1356 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 24 demonstrated their interest in such work, elusion of the reading of the joint resolution Mr. Speaker, some people think the and that safeguards be set up preventing de for amendment, the Committee shall rise American farmer has too long been pam pletion of such labor; to the Committee on and report the same· to the House with such pered by the farm policies of the Demo Armed Services. amendments as may have been adopted, and 67. By the SPEAKER:· Petition of Ameri the previous question shall be considered as cratic Party. As individuals, should can Bar Association, Chicago, Ill., relative to ordered on the joint resolution and amend farmers learn not to lean upon Govern the adoption of a resolution upon the recom ments thereto to final passage without ment for. assistance? mendation of its section of international and intervening motion except one motion to The policies of the Republican Secre comparative law, at its meeting held in San recommit. tary of Agriculture are clear to me. He Francisco, September 15, 1952; to the Com has outlined his program with frankness mittee on Foreign Affairs. and sincerity. I am sure that unless 68. Also, petition of National Jewish COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND Youth Conference, New York City, N. Y., rel• LABOR selfish farm leaders create confusion, ative to a resolution adopted by the execu the American farmer will understand tive committee of the National Youth Con Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask that the end of artificial price-support ference at a meeting in washington, D . .c., unanimous consent that the Committee programs is in sight. on January 31, 1953, pertaining to anti-Semi on Education and Labor be permitted to We will soon come to the end of pro tism in Eastern Europe; to the Committee on sit during the session of the House today. grams that pile up potatoes and butter Foreign Affairs. . The SPEAKER. Is there objection at the ta;xpayers' expense. Evidently, 69. Also, petition of Greek-American to the request of the gentleman from Progressive Association, New York City, N.Y., the new poiicy is, as the Secretary has Pennsylvania? so aptly indicated in his remarks of the relative to a resolution adopted at its recent There was no objection. meeting in Pittsburgh, Pa., requesting that past month, if the farmer is so inefficient they be placed on record as protesting against that he is unable to make a profit, let the refusal of the British Government to him quit farming. · restore to the people of Cyprus their freedom RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS and their right to reunite themselves with Mr. VANZANDT. Mr. Speaker, I ask their Mother Greece; to the Committee on unanimous consent to address the House TVA AND INDIA Foreign Affairs. for 1 minute and to revise and extend my remarks. - Mr. EVINS. · Mr. Speaker, I ask unan •• .... • • imous consent to address the House for The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from 1 minute and to revise and extend my HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Pennsylvania? remarks. There was no objection. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to TUESDAY, FEBRUARY -24, 1953 [Mr. VAN ZANDT addressed the House. the request of the gentleman from His remarks appear in the Appendix. J Tennessee? The House met at 12 o'clock noon. There was no objection. The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Bras Mr. EVINS. Mr. Speaker, while cer kamp, D. D., offered the following SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED prayer: tain of our leaders have characterized Mr. MEADER asked and was given the world situation as grim-and so it God of infinite and infallible wisdom, permission to address the House for 30 appears-there are, nevertheless, some may this moment of prayer be for us a minutes today, followinc; the legislative bright spots and hopeful rays penetrat time of clear and unclouded vision and program and any special orders hereto ing the overcast. I refer to the opening may all our blind spots be removed. fore entered. of the great TVA-type power project in We are deeply conscious that our per Mr. POULSON asked and was given India on last Saturday. ception of that which is truly vital and permission to address the· House for 25 Prime Minister Nehru threw the fundamental is frequently so very hazy minutes today, following any special switch which put into operation the first and muddy. orders -heretofore entered. of a series of power units in India's Grant that in the great adventure of $140,000,000 multipurpose power system. building a well-balanced and useful life His act in this connection-! believe we . we may know how to coordinate prac PRICES OF FARM PRODUCTS will all agree-as surely marked the . tical commonsense with lofty idealism, breaking of the dawn of a new day in self-discipline with personal freedom·, M.r. EBERHARTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the Asia as the throwing of the first switch humor with seriousness, joyfulness with set in motion the great Tennessee Valley Hou~e for 1 minute. genuine piety, and love with duty and Authority and started a new· economic service. . The SPEAKER. Is there objection to era in the South nearly 20 years ago. Hear our prayers for our beloved coun the request of the gentleman from Pennsylvania? · If we can project our imaginations try and answer our petitions in the name · into the future 20 years from now we of the Christ, whose divine spirit alone There was no objection. can visualize the blooming of the great can illumine and rightly guide our minds Mr. EBERHARTER. Mr. Speaker, I region of India just as the power and and hearts. Amen. have waited rather patiently for the past the fiood-control mechanisms of the 2 weeks expecting some of the Republi TVA have ·helped a great region of the The Journal of the proceedings of yes can Members of Congress to come for terday was read and approved .. South to bloom and prosper. In con ward to commend the Secretary of Agri templating the controlling and harness culture, ~zra Taft Benson, for the fight ing of the rampant and' destructive flood NATIONAL HOUSING ACT he is putting up to lower farm prices so waters of the rivers of India, and the that farm products can be purchased by Mr. ALLEN of Illinois, from the Com distribution of electric power to her pea- mittee on Rules, reported the following consumers, especially in the cities. pie, we can feel that the efforts of the privileged resolution .• 1953 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE _ 1373 the drainage canal, and so on down the nu Iakeward by the backwash of the waves and superimposed upon the unusually high nois and Mississippi Rivers to the Gulf of dumped over the edge of the littoral shelf. mean level of Lake Erie at the time, together Mexico, be greatly increased-at least when This is the natural process of bank erosion, with the strong offshore waves raised by the lakes are filled to uncomfortable levels? Which goes into operation with every on the same wind, that fiooded portions of the Time was when the Chicago Sanitary District shore wind; but ·at high water levels the low residential beaches north of Monroe wanted 10,000 cubic feet per second or more, erosive action is -more rapid and more de and uprooted trees and did other damage and put up a hard fight to get it. Why not structive because the waves strike against along their unprotected banks. Lake Erie skim off considerably more than the 1,500 looser and less indurated bank materials. is notorious for its wind-produced surges. cubic feet per second now permitted for sani The levels of the lakes normally fiuctuate Saginaw Bay suffers likewise from occassional tary purposes, at least during period of high in ·accordance with the seasons. From their northeast winds. lake levels? high stages of summertime they drop slowly Other transient fiuctuations in water level Why can't the fiow out of Lake Superior away to their low stages in winter, the rea :may be caused by seiches. A seiche may be be drastically curtailed at times of damag son being that during the fall and early · developed when a steep barometric gradient ing high water levels in Michigan-Huron winter the outfiow from the lakes plus the between high and low moves rapidly across and the lower lakes, by closing outlet gates heavy evaporation from their vast surfaces the lake. Under the pressure of a high the at the head of St. Marys River? Let Lake exceeds their infiow plus rainfall and !