The Social Assessment Report on Hubei Stretch from Yichang to Badong of Highway from Shanghai to Chengdu

Home , Badong County, Dangyang, Enshi City, Geheyan Dam, Macheng, Shennong Stream

IPP307

2008/07

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized (Revised)

Public Disclosure Authorized

Social Survey Research Center of Peking University Beijing China

July, 2008 Public Disclosure Authorized

1 Appraisal organization: Social Survey Research Center of Peking University

Address: Room 5207, Department of Sociology,

Law Building, Peking University

Tel: 0086—10—62757189 HP: 13683243230 Fax: 0086—10—62751677 Postal Code: 100871 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

The Social Assessment Report on Hubei Stretch from Yichang to Badong of Highway from Shanghai to Chengdu

Team Leader of Social Appraisal: Liu Aiyu Team Leader of Social Appraisal: Liu Aiyu Staff Members: Liu Aiyu, Xie Zijuan, Liu Juli, Lang Lang Yan Zhenyong, Liu Jiangbo, Qi Lili, Wang Yao Wang Yanghong, Wan Fan , Guo Chenglin Author of the Report: Liu Aiyu

2 Preface

Entrusted by the World Bank Financed Project Execution Office (PEO) under the Hubei Provincial Communications Department (HPCD), the Social Survey Research Center of Peking University (SSRCPKU) conducted an independent assessment on the “Project of the Stretch from Yichang to Badong of the Highway from Shanghai to Chengdu”.

The Yiba stretch of the highway from Shanghai to Chengdu is lying in the west of Hubei Province which is at the joint of middle reaches and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The project area administratively belongs to Yiling District Yichang City, Zigui County, Xingshang County and Badong County of Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture. It adjoins Jianghan Plain in the east, Chongqing City in the west, Yangtze River in the south and Shengnongjia Forest, Xiangfan City etc in the north. The highway, extending 173 km, begins in Baihe, connecting Jingyi highway, and ends up in Badong County in the joint of Hubei and Sichuan, joining Wufeng highway in Chongqing.

Under the precondition of sticking to the World Bank’s policy, the social assessment is going to make a judgment of the social impact exerted by the project, advance certain measures, and in the meanwhile bring forward supervision and appraisement system.

During July 1st and 9th, 2007, the assessment team conducted the social investigation in Yiling District Yichang City, Zigui County, XingshanCounty and Badong County. The content of investigation mainly contains:

(1) Collecting data on nature, geography, water conservancy, shipping, transport, environment, and present development of social economy of all the investigatory area;

(2) Collecting data about nature, geography, shipping, transport,

3 environment, and development of social economy of the cities and counties involved;

(3) Investigating and collecting data about nature, recourses, economy and social status of Longquan Town Yiling District, Yayueling Town, Huanghua Xiang, Xiakou Town and Gaoqiao Xiang of Xingshan County, and Yanduhe Town and Xiqiuwan Xiang of Badong County;

(4) Choosing Qinglong Village and Wanjiafan Village in Longquan Town, Fenghuangguan Village and Haiyun Village in Yaqueling Town and Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village in Huanghua Xiang of Yiling District, Shijiaba Village and Sixiangxi Village in Xiakou Town and Zhoujiashan Village in Gaoqiao Xiang of Xingshan County, and Shujiacao Village and Xibiantang Village in Yanduhe Town and Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Village in Xiqiuwan Xiang of Badong County to investingate in villagers’ houses. Conduct semi-structural questionnaire survey to 143 houses in 13 villages, which contains information about family members’ situation, housing condition, production, labor service export, income and outlay, industrial structure, labor division and decision making in family, locals’ acquaintance about the project, expropriation aroused by the project and resettlers’ attitudes and expectations;

(5) Conducting deep interviews to 70 families or persons in 13 villages, each of which is about 90 minutes on average.

This assessment gets strong support from World Bank Financed Project Execution Office (PEO) under the Hubei Provincial Communications Department (HPCD) and warm help from villagers and governments of cities (districts) and xiangs (towns) concerned. We here present our sincerest acknowledgement to Mr. Liu Zhefu, the senior social development expert of the World Bank, for his many valuable advices during the process of project design.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1．Introduction to the Project and its Social Assessment ...... 9 1.1 General Introduction of the Project...... 9 1.2 General Introduction of the Social Assessment of the Project ...... 10 1.2.1 The Significance and Objective of the Social Assessment...... 10 1.2.2 The Objective of this Social Assessment ...... 11 1.2.3 Methodology of Social Assessment ...... 12 1.2.4 Operation of Social Assessment...... 13 1.2.5 Sources of Documents & Materials ...... 15 2. General Introduction of the Affected Areas of the Project...... 16 2.1 Directly and Indirectly Affected Areas of the Project ...... 16 2.2 Geographic Location, Historical Development and Human Cultural Characteristics of Affected Areas...... 17 2.3 Economic Condition of Affected Areas ...... 20 2.4 Natural and Human Resources of Affected Areas...... 28 2.5 General Situation of the Employment Models of the Local Residents in Affected Areas 32 2.6 Main beneficiaries...... 39 3. Socio-Economic Impact of the Project ...... 41 3.1 Basic Conditions of Those under Investigation and of Their Villages...... 41 3.1.1 Affected Villages of Yiling District...... 41 3.1.2 Affected Villages of Xingshan County...... 48 3.1.3 The Affected Villages of Badong County...... 51 3.2 Basic Conditions of Affected Households...... 55 3.2.1 Basic Characteristics of Households...... 55 3.2.2 The Size and Structure of Family...... 56 3.2.3 Education Distribution of Family Members...... 57 3.3 Production and Operation of the Household ...... 57 3.3.1 Land and Living of the Villagers...... 57 3.3.2 Means of Production and Operation...... 62 3.4 Division of Labor and Way of Employment ...... 64 3.4.1 Working Time on Agricultural Production as well as Non-agricultural Production ...... 64 3.4.2 Aanalysis of working out ...... 66 3.5 Housing and living...... 69 3.5.1 Housing Area ...... 69 3.5.2 Time of Building ...... 71 3.5.3 Cost for House Construction...... 71 3.5.4 The General Conditions of House and Residence...... 72 3.6 Income of Household and the Factors...... 74 3.6.1 Structure and Level of Income ...... 74 3.6.2 Priority of Richness for Investigated Families...... 78 3.6.3 Prioritization of Reasons for the Poverty of Families ...... 81 3.7 Household’s Expenditure and it’s Structure ...... 84

5 3.7.1 Expenditure Structure...... 84 3.7.3 Land, Production, Income and Expenditure of the Typical Household ...... 87 3.8 Land Expropriation and its Impacts to Households Income ...... 92 3.8.1 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts to Households Income ...... 92 3.8.2 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts on Typical Households’ Income...... 97 3.9 Social Support Network oof Household...... 101 3.10 Traveling and Transportations...... 103 3.10.1 Household Vehicles in Relation with Satisfaction Toward Traffic Conditions ..103 3.10.2 Traveling Frequency in Relation with Degrees of Satisfaction of Those Investigated ...... 105 3.10.3 Traveling modes in Relation with Degrees of Satisfaction of Those Investigated ...... 107 4. Women and Project Participation...... 108 4.1 Women’s present status ...... 108 4.1.1 Women’s Economical Status ...... 108 4.1.2 Women’s Political Status...... 113 4.1.3 Women’s educational status ...... 114 4.1.4 Women’s Marriage Status...... 116 4.2 Project Construction and Women’s participation ...... 118 4.2.1The Impacts that the Construction of the Project May Have on Local Women’s Economic Participation ...... 118 4.2.2 The Impacts that the Construction of This Project Will Have on Local Women’s Political Participation...... 119 4.2.3 The Impacts of the Construction of the Project on Local Women’s Education and Marriage Status ...... 121 4.2.4 Women’s Attitudes toward the Project and Its Impact ...... 122 4.2.5 Possible Action Responses of Women When their Wills to Participate Was Not Satisfied...... 124 4.2.6 Negative Impact Caused by the Project and Women’s Reaction...... 129 5. Analysis of the Impacts on Ethnic Minority ...... 133 5.1 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of Hubei Province...... 133 5.2 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of Affected area...... 134 5.3 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of Villages and Towns...... 137 6. Influence of the Project and Social Risks ...... 147 6.1 Understanding Status of Villagers about the Project...... 148 6.2 Attitude towards Expropriation and Migration ...... 148 6.3 Expectation of the Ways of Compensation for Expropriation...... 150 6.3.1 General Characters of the Ways of Compensation for Expropriation ...... 150 6.3.2 Expectation to the Ways of Expropriation Compensation from Villagers with Various Characters ...... 153 6.4 Attitude towards Dismantlement and Removal...... 155 6.4.1 Basic Housing Condition of Those Who Need to Remove...... 155 6.4.2 Attitude towards Resettlement ...... 157 6.5 Expectation of the Ways of Compensation for Dismantlement and Removal ...... 160

6 6.6 Expectation to the Compensatory Level for Dismantlement and Removal ...... 162 6.7 Willingness of Choosing Places for Houses Rebuilt...... 164 6.8 Negative Impact Caused by the Project and Villagers’ Reaction...... 166 6.8.2 General Ways of Response to the Negative Impact from Villagers of Different Characters...... 170 6.9 Ways of Reaction to the Discontent with Compensation for Occupation and Dismantlement ...... 173 6.9.1 General Action Ways ...... 173 6.9.2 Ways of Expressing Discontent with Compensation from Villagers of Different Characters...... 181 7. Analysis of the Project’s Social Effects ...... 186 7.1 Effects of communications improvement...... 186 7.1.1 Improvement of National Highway Network and Hubei’s Main Road Network.186 7.1.2 Connection with Road Network out of the Region ...... 188 7.1.3 Join with Waterways out of the Region...... 188 7.1.4 Join with Railways and Airways out of the Region ...... 189 7.2 Socially Economic Effects except Communications...... 189 7.2.1 Helpful to Execute Strategies of “Central Rise” and “Western Development”....189 7.2.2 Constructive to the Development of Chinas’ Yangtze River Economic Belt ...... 193 7.2.3 Beneficial to Develop and Take Use of Resources and Boost Regional Economy ...... 194 7.2.4 Beneficial to Reinforce Social and Economic Relations and Relations between Regions ...... 195 7.3 Social Effects of the Project...... 197 7.3.1 Level of Social Support to the Project ...... 197 7.3.2 Influence of Benefit to Main Correlates...... 197 7.3.3 Influence to social stability ...... 203 7.3.4 Analysis on Employment Effects ...... 205 7.3.5 Promoting the Process of Local Urbanization...... 206 7.3.6 Promoting the Development of Local Education and Governance ...... 207 8. Conclusions and suggestions of social appraisal ...... 211 8.1 Chief Conclusions...... 211 8.2 Villagers’ Suggestions...... 224 8.2.1 Land Expropriation and Compensation...... 224 8.2.2 Dismantlement and Removal and Compensation ...... 226 8.2.3 Infrastructure and Compensation ...... 228 8.2.4 Suggestions to Highway Construction ...... 228 8.2.5 Safety, Public Security and Other Issues during the Construction of the Project.229 8.3 Suggestions of Government of Xiangs (Towns)...... 230 8.3.1 Land Expropriation and Compensation...... 230 8.3.2 Dismantlement and Removal and Compensation ...... 233 8.3.3 Infrastructure and Compensation ...... 235 8.3.4 Suggestions to Road Built...... 236 8.4 Expert Panel’s Suggestions ...... 237

7 8.4.1 Taking Peasants’ Interest into Serious Consideration...... 237 8.4.2 Compensation for Expropriation, Dismantlement and Removal ...... 239 8.4.3 Establish and Encourage the Participation System of Benefactors ...... 241 8.4.4 Suggestions to Highway Built and Development...... 242 8.4.5 Pay Attention to and Promote Propaganda of the Projects...... 243 8.4.6 Pay Attention to Effects on the Implementation of Projects by the Past Cadre-ordinary Villagers’ Relationship in Rural Community and Some Historical Issues ...... 244 8.4.7 Highlight the Social Responsibility of the Project Owner ...... 244 Appendix One Member of Social Appraisal Team...... 245 Appendix Two Guidelines for the Social Assessment Work on Yiba Highway Project.....246 Appendix Three: Guidelines for the Interviews of Cadres on Yiba Highway Project ...... 251 Appendix Four: Guidelines for Individual Interviews on Yiba Highway Project ...... 254 Appendix Five：Guidelines for Seminar Discussions on Yiba Highway Project ...... 256

8 1．Introduction to the Project and its Social Assessment

1.1 General Introduction of the Project

The highway from Yichang to Badong is an important part of the highway from Shanghai to Chengdu(abbreviated as Yiba Highway Project below), which is one of 18 east-to-west lines, according to the “National Highway Network Program”(network No. 7918). In Hubei, it begins from Changlingguan at the joint of Hubei and Anhui, passes Macheng, then enters Wuhan in Huangpo, and runs west between (Wu) Hanshi(yan) highway (part of Fuyin highway) and (Wu) Hanyi (chang) highway (part of Huyu highway). Passing Yingcheng, Jingshan, it crosses Sui (zhou) yue (yang) highway, extends west though Zhongxiang to connect Xiang (fan) jing (zhou) highway at Jingmen, then enters the Yiba stretch (this project) from Dangyang, and at last ends up in Huoshaoan at the joint of Hubei and Chongqing, joining the highway from Wushan to Fengjie in Chongqing.

The project areas, between 110°04’~111°39’ East Longitude and 30°32’ ~31°34’ North Latitude, administratively belongs to Yiling District Yichang City, Zigui County, Xingshang County and Badong County of Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture. It adjoins Jianghan Plain in the east, Chongqing City in the west, Yangtze River in the south and Shengnongjia Forest, Xiangfan City etc in the north. The highway begins at Baihe, connecting Jingyi highway, ends up in Huoshaoan at the joint of Hubei and Chongqing, joining Wufeng highway in Chongqing. The full length is about 173 km.

According to the communications program of Hubei Province, the project of Yiba highway with the total loans of 150 million dollars from the World Bank has been arranged into the World Bank’s programs from

9 2007 to 2009.

1.2 General Introduction of the Social Assessment of the Project

The social assessment on Yiba Highway Project is an important step of the feasibility report of the project, and it is also an absolutely necessary reference to the investment of the World Bank. The World Bank Project Office of Hubei Communication Department entrusted the Social Research Center of Peking University to form an expert group who will fully in charge of the social assessment of this project.

1.2.1 The Significance and Objective of the Social Assessment

1.2.1.1 The Significance of the Social Assessment

Social assessment is a form of feasibility research, a fundamental condition of the design and implementation of a project and the supplementation to the analysis of economy, finance, technology and environment. A project argumentation without social assessment is incomplete since it cannot be replaced by other argumentations. 1.2.1.2 The Objective of Social Assessment The basic objective of social assessment is to ensure the social benefit, which includes the social and cultural influence and the potential social and cultural problems, and correspondingly eliminate or at least decrease the negative social effects. The social assessment will contribute to the clearness of the objective of the project and more attention to the poverty-stricken people in the affected areas of the project and more support to the fragile group, especially the ethnic minorities and women; it will also contribute to the constructions of various associations, organizations and institutions which will provide more opportunities to locals, and to the communication and understanding between investors

10 and those interest-relevant people, and to the enhancement of the participation and sharing of information; it will also contribute to the founding of the base of social supervision and appraisal.

1.2.2 The Objective of this Social Assessment

Project impact analysis. On the basis of the project impact inventory to be conducted by the design consultants, the social assessment consultant will carry out further impact analysis, particularly of farmland acquisition, through analyzing of employment patterns and income structures of the affected households. It would help understand more accurately the economic impact of land acquisition upon the affected farming households and plan necessary resettlement measures. Gender aspects of the project preparation. Women are a major stakeholder group of the project. It is important to identify the various women groups, carry out separate consultations with them, bring out their perspectives of the project and enable them to participate in the project preparation and implementation process. It is important that the social assessment bring out their particular concerns and needs, their views and understandings of the impact, their views of rehabilitation measures, and necessary measures to enable their participation in the project. Impacts of the Project and Social Risk. Analyze the relationship between the attudes of the resettlers’ on land acquisition、dismantle、 resettlement and the action choice they will make, and discuss the acceptable resettlement plan for the resettlers, and avoid the social risk such as collective action resulted by the inappropriate resettlement plan. Ethnic minority communities. The social assessment team will review relevant data and documents, and confirm If it is need to recommend necessary measures under the project in line with government and the World Bank policies on indigenous people.

11 Beneficiary assessment. The proposed project is expected to have broad social, economic and environment benefits. The social assessment will identify the potential project beneficiaries, evaluate the expected project impacts upon them and recommend measures to maximize project benefits for different project beneficiaries.

1.2.3 Methodology of Social Assessment

The assessment group from the SSRC of Peking University combined such methods as participative rural appraisal (PRA) method, the fieldwork survey method in anthropology and questionnaire survey in sociology to conduct the social appraisal on Yiba Highwai Pproject.

Participative Rural Appraisal method depends largely upon the participations of the residents in the local communities of the affected areas. With this method we may collect various kinds of information on their production, life, environment, etc. It is a community development method that entirely depends upon local knowledge, leadership, institution and resources to attribute to the rural development through local people’s participation. With such a participative interaction with local people, the experts get to know the community development, social relationships, structure of resources and local knowledge about the historical development and changes as well as the current social and economic situation.

Participative observation in fieldwork is the fundamental research method in which researchers enter the targeted community, live with locals for a period of time and observe local life, production and rites. This method combines subjective research as well as objective research and conduces to the understanding of the actual living conditions and true thoughts of local people.

Questionnaire survey method is the most frequently used method in modern society to collect information. Its most obvious advantage is to obtain plenty of rich, comprehensive and objective materials in a very short time that can be handled and analyzed quantitatively. As an important component of the social appraisal, the questionnaire survey aims at understanding local people’s comments and attitudes on the

12 influence brought by the implementation of the project, and making a comparatively in-depth sociological as well as anthropological analysis, ensuring that the investment of the World Bank will help those poorly-paid people and the fragile group, guaranteeing that men and women enjoy equal opportunities of participation, and building a social supervision and estimation system to achieve the aforementioned goal. Hence the appraisal group initially designed the form titles with “The Social Appraisal Survey Questionnaire on Yiba Highway Projectr Financed by the World Bank”. The analysis on the questionnaire survey will add to the width of the materials collected with the participative rural appraisal and fieldwork survey methods.

