4, 205, dream of losing Nushka on train, 231–32 227–29 education, 141, 177, 183–86, 188 on Ullo, 178 emigration to Brazil, 342–50 Ullo’s birth, 83–84 emigration to Israel, 338–42 Ullo’s desire to go to Israel, 241 fl ight during WWII, 233–34, 241–44, Ullo’s drasha-shpruch, 139 261–67, 285–87 Ullo’s last conversation with, 243 Franz Josef portrait, 108 in Vienna during WWI, 110 grandmother’s spoiling of, 178 Kahane, Roman, 310 guilty feelings after WWII, 327–28 Kahane, Sarah, 88, 211 job in Soviet administration, 232–33 Kahane, Sara “Sonia.” See Krauthammer, Sara in Judenrat investigation after war, 320–21 “Sonia” Kahane letter to Sonia, 204–5, 230 Kahane, Yerahmiel Munia Mehring friendship, 234–41 anti-Semitism incident, 128–29 Paris confrontation of Nunio, 195 appearance of, 111 at Rabbi Perlov daughter’s wedding, 234–35 on Archduke Ferdinand’s murder, 98 relationship with Hella Sobel, 208–11 Belz´ec extermination camp, 321, 326 return to Poland after war, 310–11, 328 children’s education, 183–85, 190 in Salyany, 287–99, 309–10, 339 courtship/marriage to Rachel, 87–88 Sonia’s spoiling of, 180–81 during Depression, 189, 190 during Soviet occupation, 204–5 family tree, 211 Tajikistan visit, 294 on Franz Josef, 108 in Vienna during WWI, 113–15 during German occupation, 323, 327

bbindex.inddindex.indd 412412 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:532:33:53 PMPM INDEX 413

Hendel’s announcement of WWI outbreak, Krauthammer, Nunio 103 courtship/marriage to Sonia, 141, 179–81, leather tanning business, 93, 96–97 185, 191–95 Lvov pogrom, 125, 126, 127–28, 134–36 emigration to Brazil, 229–30, 328, 337 popularity of, 138 family tree, 211 Sonia’s relationship to Nunio, 180 letters from Ullo, 204–5, 228–29 during Soviet occupation, 203–4, 205, in Lyon, 204, 228 227–28 and Ullo, 345–46 Ullo’s birth, 83–84 Krauthammer, Sara “Sonia” Kahane Ullo’s desire to go to Israel, 241 courtship/marriage to Nunio, 141, 179–81, Ullo’s drasha-shpruch, 138, 140 185, 191–95 Ullo’s last conversation with, 243 disposition of, 97–98 in Vienna during WWI, 109–13, 115 education, 185 Zionism, 176 emigration to Brazil, 229–30, 244, 328, 337 Kalonymus family, 41 family tree, 211 Karachi, 332, 334 imitation of Grandmother Reisel, 178 Karaites, 127 letter from mother during Soviet occupation, Karl I, 132 228–29, 244 Karpaczka, Pod, 343 letters from Ullo, 204–5, 230 Karpathen Öl AG, 391 in Lyon, 204, 228 Kartin, Moses, 253 neighbor’s fi re, 136–37 kashruth, 219, 220, 386 Ullo and Nushka’s emigration to Brazil, 343 Katowice, 311, 336, 337 Ullo’s birth, 83–84 Katz, Ben Zion, 156 Krauthammer family, 328 Katz, Karol, 76 kreplach, 384 Katz, Meshulam Ben Yoel, 55 Kristallnacht, 197 Katz, Saloman, 127 Krupp, Alfred, 390 Katzenellenbogen, Samuel Judah, 40 Krupp, Gustav, 378 Katzenellenbogen, Yitzhak, 40 Krynica, 74 Katzenellenbogen family, 41 kugel fressers, 185 Kazimierz, 375 Kupermann (Kuperberg), Silke, 19, 23, 40 Kepler, Johannes, 52 Kuppelmann family, 328 kerosene, 42, 47 Kurjer Lwowsky, 74 KGB, 297 Kursk, Battle of, 289 Kharkov, 244 Khmelnytsky, Bogdan, 21–22, 30 labor unrest, 67–71 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevitch, 201, Laender Bank of Vienna, 73 202, 245 Landau, Felix kibbutzim, 340 arrest and imprisonment after WWII, Kiev, 8, 387, 393 388, 390 Kievan Rus, 8, 15, 17 family background, 252–53 Kings of Galicia, 17 Final Solution message, 273 Klein, Stephen, 338 Gestapo responsibilities, 248, 256, 272 klezmer bands, 234 murder account in diary, 251 Kokoschka, Oscar, 122 murder of Jewish gardener, 275–76 kolkhozy, 291, 297 riding hall, 274 Kook, Avraham Yitzhak HaCohen, 365 and Schulz murder, 318, 319 Koran, 169, 397 Ukrainian pogrom leaders’ punishment, 256 Kostinsky (mayor of Stryj), 254 Landau, Rabbi Mendel Kozlowsky, 301–2, 314 Landes, Yizhak, 395 Kraków, 3, 7–8, 18, 22, 23, 52, 109 Lao Tzu, 162, 171 Kramer, Martin, 382 leather processing, 83, 93–98, 115, 189, Krauthammer, Buma, 323 291–92