>now water level is lowered, while under a low Superior be used as a sort of balancing res fall upon their surfaces. But with the melt it rises. If now the direction and rate of ervoir for the protection of the shores of ing of the snow upon their tributary water travel of the barometric wave corresponds the ,lower lakes. sheds the balance is reversed; the inflow roughly to the natural oscillation period of Why can't artificial diversion of water plus rainfall upon the lake surfaces exceeds the lake the whole body of water may be !rom the watershed of the Albany River, in the outfiow plus the lighter· evaporation of set to swinging back and forth and these western Ontario, over the natural divide and the early months of the year, and the levels oscillations will continue for some time after into Lake Superior be stopped? The Great of all the lakes build up to their midsum the initial cause of the disturbance has Lakes and their connecting channels already mer peaks. The summertime peak on Erie passed. The effects of the barometric pres have a greater flow than they can safely and Ontario is usually reached in June, on sure itself may be greatly intensified by handle. Michigan-Huron in July or August, and on winds blowing toward the barometric low, Does the Treaty on Boundary Waters Be Superior in. September. Thll difference in although such winds usually come in not tween Canada and the United States deal level between the high stages of summer directly toward the center but at an angle. with high lake levels; and does the Inter and the low stages of winter averages about A storm center over Lake Huron with a strong national Joint Commission, acting under the 2 feet for Ontario and Erie, a foot and a wind from the west creates a decided cur authority of that treaty, have jurisdictional half for Michigan-Huron, and a foot for Su rent through the Straits of Mackinac. A control over water levels along the bound perior, this last named lake being under a. seiche which swept across the northern part ary? certain degree of artificial control. of Michigan-Huron early in May of this year What makes the lake levels so unusually This is the normal seasonal pattern of produced oscillations of about 5 feet at Har high now anyway? How high are they now rise and fall, and the figures and times men bor Beach on the east side of the Lower Pen in co:q1parison with what they have been tioned are general averages. But once in a. insula of Michigan and nearly as high in before? Are progressive changes in lake while there are 3 or 4 or even more Grand Traverse Bay on the west side. The levels taking place wh.ich definitely point to years in a stretch when rainfall is low or rise at Harbor Beach was aggrevated by heavy higher general levels in future? Finally, .evaporation high, and usually both, on some onshore waves. isn't there some method or means of con part of the watershed, or even over all of it, Numerous studies have been made of these trol by which the levels of these great in so that the buildup of one or more of the larger ups and downs of the past, going clear land seas can be kept within reasonable and lakes during the early part of the calendar back to the beginning of available records, predetermined bounds, with tolerably de year is less than the rundown of the year in the hope of discovering some natural pendable forecasts of coming levels a year before and the summertime peak settles at long-term cycle, analogous to the short.:.term or two ahead? lower and still lower stages, year after year, seasomi.l cycle, which might be taken as a These and other ·related questions natu until the long drought is broken. Summer guide in prophesying about future variations rally arise when lake levels are high. An time lows that were produced in this way in level well in advance of their actual oc equally impressive list of questions, some occurred in 1949, 1934, 1926, and 1911, to currence. No such simple cycle and no con of which are merely the converse side of take a backward look at the period since sistent combination of cycle and epicycle, has these appear when lake levels are low. Cor the first cutting or substantial enlarge so far been brought to light. And from the respondingly appropriate questions or sug ment of the great ship channels in Detroit very nature of wind and weather it does not gestions are brought to the front when the River. · seem likely that any such long-term periodic interests of commercial navigation are un on·the other hand, several successive years cycle of rise and fall will ever be found to der consideration, or those of hydroelectric · of above-average rainfall or below-average exist. The wind still bloweth both where power at Ni.flgara, or the great resources of evaporation, or both, have resulted in the and when it listeth, and the waters appear the lakes and their connecting wa~ers for progressive building ·UP of water levels to likewise inclined to follow their own sweet healthful recreation, or the protection and extreme high stages, like the one that ap will. preservation of the tumbling rapids and pears to be now in progress on all five lakes. But although the hunt for some simple roaring falls of Niagara. It cl:m be readily Summertime peaks thus built up on Mich key to the riddle of water levels appears to understood that the artificial control of wa igan-Huron during the last 40 years were in be a futile quest, there is a different type ter levels in the Great Lakes for the protec 1943, 1929, and 1918. of study which holds out some promise of tion of riparian properties around their These seasonal variations and the occa fruitful results. Both high- and low-water borders is only one aspect of the much sional iarger changes in level are measured levels in the lakes are the composite and larger problem of making the best use of the from the prevailing quiet water levels, the cumulative after effects of rain and snow Great Lakes and their waters for the bene monthly mean levels of the United States upon various parts of the watershed, of air fit of all concerned. This more general Lake Survey. But superimposed upon these and water temperatures, of humidities, and problem is plainly one of exceedingly great levels, at any time and at any place, may wind movements, of the infiow of tributary complexity when all interests are brought be the transient fiuctuations fn level caused streams into the lakes and the outfiow from into view, but it is obviously one of surpass by wind and by changes in barometric pres them; and all of these can be me!!sured and ing importance, both now and for the future. sure. (Lunar tides also ~elong naturally in their timing can be known. · And further, There is no question that much damage to this category but they are too small to be of because of the _great siz~ of the lakes and shoreline property around the perimeters any significance in this connection.) tl;leir enormous storage capacities within of the Great Lakes has come about during A strong onshore wind raises the water their upper 2 or 3 feet of depth, changes and by reason of the recent (and still con noticeably at the shore line, while an offshore in water levels lag months behind the most tinuing) period of unusually high water. wind lowers it. Both these effects are important causes that produce them, rainfall Recreation beaches have been submerged or greatly intensified if the fetch of the wind and snowfall, for instance. The effect <.! ' strewn with debris. Mud flats and other is long and the expanse of water over which each of these single factors upon lake levels low areas alongshore have been inundated it blows is shallow. For example, a gale can be calculated and it appears quite pos and in places have received deposits of sand from the west tends to push the waters of sible for all these single effects to be inte or debris torn loose from nearby banks. shallow Lake Erie toward the eastern end grated into a composite whole. The formula Waves have pounded the shore at higher of the lake with the result that, at times by which this multitude of infiuehces 1s than ordinary levels and have thus been and for an hour or two, the water level at integrated may turn out to be as long able to erode soft and vulnerable banks Buffalo may be as much as 8 or 10 feet higher and as complex·as the one which astronomers along horizons that were thought to be than the level at Toledo. Differences of use to represent the perturbations of the above their reach; also, by reason of com 4 or 5 feet are not uncommon. A strong and moon, but if skillfully used it could be the ing in over deeper foreshores, these waves long .continued easterly wind, on the other means of forecasting lake levels and dis have attacked both banks and shoreline hand, may pile up the water at the western charge rates with a fair degree of accuracy structures with unusual violence. The faces end of the lake, even to the extent of raising for at least some months and possibly a of many miles of high banks, undermined the level at Amherstburg and Monroe above year or more ahead. by this erosive action, have slumped into the level of Lake St. Clair, thus temporarily The present high levels in the Great Lakes the waters below and the materials thus reversing the flow in Detroit River. It was have -been brought about, for the most part, loosened have been churned up and dis the high water produced by such ea1:1terly by a combination of purely natural · causes, tributed alongshore or have been. carried wlnds in March and April of this year, chief of which is the abundant rainfall of the 1374 CONGRESSIONAl. RECORD-- HOUSE February 24 past 2 or 3 years. In all the lakes except of that lake by deep-draft boats. The gen permanent improvement, a capital gain to . Superior, whose highs and lows are somewhat eral plan of operation is to hold the level the riparian property affected . smoothed out by manipulation of control of Lake Superior about a foot higher than Then there are some benefits which are hi gates at the head of St. Marys River, the it would otherwise be, except in times of the nature of current operating profits, good trend of levels has been upward ever since ·unusually high waper. · ,only while they last. For example, any in the extremely low stages in the winter of Other physical changes that have been crease in the production of hydroelectric 1949-1950. The regular seasonal fluctuations made which are of particular significance in power, at the Soo or at Niagara or elsewhere, have continued to operate, but now for 3 this comparison are the deepening and that is brought about or made