Plastic Surgery and Modern Techniques Abulezz T. Plast Surg Mod Tech 6: 147. Review Article DOI: 10.29011/2577-1701.100047 A Review of Recent Advances in Aesthetic Gluteoplasty and Buttock Contouring Tarek Abulezz* Department of plastic surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt *Corresponding author: Tarek Abulezz, Department of plastic surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt. Tel: +20-1003674340; Email: [email protected] Citation: Abulezz T (2019) A Review of Recent Advances in Aesthetic Gluteoplasty and Buttock Contouring. Plast Surg Mod Tech 6: 147. DOI: 10.29011/2577-1701.100047 Received Date: 20 June, 2019; Accepted Date: 03 July, 2019; Published Date: 11 July, 2019 Introduction Infragluteal fold: a horizontal crease arising from the median gluteal crease and runs laterally under the ischial tuberosity with a A well-developed buttock is a peculiar trait of the human, slight upward concavity. and not seen in the other primates [1]. The buttock is an extremely important area in woman’s sexuality and is considered a cornerstone Supragluteal fossettes: two hollows located on either side of the of female beauty. Although the concept of female beauty has medial sacral crest. They are formed by the posterior superior iliac changed over time, there are two constant items of femininity: spine and medially by the multifidus muscle. the breasts and the buttocks [2,3]. However, the parameters of V-shaped crease: two lines arising in the upper portion of the beautiful buttocks have varied according to time, culture, and gluteal crease toward the supragluteal fossettes. ethnicity [4,5]. Increasing number of patients are asking for esthetic improvement of their buttock profile or for correction of a Lumbar hyperlordosis is an additional feature that may deformity or irregularity. Buttock contouring is gaining more space contribute to beautiful buttocks. A beautiful gluteal contour should in the media and in doctors’ offices as well. Surgical techniques to also include the perigluteal areas namely the lower lumbar regions, improve buttocks contour have evolved dramatically over the last the trochanteric/hip area and the inner thighs. two decades [6]. Criteria of Beautiful Buttocks The gluteal region has been recognized as an important secondary sexual characteristic since the beginning of history and it has its place in the concept of beauty in all communities. The morphology of the gluteal region has been studied extensively in an objective way by many researchers, defining the changes in the gluteal region particularly with ageing and weight gain and loss [7-9]. Beautiful buttocks should be symmetric and rounded, with the greatest projection coming from the upper and middle thirds. In 2006, Cuenca-Guerra and Quezada published their results after carrying out an extensive anthropometric study [10]. They specified 4 main criteria for gluteal aesthetics (Figure 1,2): Lateral depression: a hollow on the lateral aspect of each buttock formed in its deepest point by the greater trochanter. Figure 1: components of beautiful buttock. 1 Volume 6; Issue 01 Plastic Surgery Mod Tech, an open access journal ISSN: 2577-1701 Citation: Abulezz T (2019) A Review of Recent Advances in Aesthetic Gluteoplasty and Buttock Contouring. Plast Surg Mod Tech 6: 147. DOI: 10.29011/2577- 1701.100047 Most Attractive Second Most Attractive (Percentage of (Percentage of Respondents) Respondents) Posterior View Waist-to-hip 0.64 (44.2) 0.60 (25.0) ratio vertical ratio Inferior gluteal for lateral 70:30 (23.6) convexity (26.3) prominence Lateral View Waist-to-hip 0.70 (29.8) 0.725 (22.4) ratio vertical ratio for lateral 50:50 (45.1) 40:60 (37.5) prominence Figure 2: (A) Greater trochanter, (B) Point of maximal projection of the mons veneris, (C) Point of maximal gluteal projection, (D) Anterior Table1: Buttock Anesthetics preferences [4]. superior iliac spine. Ethnic Gluteoplasty AC = 2AB. Waist-to-hip ratio is almost constant for all ethnic gluteal The waist-to-hip ratio is a crucial item of aesthetic ideals of types [11]. However, buttock size, lateral buttock fullness, and the buttock, regardless of ethnicity (Figure 3). It is the ratio between lateral thigh fullness are different among various ethnic types. the narrowest waist circumference to the hip circumference at the Roberts et al have summarized these ethnic differences as follows: level of maximum prominence of the buttocks [11]. The ration is (1) Caucasians, full but not extremely large buttock size, with two measured in posterior view and in lateral view (Figure 3) with types of lateral buttock fullness, either rounded or hollow, and with the most pleasing ratio 0.65 and 0.7 respectively (Table 1) [4]. no lateral thigh fullness; (2) Hispanics, very full