UNIT 23 KALINGA-BALI YATRA
Structure
23.0 Objectives 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The Background 23.3 Kalinga-Bali Yatra 23.3.1 The Objectives 23.3.2 The Detailed Plan ' ' 23.3.3 The Voyage 23.4 Other Cultural Activities 23.5 Publicity 23.6 Evaluation 23.7 Let Us Sum Up I. I____*--IC-* 23.8 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises
23.0 OBJECTIVES
The Kalinga-Bali Yatra was organised as a promotional event to give a boost to tourism. After reading this Unit you will be able,to: o' understand the significance of such ventures for promoting tourism, have an idea about the ancient ties that existed between India and Indonesia, and know how the Kalinga-Bali Yatra 1992-93 was organised, and I appreciate the achievements of this event.
23.1 INTRODUCTION
Various govednment and non-government agencies and organisations keep making efforts to attract more toqrists to India. Lately some efforts were made to revive historical and cultural events to give a boost to tourism. The organisation of Kalinga-Bali Yatra was one ,such effort made in 1992-93 to attract the tourists from South-East Asia. The journey Wnga-Ball Yatra (Yatra) was undertaken via sea-route from Orissa in India to Bali in Indonesia. I11 this Unit we first draw your attention to the significance of this journey. Next we discuss the plan and execution of the yatra. It was not simply a sea voyage but a number of cultural events were organised side by side. They have also been discussed briefly. In the end the Unit takes into account the overall impact of this extravaganza. For those interested in adventure the Unit mentions this voyage along with the problems faced in such a sail. Let us first see the background in which this yatra was organised.
23.2 THE BACKGROUND
P The present state of Orissa once formed part of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga. As early as 5th and 4th centuries BC ports flourished in this area. There was regular interaction via sea-route between the ports of Orissa and Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Bali. By the beginning of the Christian era the merchants from Orissa established cultural and trade ties with countries like Indonesia, Malaysia and Cambodia. Bali, Java and Sumatra were the ports most frequented by the merchants from Orissa. Maritime history of Kahnga sailors ltes littered m these islands of Indonesia. The ancient sailors and sea-faring merchants did not care to leave their foot-prints upon the sands of time as kings have left m the form of inscriptions. But even tbday glimpses of their adventurous voyages to distant lands are presencd through celebration of popular festivals.
One such festival falls on Kartik Purnima Day when the traditional Bali Yatra Festival is observed in Onssa every year. This festival is reminiscent of Orissa's maritime links with Suvarna Dwipa of by-gone days of which the island of Bali is a part. On this day colowful paper boats are floated in tanks, rivers or sea reminding the present generation of the hundreds of Kalinga merchants who used to set sail on high seas in pursuit of maritime glory. So great was the fame of Kalinga as a maritime power in ancient times that Kalidas in his Ragbuvamsa referred to the King of Kalinga as "The Lord of the Sea" (Mahodadhipati). The Aryamanjusrimulakalpa, a text of Mahayana Buddhism, refers to "All islands in the Kalinga Sea" (Kalingaodresu). It seems from these accounts that the eastern sea or the modem Bay of Bengal was known in the past as the "Kalinga Sea" being dominated by the ships of Kalinga.
To revive our age-old cultural, social and economic relations with the Indonesian islands in'general and Bali in particular, a humble beginning was made to revive the Bali Yatra or Voyage to Bali retracing the ancient trade route. I ! A portion of Java island was then known as Ho-ling which is interpreted as a variant of the word 'Kalinga'. Similarly, the people of Tri-Kalinga who colonized in Burma, are known as Talaing. Bali and Java were important centres for the spregd of Indian culture in Indonesia. Sreevijaya monarchs of Indonesia were known to be great patrons of art having intimate trade links with Kalinga, Gouda (Bengal) and other coastal states of India. A voyage from Kalinga coast to Java or Bali islands in those days used to take about 40 r days. With the decline of B~ahmanicaland Buddhist dynasties in Indonesia and Malaysia, thex maritime links with the Kalinga coast gradually diminished.