possible by years in succession the springtime buildup widening of ship channels between Lake the current high water levels, or by the high has been greater than the autumn draw Huron and Lake Erie; the wide channels rates of flow which cause them, is a pure down of the year before, with the result that cut through the gravel bars at the outlet 9f gain and benefit. Another and vastly more each summertime peak has risen higher than Lake Huron, this planned cutting being ·important benefit is the increased ·depth in that of the summer preceding. During the supplemented by commercial dredging for harbors and dredged naviga.tion channels, summer just past ·the mean levels for July gravel which has nearly eliminated the which permits the big freight carriers to and August of Michigan-Huron were .nearly original shoals at this point; the St. Clair load to greater depths. During the hearings 2 feet above their average levels for those Flat s . Canal through the muddy delta at on the Chicago Drainage Canal controversy, months during the past 10 years, those for the mouth of St. Clair River; the Grosse back in 1925, the Lake Carriers' Association Erie about a foot, and those for Ontario a Pointe Channel through the shallow clay produced figures to show that freight savings foot and 4 inches. Rainfall over the entire lip where Lake St. Clair outlets into the or losses amounted to $500,000 a year · for watershed continues (September 1952) to be Detroit River; the enlarged and deepened each inch of increase or decrease of depth in above the average. The Great Lakes appear channel in the lower Detroit River near the the navigation channels. The carrying of to be definitely headed into another extended Amherstburg shore; and the great Living ·ore, grain, coal, and other bulk commodities period of high-water levels. stone Channel which cuts through the in Great Lakes channels has increased con There have been many inquiries as to limestone reefs near Grosse Isle and then siderably since then, while costs per ton of whether the high-water levels" of the sum extends on through the shoals at the lower freight moved have also shown a large in mer of 1952 equaled or exceeded earlier high end of the DE:troit River into the head of crease as measured in present day dollars. water levels in the Great Lakes. Here are a Lake Erie. This work of systematic chan But the dollars per year in freight savings - . few records of high summertime levels in nelization was begun, on a small scale, as that have been made possible by the recent Michigan-Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Supe early as 1870 and has been carried on inter high water levels have not been mentioned Tior's highs and lows are of no particular mittently since 1876, but a great part of it during the current discussion. significance in this connection, at least not was accomplished in the period 1903-1910. The two diversions into Lake Superior of waters from certain tributaries oi the great since 1911 when the present form of partial Whlle these channe~s between Huron_and regulation was adopted. The elevations Erie were cut through primarily to permit Albany River, in western Ontario, are quite given below were scaled from the official or facilitate the passage of deep-draft boats, small in comparison with the great volumes Hydrograph of the Monthly Mean Levels of they have brought about, for better or for of flow that naturally go down through the the Great Lakes, published by the United worse, certain permanent hydrologic·changes. St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. The p:resence States Lake Survey, whose dependable rec Any pool of water, eyen one as large as the of this added water in passing through the ords cover 93 consecutive years. Michigan-Huron pool, will drain down to a channels connecting .the Great Lakes does High summertime stages in certain of the lower level if its outlet channel is deepened. inevitably raise levels somewhat, however, Great Lakes; as indicated by the highest It is now apparent that the extensive chan -and hence the levels of the lakes themselves. monthly mean levels, are given in the follow nelization of the natural waterway from The first of these extra contributions to Lake ing table. Elevations are in feet above sea ·superior began in 1941, after the water level Huron to Erie has reduced the original 19- of Long Lake, a sr.:1all finger lake situated level. foot drop in water level to about 7¥2 feet. about 150 miles northwest from Sault Ste. Michigan-Huron The practice of dumping in the shallower June 1886______:______583. 7 Marie, had been raised by means of a dam parts of the riverbed the excavated materials built·across its natural outlet stream toward July 1876------583.6 froi:n the new channels does not fully com the north and when the lake, under war July 1871------582. 9 pensate for the increased hydraulic capac time demands, was made .to discharge August 1952------582. 7 ity of the smoother and deeper channels. through a channel cut from its southerly July 1929------582.4 This permanent lowering probably accounts end across the Continental Divide and into June 1918------581.9 for .one peculiar fact shown in the foregoing a small stream tributary to Lake Superior. .July ·1908------581. 7 tables-that, whereas last summer's high The second and larger diversion was begun August 1943------.., 581. 5 water level broke all records (back to 1860) in 1943. A. dam had been built across the in both Erie and Ontario, in !\fichigan- · Ogoki River, a tributary of the Albany, which Erie Huron it was below three summertime peaks May 1952 ____ 574. 7 raised the water level in the Ogoki about ·------~ which had been recorded prior to the cutting 40 feet and formed a large artificial lake of June 1876------574.5 of the ship channels. irregular shape among the hummocks and June 1862------574.4 With all the clamor of the past year over marshes of the broad tableland from which June 1947------574.3 the damage occasioned by the current period the·Ogoki collects·its waters. One southerly June 1929------574.3 of high water in the Great Lakes, little or projecting arm of. this lake came very close July 1883------574.2 nothing has been said about the benefits to a low point in the height of land that July 1943------574. 1 that have accrued because of the high water separates the watershed of Hudson Bay from Ontario level&. Some of these seem worthy of that of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A chan June 1952------249. 3 mention. nel was cut through the divide at this point July 1947------~---- 249.0 In many places sand and soil from nearby and through this channel a controlled and May 1870------248.9 eroded banks have been carried inland by measured flow of water was delivered into May 1862------248. 8 the waves ·and deposited among the weeds a northern tributary of Lake Nipigon and June 1943------248.7 and brush of low and muddy flats, raising thence through · Lake Nipigon and the Nipi May 1886------248.7 .their levels sometimes as much as a foot or gon River into Lake Superior. June 1908 ____.:.------248. 6 more. This is usually rated as a riparian The dams, control gates, and other works benefit rather than a damage, and in a required for these diversions were built by While the foregoing tabulation shows the number of places it has been a substantial the I'rovince of Ontario, primarily for the relative heights of last summer's high one. benefit of the provincial hydroelectric power stages in comparison with summertime The littoral shelf in front of many recrea plants at Niagara Falls, the idea being that highs of former years, these relationships tional beaches has been considerably wid an additional amount of water equal to the must be viewed in the light of certain arti ened by the dumping of eroded sand and Albany diversions could be taken out of Ni ficial changes that have been made in what gravel which has been dragged back from agara River for power purposes without in . might be called the physical structure of shore by the backwash of waves. · This may ·any way impairing the beauty of the falls. the lakes. The control gates at the :O.ead of not seem important now, with water levels The Ogoki diversion also swells the flow of St. Marys River have . already been men still unusually high; but if and when the the Nipigon River in its 250-foot drop from tioned. The main purpose of these gates water drops to normal levels again there will Lake Nipigon into Lake Superior and so in is to make it possible to reduce the natural be a wider foreshore of shallow water safe creases the power resources of the Provincial outflow from Lake Superior. during periods for wading as well as a wider strip of beach Power Commission and of the paper mills of drouth upon its watershed and so to between the water's edge and the foot of the and other industries along the course of that maintain sufficient depths in the harbors bank. Storm driven waves will then break precipitous stream. . of Duluth and Ashland at the western end farthe!" out from shore and their energy will The amount of water added to Lake Su and also over the rocky bottom of the be more nearly spent by the time they reach perior by these two diversions has varied shallow forebay at the eastern end where the bank. There are few devices or ar from" about 5,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,400 .heavily loaded downbound boats sometimes rangements that are more effective for the from Long Lake and 3,600 from Ogoki River) have to congregate before being locked protection of a soft bank