bbindex.inddindex.indd 413413 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:532:33:53 PMPM 414 INDEX

Leib, Yisrael, 94 Main River, 6 Lemberg. See Lvov Mainz, 7 Lenin, Vladimir, 239 Makhachkala, 263–65, 285–87 Lepinski, Bronislav, 134 Malamud, Bernard, 372 letters, 199, 204–5, 228–29, 230, 244 Mannheim, Nathan, 32 Lewin, Henryk, 127 Margulies, Dr., 248 Lewkowitz, Yaacobi, 126 Marne, Battle of, 112 Libbe, Babe, 156, 212 Marx, Karl, 239 life expectancy, 370 Masaryk, Thomas, 176 Lischkuss, Paul, 304, 305 massacres. See violence and massacres Lisko, 120 materialism, 161–63 literacy, 7 Matovicki (Ukrainian police chief), 325 Lithuania, 18, 33–34 Matrasso company, 348 Litografia Volta Hedonda, 348 Maximilian, 371 Loew, Judah ben Bezalel (Maharal of Prague), Mazurians, 68 40, 52–54 Mecca, 172 Loew, Pearle, 212 medical schools, 190–91, 221 Loew, Rabbi Yehuda, 51 Medina, 172 Loew, Rachel, 40 Mehring, Munia, 182–83, 234–41 London, 357 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 197 “lost generation,” 155 “Mein Steteleh Belz,” 326 Lower Dnieper, Battle of, 393 merchants, 6, 7–8, 18–19 Lozinski, Andrzej, 321–22 Mermelstein, Binyamin, 77 Luanz, Eliyahu, 51, 364 Message of the Qur’an, The (Asad), 397 Lubomirski family, 15–16, 28 messianic movements, 31 Luchov (policeman), 325 mezuzahs, 370 Ludendorf, Erich, 109 Mickiewicz, Adam, 239, 359 Ludringer, 88, 90–91 Middle Ages, 12 luftmentschen, 27, 33 migration Lukasiewicz, Ignacy, 47 of Backenroth clan, 3–5, 12 Luria, Bat, 40 from Bolechow, 141 Luria, Rabbi Yitzhak (Ha’ari), 30, 35, 52 to Brazil, 229–30, 336–37, 342–50 Lustig, Leopold, 395 during Crusades, 9 Lvov during Depression, 215 Cossack Uprising, 22 eastward during/after Black Death, 10, founding of, 358 11–13, 91–92 Jewish history, 125–27 after failed rebellion against Roman Empire, Jewish population, 126 5–6 Lidka’s enrollment at Polish high school to/from Germany, 3, 12, 29, 78 in, 184 to Israel, 145–46 Nazi occupation, 276 from Poland after WWII, 338, 385, 397–98 Ukrainian confl ict and pogrom, 125, to U.S., 78, 337–38 127–28, 129, 130–31, 133–34, 135–36, westward, 29, 77–78 140–41, 143–44, 147 during WWI, 108–9 Lvov University, 215, 221–22 after WWII, 337 mikveh, 33 MacGarvey, William, 71–72 Milan, 343 Magdeburg Rights Treaty, 359 military service, 112–13 Magenza, 7 Mishna, 54–55, 161 Maharal of Prague, 40, 52–54 Miszel, Irene, 271 Mahler, Luisa, 315, 319 mitnagdim, 33–34 Maimonides, Moses, 364–65 Mizrahi movement, 167 Mainitz, 272 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 197–98, 225

bbindex.inddindex.indd 414414 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:542:33:54 PMPM INDEX 415