Bali (Indonesia) and Kalinga have influenced each other's culture to a very considerable h extent. An Indonesian scholar, Dr. I.G.P. Phalgunadi, visiting Orissa, was very pleasantly surprised at many instances of similarity between the culture and lifestyles of the two people. Not surprisingly both Bali and Mssa boast of the strength of their culture in tourism which include's their:
graceful dance forms, art and handicrafts, temples, monuments and distinctive style of architecture, tie and dye, weaving technique and elegant textile designs, specialities of their cuisine, and the tranquil spread of their coconut fringed golden beaches. Promotional Skills: Case Studies-1 Gradually the ancient ports of Kalinga coast, namely, Tamralipti. Palur, Chhelitalo and others became inactive due to gradual silting and the river mouths becoming unsuitable for maritime activities. Yet the memory of Kalingan people preserved the links through the annual celebration of Bali Yatra.
23.3 KALINGA-BALI YATRA
The Bali Yatra, boat expedition or voyage to Bali during 1992-93 was a modest attempt at retracing the old trade route to Bali and in the process re-discovering the cultural ties between the two countries. The ancient traders of Kalinga were daring the seas on big sail boats, the replica of which can be seen in the temple walls of Puri and Konark. Let us first examine the objectives of this event. 23.3.1 The Objectives The KaUnga-Bali Yatra was organised with certain broad objectives in mind. One of the objectives was to focus the attention on Orissa as a destination for tourists from India and abroad. The more specific target group in this case was the tourists from South-East Asia. It was felt that Orissa with a beautiful landscape and vast beaches could be an ideal place for tourists. Another objective was to highlight the rich cultural heritage of Orissa which dates back to around 2500 years. Till now the Bali Yatra Festivql was a modest festival involving mainly the local people. Now an effort was made to make it a big cultural festival inviting larger participation from other parts of India and abroad 23.3.2 The Detailed Plan With the above objectives in mind the Orissa State Government chalked out the detailed plan for the Yatra. The plan had many components. As referred above the main component was to retrace the old sea routes between Orissa and Bali. Around this main component was planned a number of big and small activities in India and Indonesia. We will discuss these activities in a separate Section. To plan and execute such an ambitious project was not an easy task. The State Government was not very well equipped to take a sea voyage of such magnitude. Therefore, a decision was taken to seek the good offices of Indian Navy for providing a sail boat to complete the adventurous voyage from Orissa coast to Bali and back. In hono- uring the request of the State Government the Indian Navy identified INSV Samudra, a 13 metre, twin-masted fibre-glass yacht, to undertake this voyage of six thousand nautical miles with seven crew memben. It was decided that the yacht would leave Paradip on 10th November 1992 and touch Gopalpur, Vizag and Madras enroute. Thereafter it would sail for Campbell Bay (Nicobar Island) touching Nagapamam and reach Benoa Harbour. The yacht was required to call on the ports of Pedang, Jakarta and Surabaya, all in Indonesia. It was decided that the voyage at the end of first leg would be given a grand reception at Bali with large scale cultural activities.
. Out of the seven crew members identified for the voyage five belonged to Indian Navy 1 and two civilians from Orissa. Subsequently another civilian crew joined the yacht at Campbell Bay on return voyage. The crew members thus identified were: Cdr. R.S. Gill (Skipper) Lt. R. Sharma Lt. P. Panda Lt. N.K. Grover Lt. V.S. Gulia Mr. M.M. llblishra Ms. ~ived.&iAcharya ~r.S.K. h$ngaj The civilian crew members were selected through advertisement in newspaper and Kalinga-Bali Yatra conducting both oral and physical tests at Bhubanesw8.r and INS Chilka. The civilian crew members thus selected were imparted training at INS Chilka. Besides rigorous training arrangements were made on the ports enroute for providing necessary help and assistance to the crew. Preparations were also made to organise cultural functions on all the ports enroute where the boat was supposed to make a halt. 23.3.3 The Voyage . On the Kartik Purnima day of 1992 (10th November) the Kalinga-Bali Yatra Festival started off on a colourful note at Paradip port in the presence of a very large gathering exceeding 20 thousand people. Shri Biju Pamaik, Chief Minister, Orissa was personally present at the flag-off ceremony of INSV Samudra at Paradip and Vizag. Vice Admiral B. Guha and the Charge-de-Affairs of the Embassy of Indonesia were also present. Presentation of fascinating items from Odissi, Chhau, Sambalpuri dance repertoire and decoration of the Wet Basin in traditional ethnic Oriya style lent further colour to the festival. "Boita Bandana" ballet evocative of ritualistic send off of the merchant ship of the past preceded the commencement of the voyage.