1.2.4 Operation of Social Assessment

The social assessment group was formed at the end of April, 2007, and according to the requirements of the World Bank and the specific situation of the project and that of the affected area of the project, the appraisal group designed “Outline of the Social Assessment on Yiba Highway Project financed by the World Bank in Hubei Province” (Appendix Two), “Questionnaire Survey on Yiba Highway Project Financed by the World Bank” and the flow chart of this social appraisal. Before the survey, the group collected and analyzed relevant documents and materials of the affected areas of the project as well as the points of investigation. At the end of June, the social appraisal group discussed in details as the objective of this social appraisal, the working process and the choice of the points of investigation with directors of Hubei Communication Department and those of the World Bank Project Office, and an agreement was achieved. Then the social appraisal experts were divided into two sub-groups, and one group went to the 7 investigation spots and the other went 6 investigation spots, conducting a 8-day social research. An strictly order was followed: holding conversations with representatives of the counties, towns, village cadres and villagers→

13 drawing maps(community maps as well as maps of household distributions) → prioritization(prioritizing the positive and negative influences of the highway and roads improvement on local people, prioritizing the factors which may exert influence on local economy, prioritizing the beneficiaries) →conducting the indoor questionnaire survey→making in-depth interview with household members. During the survey, local governments of all levels and local residents offer great support and help which made it true to finish the survey in the due time. Hubei Communications Department, Financed Project Execution Office under the World Bank, Bureau of Statistics, Antipoverty Office as well as Communications Department, Bureau of Statistics, Antipoverty Office and government of Yichang City, Xingshan County and Badong County were visited during this survey. 10 seminars were organized, 13 village (town) cadres were interviewed. Altogether 200 questionnaires were issued and 143 of them were returned effectively (with a rate of 71.5%) and 70 in-depth interviews with villagers were held as well. The specific sampling method was to choose 3 counties (districts) and then 13 investigation sports out of the three districts (counties) to conduct indoor investigation. The standards of choice are as following: firstly, to choose 7 villages and towns according to the kind of samples (according to geographical position, the situation of influence and the level of economic development); secondly, to specify two administrative villages among the aforementioned villages and towns by drawing lots; thirdly, to choose 30-40 households to conduct investigation according to the influence level of expropriation, dismantlement and removal in each villages. What should be pointed out is that, in this social investigation, villages which would be affected relatively deeply were especially chosen. For example, the most deeply affected villages will be Jiangjunling Village and Shujiacao Village (15% of the total area was affected), and the

14 secondary villages will be Xinpin Village, Xibiantang Village, Huanghuachang Village and Fenghuangguan Village. Then families who will be affected relatively deeply were especially chosen too. The aim of this method is to try the best to conduct an overall assessment on the negative influence of expropriation to villagers.

1.2.5 Sources of Documents & Materials

This report was based on the following 4 kinds of documents and materials: （1） Official statistics and materials supplied by Hubei Communication Department: The Abstract of China’s Statistic Year Book in 2006; The Statistic Almanac of Hubei Province in 2006; The Feasibility Research Report of the Stretch from Yichang to Badong of the Highway from Shanghai to Chengdu; Statistic forms of all counties, towns and villages under investigation. （2） Ethnographies. （3） Field Research Materials, including materials from seminars， intviews with relative government bureau,questionnaire,deep-interview with families and individual. （4） Data and Materials from network, such as ，e.g.,Network of Antipoverty Office and Government of Hubei Province,information network of Statistic Bureau of Badong County ,Enshi State and Xinshan County,and data fromhttp://www.bjinfobank.com.

Above all the listed references, three principles were observed strictly: first, use the latest statistic materials; second, use the first-hand materials as far as the statistics of villages are concerned to ensure the objectivity and exactness of them; third, integrate the ideas of peasants’ and local governments of all levels’ to analyze questions we came across to avoid partiality and distorting the true problems so that the appraisal might come nearer to the core of problems.

15 2. General Introduction of the Affected Areas of the Project

2.1 Directly and Indirectly Affected Areas of the Project

Hubei province, “E” for short, covers a total area of 185，900 km2, bordering Anhui Province in the east, Jiangxi Province and Hunan Province in the south, Chongqing Municipality in the west, Shanxi Province in the northwest and Henan Province in the north. It is surrounded by mountains and hills in the east, west and north. An incomplete basin lies in the south of it. The average height of the west areas reaches over 1000 meters above the sea level, with mountains extending from the northwest to the southwest continuously. While in the southeast and northeast, hills are less than 1000 meters high. In the middle lies broad and fertile Jianghan Plain which is below 50m. Altogether mountainous regions cover 50% of the total area of the province, hills 24%, plains and Lakeland 20%, and other water areas 10%. That is why it is also called “the province of a thousand lakes”. Besides that the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River run through it, there are 193 mid and small-sized rivers in the province, with the total length of 35,000 km. Most areas in the province are under the influence of the humid subtropical monsoon climate. Every year it enjoys 230-300 non-frosty days. The average yearly rainfall is between 750-1600 mm and the average temperature 13-18 °C. And it enjoys 1200-2000 hours of sunlight every year. Now it governs 12 province-level cities, 24 county-level cities and 41counties and its capital is Wuhan. By the end of 2005, its population, at the density of 324 per km2, was 60.31 million, accounting for 4.61% of the national. The overall provincial GDP in 2005 was RMB 652.014 billion yuan, accounting for 3.58% of the national. The provincial per capita GDP was 10,811 yuan, a little lower than that of the

16 nation (14002 yuan), ranked twelfth among 31 provinces/ municipalities/ autonomous states in China. The length of the stretch from Yichang to Badong in Hubei is 173 km. Based on the definition by project location and main beneficial districts, directly affected areas are Yiling District, Xingshan County and Zigui County of Yichang City and Badong County of Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture. According to three principles——adjacent to directly affected areas, connected in the communication networks and affected after the project, there also are indirectly affected areas, which contain main cities the highway will pass and other districts connecting Hubei indirectly through relative motorway networks, such as Shanghai, Chongqing, Chengdu.

2.2 Geographic Location, Historical Development and Human Cultural Characteristics of Affected Areas

The project area lies between 110°04’~111°39’ East Longitude and 30°32’ ~31°34’ North Latitude. It administratively belongs to Yiling District Yichang City, Zigui County, Xingshang County and Badong County of Enshi Autonomous State of Tujia and Miao nationalities. It adjoins Jianghan Plain in the east, Chongqing City in the west, Yangtze River in the south and Shengnongjia Forest, Xiangfan City and so on in the north.

Lying in the west (south) of Hubei, between 110°15’~112°04’ East Longitude and 29°56’ ~31°34’ North Latitude, Yichang City locates at the joint of upstream and midstream of Yangtze River and in the middle of Exi mountainous districts and Hanjiang Plain, joining Bashu in the north and Jingxiang in the south. The longest span is 174.08 km from east to west and 180.6 km from south to north. It borders on Jingzhou

17 City and Jingmen City in the east, Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture in the west, Shimen County Hunan Province in the south and Shennongjia forest and Xiangfan City in the north. Yichang City governs 5 districts, 5 counties and 3 cities, and these are Xiling District, Wujiagang District, Dianjun District, Huting District, Yiling District, Yuan’an County, Xingshan County, Zigui County, Changyang Tujia Autonomous County, Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County, Yidu City, Dangyang City and Zhijiang City. In 2006, its land area was 21084 km2, total population was 4 million at a density of 189 per square kilometer, and GDP was 68 billion yuan.

As Yichang’s downtown, Yiling District governs 11 towns, 1 street office and 205 villager committees. Its area was 3,432 km2, the total population was 517,500 at a density of 150 per square kilometer, and the GDP was 7.466 billion, accounting for 10.98% of that of Yichang in 2006.

Xingshan County lies between 110°45’~113°43’ East Longitude and 31°14’ ~32°North Latitude, on the north of Xiling Gorges of Yangtze River, which is in area of the world famous the Three Gorgers project. It is designated as the economic development zone of the Three Gorses Yangtze River by state department. Gufu Town of the new county is 176 km away from Yichang, 97 km from the Three Gorgers Dam and 60 km from Muyu Town Shennongjia forest. Xingshan County governs 6 towns, 2 xiangs, 102 administrative villages and 12 residents committees, with its total area 2,327 km2, population 182,600 at a density of 78 per square kilometer and GDP 1.975 billion yuan in 2006. As a county, Xingshan has a history of more than 1700 years.

Lying in the west of Hubei, Zigui County locates between 110°18’~111°0’ East Longitude and 30°38’ ~31°11’ North Latitude, and it adjoins Hekou of Maoping Town in the east, Liangfengtai of Moping

18 Xiang in the west, Xiangwang hill of Yanglinqiao Town in the south and Lanbandeng Ya of Shuitianba Xiang in the north. The longest span is 66.1 km from east to west and 60.6 km from south to north. The total area is 2,427 km2, within which 728.1 km2 is high-mountainous area, accounting for 30%, 1332.4 km2 is mid mountainous area, accounting for 54.9%, and 366.5 km2 is low mountainous area, accounting for 15.1%. Zigui County governs 12 towns, 6 resident committees and 186 administrative villages, with total population 388,200 at a density of 160 per square kilometer and GDP 2.543 billion yuan in 2006.

Lying in the west of Hubei, Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture locates between 108°23’12”~110°38’08” East Longitude and 29°07’10” ~31°24’13” North Latitude, at the conjecture of Hunan, Hubei and Chongqing. It borders on Qianjiang District Chongqing Municipality in the west, Wanzhou District Chongqing Municipality in the north, Xiangxi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan Province in the south, Shennongjia forest in the northeast, and Yichang City in the north. It spans 220 km from east to west and 260 km from south to north, covers 24,061 km2 area and governs 2 county-level cities (Enshi and Lizhou) and 6 counties (Badong, Jianshi, Xuan’en, Xianfeng,Laifeng and Hefeng). There are 88 Xiang-level units (5 Street Office, 37 Towns and 46 Xiangs). At the end of 2006, its total population was 3.879 million at a density of 146 per square kilometer, among which 1.7 million was the Tujia, accounting for 45%, and 206,000 was the Miao, accounting for 55%. The GDP was 18.95 billion yuan in 2006.

Badong County, in the northeast Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture, lies between 110°04’~110°32’ East Longitude and 30°13’~31°28’ North Latitude. There are three mountains (Daba Mountain, Wu Mountain and Wuling Mountain) lying, two rivers (Yangtze River and Qing River) running and national-level road No.318

19 extending from east to west and No.209 from south to north. The county covers the land area of 3354 km2 and governs 10 towns, 2 xiangs, 14 resident committees and 491 administrative villages. At the end of 2006, its population was 485,500 at a density of 144 per square kilometer, ethnic minority (Tujia) accounting for 43%. The GDP was 2.146 billion yuan in 2006.

2.3 Economic Condition of Affected Areas

Generally speaking, Hubei Province is a comparatively developed region in China. In 2005, the per capita GDP was 10,811 yuan and ranked 12th among the 31 provinces and municipalities as well as autonomous regions in mainland China. However, as far as economic development is concerned, regions differ from each other in the province. The economy is highly developed in some areas while counties and cities among the Dabieshan, Qinba and Mushan mountainous areas are still at a low level.

Yichang City Recently, in the process of social and economic development, economic structure of Yichang was optimized and relationship between three industries was adjusted. The GDP of the city in 2005 was 60.806 billion yuan and the per capita GDP is 15247 yuan. The product value of the first, second and third Industry was 8.5 billion, 31 billion and 21.306 billion yuan respectively, the ratio of which was 13.98:50.98:35.04. The local revenue was 2.253 billion. Its main economic indexes, such as total product value and revenue were ranked first among the same sized cities in Hubei and it was also among the one hundred cities, which had best comprehensive strength. In 2006, per capita disposable yearly income of urban residents was 8,926 yuan and per capita pure yeary income of country residents was 3,433 yuan.

20 Agriculture plays an important role in social and economic life in Yichang. In 2005, the total production value of agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery was 13.86 billion yuan. Among all kinds of agricultural production, fruits, livestock, fishes, vegetables, tea and Chinese medicinal materials were characteristic industries in Yichang, the output value of which accounted for 71% of the total. The tea named “Cai Hua Mao Jian” has become the most famous one in Hubei, and also has been chosen as a famous agricultural produce in China.

Industrial economy plays the leading role of social economy. In 2005, the total output value summed up to 228.541 billion yuan in 2005. Three backbones of Yichang’s industries were power, chemical technology and food & medicine industry, the sale of which accounted for 71.9% of the total amount of all industrial enterprises of certain size. Traditional industries, such as machinery and produce processing, still contribute a lot. There are 205 produce processing enterprises, and each annual sale of 18 enterprises reaches more than 100 million yuan. Besides, high and new-technological industry has been developing recently. There have been 58 corporations in the city which are above provincial level.

Business, finance, tourism, culture & education and service are main fields of the third industry. Tourism gains rapid development. “Two Dams and One Gorges” (the Three Gorgers Dam, Gezhou Dam and Xiling Gorges between the two) project, as the backbone of Yichang’s tourism, attracted 39.17 million domestic tourists and 1.311 million foreign tourists, gaining 25.57 billion yuan and 228 million dollars.

Yiling District

As a developed county (city and district) in Hubei, Yiling’s GDP

21 reached 7.466 billion yuan in 2006, increasing by 49% compared with 2003. Output value of the three industries increased 1.41 billion, 2.99 billion and 3.06 billion yuan respectively, up by 6.2%, 22.7% and 15.2% correspondingly. The ratio of the three industries’ increased value was adjusted to 18.9:40:41.1 from 20.9:37.5:41.6 in 2005. Compared with that of the last year, the ratio respectively decreased 2 percent, increased 2.5 percent, and decreased 0.5 percent. The industrial structure has been further optimized.

Local budget revenue reached 270 million yuan, up by 60.7% from 2003. From 2003 till now, political subsidies that were given to farmers, such as subsidies of food and seed, subsidies for buying agricultural machines and returning farmland to forest and so on, has added up to 89.95 million yuan. The overall canceling agricultural tax has saved 13.56 million yuan for farmers. per capita net income of rural residents had reached 4,072 yuan in 2006, raising more than 300 yuan each year from 2003. Per capita annual disposable income of urban households reached 8,812 yuan.

Agriculture is very important to Yiling District’s economy, and 35.4% of population lives on agriculture. In 2006, the output value of agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery increased 1.41 billion yuan, up by 6.2%. The area of cultivated land was 40,661 acres with the total output 204,000 tons; the area of oil-bearing crop land was 1,983 acres, with the output 22,000 tons; the area of vegetable land was 13,648 acres, with the output 370,000tons; the area of orange orchards was 17,537 acres, with the output 267,000 tons. The number of pigs was 755,000. Three advantageous agricultural industries of Yiling District are orange, tea and livestock. In 2006, the total output value of state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises (the yearly product sale was more than 5

22 million yuan) was 6.26 billion yuan, gaining product sale 5.46 billion yuan and profit 560 million yuan and paying tax 950 million yuan, which increased largely compared with the last year. Five backbones of Yiling’s industry were food, chemical technology & medicine, new type building materials, electro machine and textiles packing. “Dao Hua Xiang” Group was ranked as one of large corporations in the country wide, and the branded wine enjoyed great reputation in China.

Business, finance, tourism, culture & education and service are the main parts of the third industry. Tourism develops fast especially. In 2006, tourists were over 1.5 million, and the total sale of social consumable was 2.77 billion yuan. The area of real estate developing has added up to over one million square meters in the recent three years.

Zigui County

Zigui County is a state-identified poor county with an agricultural population of 330,000 and the non-agricultural population only makes up 15.2% of the total. By the end of 2005, there was 13,590 acres of cultivated land. As for agricultural population, the per capita amount was 0.62 Mu. Since the population is so large while the land is so little, it is hard to form large scale production. The basic organizing formation of production is household responsibility system established in early 1980s.

Agriculture takes the leading position in the national economy, which mainly includes livestock farming, tobacco baking, fruit & tea, vegetable and medicine materials.

Industry is comparatively weak, focusing on produce processing.

The third industry mainly contains catering, business, service and

transportation.

23 In 2005, the GDP of Zigui County amounted to 2.271 billion yuan with the per capita GDP 5,823 yuan, and the output value of the first, second and third industry was 530 million, 489 million and 1.252 billion yuan respectively. The rate between the values is 23.3:21.5:55.2. The average disposable income of urban residents was 7,173 yuan and the annual per capita net income of peasants was 1,999 yuan. Local budget revenue of the county totaled 77.09 million yuan and the financial expenditure totaled 302.05 million yuan, which meant that the income fell short the payout.

Xingshan County

Xingshan County, as a typical agricultural county, has the agricultural population of 143,000, accounting for 78.3% of the total. By the end of 2006, there was 130,800 Mu cultivated land with the per capita 1.37 Mu. Per capita agricultural resources were more than that of Zigui County.

The basic organizing formation of production is household responsibility system established in early 1980s. The main produces are food, oil crops, vegetables, fruits and pigs. In 2006, the output value of agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery increased 394.51 million yuan. The output of main produces was that: 70,448 tons of food, 6,712 tons of oil crops, 5,151 tons of tobacco, 99,888 tons of vegetables, 38,382 tons of fruits, 34,611 tons of oranges, 416 tons of tea, 1,322 tons of medicine materials and 271,300 pigs.

Xingshan County’s industry is comparatively weak, which mainly contains produce processing, minerals, cement，chemical industry of phosphorus、metallurgy、and structural materials. The industrial output was 1.078 billion yuan in 2006.

24 The third industry mainly contains business, catering, service and transportation.

In 2006, the GDP of Xingshan County amounted to 1.975 billion yuan with the per capita GDP 10,816 yuan. The output value of the first, second and third industry was 395 million, 824 million and 757 million yuan respectively. The rate between the values was 20.0:41.7:38.3. Per capita annual disposable income of urban residents was 7,861 yuan and per capita net income of rural residents was 2,760 yuan. The financial income of the county totaled 83.08 million yuan and the financial expenditure totaled 242.93 million yuan.

Badong County

As another state-identified poor county, Zigui County has an agricultural population of 430,000, and the non-agricultural population only makes up 8.9% of the total, which makes Zigui a typical agricultural county. By the end of 2005, there was 34,990 acres of cultivated land with the per capita 1.22 Mu. Based on the basic production organizing formation of household responsibility system established in early 1980s, the economic condition is weak. Since the population is so large while the land is so little, it is hard to form large scale production.

The first industry plays the dominant role in Badong’s economy, and the produce is mainly wheat, rice, corn, oil crop, peanut and sesame. The second and third industries develop comparatively slowly, and the second industry mainly includes water power, produce processing, minerals, and structural materials etc.