buttock size, with very full lateral buttock and slightly full lateral thigh; (3) African Americans, buttock size as full as possible, with high fullness of lateral buttock and lateral thigh; and (4) Asians, small to moderate sized but shapely buttock, with no fullness of lateral buttock and lateral thigh [12]. These ethnic variations have to be kept in mind while evaluating the patient and planning how to manage his problem [5]. The surgical approach should restore the universal esthetic ideals and at the same time, it should respect and preserve the specific ethnic considerations for every patient. Gluteal Ptosis Gluteal ptosis was defined and classified in an elegant article published by Gonzalez [13]. The classification includes five degrees of severity and two factors: the length of the lower gluteal crease and the measurement of posterior gluteal tissue exceeding the crease at posterior mid-thigh line (Figure 4). Figure 3: The waist-to-hip ratio in posterior and lateral views. 2 Volume 6; Issue 01 Plastic Surgery Mod Tech, an open access journal ISSN: 2577-1701 Citation: Abulezz T (2019) A Review of Recent Advances in Aesthetic Gluteoplasty and Buttock Contouring. Plast Surg Mod Tech 6: 147. DOI: 10.29011/2577- 1701.100047 • Previous radiotherapy Acquired iatrogenic abnormalities which include • Iatrogenic deformities after surgeries in the trochanteric or gluteal region (for tumor, bedsores or for cosmetic purposes) • Contour irregularities after liposuction Aesthetic Vs Reconstructive Gluteoplasty • Pure aesthetic gluteoplasty when surgery is used for contour enhancement in ptotic buttocks and volume augmentation. • Reconstructive gluteoplasty cover all other above-mentioned indications. Procedures Used for Buttock Contouring Figure 4: degrees of ptosis (A) Degree zero: the crease can reach T-line but not overpass it. (B) Degree 1: minimal pre-ptosis. The crease passes Many surgical techniques have been tried to improve the over T-line, but does not reach M- line. (C) Degree 2: moderate pre-ptosis. contour of the gluteal region [15]. These procedures include The crease reaches M-line. (D) Degree 3: borderline pre-ptosis. The crease liposuction and lipofilling, the use of silicone implants or the use goes beyond M-line, with no ptotic tissue at M-line. (E) True ptosis. There of local dermofat flaps. Beside these “invasive” procedures, there is ptotic tissue at M-line (The M line passes through the posterior mid- thigh line, T-line passes through the ischial tuber) [13]. are some less invasive techniques used to improve the contour of the gluteal area and these include thread lift and endopeel Indications for Buttock Contouring (Gluteoplasty) gluteopexy. However, in most cases, no single procedure can According to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic achieve an optimum result or meet the expectations of the patient Surgery, buttock enhancement was one of the fastest growing areas and/or the surgeon. For this reason, it is important to evaluate of aesthetic surgery in 2010. The main reasons why people request each case individually and to follow some clear guidelines. buttock augmentation are: to regain shape distorted by weight loss Gluteal Lipofilling with perigluteal liposuction (Brazilian Butt or aging and to increase attractiveness [14]. Still, there are many Lift) other indications that can be categorized as: The accumulation of excess fat in the perigluteal regions gives Genetic abnormality that may be one of the following: square-shaped buttocks. Accumulation of fat at the supragluteal • Genetically absent or hypoplastic buttock and paralumbar regions disturbs the natural supragluteal fossettes • Disproportionately large buttock and the V-shaped crease and partially hides the gluteal prominence. Lipodystrophy at the infragluteal area conceals the natural • Genetic lipodystrophies involving the gluteal region infragluteal fold. While fat accumulated in the hip and trochanteric Acquired abnormalities caused trauma region conceals the natural depression of this areas and distorts its • Motor vehicle accidents natural appearance. Liposculpture includes liposuction of excess • Post-tumor resection fat from perigluteal areas and after some processing the aspirated fat are re-injected into the buttocks for augmentation [16]. During • Animal bites aspiration, processing and injection, gentle manipulation is • Post-injection deformities caused by post-injection abscess or required to maintain the integrity of the fat cells to achieve better hematoma results. In the buttock region, this procedure was popularized by • Depression induced by steroid injection Brazilian plastic surgeons and hence the name: the Brazilian butt Acquired degenerative gluteal deformities caused by lift. The procedure