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 197 competition from U.S., 76 Mongol Empire, 17, 357–58 discovery/early years, 39, 42–50, 57–61 Montashinski, Czeslav, 133 environmental impact, 74–75 Morgenstern, Samuel, 343–44 Galician Oil Belt, 43 Moscow, 263 in Galicia vs. U.S., 58, 60–61 Mosel River, 6 industry statistics, 80 Moshe, David, 63, 64 investors, 57–58 Mosheks, 181 Jewish dominance, 56–57 Mossad, 334–35 labor unrest, 68–69 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 111 layoffs of unskilled workers, 77–79 Mraznica, 76 and Paris Peace Conference, 147–48 Munkach, 150 refi ning, 60, 73, 362 Muscophiles, 121 wells and drilling process, 47–48, 57, 68, Mussolini, Benito, 398 71–73, 363 during/after WWI, 121, 146–47, 149 Nacht, Dr., 248 during WWII, 276–78 Nafta Ltd., 201 oil lamps, 362 Nafta Petroleum Corporation, 56, 58, 71, oil spill, 75 75–76 One Step Forward, Two Steps Back (Lenin), 239 Napoleonic Wars, 370 On the Edge of Destruction (Heller), 360 Nathanson, Rabbi Yosef Shaul, 64 Opalski, Magdalena, 359 nationalism, 132–33, 215, 221–22, 322 Ormat Industries Ltd., 351 Nazi Germany Ormat Technologies, 351–52, 355 advance on Stanislav, 232–34 Orthodox Jews and Judaism, 216, 218, 219, annexation of Austria, 225 337–38, 384 Drohobych occupation, 245–58 Ostarbeiter, 271 Final Solution, 197, 269–70 Ostersetzer, Carolina “Kreidel” Kahane, 211 invasion of Poland, 199 Ostrogska, Zofia, 358 invasion of Soviet Union, 259, 261–62 Out of the Ashes: The Story of a Survivor Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Soviet Union, (Thorne), 387 197–98, 225 Owen, Wilfred, 155 rise to power, 197 ozokerite, 39, 56 SS (Schutzstaffeln), 245–46, 259, 272–73 stamp of, 246 Palestine. See Israel surrender of, 393 Panzer, Die Rebbetzin, 56 Ukrainians’ collaboration with, 322–26 Panzer family, 328 withdrawal from Galicia, 311–12 Panzer, Pearl, 56 See also Gestapo; Holocaust Panzer, Rabbi Yossele, 56 Nazi war crimes investigation, 312–13 paraffin, 39, 42, 56 Nedza, Stanislav, 315 Paris, 195, 352 newspapers, 74, 104, 129–31, 135, 165 Paris Peace Conference, 147–48, 175 New Year, Jewish, 373 paritz, 28 New York City, 79 Passover, 148–50 Nicholas II, 117 PAT (Polska Agencja Telegraficzna), 130 NKVD (Soviet secret service), 249, 310 peasantry, 367 nobility, in Poland, 28, 46 Pennsylvania Rock Oil, 47 Nuremberg trials, 320 Pepper, Baruch, 395 Peris, Elanita, 349 Odrzywolski, Kazimierz, 71 Peris, Kaxika, 336, 346–50 Oil Empire (Frank), 366 Perlov, Rabbi, 138, 139, 234–37 oil industry and production persecution, 26–27, 295. See also anti-Semitism Backenroth companies, 49–50, 56, 58, Petranker, Nahum, 253 59–60, 71, 75–76, 208 philosophy, 52–54, 162