In 2006, the GDP of Badong County amounted to 2.1466 billion yuan with the per capita GDP 4,682 yuan. The output value of the first, second and third industry raised 873.22 million, 310.90 million and 962.48

25 million yuan respectively. The rate between the output values was 40.7:14.5:44.8. Per capita annual disposable income of urban residents was 7,442 yuan and per capita net income of rural residents was 1,813 yuan. The financial income of the county totaled 100.26 million yuan and the financial expenditure 377.89 million yuan, which meant that the income fell short of expenditure. Badong is one of twelve financial difficulty counties identified by Hubei Province. The primary social and economic indexes can be seen in the table 2.3-2

Table 2.3-2 The Major Social and Economic Standards of the Affected Area

Hubei Huhan Xingsh Yichang Yiling Zigui Enshi Badong province City an City District County County State County

Year 2005 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 2006 2006

Ⅰ.Population 6031.0 801.4 398.8 51.75 39.0 18.26 387.90 48.55

Registered Population(10 thousand)

Agricultural population(10 2266.0 298.26 271.4 39.47 33.0 14.29 300.62 43.0 thousand)

Population density 324 943 189 151 161 78 146 144

(person/km2)

Ⅱ.Area of land（km2） 185900 8494 21084 3424 2427 2327 24061 3354

Ⅲ.Total GDP(100 million 6520.14 2238.0 608.06 74.66 22.71 19.75 189.50 21.46 yuan) Percenage of first industry 16.60 4.90 13.98 18.91 23.34 20.00 38.40 40.70 Percentage of second 43.10 45.53 50.98 40.04 21.53 41.72 25.10 14.50 industry Percentage of tertiary 40.31 49.57 35.04 41.05 56.13 38.28 36.50 44.80 industry GDP per capita（Yuan） 10811 27926 15247 14428 5823 10816 5405 4682 Ⅳ.Employment(10 3537.0 421.8 212.3 29.70 19.62 11.90 215.98 24.25 thousand) Percenage of first industry 47.70 19.10 46.26 35.35 67.28 55.08 67.26 60.16 Percentage of second 20.50 32.64 21.43 18.85 12.79 11.02 8.96 1.82 industry Percentage of tertiary 31.80 41.74 32.31 45.80 19.93 33.90 23.78 38.02

26 industry

Ⅴ.Rural Employment（10 1931.2 129.54 141.1 20.94 18.6318 8.20 180.88 22.31 thousand） Ⅵ. gross output value of 7842.54 2466.0 694.47 86.33 19.47 32.23 164.67 21.34 industry and agriculture(100 million yuan) Gross Output Value of 1775.58 180.60 138.60 23.11 8.692 6.46 108.48 13.15 Farming, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery Gross Output Value of 6066.96 2285.4 555.87 63.22 10.78 25.76 56.19 8.19 Industry(100 million yuan) Percentage of Gross Output 77.36 92.68 80.04 73.23 55.37 79.96 34.12 38.37 Value of Industry(%) Per Capita gross output 34610 82680 25588 16682 5900 17650 4990 4395 value of industry and agriculture（Yuan/person）

Ⅶ. Local finance 375.52 94.59 22.53 2.6979 0.7709 0.8308 10.03 1.0026 revenue(100 million yuan)

Ⅷ.Agriculture 3161.17 137.86 151.69 23.47 13.59 13.08 169.76 34.99

Area of cultivated land year-end（10thousand mou）

Grain output（10 thousand 2177.38 137.52 145.62 20.40 11.60 7.45 153.58 20.02 ton）

Per capita cultivated land 2.09 .69 .84 0.89 0.62 1.37 .85 1.22 for agricultural population

（mou/person） Ⅸ. per capita net income 3099 4341 3108 4072 1999 2760 1848 1813 of rural residents （yuan/person） Ⅹ. per capita annual 8786 10850 7592 8812 7173 7861 7592 7442 disposable income of urban households（Yuan/person）

ⅩI. per capita housing 33.68 37.56 41.80 - - - 38.72 36.0

area of rural residents Source :Hubei Statistic Bureau,2005，Hubei Statistic Year Book(2005);Yiling Statistic Bureau,2006,National Economic data of Yiling District of Yichang;Xingshan County Statistic Bureau,,2006,Xingshan Statistic Year Book; Badong County Statistic Bureau,2006, Badong Statistic Year Book; http://www.bjinfobank.com/；Network of local government and statistic bureau.

27 2.4 Natural and Human Resources of Affected Areas

2.4.1 Land Resources

The area of Yiling District is 3,424 km2. In 2006, the cultivated land was 23,470 acres, and as for the agricultural population, the per capita amount of the cultivated land was 0.89 Mu. The area of Xingshan County is 2,327 km2. In 2006, the cultivated land was 13,080 acres, and as for the agricultural population, the per capita amount was 1.37 Mu. The area of Zigui County is 2,427 km2. In 2006, the cultivated land was 13,590 acres, and as for the agricultural population, the per capita amount was 0.62 Mu. The area of Badong County is 3,354 km2. In 2006, the cultivated land was 34,990 acres, and as for the agricultural population, the per capita amount was 1.22 Mu.

In sum, the average cultivated land in the affected areas is lower than that of provincial population, and in term of land resources, therefore, there are no advantages in the directly affected areas.

2.4.2 Mineral Resources

The directly affected areas are abundant in mineral resources. Among mineral resources in Yichang City, the reserves of phosphorus and iron are the biggest. Reserves of phosphorus make up 5.98% of that in the country, 40.09% of that in Hubei, and reserves of iron make up 31% of that in Hubei.

In Zigui County Yichang City, mineral resources were known for various types, large reserves, high quality and easy development, and has identified more than twenty types, such as coal, iron，gold, silicon, dolomite and so on.

28 Those which can be explored for industry are: lime rock used as flux, fire-resistant clay, lime rock used as cement, hematite, pyrite, anthracite, silicon, stone coal, vanadium, copper, aluminum, crystal, marble and so on. The reserve of iron is 73.9 million tons, the reserve of coal is 4.26 million tons, and the reserve of pyrite is 10.11 million tons.

There are 43 kinds of minerals in Enshi, among which selenium is rather rare in the world. Enshi has the biggest reserves of selenium in China, amounting to 5 billion tons, which makes it the “the City of Selenium in China”. Besides, it owns 9 kinds of minerals of over D-level in 15 different places.

2.4.3 Water Resources

The water resources are plentiful in the directly affected area. Yichang City is rich in water power, the developed amount of which reaches 30 million kw, making up 8% of that in the country, 15% in the areas along Yangtze River and 99% in Hubei. Thanks to the development of Yangtze River and Qing River and the construction of the Three Gorgers Dam, Gezhou Dam, Geheyan Dam and Gaobazhou Dam, Yichang will becomg the capital of water power in the world.

The water power reserving in Zigui County is 172,000 kw. After finishing the the Three Gorgers Dam, the total water areas in the county reach 100 km2, which could be taken use of to develop aquatic product farming, water tourism and water transportation.

In Xingshan County Yichang City, river resources have been well utilized to establish power plant.

2.4.4 Plant Resources

29 Main crops in every district and county of Yichang and Badong County of Shien are rice, corn, wheat, sweet potato, potato, soybean, broad bean, sesame, rape, cotton, peanut, medicinal materials, tabacoo, chestnut, orange and China kiwifruit. There is a history of 2000 years to plant oranges. At present, the total area and of orange orchards in Yichang City accounts for 46% of that of Hubei, and the output accounts for 60%. Yiling District, Zigui County and Xingshan County are very important production bases.

In 2005, the total output of orange was 911,700 tons in Yichang, over twice than that in 80s of the last century. The output value was 1.15 billion yuan, with the per family cash income over 5,000 yuan. Other melons, fruits and medicinal materals are also economic crops. In 2005, the area of medicinal materials planting reached 10,100 Mu in Zigui County, with output 1,374 tons. There are more than 1000 kinds of medicinal plants in Enshi, and angelica, gingko, tung oil, fritillaria etc enjoy world fame. So Enshi has been praised as “Wood Sea in the West of Hubei”, “Natural Plant Garden”, “China’s Medicine Pool” and so on.

The tea named “Cai Hua Mao Jian” of Yichang City has been ranked first in the Hubei’s famous teas.

2.4.5 Tourism Resources The Three Gorgers Dam, Gezhou Dam and Xiling Gorges between them are high-quality scenic spots in Yichang.

In Zigui County Yichang City, there are magnificent nature scenery in Xiling Gorges and mysterious humanity view in the hometown of Quyuan, a poet and statesman in Zhanguo era.

Located in the mid of the Three Gorgers, Badong is the well-known

30 international tourism spot along the Yangtze River, with magnificent mountains and various historic sites and cultural relics. Originated from the south of Shennongjia Mountain, Shennong Stream, also named Yandu River, runs from north to south and flows into the Yangtze River at Xixiangkou, 2.5 km away from Wu Gorges, extending 60 km. It is also a world famous tourism spot for its simple, natural and clean character. In Xizhang Mountain, peaks are majestic and steep, cliffs skyline along the riversides and gorges are deep and still. Because of the mountainous landform, the rivers in the project area with big fall, torrential flow and strong flushing force make drainage areas become the long and narrow valleys, so that natural tourism like drift and exploration etc have the most prosperous future.

2.4.6 Human Resources

The human resources in the area affected by the project is abundant.

Firstly, the human resources are abundant. For example, in 2006, there were 216,511 laborers in the country of Yiling District, 54.5% of the total suburban population; 82,600 laborers in the country of Xingshan County, 57.8% of the total, and 241,200 laborers in the country of Badong County, 54.7% of the total. Due to the fact of “more people and fewer land”, many people are eager to take up non-agricultural work or go out to do business. Meanwhile, the abundance of the resources and products, the low price for the land as well as low labor cost in this region would attract more investment from the outside.

Secondly, the labor cost is comparatively low. In 2006, for example, the average annual salary of urban labors was 10,892 yuan in Yiling District, while the per capita net income of rural residents was3, 108 yuan; in Xingshan County, the average annual salary of urban labors was 10,740

31 yuan, while the per capita net income of rural residents 1,999 yuan; in Badong County, the average annual salary of urban labors was 13,267 yuan, while the per capita net income of rural residents 1,813 yuan.

The third one is the human resources quality is relatively high. Take Yiling District as an example, in 2006, there were 85 schools of various kinds with 60,664 full-time students. The enrollment of middle school was 100%, the strengthen rate of junior mid school was 99.8%, the complete rate of nine-year education was 95.5%, the further education rate of middle school graduates was 90.4%, and professionals and technicians were 16,199, 5.45% of all persons on the job. In Badong County, there were 161 schools of various kinds with 63,500 full-time students in 2006. The students of middle school were 29,600, the students of elementary school were 33,900, and the enrollment of elementary school among children of the right age was 100%. There were 6,200 professionals and technicians, 2.56% of all persons on the job.

2.5 General Situation of the Employment Models of the

Local Residents in Affected Areas

The last 20-year-long reform witnesses great change in employment model for Chinese people. As efficiency of agricultural production improves and jobs in non-agricultural sector increases, the proportion of agricultural labor force has dropped significantly. Generally, the proportion of people engaging in primary industry has dropped from 70.5% in 1978 to 46.7%% in 2005, while people in secondary industry has increased from 17.3% in 1978 to 23.86% in 2005, and the tertiary industry from 12.2% in 1978 to 29.57% in 2005. More and more people move out of traditional agricultural production, and people of Yichang City and Enshi State are no exception.

2.5.1 Employment Models of the Local Residents in Affected Areas

Since the 1980s, employment models of urban population in Yichang City and Enshi State have formed the following characteristics.

Firstly, Job providers have changed from single state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to diversified entities. The original state-monopolized system of recourses allocation has been taken place by diversified systems, and new economic groups represented by individual-owned, private-owned and foreign-invested enterprises. Since 1992 when Mr. Deng Xiaoping made his inspection tour in the South of China, non-public sectors have developed substantially, and especially after the mid-1990s, it has turned to be main provider for new job opportunities. At the early 1980s, SOEs provided about 75% job opportunities for urban residents. By now, collective-owned, share-holding, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan funded, foreign funded, and private individual economies have developed rapidly and become major job providers.

Secondly, planned employment has been taken place by contracted employment that is getting dominant. Before 1980, urban residents got employed under the direction of labor administration, and enterprises or working units had no right to choose the working force they needed, while individuals could not choose their posts according to their own capability and preference as well. During the period of 1980 to 1992, though employment system had undergone reforms, such as contracted employment and optimizing the organization of labor, and the two sides of employment had to some extend obtained right to choose, employment model for urban residents, generally speaking, had been dominated by

33 planned employment. Since 1992, employment model had been increasingly market-oriented, not to mention that non-public sectors would prefer that, and SOEs have obtained more decision-making rights to provide opportunity in when, whom, and how to provide job opportunities. Economic efficiency has more and more becoming the core factor for managing job opportunity and introduction of punishment mechanism has ensured its fulfillment. Enterprises would lay off, fire, and dismiss employees whom they do not need. In acquiring jobs, some inborn factors, e.g. special identity, are increasingly losing their influence, but the factors such as power, knowledge, experience, wealth, social connections and information will affect the capability of getting new jobs.

In the end, stable employment has transformed to flexible employment. Under planned economic system, enterprises had no decision-making power on employment, while employees had no right to choose their jobs, thus the low liquidity decided that people usually worked for one specific working unit for a life long time. Since 1980s, many obstacles that had impacted free flow of labor force are gradually gotten rid of, more employees are on the move, and the stable employment relationship has been broken. Moreover, facing changing market and fluctuant demand, enterprises will adjust its need for labor force accordingly, which makes employment changeable and flexible

Generally, since 1980s, employment model for urban residents in Yichang City and Enshi State have been changing to pluralized providers, contracted employment, and flexible relationship. The change brings the end of permanent employment, and has influenced allocation model for non-volunteer migrants which is providing posts has been taken place by providing job opportunities. Before the 1990s, for farms whose lands were acquisitioned, an important way of migrant allocation had been

34 transforming their identity from farmers to workers, providing a job post (and recognizing them as urban residents). The work units that were responsible for land acquisition or local government would allocate farmers to working in enterprises and institutions. While today when corporate system and labor system have undergone years of reform, what the former job providers can do is to provide them job opportunities.

2.5.2 Employment Models of the Peasants in Affected Areas

Since 1979, the reform mainly in form of Household Contract Responsibility System has been carried through in the rural areas of Yichang City and Enshi State, which allowed peasants to engage in non-agricultural activities, and thus peasants had the freedom to change their professions. In 1984, the central government released the first document, which allowed Households Doing Special trades and Economy combos to move to small towns and engage in non-agricultural business. As a result, Chinese peasants acquired more rights of changing their residing district. Thereafter some adjustments were made on the migration of peasants to Cities. These above system reforms gave shape to the space of free activities, which was propitious to the labor migration of Chinese peasants. For instance, due to system reforms and some adjustments of policies, a multi-industry space of free activities was shaped in the plant production area, and thus the change from an agriculture of products to an agriculture of commodities began to happen; due to the ban that peasants couldn’t be in the business and especially the ban on long-distance traffic business were lifted, a business-dominated space of free activities was shaped; due to the permission and support of national policies, a space of free activities of the rural enterprises(including private enterprises) was shaped, and thus Chinese rural area was on the way to industrialization; since peasants were allowed to go to the urban areas to engage in construction, business and

35 other service Industries and some certain state-owned enterprises were allowed to hire peasants as temporary workers by policy, enterprises of other ownership forms and self-employed laborers were not banned to hire peasants from rural areas, a space of free activities for peasants to come into and work in city was shaped. As a result of the system reform, the self-decision power over land use and self-workforce, the two free flow resources playing a role in the above space of free activities, made it possible for peasants to change professions. With a background like this, the employment manners of the peasants in the affected areas have the following characters:

Firstly, the proportion of agricultural laborers to the total laborers obtaining employment has declined. At the beginning of 1980s, the proportion of agricultural laborers to the total social labor force was 80%. In 2006, there were in all 297,000 laborers obtaining employment in Yiling District, with 105,000 laborers in the first industry, 56,000 laborers in the second industry and 136,000 laborers in the third industry. The proportion of the agricultural laborers had declined to 35.35%. In the end of 2006, there were in all 119,000 laborers obtaining employment in Xingshan County, with 55.08% of laborers in the first industry, there were in all 242,500 laborers obtaining employment in Badong County, with 60.16% in the first industry, and there were in all 196,200 laborers obtaining employment in Zigui County, with 67.28% in the first industry.

Secondly, the absolute amount of the rural laborers is comparatively stable, while the amount of the rural laborers engaging in agriculture, forestry, stock raising and fishing mainly by the means of natural resources such as land has declined. In 1998, there were 17.7048 million rural laborers in Hubei province, with 12.3285 million of them engaging in agriculture, forestry, stock raising and fishing, which

36 accounted for 69.93%. In 2005, there were 19.312 million rural laborers in Hubei province, with 57.05% of them engaging in agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery. In 2005, there were 1.411 million rural laborers in Yichang, with 64.59% engaging in agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery. In 2006, there were 120,400 laborers engaging in agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery in Yiling District, accounting for 57.5% of the total labors, 4.05% percent lower than that of 2003, there were 57,740 laborers engaging in agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery in Xingshan County, accounting for 70.36% of the total labors, 6.56% percent lower than that of 2003, and there were 145,900 laborers engaging in agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery in Badong County, accounting for 65.4% of the total labors, 12% percent lower than that of 2003.

Thirdly, non-agricultural Industries were developed and about 30 percent of peasants have changed their professional identities. In 1998, there were 5.3763 million rural laborers in non-agricultural industry in Hubei province, which accounts for 30.37% of the rural laborers. In 2005, there were 8.2945 million rural laborers in non-agricultural industry in Hubei province, which accounts for 42.95% of the rural laborers.

In 2006, there were 89,000 rural laborers in non-agricultural industry in Yiling District, which accounted for 42.5% of the rural laborers, 4.05% higher than that of 2003, there were 22,430 rural laborers in non-agricultural industry in Xingshan County, which accounted for 29.64% of the rural laborers, 6.56% higher than that of 2003, and there were 77,200 rural laborers in non-agricultural industry in Badong County, which accounted for 34.6% of the rural laborers, 12% higher than that of 2003.

Fourthly, the amount of rural laborers in the first industry is declining, while the amount of rural laborers in the second and the third industry is increasing. In 2006, Yiling District, the employment structure of rural laborers in the three industries was 57.50: 6.35: 36.15 and the structure was 70.36:4.03:25.61 in Xingshan County, 65.4:1.30:33.3 in Badong County and 72.08:3.06:24.86 in Zigui County. Although the rates of the agricultural labors there are still higher than that of the country, the employment structure has been improved greatly, compared with situation in the early 80s of 20th century.

Fifthly, among the non-agricultural labors, high rate of labors work out. In Yiling District, 16.8% of the laborers worked out, and the ratio is 23.83% in Enshi State and 23.04% in Badong County.

Sixthly, a large amount of laborers are pluralistic, who cultivate land, raise pigs, chickens and cows and at the same time take part-time jobs in

nearby towns when it is slack season in farming.

Table 2.5-1 is the comparisons of employment situation the of social labor force of the affected areas to that of the Hubei province and national level.

Table2.5-1 The Number and Structure of Rural Labor Force of the Affected Areas in Main Years unit：10 thousand; %

China Hubei Yichang Yiling Zigui Xingshan Enshi Badong province City District County County State County 2005 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006

Total employment 75825 3537.0 212.3 29.70 19.62 11.90 215.98 24.25 Percenage of first 44.73 47.70 46.26 35.35 67.28 55.08 67.26 60.16 industry Percentage of second 23.86 20.50 21.43 18.85 12.79 11.02 8.96 1.82 industry Percentage of tertiary 31.41 31.80 32.31 45.80 19.93 33.90 23.78 38.02 industry

Total rural 50387 1931.2 141.1 20.94 18.63 8.20 180.88 22.31 employment

Agriculture,Hunting, 59.49 57.05 64.59 57.52 72.08 70.36 57.16 65.40

Forestry and Fishing Industry 11.93 6.34 5.05 6.35 3.06 4.03 2.53 1.30 Construction 7.25 6.06 3.64 4.70 2.95 2.56 3.64 2.64 Transport, Storage 3.11 2.59 11.60 3.40 8.96 8.69 2.42 4.30 and Communication

Other 18.22 27.96 15.11 28.03 12.93 6.16 34.25 26.35 non-agricultural industries

Outgoing labors - 14.37 11.60 16.82 8.96 7.67 23.83 23.04 Notes：those mainly engage in agrictural activities but participate in non-agricultural as well is calculated as agricultural laborers Source :Hubei Statistic Bureau,2005，Hubei Statistic Year Book(2005);Yiling Statistic Bureau,2006,National Economic data of Yiling District of Yichang;Xingshan County Statistic Bureau,,2006,Xingshan Statistic Year Book; Badong County Statistic Bureau,2006, Badong Statistic Year Book; http://www.bjinfobank.com/；Network of local government and statistic bureau.