than a wide stretch to as little as 900 cubic feet per second. ' down into St. Marys River and so intQ Lake of gently sloping sand or gravel between the Obviously, these are relatively .small quan- Huron. This so-called regulation of Lake point where the waves break and the bank. . titles as compared with the average flow of Superior is simply an aid to the navigation Thi1> type oi benefit is in the nature of a ·about 220,000 cubic feet per second out of 19.53 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD..:._ HOUSE· 1375 Lake Erie into the head of Niagara River. special channel structures. Sizes, capacities, the best thought that can be brought to The effect of a continuous added fiow of locations, and arrangements of structures, bear upon them. 5,000 cubic feet per second through the Great along with many details of design, would Many of the policy questions that have Lakes might be expected to raise their levels naturally depend ·on the nature and extent so far been raised have already been settled, by perhaps as much as 2 or 3 inches; lesser of the controls to be imposed; and, in the for a time at least, by specific agreements flows, or . intermittent flows, by correspond- case of Ontario, on whether the control works between the Governments of the United ingly smaller amounts. were to be joined with any development of States and Canada-broad agreements and It should be mentioned here that the the St. Lawrence River for power production basic understandings recorded in their treaty Ogoki diversion was discontinued last May, or better navigation or both. of 1909 relating to boundary waters, etc., for the time being. · To be more specific, it appears to be phys- and many later agreements reached by the The idea of appreciably reducing high- ically possible to hold the levels of the lakes state departments of the two governments water levels in Michigan-Huron, and in within a range of 2 feet or less between under the authqrity and through the ma Erie and Ontario as well, by allowing the high and low mean monthly levels-if such chinery of that treaty. . This treaty deals present diversion down the Chicago Drainage close regulation of levels were required specifically with the protection and use of Canal to be stepped tip on occasion is largely by means of control gates and enlarged con the waters contained in the Great Lakes illusory, although the intangible value of necting channels; except for the occasional and their connecting channels (including merely making an effort to do so may be for great drought or the extraordinary flood that also certain other boundary waters), and sets the moment worth something. There is comes once or twice in a century, when the up the following order of precedence among no doubt, of course, that any increase in best of man's efforts may be able to mitigate different uses: uses for domestic and sanitary the Chicago withdrawal would lower Michi- but not wholly to control the effects of over purposes; uses !or navigation; uses for power gan-Huron somewhat and that this lowering whelming weather. .. The Freeman plan for and for irrigation; with all other uses sub would result in a corresponding and nearly regulation of the Great Lakes, 1926, suggested ordinate to these. It provides for an Inter equallow·ering of both Erie and Ontario. As a working range of 2.5 feet !or Superior, national Joint Commission, of six members, to how much lowering might be expected to Michigan-Huron, and Ontario and 1.5 feet for to have direct jurisdiction over such matters take · place it is appropriate to refer to the Erie, or an average of 2.4 feet over the en as the uses of the boundary waters, their findings of the Committee on Lake Levels tire expanse of lake surface; but these wider protection from .pollution, and diversions or of the Engineering Board of Review, of 27 ranges of level included an allowance for the obstructions affecting their natural level or years ago. This board had been set up to temporary impounding of water over the en flow, all within rules provided in the treaty study and report upon the effects of the Chi- tire 95,000 square miles of lake surface for itself or to be prescribed later as required by cago diversion, which was then in contra- the benefit of power production at Niagara changing conditions. versy, upon the behavior patterns and uses Falls and in the St. Lawrence River. The Treaty' on Boundary Waters does not of the Great Lakes. The total diversion It is always assumed, in any plan of reg• deal specifically with lake levels, either high down the Chicago Drainage Canal from 1900 ulation, that the actual elevation or alti or low, in relation to possible damage or to 1924 had averaged 6,795 cubic feet per tude-that is elevation above sea level, which benefit to riparian property. But the Inter seconc;t, including the city's pumped water locally means also fixed height with respect national Joint Commission is charged with supply; and, what is more to the point, for to existing lands, roads, piers, harbor bot the duty of investigating and reporting upon the 5-year period 1920-24 it had averaged toms, lock sills, and the like-of the low any other questions or rna tters of difference 8,674 cubic feet per second. The total effect level or the high level permitted under arising between the two countries involving of this continuous withdrawal was to bring whatever control pattern is adopted will be the rights, obligations, or interests of either the level of Michigan-Huron down about subject to such changes from time to time in relation to the other or to the inhabitants 5¥2 inches below what it would have been as may be found most advantageous to all of the other, along the common frontier, without the diversion, and·Erie and Ontario interests concerned. For example, greatly whenever requested to do so by either of the down by a slightly less amount. Other increased use of coastal waters for public two Governments. The Commission may also smaller or larger withdrawals, if continued ·recreational purposes, accompanied by wide make binding decisions, as well as in vestiga for a period of several years, would naturally spread shoreline improvements and a gen tions and reports, when such questions and have proportionate effects, and if operating eral rise in valuation of riparian properties, matters are. referred to it for decision by part time or only occasionally, as during would be a valid consideration in favor of a both Governments. periods of high-water levels only, would have lower rather than a higher elevation for the The way thus seems open, as it always effects roughly corresponding to the pro- control patter.n. Navigation interests, on should be, for the exploration and fair con portion of time in operation. It can be the other hand, have always favored high sideration of the facts and circumstances of readily seen that the effect of increasing the elevations; likewise those of power and of high lake levels, as well as of other ques present Chicago diversion by 2,500 or 3,500 domestic water supply. tions and matters as they may arise. cubic feet per second, as has been proposed, It should be perfectly obvious that over or to any other amount that would not pro- . · and above the physical problem of lake regu duce currents in Chicago River that would lation-the technical engineering prob FORMOSA, KOREA, AND OTHER be dangerous ·to navigation or damaging to lem-there are the overriding questions of AMERICAN-ASIAN PROBLEMs- other interests, would have only a very small public policy. How much regulation? What ECONOMIC WAR ON RUSSIA effect upon the level of Michigan-Huron. kind of regulation primarily? Of water The area of the Michigan-Huron pool "is so levels, of fiow rates, of water quality? In The SPEAKER. Under the previous great that if all inflow could be stopped for what interests? Power production, naviga order of the House, the Chair recognizes a time and if all rainfall upon and evapora- tion, public water supply? Protection of the gentleman from California [Mr. tion !rom its surface should cease it would riparian property? Preservation of Niagara PomsoNl for 30 minutes. require an outflow of 40,000 cubic feet per Falls? And so on. Mr. POULSON. Mr. Speaker, I ask second to lower the level at the rate of an The interests of navigation would natu inch a month. An extra diversion of 2,000 rally call for dependably high lake levels unanimous consent to revise and extend or 4,000 cubic feet per second is a puny tool from about the 1st of May through Novem my remarks and include an analysis by with which to tackle so large a problem. ber for no locks at Port Huron and for no Mr. Vicente Villamin. · Entirely aside !rom any eff~ct it might high velocities in ship ch.annel~ during the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to have on lake levels, however, 1t should be navigation season. Riparian interests gen the request of the gentleman from Cali noted tha.t any additional drawoff at Chi- erally would prefer steady levels throughout fornia? cago would also tend to preserve and 1m- the year, held at low elevations. It would be There was no objection. prove the salubrity of the water .in this greatly to the benefit of power interests if a Mr. POULSON. Mr. Speaker, Presi pocketed southerly end of Lake Michigan, considerable range of level over the entire from which one of the greatest aggregations Great Lakes system could be utilized to dent Eisenhower's well timed and wisely of ·population and commerce and industry equalize the fiow in the Niagara River not conceived deneutralization order on