At Vizag Dr. Mrs. Gita Reddi, Tourism Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Sri A.U. Singh Deo, Tourism Minister, Orissa and Vice Admiral B. Guha were the distinguished guests present. At Madras the Governor of Tamil Nadu flagged-off the boat. At Gopalpur Sri S.K. Kar, Minister, Culture, Orissa and Sri S.N. Patra, Minister, Fishery and Animal Husbandry, Orissa were the guests of honour of the members of the crew. Passage Madras-GNI: The yacht cast off from Madras on 28 Nov 92 in a 25 knot wind and heavy rain. The yacht steered south so as to be clearof the cyclone prone belt. The wind force of 20-25 knots and sea state fourlfive continued throughout the two week passage to Great Nicobar Island. On the thud day out at sea, beating against the wind and swe:!, the steel rudder chain snapped. The emergency tiller was rigged directly onto the rudder and steering continued in the rough seas from the quarter deck. A hand held bearing compass helped the course keeping. On examination of the broken chain, a number of links with stress shears were noticed. A fresh chain was demanded from HQ, Eastern Naval Command.
B The wind slowly backed from NE to ENE. The yacht's broad beat to GNS resulted in large quantity of water ingress through the gaps in the three deck hatches. The side ports were also observed to leak. Constant pumping out of the bilges was resorted to by the crew and its morale continued to remain high inspite of the arduous living and sailing conditions. The yacht entered GNI on the night of 10 Dec 92. INS Saviui and LCU L37 led by the Garrison Engineer of Project Yatrik gave a warm welcome. During the five days stay in Campbell Bay, the rudder cham was repaired. A thorough check of all gear was also carried out.
On a request by Islanders, a talk on 'Ocean Yachting' was given by the crew to the locals in a school's assembly hall. This was attended in a large number by all. A 20 km trek to Indira Point was also organised for the crew and a movie on environment, protection of the endangered bid 'Megapode' was shown at the Forest Officer's office. The yacht was flagged off on 16 Dec 92 by FCC-in-C East and FORTAN. Ex-servicemen gathered in a' large number to bid the expedition members farewell.
Passage GNI-Pedang: A 20-25 knots strong wind force hit the yacht on coming out from the shelter of the port. The reefed main sail top, oil the second day and was lowered to effect repairs. By the third day the yacht entered the lee of the tall and lofty volcanic mountains of Sumatra, and speed dropped drastically. The ensuing passage to Pedang took two weeks. Off Bojo Island: On the night of 26 Dec 92 whilst transiting through a narrow channel, on the final leg towards Pedang, the engine sputtered and failed. A large quantity of smoke and sudden loss of power caused the yacht's Engineer Officer to suspeCt checking of the injectors which on subsequent checking proved to be correct. The nil wind condition and onshore westemly current pushed the yacht towards Bojo Island. The Gemini was inflated and CBM fixed with the objective of towing the yacht away from the Bojo Island towards safety. Unfortunately while starting the OBM, the starter cord
Send of! Certmony ,111111,11 I I l~ll'l Yromotiunal SkiUs: Case Studies-1 snapped, rendering it unserviceable. The last option of dropping anchor was thought of and accordingly a very long line prepared (due to shore depths of 100-150 m). By this time a Hght breeze picked up which was used to get away from danger. The crew worked admirably - quiet and efficient, and the months of specialised training as a cohesive and well knit team was tested. The yacht sailed to Pedang and cntered on the night of 29 Dec 92 after being at sea for two weeks. The Indian Naval Attache at Jakarta welcomed the crew.
Passage Pedang-Jakarta-Bali: It soon became apparent that no expertise and spare parts for this model of engine were available at Pedang. The Commander proposed to DNTNA Jakarta to sail to Jakarta immediately to save on time, as the time schedule was not being met due to light wind conditions, the passage from Pedang to north end of Sunda strait took 17 days. An Indonesian patrol aaft towed Samudra from the lat. 90 n.m. to Jakarta.