2.6 Main beneficiaries

Based on the principles of the World Bank and on condition that the security and benefit of the loans, the direct stakeholders of the project

39 mainly include:

(1) Specialized carriers.

(2) Small retailers

(3) Contractors of forests and fruit gardens.

(4) Ordinary villagers.

(5) Enterprises in affected areas of the project.

Indirect beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries:

(1) Women and children.

(2) Peasants in affected areas of the project

(3) Local governments of various levels

40 3. Socio-Economic Impact of the Project

The impact analysis is designed to find out potential social impact to local residents and their attitude and response. Particularly, by analyzing employment model and income structure of the affected households, the study explores the way to mitigate the impact brought by land requisition. The analysis can help us better understand the economic influence of land expropriation and better make resettlement plan.

3.1 Basic Conditions of Those under Investigation and of Their Villages

In order to analyzethe project impacts on main stakeholders ,we selected Qinglong Village and Wanjiafan Village in Longquan Town, Fenghuangguan Village and Haiyun Village in Yaqueling Town, Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village in Huanghua Township of Yiling District, Shijiaba Village and Sixiangxi Village in Xiakou Town and Zhoujiashan Village in Gaoqiao Township of Xingshan County , Shujiacao Village and Xibiantan Village in Yanduhe Town and Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Village in Xiqiuwan Township of Badong County as the point of investigation.

3.1.1 Affected Villages of Yiling District

Qinglong Village of Longquan Town

Qinglong Village is 5 kilometers from Longquan Town, 35 kilometers from Yichang City. Altogether there are 3 village groups under Qinglong Village and it has 354 households with the population of 1116 people. All

41 the people are Han nationality, the male account for 50.09%, and the female account for 49.91%.

The village now has 810mou paddy field, 672mou dry land and the average cultivated land is 1.33mou for each person. Among the 660 laborers, 104 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 17.33%; 430 work in industry, 30 work in construction, 40 work in transportation, 30 work in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels, 20 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the people working in non-agricultural industry, about 550 work out of home, about 436 work outside for long time and they go home only to spend the new year.

Agricultural is the main industry of Qinglong Village，and the total output value of the whole village was 12.61 million Yuan in 2006, of which agricultural output value accounted for 32.7%. The villagers who engage in agricultural production mainly plant grain, citrus,etc., and the main crops are wheat, rice, maize and citrus. The per capita net income of villagers is 4570 Yuan, which is more than the average level of the peasant's of Yiling District.

Because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, 14 households of Qinlong Village need to move, 54mou cultivated land will be expropriated, 27 households will be affected and 89mou mountain land will be occupied.

Wanjiafan Village of Longquan Town

Wanjiafan Village is 3 kilometers from Longquan Town, 33 kilometers from Yichang City. Altogether there are 6 village groups in Qinglong Village and it has 775 households with the population of 2559 people. All the people are Han nationality, the male account for 54.71%, and the

42 female account for 45.29%.

The village now has 6120mou cultivated land, per capita cultivated land is 2.39mou. Among the 1300 laborers in the village, 560 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 43.07%; 100 work in industry, 100 work in construction, 50 work in transportation, 10 work in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels, 500 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the people working in non-agricultural industry, about 500 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant position. Total product of village was 23.2 million Yuan in 2006, and the agriculture product output value accounted for 53.9%. The main crop is citrus and this village has 5055mou citrus, which is 82.6% of the whole village area, it contributes 70% of the income to the agriculture, and per capita income from citrus planting is 2400 Yuan. While the per capita net income of the whole village was 3800 Yuan in 2006.

Because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, Wanjiafan Village’s 12 households need to move, 56 households’ cultivated land will be expropriated.

Haiyun Village of Yaqueling Town

Haiyun Village is 7.5 kilometers from Yaqueling Town, 36 kilometers from Yichang City. Altogether there are 7 village groups under Haiyun Village and it has 722 households with the population of 2100 people. All the people are Han nationality, the male account for 54.28%, and the female account for 45.72%.

43 The village now has 3228mou paddy field, 282mou dry land and the per capita cultivated land is 1.54mou. Among the 1327 laborers, 1036 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 78.07%; 12 work in industry, 18 work in construction, 10 work in transportation, 21 work in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels, 230 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 230 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant position. T otal product value of the village was 28.25 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 83.7%. The villagers who engage in agricultural production mainly plant grain, citrus and the main crop is wheat, rice, maize and citrus. The per capita net income of the whole village was 4970 Yuan in 2006.

In order to build the Yichang-Badong expressway, Haiyun Village’s 14 households should be resettled and 50 households’ cultivated land will be expropriated.

Fenghuangguan Village of Yaqueling Town

Fenghuangguan Village is 10 kilometers from Yaqueling Town. It has 5 village groups, with 622 households and 2008 people. All the people of this village are Han nationality, the male account for 54.78%, and the female account for 45.22%.

The village now has 2560mou paddy field, 334mou dry land and the per capita cultivated land is 1.44mou .Among the 1198 laborers in the village, 946 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 78.96%; 50 work in industry, 40 work in construction, 15 work in transportation, 10 work in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels, 137 work in other non-agricultural activities.

44 Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 130 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant position. The production value of the whole village was 26.55 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 88.6%. The main income sources of Fenghuangguan Village are the citrus’, accounting for 49% of the village’s total income. And the main crops are citrus, rice, maize, wheat. In 2006, the income from citrus accounted for 49% of the agricultural income, the income of grain and oil accounted for 30%, the income of pig-breeding accounted for 10-20%. The per capita net income of the whole village was 4333 Yuan in 2006.

In order to build the Yichang-Badong expressway, Fenghuangguan Village’s 16 households should be resettled and 32 households’ cultivated land will be expropriated.

Huanghuachang Village of Huanghua Township Huanghuachang Village is next to Huanghua Township and it enjoys a relatively superior geographical environment. It has 6 village groups, with 1026 households and 3128 people, of which 5 people are ethnic minorities. The proportion of male and female is basically the same.

The village now has 1290mou paddy field, 410mou dry land and the per capita cultivated land is 0.54mou .Among the 1691 laborers in the village, 761 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 45%; 219 work in industry, 95 work in construction, 169 work in transportation, 134 work in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels, 313 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 387 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, industry occupies a dominant position. The production value of the whole village was 136.93 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 3.4%, the output value of industry accounted for 48.06%. The per capita net income of the whole village was 4733 Yuan in 2006.

Xinping Village of Huanghua Township

Xinping Village is 5 kilometers from Huanghua Township. It has 8 village groups, with 728 households and 2209 people. All the people of this village are Han nationality, the male account for 51.61%, and the female account for 48.39%.

The village now has 677mou paddy field, 2088mou dry land and the per capita cultivated land is 1.25mou .Among the 1698 laborers in the village, 959 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 56.47%%; 120 work in industry, 174 work in construction, 45 work in transportation, 32 work in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels, 368 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 390 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant position. The production value of the whole village was 13.96 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 62.3%. The main crops are citrus, rice, maize, wheat and so on. The per capita net income of the whole village was 3362 Yuan in 2006.

Table 3-2 The Employment and Economic Conditions of Population and Laborers

46 in Affected Villages of Yiling District

Qinglong Wanjiafan Haiyun Fenghua- Huanghu Xinping

Village Village Villag ngguan achang Village

Village Village

Village group 3 6 7 5 6 8

Total household 354 775 722 622 1026 728

Total population 1116 2559 2100 2008 3128 2209

Agricultural population 1116 2559 2089 2008 3128 2199

Late real farming area(mou) 1482 6120 3510 2894 1700 2765

Production value(Million) 1261 2320 2825 2655 13693 1396

Agriculture 412 1250 2364 2300 472 870

Industry 264 180 221 100 6581 211

Construction 253 76 30 15 1392 30

Transportation 80 69 40 10 1452 210

Commercial 50 17 20 20 2073 50

Other industry 202 728 150 210 1723 25

Total laborers 660 1300 1327 1198 1691 1698 Agriculture, forestry, animal 104 560 1036 946 761 959 husbandry and fishery 430 100 12 50 219 120 Industry 30 100 18 40 95 174 Construction 40 50 10 15 169 45 Transport telecommunications 30 10 21 10 134 32 Industries

Wholesale and retail trade and 26 480 230 137 313 368 catering industry

Others

Laborers working out of 550 560 230 130 387 390 hometown

Rural per capita net income 4570 3800 4970 4333 4733 3362 (Yuan)

47 3.1.2 Affected Villages of Xingshan County

Shijiaba Village of Xiakou Town

Shijiaba Village is 10 kilometers from Xiakou Town. It has 7 village groups, with 444 households and 1444 people. All the people of this village are Han nationality, the male account for 55.05%, and the female account for 44.95%.

The village now has 233mou paddy field, 1832mou dry land and the per capita cultivated land is 1.43mou. Among the 778 labors in the village, 610 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 78.4%; 50 work in industry, 100 work in construction, 8 work in transportation, 5 work in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels, 5 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 150 leave home and go to Guangdong , Shanxi, Shanghai, Beijing and other places.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant position. The production value of the whole village was 7.4 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 45.95%. The main crops are maize, wheat, rice, rape, vegetables, citrus, and so on. There are 2 village-run enterprises, plate mill and factory of citrus, whose product are mainly sold in Wuhan. The per capita net income of the whole village was 2500 Yuan in 2006.

In order to build the Yichang-Badong expressway, Shijiaba Village’s 47 households should be resettled and 50 households’ cultivated land will be expropriated.

Sixiangxi Village of Xiakou Town

Sixiangxi Village is 8 kilometers from Xiakou Town. It has 7 village groups, with 573 households and 1766 people. All the people of this village are Han nationality, the male account for 51.19%, and the female account for 48.81%.

The village now has 472mou paddy field, 1988mou dry land and the per capita cultivated land is 1.39mou. Among the 1172 laborers in the village,725 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 61.86%;86 work in industry,32 work in transportation, 329 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 329 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, industry occupies a dominant position. The production value of the whole village was 13.45 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 39.25%, the industry output value accounted for 53.9%. The villager who engages in agricultural production mainly plant maize, wheat, rice, rape, vegetables, citrus, and so on .The per capita net income of the whole village was 2895 Yuan in 2006.

There are 7 affected households of Sixiangxi Village altogether. Not only should they be resettled but their cultivated land will be expropriated as well.

49 Table 3-2 The Employment and Economic Conditions of Population and Laborers in Affected Villages of Xingshan County and Badong County

Shijiaba Sixiangxi Zhoujias Shujiaca Xibianta Xiqiuwan Jiangjunl

Village Village han o Village ng Village ing

Village Village Village

Village group 7 7 4 10 10 9 8

Total household 444 573 380 316 508 502 347

Total population 1444 1766 1280 1334 1768 3100 1312

Agricultural population 1287 1763 1280 1334 1768 1788 1312

Late real farming area(mou) 2065 2460 1370 1435.7 2200 1200 719.2

Production value(Million) 740 1345 395 318 910 301 255

Agriculture 340 528 295 114 352 210 175

Industry 140 725 6 0 50 91 80

Construction 120 - 4 22 65

Transportation 60 - 2 18 285

Commercial 40 - 6 18 108

Other industry 40 92 81 148 50

Total laborers 778 1172 630 668 1097 1220 688

Agriculture, forestry, animal 610 725 350 380 763 700 120 husbandry and fishery

Industry 50 86 0 0 0 0

Construction 100 0 18 182 0 250 280 Transport telecommunications 8 32 10 25 0 25

Industries

Wholesale and retail trade and 5 - 40 115 120 11 catering industry

Others 5 329 220 130 400 282

Laborers working out of 150 329 280 242 334 110 280 hometown

Rural per capita net income 2500 2895 1800 1856 1680 1750 1345

(Yuan)

Zhoujiashan Village of Gaoqiao Township

Zhoujiashan Village is 15 kilometers from Gaoqiao Town. It has 4 village groups, with 380 households and 1280 people. All the people of this village are Han nationality, the male account for 53.12%, and the female account for 46.88%.

The village now has 780mou paddy field,590mou dry land and the per capita cultivated land is 1.07mou .Among the 630 laborers in the village,350 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 55.56%;280 work in other non-agricultural activities, accounting for 44.46%, most of which are work out of home. Among the laborers working out of hometown, a majority of which go to Guangdong, Yichang, Shenzhen, Zhejiang and other places, working in lapping tool factory, leather shoes factory, electronics factory or working in construction and restaurant.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant position. The production value of the whole village was 3.95 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 74.68%. And the main crops are rice, wheat, potato, batata, maize, rape and pea. There are 15 private enterprises and self employed businesses, selling small commodity or working in transportation industries. The per capita net income of the whole village was 1800 Yuan in 2006.

There are 25 affected households of Zhoujiashan Village altogether. Not only should they be resettled but their cultivated land will be expropriated as well.

3.1.3 The Affected Villages of Badong County

Shujiacao Village of Yanduhe Town

51 Shujiacao village is 20 kilometers from Yanduhe Town. It has 10 village groups, with 316 households and 1334 people. There are many kinds of minorities, with the population of 510.Therein, the male account for 60.86%, the female account for 39.14%.

The village now has 1436mou cultivated land and the per capita cultivated land is 1.07mou .Among the 668 laborers in the village, 380 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 56.89%;288 work in other non-agricultural activities, accounting for 43.11%, of which 242 are work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture has an important position. The production value of the whole village was 3.18 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 35.85%. The non-agricultural output value accounted for 64.15%. There is no industry enterprise in village. The per capita net income of the whole village was 1856 Yuan in 2006 which is more than the average income level of Badong County.

There are 35 affected households of Shujiacao Village altogether whose houses and cultivated land will be used for expressway construction and 72 households’ cultivated land will be expropriated.

Xibiantang Village of Yanduhe Town

Xibiantang Village is 10 kilometers from Yanduhe Town. It has 10 village groups, with 508 households and 1768 people. There are many kinds of minorities, with the population of 1105, among which Tujia minority has an important position .Therein, the male account for 54.19%, and the female account for 44.81%.

The village now has 224mou paddy field, 1976mou dry land, and the per capita cultivated land is 1.24mou .Among the 1097 laborers in the village, 763 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

52 accounting for 69.55%; 334 work in other non-agricultural activities, most of which are work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture has an important position. The production value of the whole village was 9.1 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounting for 38.68%, the industry output value accounting for 5.49%, the construction output value accounting for 7.14%, the transportation output value accounting for 31.32%, other non-agricultural industry accounting for 17.37%.The per capita net income of the whole village was 1680 Yuan in 2006 which is less than the average income level of Badong County.

There are 117 affected households of Xibiantang Village altogether whose houses and cultivated land will be used for expressway construction.

Xiqiuwan Village of Xiqiuwna Township

Xiqiuwan Village is the seat of the Township government and it enjoys a relatively superior geographical environment. It has 9 village groups, with 502 households and 3100 people, among which 1788 engage in agriculture and Han nationality has an important position. Therein, the male account for 51.61%, the female account for 48.39%.

The village now has 420mou paddy field, 780mou dry land and the per capita cultivated land is 0.67mou. Among the 1220 laborers in the village,700 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 57.38; 520 work in other non-agricultural activities, accounting for 42.62%, among which 110 are work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture has a dominant position. The production value of the whole village was 3.01 million Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounting for 69.77%. Villagers mainly plant maize and rice; on the other hand, they

53 also plant apple, pear and tea. Xiqiuwan tea has been very famous in local areas. There is no industry enterprise in the village also. Beside non-agricultural industry activities, working out of hometown and engaging commercial activities are also the main income sources for villagers. The per capita net income of the whole village was 1750 Yuan in 2006.

Because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, 9 households’ houses need to be removed and 7 households’ cultivated land will be expropriated.

Jiangjunling Village of Xiqiuwna Township

Jiangjunling Village is 1 kilometers from Xiqiuwan Town and it enjoys a relatively superior geographical environment. It has 8 village groups, with 347 households and 1316 people. Han nationality has a dominant position and minorities account for 23%. Tujia minority is the main minority, existing by living with Han nationality. Therein, the male account for 51.83%, the female account for 48.17%.

The village now has 423mou paddy field, 297mou dry land and the per capita cultivated land is 0.55mou .Beside, there are more than 2000mou utilizable forest land. Although the main mineral resource of village is coal, it is forbidden to mine coal in order to protect water and soil and forest land.

Among the 688 laborers in the village, 120 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 17.44%; 250 work in construction, 25 work in transportation, 293 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 280 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture has a dominant position. The production value of the whole village was 2.55 million

54 Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 68.6%. Villagers mainly plant rice, maize, coarse cereals and wheat. There is no industry enterprise in the village. The per capita net income of the whole village was 1345 Yuan in 2006 which is less than the average income level of Badong County.

Because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, 31 households’ houses need to be removed and 39 households’ cultivated land will be expropriated.

3.2 Basic Conditions of Affected Households

3.2.1 Basic Characteristics of Households

Altogether 143 households were investigated and the total family members of those households are 650 people, among which the basic personal information of 611 are here but the other 39 are missing.

Among the 611 people, 564 are agricultural population, accounting for 92.3%，and 47 are non-agricultural population, accounting for 7.7%。

The gender structure of family members: there are 315 female and 296 male in 143 households, accounting for 51.6% and 48.4% respectively.

The nationality structure of family members: 448 members are the Han nationality, accounting for 73.3%, 6 of the family members are Hui minorities，accounting for 1%, 155 of the family members are Tujia minorities，accounting for 25.4% and 2 are other minorities, accounting for 0.3%.

The age structure of the household: Among the 650 people from 143 families, the age information of 51 people is missing, 59 people have not reach 15 years old, accounting for 9.8%,437 of them are 16-59 years old, accounting for 73%, and 103 are above 60 years old, accounting for

55 17.2%. Among the male population, those who have not reach 15 years old account for 11%, those who are 16-59 years old account for 70.9%, and those who are above 60 years old account for 18.1%. Among the female population, those who have not reach 15 years old account for 8.6%, those who are 16-59 years old account for 75.2%, and those who are above 60 years old account for 16.2%.

Age distribution of family members is presented below,see Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1 Age Distribution of Family Members

3.2.2 The Size and Structure of Family

Family size The family size of the investigated varied from 2 to 9 with an average of 4.55 people and a median of 4 people. Both average and median are all much higher than the national average of 3.58 in 2000.

Family Structure As far as family structure is concerned, 9.1% are

56 conjugal families with no children live together and 32.9% families with parents live with unmarried kids. 55.9% of families’ parents (or one of them) live with married sons or daughters, 2.1% of families are such structure as grandpa, grandmamma live with grandchildren.