For in the world must get its entire supply of only as between summer and winter highs mosa, the war situation in Korea, and water. and lows but also as between dry years and the possible use of more Asian soldiers in The Great Lakes can be regulated in cer- years of abundant rainfall, and so to increase the ·struggle against the Communists in tain ways, of course, and to a very great ex- the level of production of firm power; and · Asia have brought the question of Amer tent their levels can be controlled, although still more to their benefit if a larger total ican policies in Asia actively before the · because of their enormous size and the huge allotment of water for power purposes could volume of flow through them any artificial be secured. Steady levels and, above all, American Government and people. It meddling with their natural habits is a large- protection from pollution are the demands is, therefore, highly desirable that the scale unde:taking. The basic engi~eering of water-supply users and of the numerous facts and meaning of the different prob works reqmred, although large in size, are and growing tribe of aquatic recreationists. lems and situations we are confronted relatively simple in character and are well And millions of healthy-minded nature with in Asia be presented clearly, logi understood-control .gates at the outlets of cally, and, above all, in a nonpartisan Huron, Erie, and Ontario (Superior being love~s all over the continent would regard already supplied}; navigation locks at the any Impairment of the natural grandeur and manner. outlets of Huron and Ontario (locks being maj~sty of the Falls as nothing short of To this end, Mr. Speaker, I ask to already in place at the outlet of Superior sacrilege. extend my remarks b~ placing in the and between Erie and Ontario); and enlarged Policy cleterminations for the manage1llent body of the RECORD a comprehensive and · and deepened connecting channels w~th some of the Great Lakes are certainly worthy. of penetrating analysis of those problems 1376 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE · February 24 and situations by Mr. Vicente Villamin, DENEUTRALIZATION 'She has treaty obligation to defend from distinguished Filipino lawyer, writer, On February 2, 1953, ln. his message to Communist aggression; economist, and student of international "Congress on the state of the Union, President 4. Preventing the Communists from ac affairs. He is, using his own words, Eisenhower revoked the neutralization, say quiring control in the Asia-Pacific region of ing as follows: agricultural and mineral products which are "color-blind on the political complexion "In June 1950, following the aggressive at vital to United States· industries; of American problems that affect other tack on the Republic of Korea, the United 5. Keeping intact the western defense countries, this case the Asian countries.'" States 7th Fleet was instructed both to pre perimeter of the United States, the area Mr. Speaker, I strongly urge every vent attack upon Formosa and also to insure which the United States would defend, alone ·that Formosa should not be used as a base of · if necessary, from enemy attack; and Member of Congress and administration 6. Preventing the United States air base officials concerned with Asian questions operations against the Chinese Communist mainland. on Okinawa and other military installations not to fail to read the ·analysis of Mr. "This has meant, in effect, that the United in the neighboring area (Formosa is only Villamin. States Na_vy was required to serve as a de 1¥2 hours by plane from Okinawa) from fensive arm of Communist China. Regard being outflanked by the Communists; and Mr. Villamin's analysis follows: protecting the trust territory, wpich is under less of the situation in 1950, since the date of FORMOSA, KOREA, AND OTHER ASIAN-AMERICAN United States administration, as well as other that order the Chinese Communists have - PROBLEMs--ECONOMIC WAR ON RUSSIA United States islands in the Pacific from invaded Korea to attack the United Nations (By Vicente Villamin) being dangerously exposed to' Communist forces there. · conquest. NEUTRALIZATION OF FORMOSA "They have consistently rejected the pro The so-called military neutralization of posals of the United Nations Command for GENERAL MAC ARTHUR'S VIEW Formosa is contained in a statement of Pres an armistice. They recently joined with On the strategic importance of Formosa, ident Truman made on June 27, 1950. That Soviet Russia in rejecting the armistice pro Gen. Douglas MacArthur, in his address to statement announced that, complying with posal sponsored in the United Nations by the the joint session of Congress on April19, 1951, the resolution of the same date of the Se Government of India. This proposal has declared: · curity Council of the United Nations, the been accepted by the United States and 53 "I have strongly recommended in the past United States would go to the aid of South other nations. · as a matter of Inilitary urgency that under Korea which was attacked by Communist "Consequently, there is no longer any logic no circumstances must Formosa· fall under North Korea on June 25. or sense in a condition that required the Communist control. [Applause.] Such an The President said: United States Navy to assume defensive re eventuality would at once threaten the free "The attack upon Korea makes it plain sponsibility on behalf of the Chinese Com dom of the Philippines and the loss of Japan, beyond all doubt that communism has passed munists, thus permitting those Communists, and might well force our western frontier beyond the use of subversion to conquer in with greater impunity, to kill our soldiers back to the coasts of California, Oregon, and dependent nations and will now use armed and those of our United Nations allies in Washington." invasion and war. It has defied the orders Korea. · MAKING FORMOSA STRONG "I am, therefore, issuing instructions that of the Security Council of the United Na It is clear, therefore, that making For tions issued to preserve international peace the Seventh Fleet no longer be employed to shield Communist China. Permit me to mosa strong is also self-help, self-defense, and security. In these circumstances, the and self-preservation to the United States. occupation of Formosa by Communist forces make crystal clear that this order implies no aggressive intent on our part. But we Its value is mutual to both countries. would be a direct threat to the security of Thus is the United States committed vir the Pacific area and to United States forces certainly have no obligation to protect a nation fighting us in Korea." tually, although not yet formally, to help performing their lawful and necessary func Formosa so (a) it could withstand enemy tions in that area." COMPARATIVE WAR RISKS attacks or discourage them, (b) function as THE 7TH FLEET The risk of war with Communist China a vital · second front in the wars in Korea "Accordingly, I have ordered the 7th was greater when the neutralization was in and Indochina, and (c) prepare Nationalist Fleet to prevent any attack on Formosa. As stituted than when it was withdrawn be China to regain the mainland from the a corollary of this action, I am calling upon cause: Communists. the Chinese Government on Formosa to cease 1. If Communist China had ignored it, as President Eisenhower and congressional all air and sea operations against the main it had the right to do under international leaders, Republicans and Democrats, have land. The 7th Fleet will see that this is law, and attacked Formosa, the United repeatedly declare(_i their support of Formosa. done. The determination of "the future States would stop the attack, and that would President Truman came around to the same status of Formosa must await the restora mean a direct fight between the United view when he announced the neutralization tion of security in the Pacific, a peace settle · States and Communist China. of that island for its strategic value to the ment with Japan, or consideration by the 2. The deneutralization acknowledges, in United States, when only 6 months before United Nations." effect, the right of Communist China to at _he adopted a hands-off policy on Formosa an<1 tack Formosa at will. Therefore, instead of said: "The United States will not provide FORMOSA'S STRATEGIC VALUE RECOGNIZED condemning it the Chinese Communists and Inilitary aid to the Chinese forces on For Thus President Truman recognized the their Kremlin allies should welcome it. But mosa." great strategic value of Formosa to the secretly they would hate the United States CHIANG K.AI-SHEK United States. It was a sharp and dramatic for withdrawing her defense of them from Let us pause for a moment and visualize reversal of the position taken previously by Nationalist China and for allowing them to what would have happened if President his administration, which in the White Paper lose their face by not being able to attack Chiang Kai-shek, of Nationalist China, with issued by the State Department in August Formosa. more determination than sinews,· had not 1949 considered Nationalist China as hope 3. If the time comes that Nationalist less, and in the speech of Secretary of State somehow convinced the Chinese Communists China attacks Communist China in force,. against invading Formosa when he was alone Dean Acheson in January 1950 Formosa was or vice versa, the fight will be primarily be not included in the western "defense perim and abandoned by the United States and tween the two ~arring Chinas and not be the rest of the