The three days stay was spent in repairing and overhauling the engine, sail repair and equipment sefvicing. The yacht sailed for Bali on the afternoon of 20 Jan 93. The strong 25 to 30 knots West winds and East setting current helped the yacht cover the 650 n.m. distance in a record five days. On the night of 25 Jan the yacht entered Pedang Bay and on 27 Jan 93 morning the Benoa harbour. The ceremonial entry of the yacht was enacted on 31 Jan 93 and the Governor of Bali was the Chief Guest at the reception. A welcome dance by the Bali and Orissa troupe was the high light of this day. For reception of boat, the port was decorated with Orissa applique work, textiles and the Bali Festival Committee had put up a colourful shamiana (huge tent) with bamboo and Bali folk decoration. The entire port area bore a colourful festive look with the artistic touch of Orissa and Bali decoration. Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Oka, Governor of Bali, Sri Biju Patnaik, Chief Minister of Orissa, Sri A.U. Singh Dm, Minister, Tourism, Otissa, Sayed Mustafiz Ahmed, Minister, Health, Orissa, Sri Chhotray Majhi, Minister, Handicraft, Orissa, Sri Dilip Ray, Minister, Industry Orissa and Indian Ambassador to Jakarta were present at the Port and received he INSV Samudra. A huge crowd with dignitaries from Bali, such as STSI Officials and other general public, were also present to receive the boat. A flotilla of seven decorated crafts escorted the INSV Samudra from the mid-sea to the harbour. This presented ,a spectacular sight and evoked memories of an age-old tradition. The Bali Governor spoke very highly of the venture which he said would strengthen the cultural ties between Kalinga and Bali. He specially thanked the ChieC Minister of Orissa, also a "Bhumi Putra" of Indoneisa, to have inspired such an imaginative event and organised the festival. Dr. I. Made Bandern, the Chairman, Bali Festival Committee welcomed the Chief Minister and others and praised very highly of the Orissan venture which would act a$ a catalyst for better cultural interaction between the two people who have much in common.
After a month's s!ay and a number of cultural functions the journey towards India started.
The yacht cast off ceremonially on 3rd Feb 93, after disembarking the Lady member of the crew. A simple, yet colourful, ceremony was held. The yacht on coming out from the lee of the high Benoa hill was hit by a westerly wind of 30 knot. The current was setting East at a rate of 2 to 3 knots. Due to the strong winds, the speed further dropped and became at the mercy of the current. The yacht was pushed back 25 n.m. towards the Island of Lombok during the night of 3rd14th Feb 93. With a tom sail, battered side pons the yacht managed to enter the Lombok strait and return back to Benoa Harbour on 5th Feb morning.
It is pertinent to mention that no yachts anchored at the marina were ve~tcricg~ui to sail westward due to the North-west monsoon and 'Lena' winds. The islands of Java had an unprecedented rainfall in which over seven major bridges collapsed, cutting off -- communications all over Java for several days. The yacht thus had to remain at Bali, anchored at the yachting marina waiting for a break in the weather, which came after two weeks. On 17th Feb 93 the yacht motored out of Benoa Harbour for Cilacap and reached in four days.
The yacht INSV Samudra returned to Paradip Port on the 8th April 1993 enroute touching Vizag and other ports. The Minister, Tourism, Orissa received the voyagers which comprised five Naval Officers and three civilian crew from Orissa. The voyagers were brought to Bhubaneswar for overnight stay. On the 9th April 1993 a grand reception was accorded to the voyagers by the Chief Kallnga-Ball Yatra Minister, Orissa, Minister, Tourism, Orissa and Minister, Education, Vice Admiral B. Guha of Indian Navy, Commissioner-cum-Saetary,Tourism, Orissa, Director, Tourism, Orissa and the Commanding Officer, INS Chilka Hon. Chief Minister, Orissa presented the cboicest mementoes of Konark Wheel in silver filigree to the voyagers and to the Indian Navy in appreciation of their services rendered for successful completion of Bali Yatra Expedition.
Check Your Progress 1
1. Why was the Kalinga-Bali Yatra organised? ...... 2. Mention the cultural similiarities between Orissa an-d Indonesia...... 3. What went into the planning for the Yatra?
OTHER CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
The purpose of this voyage was beyond tracing the ancient sea route. The main objective was to generate interest in the rich cultural heritage of Orissa in South East Asia. An impetus to tourist flow to Orissa was to be given by reviving the memories of age old cultural ties between the two regions. Keeping this view in mind various cultural activities were organised. Special care was taken to give a good exposure to Orissa culture in Indonesia. It was decided that a cultural festival consisting of seminar, exhibition and presentation of Orissa performing arts, will be tsld for three days. Eminent academics from India and Indonesia would be invited to read papers on the cultural links between the countries. In the exhibition and the cultural programme an attempt would be made to recreate the ethos of architecture, handicrafts and folk dance so that the Balinese and the Indonesian people could get a glimpse of the art forms of a culturally important state of India. In turn, the attempt was to learn from the phenomenally successful example of Balinese Tourism. %n Indonesia, amding to Dr. Manua, the Indonesian Ambassador in India, "the interacting pattern between culture and tourism is dynamic, positive and creative" and both have supported each other to new hqights.