3.2.3 Education Distribution of Family Members

Members of 6 years old and above in 143 households are 582 person. As far as educational level is concerned, members of illiterate are 54, accounting for 9.3%, members with the education primary school are 146 person, accounting for 25.2%，members with junior high school are 226 person, accounting for 39.0%. 92 people finished their senior high schools and junior vocational schools，making up 15.9% of the people over 6 years old, 36 people have finished senior vocational school , making up 6.2% of the people over 6 years old, and 26 people have the education level of junior college and above, making up of 4.5% . The information of 2 members’ education is unknown.

3.3 Production and Operation of the Household

3.3.1 Land and Living of the Villagers

Land is the most fundamental means of production as well as basic safeguard for living. Generally speaking the Land Resources of directly affected area is very scarce and per capita cultivated land level is relatively low. As far as the index of farmland area per capita is concerned, the average land of each person is 0.84mou in Yichang. In Yiling District this number is 0.89mou. And in Zigui County this number is 0.62mou, in Xingshan County this number is 1.37mou. In Badong County has an average land of 1.22mou.

In affected areas, land as a means of production is made up of five parts:

57 One: fruit garden. About 104 families (72.7%) have fruit gardens. And they vary from 0.1mou to 23mou with an average of 3.3mou for each family and 0.92mou for each person.

About 34 families of ethnic minorities have fruit gardens among those 36 investigated. And they vary from 0.3mou to 4mou with an average of 0.97mou for each family and 0.24mou for each person. See Table 3.3-1. Table 3.3-1 The Condition of Fruit Garden Ownership of the Investigated Households in 2006

Households Standard Villages Mean investigated Deviation

Qinglong Village 2.2563 8 1.59406

Wanjiafan Village 6.1818 11 5.61370

Haiyun Village 11.7857 7 6.37611

Fenghuangguan Village 8.6667 12 3.31205

Huanghuachang Village 6.1417 12 5.67730

Xinping Village 1.1500 6 1.29267

Shujiacao Village .3846 13 .44879

Xibiantang Village .6882 17 .92863

Jiangjunling Village .8375 16 .94083

Xiqiuwan Village .4382 11 1.19148

Shijiaba Village 1.0500 6 .99750

Sixiangxi Village 20.0000 1 .

Zhoujiashan Village 1.7091 11 3.22814 Total 3.3066 131 4.83444

Comparatively, Haiyun Village and Fenghuangguan Village under Yaqueling Town, Wanjiafan Village under Longquan Town of Yiling District have much larger fruit gardens for each family. Citrus is the main crop and planting citrus plays an important role in those household’ economic life. Shujiacao Village and Xibiantang Village under Yanduhe

58 Town, Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Village under Xiqiuwan Township have smaller fruit gardens and planting citrus have less effect in those household’ economic life. The condition of fruit garden ownership of investigation points household shows in table 3.3-1.

Two: paddy field. According to investigation, 37 households do not have paddy field, accounting for 25.9%. The paddy field of local people varies from 0.2mou to 10mou with an average of 1.66mou for each family. As far as the mean level is concerned, the least is 0.03mou and the most is 3.33mou with an average of 0.44mou for each person. See Table 3.3-2. Table 3.3-2 The Condition of Paddy Field Ownership of the Investigated Households in 2006

Households Standard Villages Mean investigated Deviation

Qinglong Village 2.4225 8 1.57205

Wanjiafan Village 1.4818 11 1.34300

Haiyun Village 3.7571 7 1.24212

Fenghuangguan Village 3.4917 12 2.06858

Huanghuachang Village .6417 12 1.01575

Xinping Village .2500 6 .35071

Shujiacao Village .0000 13 .00000

Xibiantang Village 1.7688 16 2.97629

Jiangjunling Village 1.9667 18 .85061

Xiqiuwan Village .9091 11 .66551

Shijiaba Village .7333 6 .32042

Sixiangxi Village 1.5000 1 .

Zhoujiashan Village 2.2958 12 1.04282 Total 1.6559 133 1.78389

About 24 families of ethnic minorities have paddy field among those 36 investigated. And they vary from 0.5mou to 6.8mou with an average of 1.9mou for each family and 0.43mou for each person.

59 Comparatively, Haiyun Village and Fenghuangguan Village under Yaqueling Town, and Qinglong Village under Longquan Town, and Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Village under Xiqiuwan Township of Yiling District have much larger fruit gardens for each family. The main crops are rice and rape. The consumption of grain and oil mainly depend on the output of paddy field.

Three: vegetable land. According to investigation, 21 households do not have vegetable land, accounting for 14.7%. The vegetable land of local people varies from 0.1mou to 5.5mou with an average of 0.86mou for each family. As far as the mean level for each person is concerned, the least is 0.02mou and the most is 1.75mou with an average of 0.21mou for each person. See Table 3.3-3.

Table 3.3-3 The Condition of Vegetable Land Ownership of the Investigated Households in 2006 Households Standard Villages Mean investigated Deviation

Qinglong Village 1.0875 8 1.92905 Wanjiafan Village .4818 11 .38941 Haiyun Village .4000 7 .36056 Fenghuangguan Village .8909 11 1.09950 Huanghuachang Village .8333 12 1.08990 Xinping Village .4667 6 .44121 Shujiacao Village .9154 13 1.43169 Xibiantang Village 1.2529 17 1.45220 Jiangjunling Village .6333 18 .49110 Xiqiuwan Village .7182 11 1.03036 Shijiaba Village .8333 6 .80166 Sixiangxi Village 1.0000 1 . Zhoujiashan Village 1.3875 12 1.08295 Total .8613 133 1.08444

About 34 families of ethnic minorities have vegetable land among those 36 investigated. And they vary from 0.2mou to 4mou with an average of

60 1.0mou for each family and 0.24mou for each person.

Comparatively, Zhoujiashan Village under Gaoqiao Town, and Xibiantang Village under Yanduhe Town and Qinglong Village under Longquan Town have much larger vegetable land for each family. The villagers plantdifferent kinds of vegetables and the consumption of vegetables mainly depend on the output of vegetable land.

Four: some watery areas such as pools. 23 families have watery areas, making up 16.1% of the total families. And they vary from 0.1mou to 4mou with an average of 0.184mou for each family. Households mainly raise fish in the pools to acquire economic income by selling fish in the market.

About 5 families of ethnic minorities have fruit gardens among those 36 investigated. And they vary from 0.1mou to 4mou with an average of 1.34mou for each family and 0.23mou for each person.

Five: mountain land. According to investigation, 77 households have mountain land, accounting for 53.85%. The mountain landof local people varies from 0.12mou to 60mou with an average of 4.63mou for each family and 1.18mou for each person.

About 25 families of ethnic minorities have mountain land among those 36 investigated. And they vary from 1mou to 18mou with an average of 5.49mou for each family and 1.07mou for each person.

Comparatively, Sixiangxi Village under Xiakou Town, and Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Township, and Fenghuangguan Village under Yaqueling Town have much larger mountain land for each family. The mountain landof household is responsibility land which acquired from rural collective in 1980s under the policy of household

61 responsibility system, and the trees planted on the mountain land is forbidden lopping without the approval of forest management. The villagers can pick deadwood as fuel. The condition of mountain land ownership of the investigated households show in table 3.3-4.

Table 3.3-4 The Condition of Mountain Land Ownership of the Investigated Households in 2006

Households Standard Villages Mean investigated Deviation

Qinglong Village 1.8750 8 3.56320

Wanjiafan Village 3.5455 11 6.42439

Haiyun Village 3.9714 7 7.28622

Fenghuangguan Village 8.1667 12 10.00757

Huanghuachang Village 11.3333 12 21.30870

Xinping Village .0000 6 .00000

Shujiacao Village 4.8857 14 3.68695

Xibiantang Village 5.5125 16 5.12782

Jiangjunling Village 2.4167 18 2.39270

Xiqiuwan Village .8636 11 1.67468

Shijiaba Village 2.1500 6 4.36062

Sixiangxi Village 25.0000 1 .

Zhoujiashan Village 4.7600 12 6.58596 Total 4.6300 134 8.57932

3.3.2 Means of Production and Operation

Household responsibility system of the collective land has been the policy in practice since 1980s. With this policy, households contract land from rural collective according to its population and labor forces, and it is the basic production and operation unit as well. Household determines what, how much and the time of production by themselves, and it can also determine whether to engage non-agriculture activities according to

62 of its economic condition and human resource.

According to the survey, the mode of production and management of the directly affected farmers has shown diversity features. Household operating activities relate to many areas such as grain plant, accounting for 76.9%, other plant accounting for 55.4%, forestry accounting for 11.9%, husbandry accounting for 21.7%, sideline production accounting for 43.4%, fishery accounting for 9.8%, industry accounting for 2.1%, commerce service accounting for 9.8%, transportation accounting for 8.4%, building industry accounting for 2.8% and so on.

In fact, a family usually adopts a diversified pattern. A typical family cultivates most of their land growing vegetables and fruits, some land growing grains for self use, and at the same time raise pigs, sheep and cows. Some family members mainly work in non-agricultural production and do business in the local or work elsewhere.

There is no significant difference between 36 families of ethnic minorities and the families of Han nationality.

In 2007 the output of three major products and the market are as follows (See table3.3-5). Table3-5 Major Product and Their Outputs Unit: jin (half km)

Items Output For self use For sale Market

Total minorities Total minorities Total minorities

sample sample sample Grains Mainly in 5321.5 5555.9 3366.7 3782.4 1954.8 1773.5 corresponding county or city Vegetables Same as the 1297.0 858.3 849.6 459.4 447.4 398.9 above Orange Same as the 12451.2 975.0 465.2 332.6 11968.6 642.6 above Pigs Same as the 1630.1 1458.6 373.5 552.7 1256.6 905.8 above

63 3.4 Division of Labor and Way of Employment

3.4.1 Working Time on Agricultural Production as well as Non-agricultural Production

The working age of China is that men aged 16-59 and women aged 16-55. Among the 599 persons with the information of age, working-age population reach 428, in which men aged 16-59 is 219 and women aged 16-55 is 209, making up 71.5% of the total population. Among the working-age population, 387 engage in different kinds of social activities, accounting for 90.42%. In which, 188 work in agriculture activities, 34 work in non-agricultural activities, 133 work out of hometown, 7 are state cadres, 1 is in the ranks, 1 is teacher, 23 work in other social activities. There are 41 who don’t engage any social work, accounting for 9.58%;of which ,4 person are the laid off or early retiree， 4 are housemakers and 33 are students.

Among the 139 persons with the age information of 36 ethnic minorities families investigated, working age population reach 116, in which men aged16-59 is 82 and women aged 16-54 is 34, making up 83.5% of the total population of ethnic minorities families. Among the working age population, 109 engage in all kinds of social activities, accounting for 93.96%. In which, 81 work in agriculture, 10 work in non-agricultural activities, 15 work out of hometown, 3 work in other social activities. There are 7 persons who don’t engage any social work, accounting for 6.04%;of which, 1 is the people of arranging daily activities and 6 are students.

64 Table 3.4-1 The Employment Condition of the Working-age Population Person, % Item Frequency Percent Female Male

Mainly work in 43.92 96 92 188 agriculture

Mainly Work in 7.94 18 16 34 non-agricultural activities

Working out of 31.07 60 73 133 hometown

State cadres 71.642 5 Solider 10.230 1 Teacher 10.230 1 Other labor 23 5.37 10 13 Laid off or early retiree 40.931 3 houseworker 40.934 0 Student 33 7.74 18 15 Total 428 100.00 209 219

The working time on agricultural production of the investigated people: 20 people spent less than one month on agricultural production in one year, accounting for 14.0%; 28 spent four months on agricultural production, accounting for 19.6%; 92 of them spent over 130 days on non-agricultural production, accounting for 64.3%; the working time of the other 2.1% is not clear. Astheworking time on agricultural production of those 36 investigated families of ethnic minorities: 11.1% of them spent less than one month on agricultural production in one year, and 25% spent four months on agricultural production and 63.9% of them spent over four months on agricultural production.

The working time on non-agricultural production of the investigated people: 49 people do not engage any non-agricultural production in one year, accounting for 34.3%; 55 spent less than six months on non-agricultural production, accounting for 38.5%; 36 of them spent over

65 six months on non-agricultural production, accounting for 25.2% ;and the working time of the other 2.1% is not clear. As for the working time on non-agricultural production of those 36 ethnic minorities families: 22.2% of them spent less than one month on non-agricultural production in one year, and 44.4% spent one to four months on non-agricultural production and 33.4% of them spent over four months on agricultural production.

On the average, the investigated males spent nearly 174 days on agricultural production and 115 days on non-agricultural production in one year, in which, the investigated males of ethnic minorities spent 175 days on agricultural production and 126 days on non-agricultural production in one year. While the investigated females spend 211 days on agricultural and 69 days on non-agricultural production, in which, the investigated females of ethnic minorities spent 178 days on agricultural production and 118 days on non-agricultural production in one year.

As far as division of time is concerned, quite a lot of time is spent on working out. From the view of family members, 133 are working out or doing business to support the whole family, making up 31.07% of working age population. In the case of the time of working out for family members, the shortest is 20 days and the longest 360 days, which in other words they stay out all the year. Major choices for their working places are as follows: Yichang City, Wuhan City, Guandong Province, Shenzhen City, Zhejiang Province, Shanghai City and other cities. We get to know from the survey that those investigated took different jobs, including: architecture, short-term hired labor, clothes industry, decoration industry and services, transportation, coal industry, etc.

3.4.2 Aanalysis of working out

As far as division of time is concerned, quite a lot of time is spent on working out. Many family members are working out for others or doing

66 business to support the whole family.

The gender of persons who work out of home: among the investigated 650 persons from 143 households, 142 persons are working out of home, in which 9 persons are beyond working age. Therein, the male is 81, accounting for 57.0%; the female is 61, accounting for 43.0%.

The age of persons who work out of home: the age of them varies from 17 to 68. 90 persons are in the range of 18-30, accounting for 63.4%; 40 persons are in the rang of 31-50, accounting for 28.2%; 7 person are beyond 51, accounting for 4.9%;5 persons are not clear. The average age of them is 29.9.

The nationality of persons who work out of home: 107 persons are Han nationality, making up 24.3% of the total investigated laborers of Han nationality; 35 persons are minority nationalities，making up 29.3% of the total investigated labors of minority nationality.

The marital status of persons who work out of home: 38.7% of them are unmarried and 61.3% of them are married.

The education level of persons who work out of home: 64.1% of them are with an education of junior high school or below and 35.9% are with the education of high school or above.

The working time of persons who work out of home: the shortest is 20 days and the longest is 360 days, which in other words they stay out all the year. About 25% of them work out all year-round and they come home only to have spring festival.

The working places of persons who work out of home: the working places spread nationwide, but relatively concentrated in the following areas: Pearl river delta, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Shanghai, Zhejiang of the Yangtze river delta; the county Town of habitation; Wuhan, Yichang

67 and other City in Hubei province; Shanxi, Henan and other provinces.

The occupations of persons who work out of home: from the survey we find that respondent’s occupations are of various kinds which are mason, woodworking, hodman, dig-coal, hammal, retail sales, cadge, Clothing, shoemaking, sailing boat, transportation, service, and odd job.

The income of persons who work out of home: at the Survey Location, income from working out of home is the main source of the family income. About the 80 respondents who give the information of family members’ income of working out in 2006,the average income level of it reached 14.863 thousand Yuan, accounting for 47.4% that of total family income. The households of Xinping Village, Qinglong Village, Shujiacao Village, Jiangjunling Village, Xiqiuwan Village, Shijiaba Village which showed the income from outgoing labors, and whose income from outgoing labors have exceeded 50% of total income. The income from outgoing labors is especially important for the families of minority nationalities and their average income of working out of home is 14.465 thousand Yuan in 2006, therein, the average income of Shujiacao Village is 21 thousand Yuan for each minority nationalities family, the average income of Jiangjunling Village is 11.2 thousand Yuan for each minority nationalities family, and the average income of Xibiantang Village is 14 thousand Yuan, and the average income of Xiqiuwan Village is 10 thousand Yuan for each person.

68 Table 3.4-2 the Income Status from Outgoing Labors for each Family in Survey Location The average Percentage of income from income from households Gender outgoing labors outgoing labors investigated Qinglong Village 22440.00 64.1277 5 Wanjiafan Village 9866.67 16.4621 3 Haiyun Village 3750.00 7.8268 2 Fenghuangguan 6333.33 16.1153 6 Village Huanghuachang 10000.00 38.4984 7 Village Xinping Village 18333.33 73.1647 6 Shujiacao Village 25500.00 51.8120 10 Xibiantang Village 14083.33 40.8848 12 Jiangjunling Village 12592.86 55.2934 14 Xiqiuwan Village 13666.67 53.2796 6 Shijiaba Village 22250.00 68.0939 4 Zhoujiashan Village 10100.00 45.9579 5 Total 14863.75 47.4442 80

3.5 Housing and living

3.5.1 Housing Area

Housing issue plays an important role in the life-world of peasants. And the peasants always have this wish for long time that they should own a good house of themselves.

Generally speaking each investigated family has its own house whether it is good or bad. The area of housing varies from 28 square meters to 2000 square meters with the average number of 297.45 square meters. The per capita living space varies from 10.89 square meters to 250 square meters

69 with the average number of 69.71 square meters.

117 households have some houses which are not used to reside, accounting for 81.8% of the investigated households. The area of those houses varies 4 square meters to 800 square meters with the average number of 113.36 square meters.

There are no significant differences between minority nationalities and Han nationality. The housing area of families of ethnic minorities varies from 80 square meters to 800 square meters with the average number of 314 square meters for each household and 67.1 square meters for each person.

Table 3.5-1 The Housing Condition of Households Investigated in 2006

Average housing areas for each Per Capita Household Villages household housing area investigated

Qinglong Village 196.25 55.3750 8 Wanjiafan Village 213.75 57.2708 12 Haiyun Village 194.29 55.5000 7 Fenghuangguan 245.25 68.2694 12 Village Huanghuachang 270.83 76.5701 12 Village

Xinping Village 403.50 87.7361 6 Shujiacao Village 302.14 57.0731 14 Xibiantang Village 349.12 78.2647 17 Jiangjunling Village 298.63 71.2945 19 Xiqiuwan Village 503.33 90.5562 12 Shijiaba Village 286.67 69.3333 6 Sixiangxi Village 305.00 66.2500 2 Zhoujiashan Village 252.33 65.6528 12 Total 297.45 69.7149 139

70 3.5.2 Time of Building

Most of these houses are built before 15 years and the earliest ones were built in 1960 and the latest were built in 2007. The average completing time of building is 12.12 years, namely, the houses were built around 1994. The average construction completing time of building of 36 ethnic minority families is 13.3 years and there are no significant differences between minority nationalities and Han nationality.

3.5.3 Cost for House Construction

Cost for house construction varies from 1700 Yuan to 1.1 million Yuan, 15.5% of which is beyond 0.1 million Yuan. The average expenditure of building the house is 81.067 thousand Yuan with a median of 45 thousand Yuan.