bbindex.inddindex.indd 415415 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:542:33:54 PMPM 416 INDEX

pilpul, 53 Real sheet-processing plant, 336, 346–48 Pilsudski, Jozef, 109, 129, 131–32, 145, 176, Red Cross, 118 215 Regnier, Anatol, 395 Pobozny, Boleslaw, 358 Reifeisen, Archie, 323 Pobudka, 129, 130–31 Reiner, Max, 318 pogroms Reisman, Benno, 321, 325–26, 327, 395 Kristallnacht, 197 Reisman, Gustav, 186, 188, 239, 241, 321 in Lvov, 125, 127–28, 129, 130–31, 134, Reiss, Anshel, 133 140–41, 143–44 Remarque, Erich Maria, 157 in Schodnica, 67, 70–71, 249–50 Rescue Committee, 337–38 Poland Rhine River, 6 Congress Kingdom of Poland, 117 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 197 early history, 6–8, 17–18 riding hall, 274–75, 313–14 Galicia confl ict with Ukraine, 133–34, Rio de Janeiro, 336–37, 344–50 146–48, 175 riots, 67–71. See also pogroms Jewish emigration, 338, 385, 397–98 Rivka, Sara, 89–90 Jewish settlers, 12–13 roads, 185 Jews exterminated in Holocaust, 385, 395–96 Road to Mecca, The (Asad), 296 and Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 197–98, 225 Rockefeller, John Davidson, 58, 60–61, nationalism and independence, 132–34 76, 80 Nazi Germany’s invasion, 199 Roman Empire, 5–6 Paris Peace Conference, 147–48 Romania, 109, 198, 199, 200 partitions of, 23 Romanische Café, 163 Russian/Swedish invasions (1655-1656), 22 Romanovychi Dynasty, 17 war with Soviet Union (1918-1921), 376–77 Roman the Great Mstislavich, 358 Polish Legion, 131, 143–44, 145, 147 Rommel, Erwin, 259 Polish-Soviet War (1918-1921), 376–77 Rosenberg, Yudel, 32–33 Polish-Ukrainian War, 146–48 Rosenblatt, Dr., 247 Pomerania, 278 Rosenmann (agronomist), 257 Potocki, Graf Basil, 28 Rosh Hashanah, 120, 199, 238 Potop, 360 Rostov, 261 Prague, 7, 51–52, 190 Rothenberg, Samuel, 253 pranks, 235–38 Rubinstein, Berele, 225–26 prayer, 5, 177, 367, 370 Rubinstein, Deborah, 156 prisoners of war, 5 Rudolf II von Hapsburg, 52 professionals, 126–27 Ruhrberg, Dr. Mauricio, 247, 253, 312, promkombinat, 290, 296 318–19 prostitution, 74 Rundstedt, Gerd von, 261–62 Prussia, 23, 109, 112 Russia Przemysl, 117, 120 Arie Backenroth’s imprisonment/murder dur- psychoanalysis, 163, 166–67 ing WWI, 117–19 public houses, 19–20 Congress Kingdom of Poland, 117 punishment, in school, 181–82 invasion of Poland (1655), 22 Kievan Rus, 8 Quran, 169, 397 WWI, 108, 109, 112, 117–18, 120–21 See also Soviet Union Rabbenu Tam, 41 Rüstungsarbeiter, 269, 273, 280 Rabinovitz, Chaim, 156 Ruthenians Radek, Karl, 239 aristocracy, 359 radio, 309 confl icts with Poles, 18, 19, 21–22, 132–33 Radziwill family, 28, 41 Cossack Uprising, 21–22, 30 Raifaizen, Dr., 179, 190 feudal regime under Casimir the Great, Rashi, 41, 358 17–18

bbindex.inddindex.indd 416416 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:542:33:54 PMPM INDEX 417