As per plan the following events were organised in Indonesia
1. Kalingayana: The handicrafts of Orissa and other artefacts were displayed in the exhibition hall of STSI. Tbe exhib,#ion displayed the following sectors; Promotional Skills: Case Studies-1 1) Land and People 2) Monuments 3) Spectaculars 4) Fairs and Festivals 5) Handicrafts and Artisans 6) Lakes and Parks 7) Modemisation 8) Boita Bandana About 150 photographs were displayed on the occasion. Alongwith this the original palm leaf manuscripts and bronzes from the @nssa State Museum were also put on display in the exhibition.
2. Xala Vipani: The coloixful Orissa Buddha textiles and exquisite Orissa Handicrafts formed the part of Kala Vipani which was greatly appreciated by the discerning public. The exquisite ikat design of Orissa handloom was noticed with interest by the Balinese. The evening programmes consisting of Kalingayana, Kala Vipani, Kalinga Nrityana were formally inaugurated by the Governor of Bali while his wife opened the exhibition in the presence of the Chief Minister, Orissa and other dignitaries by cutting the ribbon and lighting the lamp. 3. Kalinga Nrityana: The Orissa dance lroupe consisted of the Odissi dancers from Odissi Research Cenlre under the leadersbp of Padmabhusan Guru Kelu Charan Mohapaua, Chhau Dancers under the leadership of Guru Sri Hari Nayak and the famous Sambalpuri Dancers. The Kalinga Nrityayana was presented in the Kala Mandapa Auditorium within the STSI Complex. The various dance performances like Ramayana, Shiva Natyam, Mangalacharan, Dasabatar, Dalkhal, Rasarkelh, Garuda Bahan, Kshatriya, Tamudia and other dance items were performed to packed audiences. STSI of Bali also parttcipated with Balinese dance items. It provi&d an opportunity for cultural interface with spectacular success. The Chief Mmister, Orissa before inaugurating the dance performances presented a silver filigree of Partha Sarathi to the Governor of Bali. 4. Samparka: The International Seminar on Cultural Interaction between India and Indonesia witb special reference to Orissa and Bali titled "Samparka" was held in the STSI auditorium. The Inaugural session started on 1.2.1993 with a report by Chairman of Bali Festival Committee Dr. I. Made Bandem, Director of STSI. It was followed with short speeches by the Governor of Bali, Prof. Dr. ida Bagus Oka ai?d Sri BijuPattnaik. The Chief Minister, Orissa invited the Social Welfare Minister of Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Haryati Soebadio to plan for a return festival from Indonesia in Orissa to continue the "Samparka" which will be hosted by the Government of Orissa. The International Seminar was inacgurated by Prof. Mr. Haryati Soebadio by sounding a huge gong thrice in the presence of H.E. Governor. Bali Chief Minister, Orissa, Dr. I Made Bandem, Sri A.U. Singh Dm, and other dignitaries and a number of Indonesian and Oriya scholars and distinguished guests. Later the Social Welfare Minister, Indonesia being a scholar of repute herself, delivered her key-note address at the end of the inaugural session.
The business session smed on 1.2.93 and the paper presentation and discussion continued until 2.2.93 in four ressiolrs. A number of eminent scholars from Jakarta, Yog Jakarta and Bali belonging to different Univers~ties,National Museum, Archaeological Dzpartments and otber Academic Instrtutions participated from the Indonesia side. The scholars from Orissa were Prof. L.K. Mohapatra, Prof. K.S. Behera, Dr. H.C. Das. Dr. D N. Pathy and Dr. B.K. Rath. The papers were presented with visuals and there were lively discussions by the participants after presentation. Important scholars who presented papers from the Indonesian side were Dr. A.B. Lapian, Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Rata, Dr. Hariani Santiko, Dr. Edi Sedywati. Dr. I. Made Bandem. Sri A.K. Mishra, Commissioner-cum-Secretary, Tourism, Culture and I & P.R. Departments was one of the key note speakers. Two business sessions in the Seminar were chaired by Prof. L.K. Mohapatra and Prof. K.S. Behera.