There are no significant differences between minority nationalities and Han nationality in expenditure of building the house. The expenditure of building the house of ethnic minority families varies from 1.7 thousand Yuan to 0.55 million Yuan with an average of 83.02 thousand Yuan.

The basic condition for expenditure of the investigated families’ building are as the table 3.5-2 shown：

71 Table 3.5-2 The Expenditure for House Construction of the Investigated Families

Average housing areas Per Capita Household Villages for each household housing area investigated

Qinglong Village 80714.29 7 60856.975

Wanjiafan Village 44818.18 11 29552.726

Haiyun Village 34285.71 7 15923.926 Fenghuangguan 37750.00 12 29784.453 Village Huanghuachang 113909.09 11 131548.816 Village

Xinping Village 118333.33 6 104578.519

Shujiacao Village 49000.00 13 28760.505

Xibiantang Village 57437.50 16 39464.699

Jiangjunling Village 78388.89 18 121777.588

Xiqiuwan Village 246483.33 12 364042.759

Shijiaba Village 57500.00 6 38955.102

Sixiangxi Village 145000.00 2 49497.475

Zhoujiashan Village 38827.27 11 63018.189

Total 81067.42 132 138622.297

3.5.4 The General Conditions of House and Residence

12 households take part of house as the place of trading and the average number of houses used for trading is 1.75. Other 15 households lodge some houses and the average number of house lodged is 1.47.

Basic conditions for houses are as Table3.5-3 shown:

72 Table 3.5-3 The General Conditions of House and Residence in Survey Location Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Total The Total The Total The Total The 20％ 20％ 20％ 20％ poor poor poor poor Time of building 0 1 39.0 47.0 12.4 11.9 9.6 11.2 (years) Living area 80.0 80.0 2000.0 600 299.0 289.9 114.0 130.7 (square meters) 10.9 14.3 250 135 70.5 62.9 44.0 24.4 Living area per capita (square meters) 18 4 800 250 120.5 85.1 114.0 60.9 Areas of the yard (square meters) 1700 5000 1100000 220000 88121 64714 154149.8 60281 Cost (yuan) 0 2 3 2 1.43 2 1.34 Rooms rent(room) Rooms for 0 3 8 3 1.64 3 2.38 business (room)

Use the yearly average per capita income as the index to rank the households that investigated; about 20% relatively poverty households (some families invest so much money in production in 2006 ,though the family’s per capita net income looks quite lower but the family is not poor) are selected as the target for analysis.

There are 29 relative poor households in those investigated, accounting for 20%, per capita income of these families varying from 320 Yuan to 3200 Yuan, with an average of 2068 Yuan which is far below the average level of non-impoverished family (9835 Yuan).

According to the residence condition of the population of underprivilege (20%), there are no significant differences between building time, housing area and the average living space, etc. The main difference is revealed in housing quality, in other words, the population of underprivilege spend

73 less money than those who are not poor. The housing area for 20% relatively poor is 289.9 square meters and the average expenditure of building is 64.714 thousand Yuan. While the housing area for those who are not relatively poor is 299 square meters and the average expenditure of building is 88.121 thousand Yuan. (More details are as Table 5.6-1 shown).

On the whole, the investigated people were satisfied with the condition of house and residence, 84.6% of which were very satisfied or fairly satisfied, 14% of which were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied , 1.4% of whom did not care about the condition of house and residence. The satisfactory degree of the condition of house and residence at present is of no significant statistical difference between the 20% relatively poor and the non-impoverished people.

3.6 Income of Household and the Factors

3.6.1 Structure and Level of Income

From the statistical data of local Townships/Towns, the investigated Villages’ income disparities are serious. In which, the people who live in each village under Yiling District of Yichang City generally have relatively high incomes. In 2006 per capita net income of rural residents was: 3800 Yuan for Wanjiafan Village, 4570 Yuan for Qinglong Village， 4970 Yuan for Haiyun Village，4333 Yuan for Fenghuangguan Village, 4733 Yuan for Huanghuachang Village，3362 Yuan for Xinping Village. While each village of Badong county and Xingshan Village has lower incomes. In 2006 rural residents’ average net income was: 1345 Yuan for Jiangjunling Village, 1750 Yuan for Xiqiuwan Village，1856 Yuan for Shujiacao Village，1680 Yuan for Xibiantang Village, 1800 Yuan for Zhoujiashan Village.

74 The investigated households are selected by the influence extent of the project construction, and there may exist big gap between the investigated family income and the report average income by Town/Township govenment. This part mainly assesses the income structure, level, source and the influence of the project construction on household income.

Family incomes are divides into ten items: income from farming, from fishing or raising poultry, from industry, from architecture and business and services, from transporting, from outgoing laborers, from salaries and other incomes. Basic conditions of all items for investigated families’ income are as table 3.6-1 shown:

Table 3.6-1 All items for family income in a year

Minimum Maximum Mean

Total sample Minorities Total sample Minorities Total Minorities

sample Farming 0 0 100000 40000 10406.18 6152.78 Fishing 00100003000 483.09 252.78 raising poultry/ Stock 0 0 48000 25000 4822.35 5052.78 Industry 00200009000 272.06 389.89 Construction 009000050000 1231.62 1805.56 Business and 0 0 300000 100000 7919.12 4361.11 services Transportation 002500015000 753.68 1319.44 Income from 60000 0064000 8743.38 8036.11 working out Salary 008000011000 1248.53 416.67 Other incomes 003350033500 1382.35 3000 General income 960.0 2500 300000.00 10000 37284.41 30786.11 Net income 960.0 1000 220000.00 10000 28266.02 21319.44 Yearly net income 200 200 per capita 35333.33 20000 6376.13 4375.11

75 It is observed from table 3.6-1 that the general income of investigated families varies from 960 Yuan to 300，000 Yuan with an average of 37284.4 Yuan. Excluded yearly operational costs in 2006 (fixed asset for production and other expenditure on production), the family net income varied from 960 Yuan to 220,000 Yuan with an average of 28266.0 Yuan. The yearly net income per capita was 6376.1 Yuan, higher than the yearly net income—4072 Yuan per capita for rural residents under Yiling of Yichang City in 2006, much higher than the yearly net income—1900 Yuan per capita for rural residents of Enshi Prefecture.

Table 3.6-2 The Income Level of Different Investigated Spots in 2006

Average Standard Household General income Standard Per Capita deviation Investigated Villages For households deviation Net Income

Qinglong Village 25137.5000 21693.11527 5702.9167 4229.56392 8 Wanjiafan 34845.4545 24653.77714 8489.3939 8186.52440 11 Village

Haiyun Village 68134.2857 74302.97860 13672.8571 10758.69647 7 Fenghuangguan 37248.3333 20075.55811 8596.2500 6419.00698 12 Village Huanghuachang 56430.0000 67680.56173 10938.9021 11418.30197 12 Village

Xinping Village 26583.3333 13116.46548 4648.6111 2644.58785 6 Shujiacao Village 49353.3333 38726.80627 6712.6984 5877.62642 15 Xibiantang 29212.5000 18151.87318 3523.4077 2711.57893 16 Village Jiangjunling 23705.2632 19619.53317 3700.8897 2744.63248 19 Village

Xiqiuwan Village 53541.6667 81415.72841 5174.4907 6096.97217 12 Shijiaba Village 35540.0000 8783.96266 7622.5000 4199.48286 5 Sixiangxi Village 35500.0000 27577.16447 5375.0000 4772.97077 2 Zhoujiashan 16036.3636 10774.43945 2889.6212 1745.54438 11 Village Total 37284.4118 41639.89459 6376.1345 6585.91958 136

76 There is large gap between these investigated villages. As far as the level of family per capita net income is concerned, the maximum is Haiyun Village, Huanghuachang Village is ranked the second, followed by Fegnhuangguan Village, Wanjiafan Village, Shijiaba Village, Shujiacao Village, Qinglong Village, Sixiangxi Village, Xiqiuwan Village, Xinping Village, Jiangjunling Village, Xibiantang Village, Zhoujiashan Village. As for the level of family per capita net income, the lowest is 960 Yuan, the maximum is 220,000 Yuan, and the maximum one is 229 times of the lowest one.

As far as income structure of the household is concerned, income from farming was 10406.18 Yuan in 2006, making up 27.91% that of the total，and it was the main income source of villagers. Income from non-agricultural activities made up 60.4%. Income from working out was the second important, with 8743.38 Yuan for each household， making up 23.45% that of the total. Income from business and service ranked the third, with 7919.12 Yuan for each household，making up 21.24% that of the total, income from raising poultry/ Stock ranked the fourth, with 4822.35 Yuan for each household，making up 12.93% of the total income.

Generally speaking，income from farming is still the main source of the household, but the significance of its importance has decreased in recent years, and quite a number of households surveyed this time, income from farming is not the main source of the family any more. Among the family income, the proportion of the income from farming is 42.14%, income from non-agricultural activities has reached 57.86% of the family total income now.

Specially, we analyze the level and structure of income for 36 families of ethnic minorities. On the whole, the income level of ethnic minority families is a little lower than the sample. The reason is that those villages

77 with ethnic minorities have a lower income level on the whole. For example, in 2006 per capita net income of rural residents was: 1345 Yuan for Jiangjunling Village, 1750 Yuan for Xiqiuwan Village，1856 Yuan for Shujiacao Village，1680 Yuan for Xibiantang Village. However, the income level for investigated families of ethnic minorities is higher than other people in the same village.

3.6.2 Priority of Richness for Investigated Families

As for the sorting of factors which is of great importance to improve villagers’ economical status, 46% of the villagers put the factor of ‘knowledgeable, intelligent and do businesses’ in the first place. that those who had knowledge, a shrewd mind, large social networks, many information sources and channels could do business successfully. Since they could grasp nearly all opportunities to make money, they were endowed with capabilities to become rich. Villagers pointed out that, peasants in Wenzhou and Shaoxing in Zhejiang province were generally very rich. Nearly each family had a three-story house and a large amount of money as savings in banks, because they had knowledge, a shrewd mind and a good sense of business. Their knowledge was very practical and differed greatly from that was learned in universities as well as graduate schools. Lady Peng, a villager from Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Township , her family’s gross income was 142000 Yuan, which belongs to medium and high level of village. She said: “In my opinion, the most important factor to become rich is to have knowledge, intelligence and do businesses, and the reason for poverty are frontier spirit, laziness, incompetent and the absent of knowledge.”

20.1% of the investigated villagers think that some members in the family worked outside agriculturewas the first important factor to improve villagers’ economical status. In the countryside there was a large population while at the same time land was always inadequate., Land can

78 only guarantee peasants food and clothing. Although it cannot bring much extra disposable money to peasants, working as outgoing laborers is a good way in rural areas since peasants have almost no employment opportunity .. Mrs. Liu from Fenghuangguan Village under Yaqueling of Yiling District, said, ‘Our family has 700 citrus trees. We harvested 40000 Jin citrus last year, which were purchased by outside people with price of 0.7yuan/jin. We also have 1mou vegetable land and the output were all forself use. 6mou paddy fields grow maize, rice and watermelon. The grain harvest was 1400 Jin and watermelon harvest was 10000 Jin. We also raised 20 pigs at home. I always work in farmland except rainy or snowy days. My husband’s working time on agricultural production is about four mouths, and the rest time is for working out. Last year, he helped a local boss to construct a project with 1500 Yuan for each mouth. It seems to me working out of home is the first factor to get rich.’

13.3% of villagers think that ‘working hard’ is the first important factor to improve families’ economical status. Lots of villagers acknowledged that working hard certainly was one of the most important factors for becoming rich, and laziness was the main source of being poor. Some investigated villagers pointed out: the reason for poverty mainly is the absent of knowledge, on the other hand, some persons are afraid of hardship.” Lady Guo from Xinping Village under Huanghua Township said, ‘In my opinion, working hard is the most important factor to become rich, and the second importmantfactor is working out of hometown.’

10.8% of villagers think that ‘having more land and forest ’is the most important factor to improve families’ economical status. Villagers think that they were insecurity if they couldn’t own land, and have more land and forest is the foundation of getting rich. In 2006, the plant income of Li from Haiyun Village under Yaqueling of Yiling District was 123200 Yuan, the income of raising pigs was 38000 Yuan, transportation

79 income was 80000 Yuan, Li said, ‘ in my opinion, having more land is the first important factor to get rich, the next is encountering better opportunity.’ Mrs. Zhang’s saying is typical. Mrs. Zhang, from Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Township, said, ‘the most important factors to get rich is having more land and forest , the next is working out of hometown, the third is the character of working hard. Because the means of production for peasants is land, and it is absolutly the most important; on the side, working out of hometown can increase income in the slack season, and working hard is also important to get rich for farmers.’

7.2% of villagers thought that the factor of ‘setting up shops, having a stable occupation and growing characteristic plants’ was the most important for improving families’ economical status. Craftsmen in the village have more employment opportunities and therefore more sources for income. Those who have a stable occupation refer to civil servants who work in governments and enterprises. They are regularly paid every month and have a fixed income. Since they may provide a stable income for their family, their yearly income is quite handsome. For those who grow characteristic plants with high value can gain more than those who grow rice. Mr. Chen from Shijiaba Village under Xiakou County said, ‘My family has one piggery with 80 pigs and runs one distillery as well. All works are done by my wife and myself. The economic condition of my family is in a good state. In my opinion, in order to become rich, the most important factor is having industry and growing characteristic plants, and my family is one of these cases. Only cultivating land is impractical. On the other side， I feel that hardworking is necessary and laziness is won ' t do.’

1.4% of villagers mentioned the importance of convenient traffic in improving family’s economic status. Madexing, from Xiqiuwan Village under Xiqiuwan Township of Badong County, said, ‘There are 6 people in

80 my family and all family members are Tujia nationality. Our village is 40 kilometers from the nearest county. My family has 4mou contracted land. Total income of my family was 24000 Yuan last year, in which, commercial income is 20000 Yuan, pigs raising income is 4000 Yuan. I think the most important factor for getting rich is the convenient traffic; the next is the factor of knowledgeable, intelligent and being able to do businesses; the third is countering good opportunity.’

If sorting various factors of influence family’s getting rich, the factor of ‘knowledgeable, intelligent and being able to do businesses’ ranks the first, followed by‘ working out’, ‘hard-working’, ‘ having more land and forest’, ‘setting up shops, having a stable occupation and growing characteristic plants’, ‘convenient traffic ’in turn.

3.6.3 Prioritization of Reasons for the Poverty of Families

About the sorting of factors which are of great importance to cause the low-level of family income and the poverty, 52.6% of the villagers put the factor of ‘absent of knowledge and ability, limitations in capability for life’ in the first place. Those poorly educated have very few employment opportunities and are not competitive enough on the labor market. For example, from the questionnaires, we find that there is strong relation between population quality and poverty. Those with family houseowner’s education being illiterate and semi-literate, the per capita net income of the whole family yearly is 2585 Yuan. Those with family houseowner’s educationbeing primary school level, the per capita net income of the whole family yearly is 4599 Yuan. Those with family houseowner’s education being junior middle school level, the per capita net income of the whole family yearly is 6616 Yuan. Thosewith family houseowner’s education being junior high school, the per capita net income of the whole family yearly is 8981 Yuan. Those with family houseowner’s education being junior college and above, the per capita

81 net income of the whole family yearly is 10697 Yuan.

39.4% of villagers pointed out the factor of ‘inconvenient traffic and having difficulty in communicating with outside economic market’ was the main reason for the poverty of family. According to focus group and the interview with villagers, we found that inconvenient traffic is backward and the villagers’ characteristic products such as fruits and vegetables are unable to be transported outside of the local massively. Even if the output of characteristic products increases year by year, it can not bring villagers considerable economic benefit. Instead, the villagers have to sell to merchant who call at the villagers’ families in a lower price and earn less money even though they have been working hard all the year. From the investigation of Yingling District, Badong County and Xingshan County, we find that citrus is widely planted by villagers, but the selling of citrus mainly depend on purchasing in house by fruits monger because of the inconvenient traffic. The price of purchasing is much lower than the market price and the villagers’ gaining from citrus planting are undoubtedly is discounted. Villagers pointed out that if the condition of road was improved, their products would be transported outside massively and the cost of transportation would decrease, the products could be sold in higher price, and the income would increase.

38.0% of villagers thought that ‘lack of funds, poor information’ was another important factor for the poverty of family. Many villagers commented that they had thought of ideas about poverty relief, for example, setting up shops and undertaking contracted projects, etc. Unfortunately they could not obtain initial investment, and it is extremely difficult to get loans from banks and credit cooperatives. They also thought of borrowing money from relatives and friends, but since nobody was rich enough they could get very little from them. And finally many good ideas ended in nothing.In addition, poor information leading that the villagers do not understand the demand information of outside, lots of

82 peasants who plant characteristic economic crops sell the products in a lower price. Profit margins are very limited.

32.1% of the villagers pointed out that ‘illness of family members’, ‘less labor or loss of labor ability ’was the primary cause of poverty. In the 13 villages under social assessment survey, the poverty due to illness is a very general phenomenon. Mr. Yan’s family, from Xinping Village under Huanghua Township of Yiling District, is one of cases. Mr. Yan was a miner since 1967 and had occupational diseases. So Mr. Yan returned to the rural areas in 1986. Because of early retirement, the current monthly income is only more than 500 Yuan. His wife fell ill since 29-year-old. At the beginning it was septicemia, and later the leg fell sick too, and became paralyzed for three years. And then his wife had other diseases even more. The wife was outside of the protection from medical insurance owning to her peasant status. Therefore, the earned money, besides maintained survival, the rest was the expenditure of seeing a doctor. Mr. Yan said, ‘the money my family spent on seeing a doctor is 6,000 Yuan at least last year. My wifehas benn ill for a long time and lost labor ability, this is the most important reasons for my family’s difficulties.’

Other factors for poverty and low income including ‘fewer production resources’, ‘fewer employment opportunities’, ‘poor foundation of family economic’, ‘lazy, satisfied with the current situation’, ‘many children, heavy burden’.

If sorting various factors for low family income and poverty, the first is ‘without education, skill, and limited ability to earn a living’, followed by ‘inconvenient traffic’, and ‘having difficulty in communicating with outside economic world’, ‘lack of funds, poor information’, ‘illness of family member’, ‘less labor or loss of labor ability ’, ‘fewer production resources’, ‘fewer jobs’, ‘poor foundation of family economic ’and ‘lazy, satisfied with the current situation’, ‘many children, heavy burden’.

83 3.7 Household’s Expenditure and it’s Structure

3.7.1 Expenditure Structure

In the questionnaire survey such questions about expenditure are raised as: yearly operational expenditure, foods, clothes, education, medicine and health, transportation, social activities, support for the aged, entertainments, fuel, water and electronic, telephone and other expenditures.

Among all the investigated families in 2006, the lowest expenditure is 2470 Yuan and the highest is 405000 Yuan with an average expenditure of 38261.24 Yuan for each family.

As far as family expenditure is concerned, the lowest expenditure is 500 Yuan and the highest is 100000 Yuan with an average expenditure of 9524.26 Yuan for each family.

As far as family consumption is concerned, the lowest expenditure is 1670 Yuan and the highest is 305000 Yuan with an average consumption of 21547.94 Yuan for each family.