Hendel (employee of Graubarts), 101–3 Schulz, Bruno, 274, 313, 316–19, 354 lawsuits against noble families and Jews for Schulz, Hania, 317 land seizures, 363 Schulz, Henrietta, 316 oil industry employment, 46, 68 Schulz, Izydor, 316–17 in Polish-Jewish coalition to oppose Vienna’s Schulz, Jakub, 316 control of oil fi elds, 59 Schutzman, Lipa, 76–77, 369 poverty and hunger, 27 Scotland, oil in, 47 price gouging riot in Boryslav, 70 “The Scroll of Hatred,” 55 and WWI, 107 SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 304 See also Ukraine; Ukrainians Second Crusade, 9 Second Temple, demolition of, 357 Sabbath, 219, 220, 228, 376 secret police, 387. See also Gestapo Safrin, 25 secular culture, 219 salt, 15–16 seder, 149–50 Salyany, 287–99, 309–10 Seitz, Karl, 122 Sanders, Ronald, 377 Serbia, 106–7 Sanok, 120, 122 Shabbatean movement, 31, 127 San River, 8 Shammari, Husayn al-, 172 Saudi Arabia, 331–32 Shammar, Munira, 156, 172 Scharf, Esther Kahane, 211 shiva, 221 Schenkelbach, Erwin, 399 shmad, 219 Schiemann, Elsa, 156, 168, 169, 172 Shmelkes, Pearl, 40 Schiemann, Heinrich, 156 Shores of Refuge (Sanders), 377 Schindler, Ben-Zion, 190, 323, 395 Shor, Moshe, 184 Schindler, David, 321, 395 Siberia, banishment to, 201, 228, 242–43 Schindler, Duzio, 325 Sicarii, 5 Schindler, Leah, 323 Sicherheitspolizei (SIPO), 276, 387. Schindler, Lusha, 321 See also Gestapo Schmalz-Jacobsen, Cornelia, 389 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 360 Schmer, Dr., 248 Sikorski, Igor, 149 Schmer family, 328 Silberstein family, 328 Schmer, Junia Backenroth, 202, 212, Slavs, 6–7, 322 248 Slowacki, Juliusz, 239 Schodnica Sobel, Clara Backenroth, 209, 217 Avrumche’s popularity in, 77 distress over daughter Hella’s religious Backenroth clan settlement, 16 observance, 220 vs. Bolechow, 83 emigration to U.S., 337–38 during Cossack Uprising, 22 family tree, 211 environmental impact of oil industry, Jerusalem trip, 223 74–75 at Josephine Baker performance, 213 during German occupation, 249 marriage to Israel Moses, 65 labor unrest, 70–71 Moye Backenroth’s memories of, 144–45 Lucien’s visit (1990s), 352–53 Nushka’s relationship/marriage to Ullo, 225, oil industry layoffs, 79 228 population statistics, 387 in Siberia, 242–43 during Russian occupation, 121 Soviet condemnation, 203 socialism, 68, 69 survival of, 328 schools. See education in Tajikistan during WWII, 293–94 Schor, Debora, 43–44, 50, 51, 156, 212 in Vienna during WWI, 120 Schor family, 41 Sobel, Hanna “Nushka.” See Kahane, Hanna Schreiber-Sofer, Rabbi Abraham, 56 “Nushka” Sobel Schreier, Ephraim, 76 Sobel, Hella. See Horn, Hella Sobel schtechel-tichel, 180 Sobel, Israel Moses, 217

bbindex.inddindex.indd 417417 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:552:33:55 PMPM 418 INDEX