free world. If Formosa had eter" of the United States and therefore tween Communist China and the United then fallen under Communist doinination, could be taken by the Communists without States as would happen under the regime resistance froJU the American Armed Forces. today all east Asia and the western Pacific of neutralization if Communist China had area would be inside the Iron Curtain, and EFFECTS OF NEvrRALIZATION ignored it. There is psychological force sup the United· States would presently be in fear The deneutralization of Formosa was pri porting the United States in this situation. of the realization of General MacArthur's marily directed against Communist China AFTER DENEUTRALIZATION warning that the fall of Formosa to the and only as a corollary against Nationalist Mter deneutralization, if Communist Communists would push the western defense China as a part of the defense of South Korea China attacks Formosa and the United States perimeter of the United States to her main and American security in the Pacific. The goes to the defense of that island, such ac land coasts bordering the Pacific Ocean. Is two warring Chinas complied-Nationalist tion by the United States would be sup not, therefore, the conclusion irresistible China because she was, as she is now, friendly ported by the following reasons: tpat while he lost the Chinese mainland and cooperative with the United States, and 1. Defense of a government that the United President Chiang Kai-shek saved from com Communist Chi~a because she was not in a States considers the only legitimate govern munism the vast area of land and water condition to attack Formosa, her boasts to ment in China and a war ally; beyond that mainland to the North American the contrary notwithstanding. 2. Stopping the expansion of Communist Continent and down below the Equator? The neutralization produced two results area of domination under the general prin MEASURE OF AID. TO FORMOSA which were favorable to Communist China ciple underlying the war in Korea; as follows: ' The aid to Formosa should be immediate 3. Protecting the United States and other and sumcient to produce the desired results. 1. It stopped the attacks against her by · United Nations armed forces in Korea and Time is of the very essence. The measure Nationalist China; and · · the general security of the United States of the aid should take into consideration 2. It saved her. face by giving her the ex herself as well as the security of countries the following points: cuse for not attacking Formosa, when the in free Asia-Pacific, like the Philippines, 1. Formosa should be strengthened to a real reason was that she was unable to do it. Japan, N:ew Zealand, and Australia, to which degree that would definitely deter Commu- 1953 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD.=_ HOUSE 1377 nist China from attacking it. That would point in the comprehensive planning and its effect besides its military effects favorable obviate the necessity of the United States implementation for the recapture of China to Nationalist China, Indochina, and the having to defend it at a great cost in men, f:r;om the Communists. Then there would be United Nations.. money, and materlel. Direct preinvasion aid a splendid chance to speed the day of China's to Formosa is more economical to the United vindication and emancipation. NATIONALIST BLOCKADE OF CHINA States. · Enthusiasm unjustified by military Nationalist China and Communist China 2. Formosa should have a military estab· strength must be guarded against. For de· have the right to blockade each other because lishment of a size that would convince the spite its dramatic and inspiring features in they are at war with each other. Communists that President Chiang could at· the beginning, the invasion of the mainland The Chinese Nationalist Navy is already tack the mainland in force withQut leaving without the adequate force reasonably to engaged in blockading the coast of China that island vulnerable to a simultaneous guarantee its· success, with the aid of the with indifferent results. It is effectively counteratt ack by them, This would serve exaltation of the Chinese people induced helped by the approximately 75,000 Nation· to enhance the threat of Chiang's attack on by the repulse of the Communist attack on alist volunteers operating on the islands Commu~ist China and thereby pin down Formosa, there are calculated risks of fail facing the mainland. larger Communist forces to guard the Chiang ure, or incop1plete success or a Nationalist In these blockade operations the help o! attacking front and keep them away from Dunkerque on the Chinese shore. the United States is greatly needed in the the Korean and Indochinese fighting fronts. PREPARATIONS FOR INVASION form of naval craft, particularly PT boats, planes, and other equipment to make the LOSS OF FORMOSA President Chiang has an open field on blockade more effective. Formosa could be lost to the Communist China's coast, especially on the southeast, enemy either (a) by direct capture through to begin his liberation of China from the UNITED STATES BLOCKADE OF CHINA its relative weakness or (b) through its cap· Communists. Before the invasion, the sup At this time, the blockade of China by ture while Chiang is invading the mainland. port and sympathy of the people there must the United States would seem to be inad In case of its loss, if the United States be captivated, and to that· end the following visable, not that it would not be effective. believes with General MacArthur that "under actions are suggested: A blockade presupposes the existence of a no circumstances must Formosa fall under 1. Truthful publicity to make Chiang pop· declared or de jure war between Communist Communist control," then the United States ular, with emphasis on the "new Chiang," China and the United States. Today it may will be compelled to recapture Formosa from the good government in Formosa, the nevi be considered that there is a de facto war the Communists alone and without the help leaders, the new plans for China, and the between them through the participation of of Chiang's army, which nad gone to the fact that the United States is helping Na the Chinese volunteers in the war in Korea mainland. tionalist China militarily, financially, and who are in reality members of the Chinese In that logical possibility, is it not but 'politically. - - regular army. Because of the hope that a elemental prudence for the United States 2. As it becomes feasible and advisable, de jure war would be avoided, the United to make Nationalist China strong n~w to a there will be distributed in areas reasonably Nations has considered the Chinese truce degree demanded by the exigencies of the safe from Communist reprisals seeds and co~ferees first at Kaesong and then at Pan· situation? farm equipment, food, clothing, and medi· munjom as representing the Chinese volun cine in prudential amounts. This enter· teers and not the Chinese Communist gov FORMOSA AND NEIGHBORS prise will be sponsored and fi'nanced by ernment, although that representation is At this point it should be stated that Overseas Chinese. A few months ago the known as a pure fiction. Formosa, even in its present relative strategic representatives of these Chinese, number· A United States blockade might give rise weakness, is a bastion that protects the Phil· ing over 12 million in different parts of the to the following possibilities which would be ippines and other countries to the south, world, met in convention .at Taipeh, For disadvantageous to herself: Okinawa and Japan to the north, arid the mosa, and passed a resolution committing 1. It would be used by Communist China Trust Territory and other islands to the east. themselves to the extent of $100 million to to justify a de jure war against the United They should all be urgently interested in help Nationalist China. States, describing her as the aggressor na· seeing Formosa's military establishments 3. The United States can indirectly con· tion; expanded, modernized and strengthened and tribute to this enterprise, but the bulk of 2. It would be used by Communist China the disposition of her armed forces properly the contribution must be from the Overseas in the propaganda to convince the Chinese synchronized with those others that are also Chinese in order that the Chinese people people that the United States is trying to fight ng the communists. will know that their brothers abroad are starve them; and INVASION OF MAINLAND thinking of them and of their welfare. 