In all the items foods cost are the major item, accounting for 20.23% of consumption and the food consumption for each family is 4360 Yuan. Expenditure for education is ranked the second with an average of 3373 Yuan, accounting for 15.66% of family consumption, and expenditure for social activities is also a bit burden for peasants and is ranked the third with an average of 3256 Yuan. Expenditure for medicine and health is ranked the fourth and the average is 2241 Yuan. Expenditure for clothes is ranked the fifth and the average is 1951 Yuan.

Basic conditions of investigation family expenditures are as table 3.7-1 shown:

84 Table 3.7－1 All Items for Yearly Family Expenditure Unit:Yuan

Minimum Maximum Mean

Total Minorities Total Minorities Total Minorities

sample sample sample

Foods 100 100 50000 20000 4359.86 3897．22 Clothes 0 200 20000 10000 1951.42 1819.44 Education 0 0 50000 50000 3373.40 4281.94 Medicine and 0 0 50000 25000 2240.85 1641.67 health Transportation 0 0 12000 12000 1055.74 1447.22 Social activities 0 0 30000 15000 3256.38 3144.44 Support for the 0 0 20000 5000 888.65 869.44 aged Entertainments 0 0 2000 2000 139.36 86.11 Expenditure on 0 0 7000 3000 931.77 1104.17 Fuel for cooking Expenditure on 0 0 15000 5500 726.03 785.28 water,electricity Expenditure on 0 0 8000 8000 1163.83 1323.61 phone Other 0 0 100000 6200 1460.64 1105.56 expenditures Consumption 1670 2500 305000 115000 21547.9 21506.11 expenditure Yearly family operational 500 500 100000 30000 9524.26 9880.00 expenditure

3.7.2 Level and Structure for Household’s Expenditure in Different Investigated Points

There exists relatively large gap on the level of expenditures in various investigated points. As for the total expenditure, Xiqiuwan Village is the

85 highest, with the average annual total expenditure of 45305.8 Yuan; the next is Shujiacao Village, with the average annual total expenditure of 30286.7 Yuan; the lowest is Zhoujiashan Village, with the average annual total expenditure of 12658.3 Yuan.

As for the operational cost of the household, the highest is Huanghuachang Village, followed by Shujiacao Village, and the lowest is Zhoujiashan Village.

Basic conditions for items of family expenditures are shown in table 3.7-2, and we can see the gap about expenditure of households between various investigation points.

Table 3.7-2 All Items for Yearly Family Expenditure in The Investigated

Points in 2006 Yearly Total Foods Education Social Medicine Clothes family Consumption expenditure activities and operational Expenditure health Villages expenditure Qinglong Village 15525.0 3112.5 2687.5 1400.0 3325.0 1518.8 15525.0 3112.5 Wanjiafan Village 12740.0 2592.3 1876.9 2769.2 1276.9 938.5 12740.0 2592.3 Haiyun Village 18995.7 1300.0 4142.9 4285.7 1828.6 2614.3 18995.7 1300.0 Fenghuangguan 13125.8 3133.3 1291.7 2500.0 1495.8 1291.7 13125.8 3133.3 Village Huanghuachang 28076.7 9000.0 4291.7 4166.7 1150.0 3000.0 28076.7 9000.0 Village Xinping Village 17521.7 6083.3 5000.0 1666.7 1300.0 550.0 17521.7 6083.3 Shujiacao Village 30286.7 3193.3 9173.3 3900.0 2560.0 2506.7 30286.7 3193.3 Xibiantang Village 23805.9 5941.2 1682.4 5505.9 2158.8 1829.4 23805.9 5941.2 Jiangjunling Village 14217.9 2326.3 2336.8 2284.2 1040.0 1284.2 14217.9 2326.3 Xiqiuwan Village 45305.8 8900.0 3858.3 4833.3 5875.0 3483.3 45305.8 8900.0 Shijiaba Village 22083.3 3600.0 1333.3 4000.0 3100.0 4500.0 22083.3 3600.0 29349.5 4500.0 6000.0 900.0 5100.0 2800.0 29349.5 4500.0 Sixiangxi Village 12658.3 2870.0 2237.5 1054.2 2187.5 850.0 12658.3 2870.0 Zhoujiashan Village 21547.9 4359.9 3373.4 3256.4 2240.9 1951.4 21547.9 4359.9 Total

3.7.3 Land, Production, Income and Expenditure of the Typical Household

The following are four typical households’ on population, land, mode of production, output as well as income.

Case No.1

A Household of Middle or Upper Income Level

Mrs. Peng from Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Township of Yiling District in Yichang City said, ‘I am 43 years old and my husband is younger than me, 42 years old. I had been in school but only with an education of junior middle school. My husband is better than me but only with an education of high school. Although we are agricultural population, we have little time farming at home, and most of time we are busy in transportation. I have only one child, a daughter, 20 years old. She did not study hard, her education level is only in the level of the middle school. Now she runs a barbershop by herself, life is also ok.

Myr family has 600 citrus trees, which is approximately 12mou. Because those trees were recently planted, there were no economical benefits last year. Our family still has 0.5mou vegetable field, the vegetables planted are only sufficient for our family and are not sold. Last year, the family also raised 2 pigs, were all sold for 2000 Yuan purchased by some people. We do not do farm work very often, with less than 60 days a year on farming work. If someone has spare time, he or she will do some farming work, for example, fertilizing and watering seedlings. We mainly engage in transport business and do quite well. Last year our family earned about 140,000 Yuan in transportation business, the family total income was 142,000 Yuan with 2000 Yuan of pig-raising income last

87 year. But the more you earn, the more you cost. Only in last year, the foods expenditure was 15,000 Yuan, the expenditure of buying clothes was 6,000 Yuan, the expenditure of seeing a doctor was 2,000 Yuan. The expenditure in transportation is very large because of the transportation business, it was about 23,000 Yuan. The expenditure of business duties was about 8,000 Yuan. And because parents-in-law do not live together with us, every year our family gives them 1,000 Yuan of alimony. The expenditure of water, gas, and electronic was more than 5,000 Yuan. Because of doing business, the cost was quite large, with over 4,000 Yuan. Every mouth we will give the employees 800 Yuan as monthly wages, adding up to 38,400 Yuan a year. The remaining surplus of a year was 30,000 to 40,000 Yuan. There are color TV, computer, motorcycle, and automobile in my family. Therefore, generally the economic condition of our family is in the medium or upper level in this village.

Case No.11

A Household of Middle-income Level

I am 49 years old. There are 6 people in my family, in which, my son is 17 and my daughter is 24. My daughter often works out of home like me. There are also 2 people of over 70-year-old.

My family now has 1.2mou fruit orchard, 1mou vegetable land. The annual gain output is about 500 Jin, and it is for family use only. The production of fruit orchard is 1000 Jin, which are all sold to peddlery. Last year the family raised 2 pigs, one was for family use, the rest were sold. My husband and I are all working out of home all year round. I sell fruits in Yichang, with an average income of 1400 Yuan for each mouth; my husband has a construction job at the local, with an average income of about 1000 Yuan for each mouth. The gross expenditure of family

88 management was 3,000 Yuan. The net income of farmland was about 800 Yuan for each mou, the income of fruit orchard was 20,000 Yuan every year, and the income of working out of home was 20,000 Yuan.

Last year, the consumption expenditure of my family was about 20,000 Yuan, in which, the expenditure on education was the largest, about 10,000 Yuan; foods expenditure was around 2,000 Yuan; human communication and social duties expenditures and the telephone expenditure charged about 1,000 Yuan respectively; the purchase of clothing expenditure was around 700 Yuan; spending on entertainment, transportation and the fuel cost 500 Yuan respectively; water and electricity expenses were 200 Yuan; other living expenses were around 2,000 Yuan. The money for savings is almost ten thousand Yuan. I think our family is in the middle-income level in this village. It is worse than superiority, better than inferiority.

Case No.13

A Enrichment Household Depending on Diversified Management

I am 43 years old, my family has 6 people, my father, my wife, two sons, and one daughter. I mainly work in transportation industry and in busy farming seasons I also help with farming. My wife is younger than me, 42 years old. She is mainly working in farming. My old son is 20 years old and helps me with transportation. My younger son is 19 and is a solider now. My old daughter is 22 years old, working in Wuhan, and she will come back to help with the farming if she has spare time. My father is 82 years old this year.

My family has 23mou fruit orchard and all grows citrus trees. Last year,

89 the production of citrus is 160000 Jin. All the citrus are purchased by the people who come to buy with a price of 0.7 Yuan. There are still 1mou vegetable land and 6mou paddy land. The main crop of vegetables land is watermelon, and the output is 10000 Jin last year. The crop of paddy land is rice. Last year, the output of rice was 11000 Jin, in which, 5000 Jin were just for family use and the remaining 6000 Jin were transported outside to sell by ourselves. The average price was 1.2 Yuan for each Jin. We also raised 50 pigs, 2 of which were eaten by us when having New Year or festivals, and the remaining 48 pigs were sold with a price of 800-1000 Yuan for each one.

Beside the management of agriculture, my family also operates a transportation company. Last year we earned about 80,000 Yuan. As far as the expenditure of last year is concerned, the food expenditure was 6,000 Yuan, buying clothes spent 7,000 Yuan, seeing a doctor spent 2,000 Yuan, giving a feast spent about 20,000 Yuan. The money gave my parents was 2,000 Yuan altogether last year. The expenditure of water, gas, electricity is more than 3,800 Yuan, other aspects of the piecemeal spending for a total was over 10,000 Yuan. There are automobile and motorcycle, and we have all the things which we should have. So I think the economic level of our family is in the middle or upper level of this village.

Case No.45

A Tujia’s Family with an Average Income in a Poverty District

There are 4 members in my family; and all the people are Tujia nationality. I am 60 years old and my wife is 59 years old, both of us cannot read. And now both of us mainly cultivate land and raise pigs. I have a daughter, who is 28, only with an education of primary school.

90 Now she works in an insurance company of Guangdong with an average income 2000 Yuan monthly. My son went to Guangdong too after graduating from junior high school. And now he works in Guangdong with an average income 1000 Yuan monthly.

My family has 6.2mou cultivated land. Therein, 1.6mou is paddy field, 2mou is dry land, 1mou is fruit orchard, 0.8mou vegetable land, 0.8mou fishpond. Another 6mou is forest.

The output of gain was 9000 Jin, in which, the rice was 3000 Jin, wheat was 1000 Jin, maize was 3000 Jin, sweet potato was 1000 Jin, potatoes was 1000Jin. There were about 7,000 Jin which just for family use, including the use of raising pig. The remaining 2000 Jin were sold in county. The output of vegetables was 3000 Jin, but the vegetables were not sold because there was no market demand. Beside family ate some vegetables, the rest were used for raising pig too. This year we raised 8 pigs in all, and 2 pigs were eaten by ourselves, the remaining 6 were purchased by the people who come to buy. The price of pork is very expensive and the profit is not bad too. My family still raises a cow, which is used for cultivating land. And every year we can sell a small calf with the price of about 800 Yuan.

I spend over 300 days in the farmland, and almost work in the farmland all the year round. My wife is the same to me, engaging in cultivating land and raising pigs at home. She works in farmland for over 300 days one year

The total annual production expenditure of my family is 2000 Yuan, the net income is 1000 Yuan after deducting the costs of various items. The gross income was 19000 Yuan last year, in which, the income of selling pig was 4800 Yuan, the income of gain was 3000 Yuan, and the income of fish-farming was 100 Yuan. My son and daughter are all working out of home, and both of them give me about 10000 Yuan every year. There are

91 no transportation means in my family, because I am too old and I do not want to use those things. Last year the total consumption expenditure was 5,300 Yuan, in which, dining spent 500 Yuan; buying clothes spent 400 Yuan; seeing a doctor spent 1,000 Yuan; and cooperative medical system almost has no effect on decreasing the cost of treating illness. The cost of transportation was 100 Yuan; various kinds of human communication spent 1000 Yuan, in which, the cost of attending a marriage was the main part, at least spent 50 Yuan, and the cost of other parts was not sure. My family mainly burn gas and honeycomb, and the fuel cost 2000 Yuan; the cost of water and electricity was 300 Yuan, telephone charges spent more than 300 Yuan a year. I think the economic state of my family is in the low level in this village.

3.8 Land Expropriation and its Impacts to Households Income

3.8.1 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts to Households Income

Among the 143 households investigated this time, 18.9% of investigated households（27）whose lands will be expropriated but need not to move, 11.2% of investigated households(16) whose lands house should be rebuilt but not to be expropriated land, 60.1% of investigated households(86) whose lands will be expropriated and their house should be rebuilt as well. For the 6.0% households investigated, the construction has no direct negative influences to them. The information for 5.6% of investigated households is not available. In all the valid samples, the lands of 81.1% (113) of those investigated households will be affected to some extent.

The lands of 20 households of ethnic minorities will be affected among

92 36 investigated families of ethnic minorities.

Land expropriation of the households varies from 0.46mou to 14.8mou, with an average of 3.59mou for each household. The lands that would be expropriated can be divided into three types:

Farmland. Farmland expropriation of the households varies from 0.01mou to 10mou, with an average of 2.44mou. Land expropriation of households of ethnic minorities varies from 1mou to 11.9mou, with an average of 3.38mou.

Orchard and mountain land. The orchard and mountain land expropriated of the investigated households varies from 0.01mou to 9mou, with an average of 1.15mou. The orchard and mountain land expropriated of investigated households of ethnic minorities varies from 0.2mou to 5.9mou, with an average of 1mou.

Watery areas. There are 12 households’ watery areas which would be affected. The watery areas expropriated of the investigated households vary from 0.1mou to 3mou, with an average of 0.25mou. There are 3 households of ethnic minorities whose watery areas are affected, and the average affected watery area is 0.20mou.

Among 113 households whose land would be occupied to certain degree, there are 72 households that provide us with the detailed information of expropriated land. Among the 72 households, the proportion of expropriated land accounting for the whole family land varies from 3.07% to 100.0%, with an average of 53.51%. Therein, the proportion of below 20% is 25%, the proportion of 20－50% accounts for 27.8%, the proportion of 50－75% accounts for 15.4%, and the proportion of above 75% is 31.8%.

Among ethnic minority households, the proportion of expropriated land

93 accounting for the whole family land varies from 10% to 100.0%, with an average of 54.87%. Therein, the proportion of below 20% is 20%, the proportion of 20－50% accounts for 34.7%, and the proportion of above 50% is 45.3%. The income condition of households with land expropriation in 2006 is as table 3.8-1 shown:Three income items of those households will be affected by lands expropriation: income from plant industry, fishery income and the income of raising poultry and livestock.

As for all samples, the proportion of average reducing land for project construction is 53.51%. If taking the income of plant and fishery in 2006 as reference, the proportion of the average reducing income of fishery and raising poultry and livestock for project construction could be roughly estimated is 53.51%, in another words, the average reducing income of fishery and raising poultry and livestock for each family is 5825 Yuan.

As for the households of ethnic minorities, the proportion of average reducing land for project construction is 54.87%. The average income of fishery and raising poultry and livestock is 7204.54 Yuan in 2006, taking this as reference, the reducing income of plant and raising poultry and livestock of households because of lands expropriation is about 7204.54×54.87%= 3953 Yuan.

Through forum and interviews with the villagers, we found that there is a very close relationship between raising poultry and livestock of households and plant. Villagers basically use their own gain (mainly maize, sweet potato, etc.) as the feed of pig and chicken. The income of household raising poultry / livestock is mainly income of raising pig. According to local villagers’ estimation, if the feed of raising pig are all bought through market, there will be 20% of the profits getting from the gross income of selling pigs. If the feed of raising pig are all prepared by themselves, there will be about 70% of the profits getting from the gross income of selling pigs. That is to say the plant has the impact of 50% on

94 raising poultry and livestock. On this basis, if taking the scale of raising poultry and livestock in 2006 as reference, the possible impact on the income of raising poultry and livestock by reducing lands is 53.51%×50%× 5366＝1435 Yuan. As for the households of ethnic minorities, the potential impact of reduction of household land for poultry / livestock income is 54.87%×50%× 5490＝1506 Yuan.

Generally speaking, the possible reduced income of 72 households providing the information of land expropriation is 5825＋1435=7260 Yuan. Taking the gross income of 34895.83 Yuan for per family in 2006 as reference, possibly reduced income accounts for 20.8% of the gross income of the affected households.

As for the investigated households of ethnic minorities, the possible reduced income is about 3953＋1506=5459 Yuan. Taking the gross income of 34050.0 Yuan for per family in 2006 as reference, possibly reduced income accounts for 16.03%of the gross income of affected families.There may be exist the difference in possible reduced income between households of different investigateds points because of the difference of the income structure and land resources expropriated. Land is very scarce and per capita cultivated land level is relatively low in Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village, and planting takes a low proportion in the total income of household, so the reduced income by land expropriated takes a low proportion in the total income of household too. In Fenghuangguan Village, Jiangjunling Village, and Xibiantang Village, the income of planting and related industry takes a high proportion in the total income of household. So the proportion of reduced income in the total income of household by land expropriated is higher than average level. Land expropriation and its impacts to household income are as table 3.8-2 shown.

Table 3.8-2 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts to Households Income raising the proportion the poultry/ of average proportion General Stock reducing land of Villages income Farming Fishing for project possibly construction reduced income 15900.00 3540.00 .00 1320.00 12.40 Qinglong 46.9305 Village 42500.00 30000.00 .00 .00 15.39 Wanjiafan 21.8022 Village 98233.33 49000.00 .00 19733.33 8.64 Haiyun 14.4167 Village 27250.00 11666.67 4166.67 6833.33 33.64 Fenghuangg 47.6173 uan Village 240000.0 .00 .00 .00 .00 Huanghuach 100.0000 ang Village 27250.00 750.00 .00 3250.00 7.47 Xinping 85.7143 Village 33230.00 7450.00 .00 6980.00 19.82 Shujiacao 60.2063 Village 33272.73 10181.82 454.55 6909.09 24.81 Xibiantang 58.5914 Village 27120.00 8300.00 660.00 5480.00 30.83 Jiangjunling 71.4712 Village 34000.00 5571.43 357.14 2857.14 14.50 Xiqiuwan 67.0063 Village 37000.00 5500.00 .00 5750.00 6.02 Shijiaba 26.5958 Village 17200.00 6444.44 .00 3277.78 20.55 Zhoujiashan 43.7308 Village

3.8.2 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts on Typical Households’ Income

The following are four typical families on Land Expropriation and its Impacts to Typical Households’ Income

Case No.59

A Household with only Forestland Expropriated

Lei from Xiqiuwan Village under Xiqiuwan Township of Badong County: there are 7 persons in my family. My family has 9.2mou lands, of which 0.2mou is vegetable land, 1mou is paddy land, 3mou is dry land, 5mou is mountain land. Last year the gain output was 4000 Jin. We still plant rape and the extracting oil from rape was just for family use, the remaining part was sold out. The output of vegetables was 3000 Jin, beside family eat some vegetables, the rest were used for raising pig. This year we raised 5 pigs in all, and 2 pigs were eaten by ourselves, the remaining 3 were purchased by the monger who comes to buy. The price of pork was expensive this year, and the price of a pig with 400 Jin was over 1300 Yuan

I spend over 100 days in farmland. Sometimes, I do part time job too, mainly engaging in construction of the local with average income of 60Yuan every day and 1000 Yuan for each mouth. Last year, I earned 8000 Yuan altogether by doing part time job. My wife is mainly working at home to cultivate land and raise pigs. She works in farmland for over 300 days all year round. The gross income of last year was 20000 Yuan, in which, the income of selling pig was 4000 Yuan, the income of selling rapeseed and some gain was 4000 Yuan. In addition, the income of working out was 8000 Yuan. The project construction of Yi-Ba mainly

97 occupies the land of my family, 2mou forestlands would be occupied altogether.