Promotional skills: Case Studies-1 The Seminar ended with concluding remarks by Chairman of the Bali Festival Committee Dr. I. Made Badem which was followed by an excellent speech on India-Indonesia Relations by Prof. Dr.Mmtra, former Ambasador of Indonesia in India who empdasised the need for increasing cultural ties between the two countries.
Apart from main functions in Indonesia a number of functions were organised in India. The launching of the voyage was started with great fanfare and wide patticipation. Besides, lavish functions were organised on every port where the boat made a halt. When the expedition reached back Orissa again functions were organised. Here again a seminar was organised to trace out the glorious history of India-Indonesia cultural relations with special reference to Kalinga. Eminent scholars like Dr. M.N. Das, Dr. L.K. Mohapatra, Dr. K.S. Behera, Dr. D.N. Pathy, Dr. B.K. Rath, Dr. H.C. Das, Dr. D. Pradhan and many other scholars of South Asian Studies participated in the deliberations.
23.5 PUBLICITY
The event was widely publicised through advertisements, press releases, brochures, leaflets etc.
The national media in India and Indonesia gave wide coverage to the event. Indian newspapers reported the progress of the journey on regular basis. A number of features and articles were carried to highlight the event.
The Department of Tourism published a number of Brochures, folders and posters on the occasion of Kalinga Bali Yatra Festival. These folders had been specially designed ensuring international standards. These included:
Poster with a painting of Late Gopal Kanungo, a famous artist of Orissa, Poster with Kalinga Bali Yatra logo taken from a maritime panel of Bhoga Mandap of Puri Jagannath Temple, Folder on Kalinga Bali Yatra highlighting the cultural synthesis of Kalinga B$ Yam. This also included enumeration of the components of Bali Yatra Festival at Paradip. Catalogue on Kalinga Bali Classical Art exhibition highlighting the selected cultural items of the exhibition, Booklet on Kalinga Nrityayana with the detailed account of the dance repertoire, The sticker with Kalinga.Bali Yatra Logo
A portfolio reproduction of Dasabatar Pata-painting A guide to Orissa written by Moureen Libel, Reprint of special features on Orissa (Destination of India) Booklet on Orissa published by Department of Tourism. Government of India and reprinted by Department of Tourism, Govt. of Orissa The programme card with details of the programme of the entire Kalinga Bali Yatra Festival
An Eye to Orissa published by Infonnation Department giving exhaustive account of the history, culture, present day status of the modern Orissa State, A pouch folder with Bomkei textile models had been reproduced for presentation of tourist literature.
Additionally mementoes like coat pins and lockets with Bali Yatra logo were also produced for presentation to dignitaries at Bali. These were highly appreciated. Kafi=a-Bali Yatra 23.6 EVALUATION
The Kalinga-Bali Yatra, no doubt, was a unique event of its kind. However, certain criticism was also offered. For example, the Tourism Industry was not associated with the event. The Depatlment of tourism, Orissa, took the sole responsibility for organising the show and private sector was not involved. It would have added to the success had tour operators, travel events, hotels etc been involved in the venture. Similarly, no follow-up action was planned to keep alive the interest generated by this event. Perhaps these issues will be kept in mind by the fume planners of such events.
Check Your Progress 2
1. What effom were made for the publicity of the events related with the Kalinga Bali Yatra?
...... 2. What kind of cultural activities were carried out?
3. Mention the limitations of the Yam?
23.7 LET US SUM UP
The planning and organisation of Bali-Kalinga Yatra was a commendable effort on the part of the Department of Tourism, Orissa. The sheer adventure spirit of the entire enterprise attracted wide publicity. Tourism departments rarely organise ventures of this level as promptional events. There was a lot of cultural exposure and interaction during the event. However, it had two limitations. The Tourism Industry was not invited to participate or be co-sponsorers. The follow-up action after the event was also missiug. Yet, the Yatra will be remembered as a major promotion event organised by any State Tourism Department. Promotional Skills: Case Studies-1 23.8 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS EXERCISES
Check Your Progress 1
1. Base your answer on Sub. Sec 23.3.1 2. See Sec. 23.2 3. See Sec. 23.3.2 Check Your Progress 2 1 1. See Sec. 23.5