3. It would antagonize friendly, non-Com· The invasion of the mainland by President 4. This help would be a strong incentive munist nations which could claim that their Chiang must be well prepared, well timed,• for the Chinese people, the overwhelming trade with China was being unduly inter· and well considered as to calculated risk of majority of whom are non-Communists and fered with without sanction of interna· success or failure. This fact must be under to whom communism is thoroughly obnox· tiona! law. lined: That Nationalist China is not the only ious, to fight the Communists if they at· THE BATTLE ACT country to be the loser if the invasion fails tempt to deprive them of it. With the The United States, instead of the blockade, and the nationalist armed forces are de patriotic guerrillas, supported by Chiang's regulars, the invasion would gain force as could use persuasion on countries shipping stroyed. Losers also will be the United to China and also the sanction provided for States, the Philippines, Japan, and other it proceeds and untold numbers of Chinese by the Battle Act, which authorizes the with· countries in the Pacific area, even, eventu· would rally to Chiang's colors. drawal of aid by the United States from ally, the countries in Central and South 5. It is essential that Chiang's invading countries shipping critical ·and vital ma America facing the Pacific Ocean. It is, army is better equipped, fed, and paid than terials to Communist countries. The more therefore, of the utmost importance that the Communist army, and that the Chinese effective enforcement of this law should be there be a common counsel with the na· guerrillas that will join Chiang shall be studied immediately. equally treated. This is to invite desertion tionalist government to determine the time, Som~ shipments to Korea, Manchuria, and manner, and means of the invasion. This from the Communist army to join Chiang and to discourage desertion from Chiang's then to China could go to the Russian port fact deserves the highest degree of thought of Vladivostok. The application of blockade army. and co~sideration, and immediately. there would precipitate an outright struggle 6. The preinvasion publicity must be sim· between the United States and Russia. PSYCHOLOGICAL E~EMENTS ple and practical and will concern with the The psychological elements in the situa life of the people. In very poor communi DEFINITE POLICY ON FORMOSA tion are made manifest by the military reali ties the publicity should be distributed inside The United States should declare a definite ties which are obvious even to the layman. a small bag of rice, medicine, or some other policy on Nationalist China, reasserting its If the two warring Chinas· are to meet in useful things so people would be willing even present position, which is understood to be battle now or soon, it is advantageous for to risk their lives to get them. Getting or as follows: Nationalist China to have that battle started hearing publicity, information, or propaganda 1. That she recognizes Nationalist China by a Communist invasion of Formosa for the is a capital offense in Communist-dominated as the only legitimate government of China following reasons: territories. Asian psychology and philosophy 1. Considering their present inadequate and will continue to do so; and must be used in the preparation of publicity 2. That she considers Formosa as vital to armed forces, the Nationalists, relatively, are literature. stronger on the defensive than on the of her security and the security of the free 7. If possible, the landing o! Chiang on nations in the Asia-Pacific region and will fensive; the mainland should be before the war in 2. Conversely, the Communists, having to go to its defense if attacked by the Com· Korea ends so that he would not have to munists. cross 100 miles of water to attack Formosa, face the entire Communist army. It should are at their weakest on the offensive. be synchronized with the substantial increas· EFFECTS OF DECLARATION STARTING POINT OF ATTACK ing of the South Korean Army and the The effects of· such declaration would be If the Communists should attack Formosa French Indochinese Army and, if practicable, as follows: • and are repulsed, the psyohological effect of with the arrival of more United Nations 1. It will make the position of the United their defeat on the Chinese people on the troops in Korea, especially those coming from States clear and end all speculations about mainland in favor of the Nationalists would countries not now represented there. This it-speculations that help only the Com be tremendous. That should be a starting would produce a tremendous psychological munists( XCIX-87 1378 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 24 2. It will encourage Nationalist China and to rise up against the Communists when the Army. If the pay in the latter army is induce Chinese both on the mainland and first opportunity offers itself. trebled or quadrupled to $1.50 or $2 a month for the private, that might induce deser overseas to stand by and support her more AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN KOREA actively and resolutely; tions in the enemy ranks to the South The use of more Asian manpower should Korean Army. The elements of self-pres 3. It will bring a greater sense of security not lead to the conclusion that all, if not to the free nations in Asia to which Formosa ervation and enlightened self-interest are most, of the American soldiers in Korea involved there. is extremely vital to their defense and safety would be withdrawn. The United States and from Communist aggression; and other United Nations members have an ob ARMY PAY IN FORMOSA 4. It will end the expectation of some na ligation to help the South Korean forces In an article in a recent issue of the tions, particularly Great Britain, that the under the Security Council resolution of Saturday Evening Post, after a visit to For United States might consent to turn over June 27, 1950. But when there are more of mosa, Mr. Robert Sherrod, a journalist, has Formosa to the Communists as a part of a the latter forces to man the entire front the following to say: deal for what they hope and imagine as peace line of battle, the United Nations forces "Of cash he (the Chinese Nationalist sol with the Communists. could take the reserve and supporting posi dier) collects but little: 50 cents p~ month MORE UNITED NATIONS FORCES tions. And a part of the American· Army, for a private, $1.50 for a sergeant, and $8.40 Out of fifty-odd member nations of the which represents some 90 percent of the for a major general. But the ration scale al United Nations approved by the Security U. N. forces; could be relieved, or that army lows each man 26 ounces of rice daily, 2 Council resolution of June 27, 1950, to aid need not be made bigger, as it might be if ounces of soy beans, a third of an ounce of Korea in resisting the North Korean invaders, the South Korean and other Asian forces pork, and two-thirds of an ounce of fish,. in subsequently joined by the Chinese volun were not built up substantially. Bigger addition to a food subsidy amounting to teers, only 14 of those nations have Asian forces all along the line will be a about $1.50 per month. Few soldiers have military contingents in Korea. The other guarantee against stepped-up· attacks by . families in Formosa; those who do get $2 nations should be asked insistently and expanded Communist forces. The presence extra each month for each dependent." strongly to discharge their duty and honor of the American Armed Forces in Korea The army is considered very well fed, get their approval. This, among other things, surely is a powerful morale builder to the ting 3,700 calories a day, or two times more will obviate the necessity of Nationalist South Koreans; their absence would weaken of what it got while on the mainland in' China sending troops to Korea to help the America's moral position in the war in Korea. the past. United Nations. ECONOMIC WAR ON RUSSIA IN KOREA It is crystal clear that the use of more USE OF ASIAN BRAINS One of the points in the author's plan Asian manpower -will be an economy to the for an econoinic war on Russia is here given, United S.tates in men and money, while it There are free Asians who have both brains will mean increased economic burden on and common sense. Many of them are not as follows: Russia provides most of the tools of war Russia. That comparative situation is what in the government service. They are willing will influence Russia most in considering the to serve without the United States spending for the 1 million Communists fighting in Korea. Already her arsenal must be feeling stoppage of war in Korea and the agiiation a single dollar for them. Their own people for more wars. should support their efforts. the drain. The idea is to increase the drain These Asians understand their enlightened several times and thus make her suffer ma MEETING RUSSIA IN ECONOMIC WAR self-interest in keeping Communists out of terially and economically and, further, cause Russia has been all along waging an eco their countries. Their cooperation should be more strain in her relations with Commu nomic war against the United States, and enlisted in the work of influencing the minds nist China, which supplies most of the the United States either does not realize it or, and hearts of their fellow Asians who are human bodies for slaughter in Korea. realizing it, does not give it much impor now under Communist control, first to re How could this be realized? One potent tance. Russia ·has been trying with measur sist the Communist regime dynamically way is to use more Asian manpower. If this able success to cause the United States to . although perforce now in silence, and then, manpower, besides the United Nations armed spend heavily on defense and armament, when the proper time comes, fight that re forces, is increased, say, to 2 million of South push its economy onto a war basis, then gime openly side by side with those from Koreans alone, the Communists will be upset and muddle that economy and hope the outside who will be on hand to help them. forced, on the present ratio, to increase their for the American people to lose trust in Outsiders must not restrict themselves to army to at least 4 million, which Russia will private capitalism. giving advices and directions. Worse _still, have to equip and support. That is drain 'The author quotes the following fl'om his they should not hold themselves aloof from ing and depleting the Russian arsenal four recent statement: Asians who have ideas and suggestions. times