Sobel, Israel Moses (continued ) Sunni Muslims, 332 Backenroth Brothers Limited, 208 Sweden, 22 distress over daughter Hella’s religious Syroczynski, Leon, 49 observance, 220 Szczepanowski, Stanislaw, 61, 146–47 emigration to U.S., 337–38 Szczepanowski, Stanislaw Victor, 146–47 family tree, 211 szlachta, 13, 17, 21 Jerusalem trip, 223 marriage to Clara Backenroth, 65 Tajikistan, Sobels in, 293–94 Nushka’s relationship/marriage to Ullo, 225, 228 Talmud, 54–55, 380 in Siberia, 242–43 Talmudic scholarship, 53–54, 161 Soviet condemnation, 203 tanning process, 95–96 survival of, 328 Tanyawa Forest, 325 in Tajikistan, 293–94 Taoism, 162 in Vienna during WWI, 120 Tao Te Ching, 162 Sobel, Sara “Zhizha,” 226 Tatars, 358 emigration to U.S., 337–38 taverns, 19–20 family tree, 211 taxation, 54 on Hella, 217, 220, 223 Tenzer family, 328 in Siberia, 242–43 Tenzer, Herbert, 338 in Tajikistan, 293–94 Teomin, Nachala, 40 socialism, 68–70, 127, 147 theater, 213 Song of Roland, The, 171 Third Reich. See Nazi Germany Soviet Union Thirty Years’ War, 54 Communist Party, 297–99, 310–11 Thorne, David, 311, 315 confi scation of Yerahmiel Kahane’s leather Thorne, Leon factory, 227 book by, 387 German invasion, 259, 261–62 diary of, 249–50, 253, 258, 275, 315–16, Great Purge, 392 317, 318, 319 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Ger- Holocaust survival story, 311, 315–16 many, 197–98, 225 on Judenrat, 274, 319 NKVD (secret service), 249, 310 note placed in riding hall pit, 274 occupation of Galicia, 199, 202–5, 225–28 Thorne, Sirel, 212 retreat of, 245 Thorne family, 329 war with Poland (1918-1921), 376–77 Tiferet ha-Maharal (Rosenberg), 361 See also Russia Tirkel, Yaakov, 156 Spasskoy, 117 Titus Flavius, 357 SS (Schutzstaffeln), 245–46, 259, 272–73 Tolle, Nicolaus, 253, 255–56, 257, 304–5 Stalinabad, 294 Tomka, 303, 304 Stalingrad, Battle of, 289 Tomsk, 242 Stalin, Joseph, 262, 295, 392 Torah scrolls, burial of, 136 stamps, example of Nazi, 246 Tosafot Yom Tov (Yom Tov’s Addenda), 55 Standard Oil, 58, 60–61, 76, 80 Totenschein, 269 Stanislav, 226–27, 232–34 trade, 6, 7–8 starosta, 19 train, imperial, 105 stereotypes, of innkeepers in Poland, 19–20 Treaty of Versailles, 376 Strasbourg, 7 Tripartite Pact, 386 Stricker, Robert, 122 Trotsky, Leon, 297 Stryj, 183, 184, 185–86, 187–88, 216, 250, Trumpeldor, Joseph, 176 254, 273 Turkel, Erna, 213, 214 Stryj ghetto, 326 Turkel, Gittel, 224 student organizations, 221–22 Turkel family, 328 Subutai, 17 Turkey, 112 Sudetenland, 109, 197, 338 Turold, 382

bbindex.inddindex.indd 418418 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:552:33:55 PMPM INDEX 419