over, and that will certainly hurt her "You cannot hurt Russia by simply killing severely. USE OF ASIAN MANPOWER Chinese and Korean Communists. You can It should not take too long to train South not hurt Russia by calling her the nastiest Free Asians are and must be eager and Koreans or Nationalist Chinese or other names in the dictionary. You can only hurt willing to cooperate to the utmost with 'the Asians. They live in an atmosphere of war. Russia by hurting her in her economic vitals. United States and other tree countries in They know its dangers and severities. They Therefore, we should know where she is vul fighting and suppressing the Communists realize their duty to defend their country. nerable and hit her there. Certainly she in Asia. They want to do their pa!."t. And they are has many vulnerable economic spots if we The idea that the United States is making better off in the army than out. but take pains to locate and pin-point them. Asians fight Asians for her sake must be Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor, who succeeded Let us meet Russia head-on in the economic dismissed by letting free Asiaris prove on Gen. James A. Van Fleet in Korea, has just war that she is waging, while we fight her their own volition that the struggle is be visited Cheju Island off the coast of Korea in Korea in her safe and magnificent absence tween them and Communist Asians. America where raw Korean boys are being trained in the hot war and actually .and directly in supports the former and Russia the latter, and turned out as rugged soldiers ready for the cold war, which consists of the byplay with the difference that Americans are fight combat after only 16 weeks, or 4 months, of and interaction of policies, propaganda, ing side by side with those whom they sup training. General Taylor was ·so deeply im movements, and other psychological opera port, while Russians do not, and no one of pressed by the work o~ training that he tions." them gets killed. awarded a medal of the Legion of Merit to RESPONSE i'ROM ASIA There are roughly 20 million potential the South Korean officer, Brig. Gen. Kim Free Asia should make a clear and decisive fighters in fre~ Asia, excluding India, Burma, Jong Pyong, who is in charge of it. response of her determination and enthu and Indonesia, who call themselves neutrals siasm to make all manner of sacrifice and and neutralists. They are made up of ap SOUTH KOREAN ARMY PAY Authoritative sources state that for the cooperate with the United States and other proximately 9 million men in Japan, 2 mil free nations in fighting communism, its lion in South Korea, 2 million in the Philip cost of maintaining an American soldier in Korea at least -28 South Korean soldiers tyrants, its killers, its liars, and all its de pines, 2,700,000 in Indochina, 800,000 in For structive works. mosa besides the 600,000 under arms, 2 mil could be supported. The pay of an Amer lion in Thailand, 6,500,000 in Malaya and ican private is more than the total pay ASIANS FIGHT ASIANS Singapore, and 500,000 in different places. of several South Korean major generals. This response will make it clear to the This estimate does not include potential As given to the author by the Korean world, especially to Soviet Russia, that Free volunteers, guerrillas, and collaborators in Embassy in Washington, the following is the Asia knows the dangers from the Commu territories under the Communists, especially partial pay schedule in the South Korean nists to h'er vital interests, her ideals, and China. Army today, monthly, and reduced to the her very existence and is fighting to defend MANPOWER SURVEY dollar equivalent: Private, 50 cents, lieu them. tenant, $7; major, $8.50; colonel, $10. A manpower survey should be undertaken The fight is between free Asians and Com Officers' families are given rice besides munist Asians. They have to fight each without delay to determine how many effec monetary pay. tives could be enlisted and where and how other because Russia made them fight, be they could be trained. The mere announce "DOLLAR BULLETS" ginning in Korea. When all Asians realize ment of the survey will bring hope to the "Dollar bullets" on the enemy might this fact, they should and they will unite Chinese people that their liberation is being have an effective role in Korea. The pay and fight Russia; the provocateur and the planned in earnest. That would put them schedule in the Communist army could not expectant beneficiary of Asia's division into in a state of dynamic, if silent, expectancy be higher than that in the South Korean free and slave peoples. 1953 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 1379 AMERICA AND RUSSIA basic xnatters concerning Asia. The status They have to do it for their own self-preser The Americans and her associates of like of and attitude toward Formosa is one of vation from the Communists and the Rus ideals are supporting . Free Asia. The Rus those matters. The trading with Commu sians. sians and her satellites are supporting Com nist China is another. .The recognition of Russianism and communism have not yet munist Asia. The Americans are using their ·communist China is still another. In the sent their roots deep in the soil of ·Asia and men and materials, but the Russians are face of these differences 'the Communists are their tentacles have not yet completeiy con,. using only their materials and seeing to it ·presenting a solid front. When it is con stricted the life of Asians. There is yet hope that their recipients, the Chinese Commu sidered that a greater part of Asia, consisting that the roots could be pulled out and the nists and North Koreans, are bound under of India, Burma, and Indonesia, is indifferent tentacles cut off. The leadership will have obligation to pay for them. Russians are to Communist aggressions outside of their to come from the outside. It must give both creditors-and they are heartless cred respective territories, the task of facing up both the inspiration and the tools. Let us itors-and investors, and they expect to har to the united Communists is rendered more give them the things they need for their vest unconscionably heavy returns from their difficult. vindication and emancipation and for the investments. There are, above all, voices both in Europe safety and well-being of the free world. It is Russia, not America, that is making and America saying that Asia is not relative Asians fight Asians for her benefit. After ly as vital as Europe in the struggle against the fighting is finished and there is peace, the Communists and that, therefore, most EXTENSION OF REMARKS the Americans will withdraw bag and bag of the sinews .for the struggle should be concentrated on supporting Europe, although By unanimous consent, permission .to gage from Asia, but the Russians will stay extend remarks in the Appendix of the there, try to run the Asians, and gather all there is actual fighting going on in Asia the material benefits that they can. Asians and none in Europe. REcoRD, or to revise and extend remarks, should realize these facts before it is too late. That is a . short-sighted, selfish, and sui was granted to: cidal view. There is only one front against In helping more free Asians t.o get into Mr. VANZANDT and to include extrane the Communists and it is the continuous, ous matter. the armed forces to fight the Communist consolidated front of all free nations in Asians whom Russia has incited to start the Europe, Asia, and other continents and Mr. DAGUE and to include a newspaper fight between them, America is simply heed islands the world over. article. ing their appeal to aid them defend them Mr. HOPE in two instances. selves from the Communists. They covet STALIN ON ASIA Mr. WAMPLER and to include a resolu the honor of fighting for their country. Premier Josef Stalin said that the ·way· tion adopted by the Bluefield Chamber They abhor communism. They detest the to conquer Europe is by conquering Asia Communists. They reject Russian imperial first. He has weighty reasons for that state of Commerce. i;:;m, colonialism, and militarism that are ment. For after conquering Asia, which he Mr. REED of Illinois and to include an behind the Russian conquering enterprises considers easier to do-and the Russians editorial appearing in the Saturday ;for material gain which they hypocritically have already conquered a big slice of Asia, Evening Post. describe as "liberating" peoples. And they China-then they will have only one front Mr. UTT in two instances and to in know that the so-called peace movements to tlefend, the European front. And then clude extraneous matter. sponsored by Russia are nothing but prepa they can start the conquest of Europe, using Mr. MILLER of Nebraska and to in rations for more conquests and her publi Asian manpower and resources. That would clude a r-esolution from the Nebraska cized previndication of them. These things make Europe even with the aid of America are clear. "Free Asia is coming to know them well-nigh untenable. Legislature. with mounting conviction and indignation. There is only one way open to the free Mr. OsTERTAG in two instances and to The common peoples of both free and world-it is unity in counsel and action all include extraneous matter. Communist Asia are of the same blood, of along the line and among all the peoples Mr. JENKINS in three instances and to the same upbringing, and of the same aspira concerned wherever they may be found include extraneous matter. tion, which is to live in peace, in freedom, east, west, north, and south. Therefore let Mr. KEOGH