typhus, 261, 263, 285, 288–89, 293 Warsaw, 22 Tysmenytsia River, 74, 75 Weber family, 328 tzaddik, 33 weddings, 207, 234–37 Tzevi, Shabbetai, 31 Weidenfeld, Recha, 212 Weidmann family, 328 Ukraine Weinberger family, 328 Galicia confl ict with Poland, 133–34, Weintraub, Hanna, 212 146–48, 175 Weintraub, Meir, 311 independence (1917–1921), 133 Weintraub family, 328 independence (1991), 350 Weiss, Abraham (Benjamin) HaCohen, 156, within Kievan Rus, 8 158–59, 160 Ostarbeiter from, 271 Weiss, Akiva, 156, 158, 160, 163, 164, and Polish-Russian War (1918–1921), 171, 333 376–77 Weiss, Elsa Schiemann, 156, 168, 169, 172 WWI, 108 Weiss, Leopold (Muhammad Asad), 157 Ukrainians childhood/family background, 158–64 collaboration with Nazis, 322–26 conversion to Islam, 168–70 Schodnica pogrom, 249–50, 255–56, family tree, 156 353–54 in internment camp during WWII, 333 during Soviet occupation of Drohobych, in Jerusalem, 151, 164–68 248–49 marriage to Elsa Schiemann, 156, 168, See also Ruthenians 169, 172 Union of Krevo, 18 marriage to Munira Shammar, 172, 331, United States, 78, 145–46, 337–38, 334, 335 361–62, 369 marriage to Pola Hamida, 156, 334, 335 universities, 18 Pakistan, 332–35 Urban II (Pope), 170 relatives’ response to, 175 Urycze Rock, 16 rift with father, 163, 171 Ussishkin, Menahem, 166 in Saudi Arabia, 172–73, 331–32 Uzbekistan, 265 WWI’s impact on, 155, 157–58 Weiss, Malka Feigenbaum, 156, 158, 163 Vienna, 86, 109–15, 224–114 Weiss, Silcha Backenroth, 156, 158 Villa Himmel, 248 Weizmann, Chaim, 166 violence and massacres Werhmachtsarbeiter, 269 during Black Death period, 10 Western Ukrainian People’s Republic, 146–48 during Cossack Uprising (1648), 22, 30–31 Wickler, Sara, 212 during Crusades, 9 Wickler, Silka, 212 Hebron massacre, 241 Wickler family, 328 at Lvov University, 222 Wieseltier, Leon, 385 by Ruthenians, 70 Wieseltier, Mark, 222, 385 by Ukrainians, 321–22 Wieseltier, Stella Backenroth See also Holocaust; pogroms current residence, 385 Vistula River, 3, 135 “escape” to Romania during WWII, 198–201 Vityk, Semen, 147 on family life, 211–13 on Hella, Nushka and Ullo, 210, 211, 213 Wahhabism, 331–32 Holocaust hideout and survival, 311, Wahl, Abraham, 40 314–15, 319–20 Wahl, Deborah, 40 Schodnica residents’ memories of, 353 Wahl, Saul Katzenellenbogen, 40 on Ukrainian pogrom, 250 Waldenburg, 338 Wilhelm I, 78 “Wandering Jew,” 29 Wilhelm II von Hohenzollern, 371 war crimes investigation, 312–13 Wilson, Woodrow, 147, 148 Warner, Hansi, 271 Wladyslaw IV, 126

bbindex.inddindex.indd 419419 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:562:33:56 PMPM 420 INDEX

Wolski, Waclav, 71 Yafe, Abigail, 40 women Yiddish, 3, 12, 339 business acumen, 50 Yisrael of Chortkov, Rabbi, 64 deserted by husbands, 380 Yitzchak, Rabbi Yaakov, 26 education, 88–91, 183–84, 190–91, Yom Kippur, 199 213, 216 Yom Tov’s Main Addenda, 55 illiteracy, 7 Yossef of Russeheim, Rabbi, 364 role of, 90, 215 Yuriy I, 359 work camps, 280–81 World, The, 370 Zafaruyllah Khan, 397 World War I Zakopane, 74 aftermath of, 155 Zalman, Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon, 34 Arie Backenroth’s imprisonment/murder Zamoyski, Andrzei, 26 during, 117–19 Zhidachov dynasty, 26, 62–63 Bolechow during, 107–8, 116 Zinder, Harry Zvi, 334–35 events leading up to, 105–7 Zinder, Hemdah Feigenbaum, 334 food rationing, 110 Zinder, Oren, 334 Jewish military service, 112–13 Zionism and Zionist movement Kahane family’s refuge in Vienna, 108–15 club in Drohobych, 79 Marne, Battle of, 112 founder of, 79 migration during, 108–9 in Lvov, 127 Paris Peace Conference, 147–48, 175 of Moye Backenroth, 144–46, 150–51 Russian advance into Galicia, 120–21 in Poland, 222–23 start of, 102–3 of Ullo Kahane, 184, 224, 239–41 World War II, 259, 289, 290, 301, 309. See also Weiss’s writings against, 165–68 Nazi Germany of Yerahmiel Kahane, 176 World Zionist Organization, 79 See also Israel Zlaszicki, 198 Yaakov of Sadigora, Avraham, 64 Zuber, Rudolf, 49 “Yadid Nefesh,” 123 Zygmunt II, 126 Yad Vashem, 389, 390, 391 Zygmunt III, 92

bbindex.inddindex.indd 420420 88/5/08/5/08 2:33:562:33:56 PMPM