Social assessment expert’s estimate: the occupied forestland has little effect on the present income of Lei’s family.

Case No. 52

A Household with the Proportion for Land Expropriated Below 20%

Wang is a villager of Xibiantang Village under Yanduhe Town of Xingshan County in Hubei Province: There are 5 members in my family; and all the people are Tujia nationality. My family has 18mou land altogether, in which, 0.4mou is vegetable land, 10mou is dry land, 4mou is mountain, 9mou is other kinds of land. The output of gain was 9000 Jin, and 4000 Jin was sold out. The maize was 0.8 Yuan/Jin, wheat was 0.7 Yuan/Jin, peanut was 1.8 Yuan/Jin, rapeseed was 1.8 Yuan/Jin, and the total income was 8000 Yuan. We raised 15 pigs altogether this year, 4 were eaten by ourselves, and 11 were purchased by the monger who comes to buy, the total income was 13000 Yuan.

I work in farmland for over 180 days and the remaining time is for working in a leather shoes factory of Huizhou of Guangdong with the total income of over 5000 Yuan last year. My husband works in farmland for over 300 days and works out of home just for over 60 days. He mainly engaged in building expressway in Shanxi with an average income of 140 Yuan for each day, and the income of last year was over 5000 Yuan. My family lands will be expropriated and my house should be rebuilt as well. I estimate 3mou dry land will be expropriated

Social assessment expert’s estimate: the occupied land accounts for 17% of the family total land, the income of plant may decrease 1500 Yuan, and

98 the income of raising pig may decrease 1200 Yuan. Other effects include the part which is from the fields output just for family use.

Case No. 24

A Household with the Proportion for Land Expropriated Above 50%

Chen is a villager of Fenghuangguan Village under Yaqueling Town: there are 3 persons in my family. And my family has 5mou fruit orchard with the output of 30000 Jin last year. The fruits are all purchased by the monger who comes to buy, and the price was 0.7 Yuan/Jin with the total income of 21000 Yuan. There was 0.5 vegetable land and the output was just enough for family.My family contracts 10mou mountain lands and there were no profit from mountain land last year. My family raised 6 pigs last year, 5 were sold out at the price of 6 Yuan/Jin, and the total income was 3600 Yuan. The wage income of working out was 18000 Yuan. Because of the construction of expressway, 6mou land of my family would be occupied, in which, 3mou is fruits orchard, 3mou is mountain land.

Social assessment expert’s estimate: the occupied land accounts for 54.5% of the total land of Chen, which is 30% of the mountain land in possession. The possible reduced income of plant is 11450 Yuan. The income of raising pig may reduce 980 Yuan. Other effects include the part which is from the fields output and just for family use.

Case No. 44

A Household with the Proportion for Land Expropriated Above 90%

99 Li from Jiangjunling Village under Xiqiuwan Township of Badong Couty in Hubei province: there are 3 people in my family, me, my love and my daughter. I am 63 years old this year.

My family has 9.8mou land altogether, of which 2.5mou is tea garden, 0.8mou is vegetable land, 3mou is paddy land, 1mou is fishpond, 1.3mou is mountain land, 1.5mou is dry land and other kinds of land.

The output of gain was 3500 Jin last year. 1000 Jin was for family use, 2500 Jin was all sold in county. The output of fruits is 2000 Jin, which are all sold in county. My family raised 6 pigs last year, and 2 were eaten by ourselves, and 4 were purchased by the monger who came to buy or sold in Town. There is a cow, which is mainly used to cultivate land.

I work in farmland for 120 days all year round and the other time is for raising pigs and chicken at home. My wife is same to me, working in farmland and house. The gross income of my family was 20000 Yuan last year, in which, the income of planting was 12000 Yuan, the income of fishingwas 3000 Yuan, the income of raising poultry and livestock was 5000 Yuan.

My daughter works out of home, but she does not tell us how much money she earned and does not give us too

My family lands will be expropriated and my house should be rebuilt as well because of the construction of expressway. There is 6.3mou cultivated land which will be occupied, in which, 2.1mou is fruit orchard, 1mou is pool.

Social assessment expert’s estimate: the occupied land accounts for 96% of the total land of Li. The possible reduced income of planting and fish farming is 14250 Yuan. The income of raising pig may reduce 2400 Yuan. Other effects include the part which is from the fields output and just for

100 family use.

3.9 Social Support Network oof Household

The social support network(especially relative network of personal connection)offers extensive support to the individuals. In developing counties, besides meeting the needs of family, it also offers other support, such as looking for a job. It can be said that these supports have very positive functions to the individual and society. The support of money, emotion and friendship obtained from the social network for the individual may solve the problem or alleviate the problem and crisis of daily life, maintain the normal running of daily life, slow down the life pressure, and it is benefit to the physically and mentally healthily and personnel happiness.

When individuals encount financial difficulties,they usually ask help from their social network. Seeking some help from relatives of husband’s parents or wife’s parents, married son, married brothers and other family relatives accounts for 48.6%. The next is looking help from cadres of Villages and Townships, accounting for 17.2%. The third is to find friends, neighbors, classmates and colleagues to help, accounting for 17.1%. Relying on self-struggle and efforts is the method local villagers often use facing economic difficulties as well. The details are as table 3.9-1 shown.

Table 3.9-1The Social Support Networks of Investigated Objects Facing Economic Difficulties

101

Frequency Available percent Relatives of husband’s 40 28.6 parents Relatives of wife’s parents 11 7.9 Married son 10 7.1 Married brothers 75.0 Cadres of Village 19 13.6 Cadres of Township 53.6 Neighbor 96.4 Classmate 1.7 Colleague 1.7 Leader of organization 1.7 Friend 13 9.3 Others 10 7.1 Depend on oneself 13 9.3 Total 140 100.0

When individuals encounter emotional difficulties, the structure of their social support network is as follows: 31.8% of respondents seek help from relatives with blood and marriage relationship firstly, the next is to find rural cadres to solve the problem (27.3%), the third is depending on the students, neighbors, colleagues (18.1%). When individuals encounter emotional difficulties, the support of relatives, comfort of friends, and self-relief are the most commonly used methods.

Table 3.9-2 The Social Support Network of Investigated Objects Facing Emotional Difficulties

102

Frequency Available percent

Relatives of husband’s 25 18.9 parents Relatives of wife’s 12 9.1 parents

Married son 43.0

Son 1.8

Cadres of Village 28 21.2

Cadres of Township 86.1

Neighbor 75.3

Classmate 43.0

Friend 13 9.8

Others 17 12.9

Depend on oneself 75.3

No such thing 64.5

Total 132 100.0

3.10 Traveling and Transportations

3.10.1 Household Vehicles in Relation with Satisfaction Toward Traffic Conditions

The major traffic vehicles are motorcycles and bicycles, 50% of households own a motorcycle, another 15.2% of households intend to buy later, 29.7% of families own bicycles, another 4.7% of households intend to buy later. Farm vehicles, tractors and cars have begun to enter into the family of ordinary villagers, as important means of production and communication of egression.

103 Table 3.10-1 The Condition of Transportation Means Owned by Family Name Have Intend to buy Don’t intend Available later to buy later case Motorcycle 50.0 15.2 34.8 132 Tractor 7.0 9.4 83.6 128 Automobile 7.0 19.5 73.4 128 Bicycle 29.7 4.7 65.6 128 Agricultural 13.3 10.9 75.8 128 vehicle

From the investigation, we found that the local villagers are relatively satisfied with the current traffic situation in the rural areas. The responses of 110 are very satisfied and comparatively satisfied with the current traffic situation, accounting for 77.5% of the available samples. The responses of 31 are dissatisfied and very dissatisfied with the current traffic situation, accounting for 21.9% of the available samples. Among the households which are dissatisfied with the current traffic situation, the households of Xingshan and Badong are prevalent.

Further analysis found that there are no significant statisticalrelationship between the ownership of transportation means for household and the satisfaction on traffic.

Table 3.10-2 Ownership of Transportation Means for Household and the

Satisfaction on Traffic. Name Pearson Chi-Square Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Motorcycle 4.031 .854 Tractor 12.377 .135 Automobile 7.201 .515 Bicycle 14.059 .080 Agricultural 7.509 .483 vehicle

104 3.10.2 Traveling Frequency in Relation with Degrees of Satisfaction of Those Investigated

The shortest route to county Town is 0.5 kilometer for villagers investigated, the longest is 90 kilometers, the average distance from county town is 31.3 kilometers. An average time of going to county town is 54.19 minutes, and the average cost is 13 Yuan.

There exist some differences in the investigated points on the distance from county town, traveling time, and traveling expense. Shujiacao Village, Zhoujiashan Village and Xibiantang Village are farther from the county town, Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village is close to the county Town. The more details are as table 3.10-2 shown.

Investigations reveal that 15.9% of people investigated go to county town for less than one times every month, 54.3% of people investigated go to county town for 1-2 times every month, 13.0% of people investigated go to county town for 3-4 times every month, and 16.7% of people investigated go to county town for more than five times every month.

The relation of the degrees of satisfaction on traffic and traveling frequency is shown in the picture 3.9-1. Statistical analysis finds that there is no correlation of statistical significance between them.（Pearson Chi-Square＝.651，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)＝.722）.

105 Table3.10-3 Distance、Traveling and cost

Distance from the Transportation

nearst County Time needed to Cost needed to

Seat/City CountySeat County Seat

Villages （Km）（Minute）（Yuan）

Qinglong Village 24.29 24.63 5.19

Wanjiafan Village 29.59 32.92 6.42

Haiyun Village 34.17 53.57 6.93

Fenghuangguan Village 34.37 46.37 7.80

Huanghuachang Village 9.88 21.75 2.42

Xinping Village 11.30 65.00 6.09

Shujiacao Village 48.00 87.17 29.34

Xibiantang Village 38.97 88.00 19.67

Jiangjunling Village 31.88 49.53 18.82

Xiqiuwan Village 25.17 39.32 15.29

Shijiaba Village 25.75 60.00 6.92

Sixiangxi Village 16.50 18.75 4.25

Zhoujiashan Village 41.64 70.46 15.09

Picture 3.10-1 The Analysis of Traveling frequency and traffic satisfaction of people investigated

20 Degrees of satisfact

Satisified

0 Not satisified Count Never 1-4 times 5 times and above

Frequencies of outgoing

106 3.10.3 Traveling modes in Relation with Degrees of Satisfaction of Those Investigated

Now, the most commonly used method is to use public transport when villagers go to far place (such as the county), accounting for 71.2%. The next is riding motorcycles, accounting for 17.4%. The third method is a combination of several modes, for example, the combination of walking and public transport, and individual villagers driving to the county town by themselves. The analysis of questionnaires reveals that there is relatively close relationship between the satisfaction on the current traffic situation and the traveling mode. 【Pearson Chi-Squ are, Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) =. 054】. On the whole, the people who often use public transport are more dissatisfied with the traffic situation. The people who walk and ride a motorcycle are more satisfied with the traffic situation.

107 4. Women and Project Participation

Women are the main stakeholders of the project, so it is necessary to know what kind of special effects this project has on their lives, what kind of attitude they have towards it and what level they participate. This assessment is to analyze what extent local women are related to project participation in virtue of observing the extent to which women have participated in social and economic life and the effects that the construction of this project makes on women’s participation.

Because of the interaction of women’s status and social and economic participation, women’s status can serve as an analytic tool and an important angle from which to approach the problem.

4.1 Women’s present status

The macro-scale study of local woman’s status is to research into women’s social status in virtue of their political status, economical status, legal status, status of labor force participation and education status. The micro examination of local women’s status is to research into their economical status, fertility status, their right to work and their rights of consuming in the family. This social assessment is to observe women’s status in virtue of economical status, political status, marriage status, education status and so on.

4.1.1 Women’s Economical Status

From the social angle, local women can equally participate in socio-economic activities as men do. However, there are some differences in their participation field in economic life.

First, women play an important role in agricultural productions. As men

108 flow into cities and towns or work in non-agricultural rural sectors, women take over most agricultural productions, such as productions of grains, cotton, oil, vegetables, and fruits, etc. Among 105 men investigated , 68.9% mainly take over the agricultural productions; among 38 female investigated,81.1% do the same work .58.7% of all respondents think women play a leading role in adopting new planting techniques of grains, fruits, vegetables, etc.

Mrs. Wang from Zhoujiashan Village, Gaoqiao Town, Xingshan County said, ‘the main techniques we are now using are the techniques of fruit tree planting and poultry raising, as lots of men flow into cities and towns to work, women take over most agricultural productions, so women play a leading role in adopting new planting techniques.’ (Case No. 35)

Second, the choice of staying at home and taking over the agricultural work is made out of most women’s own wills. They make this choice for the assessment of family economy and the capabilities of their husbands. Women staying at home think that when men go out to earn more money for the family, women who stay at home can take better care of their parents and children. 75.8% of men villagers investigated think it is the best way for a family that husbands work out of home while wives at home, but among women villagers investigated, 80.6% have the same idea. The choice of staying at home made by most women is out of their own wills to entrust some rights and responsibilities to their husbands. This situation is different to when women’s right to work was taken over by their husbands under the system of planed economy. That was a time when women had no choices at all and did not even realize that they had rights. This choice is distinctively out of their wills. The permission granted by the women to entrust their rights to their husbands is an important criteria of female political autonomy. A party can put its own fate in the hands of the other party by agreements between two equal individuals. Women’s permission of granting major economic

109 responsibilities to their husbands and the choice to cultivate at home and take care of families is a kind of obedience, but is not a form of traditionally absolute subjection.

Third, the principle of male priority dominates the allocation of job opportunities. There are comparatively less job opportunities, especially non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas due to high population in rural areas. 71.8% of respondents think that when there are not enough job opportunities, the allocation of job opportunities should be in favor of male employees, but 69.5% of women respondents have the same idea. It appears through the interviews that women employment fields are presented in a much wider range than they were before the 1980s and more and more women widened their eyesight by getting to the outside word to work or engage in business, or work in non-agricultural trades. However, in all, job opportunities in non-agricultural trades are more in favor of males than females.

Mrs. Wang from Zhoujiashan Village, Gaoqiao Township, Xingshan County said,

My husband and I basically make decisions after discussion on more important affairs in my family. I think, family affairs should be decided together, there are no divergences between us. No matter who you are, making a decision is not so good independently. As long as it is the correct views, and both sides should listen to each other, 80% of my views are accepted by my husband. If I think my husband's views are wrong, I will not listen to him, even he opposes, I will not do it. He is often silent at the beginning, but finally compromise. If my husband does not listen to my views, as long as I think my view is correct and it is favorable for the family, I will make decisions by myself. I incline to agree with the husband should work out and wife should work at home and treat chores, fewer work opportunities should be given men and his wife should better

110 do housework. As for children's education, I think both boys and girls should accept education, we will leave no means untried to have all children read no matter how difficult it is. If only a child can study, the opportunity of reading will depend on the child who wants to read and read better than others. I feel that women’s influence in our local public affairs is gradually strengthened. I am the women’s director in this village. I feel that the opportunities for women going out are increasing, and there are more chances of contact with the outside things, so political awareness and consciousness of women are increasing. Coupled with the majority of the male villagers working out of home and more men are not at home, more women will participate in the meetings of village and a lot of public things. So their influence is increasing. Women often put forward their views in the village committees, and village leaders attach importance to their views.’ (Case No. 35)

As far as the issues of the rights of family members to dispose family properties, the rights to manage the family incomes and the rights of family members to make decisions on family spending are concerned, the patriarchal system in the families of rural areas is on a transition to democracy.

First, husbands and wives are in charge of the management of family properties together. Based on the data obtained from the interviews, in 35.7% of the families the husband takes charge of the management of family properties, in 14% of the families the wife take charge of the management of the family properties, and in 45.5% the husband the wife take charge of the management of the family properties together.

Second, the husband mostly makes decisions on what business to do. From the interviews, 44.1% of the families base on the opinions of her husband in deciding what sort of production, 37.1% of households base on the common decision of marital

111 Third, the husband and wife mainly make decisions together on the divide of work. From the interviews, 48.3% are making-decisions by both parties on the division of work.

Fourth, the husband and wife mainly make decisions together on the issues of buying extravagant commodities and major producer goods, but usually male’s opinions are in a more favorable place than females’. It is the same situation for the issues of making invests and getting loans. More details can be seen in table 4-1.

Table 4-1 The Main Gender Division of Labor for Family's Affairs (Unit: %) Items Mainly Mainly Decided Others decided decided by both by by husband husband Domestic finance 35.7 14.0 45.5 2.9 What plants should be grown 44.1 11.2 37.1 2.9 Division of labor 35.0 9.1 48.3 4.3 Buying luxurious goods/ big tools 5.8 28.7 8.4 55.8 of production Investment or loans 37.8 4.2 38.5 16.1

Compared with statistics from other surveys conducted in other areas in China on women’s position at home, we found that women in affected areas of the project play a more important role in families. For example, Yang Shanhua found from surveys conducted in Qingpu, Taicang and Yibin that husbands have more power (50%) as far as domestic expenditure and finance (assets, investment or loans) are concerned. (Yang Shanhua etc. Urban and Rural Families: Changes under Market Economy and Non-agricultural Backgrouds. Zhejiang People Press: 2002.)

112 4.1.2 Women’s Political Status

Generally speaking, the political position of local women has been gradually raised. As far as the legal protection of women’s political status is concerned, the constitution stipulates that women has the same right to vote as men do，women participate in government and political affairs like man do and the state trains and selects cadres from women. As far as women’s practical political participation is concerned, the proportion of female cadres, women’s awareness of political participation, women’s awareness of rights, women’s awareness of participation in social activities have all been raised gradually. It is observed from this social assessment research that there are two characteristics about local women’s political participation:

First, most women take an active part in selecting cadres of local villages. It is observed from the interviews that women’s votes are mainly based on that if the competitor can represent their best interests, if the competitor can be the voice of peasants, if the competitor can make improve villagers’ economical status. Local women take an active part in the village conferences, 91.7% of them said that they attended all kinds of village meetings like their husbands. 73.2% of men said that their wives took an active part in these activities. 60% of respondents said that women’s influences on local pubic affairs were becoming stronger. 19.3% of respondents think women play a leader’s role in local public affairs.

Second, women have more zest in public affairs of local neighborhood. It is observed from the interviews that local women have more zest in local neighborhood. Among the 137 respondents that answered the question, ‘how much attention do you pay to the status of your work unit/ village/ neighborhood?’ 47.2% of women said that they were highly concerned of public affairs in the neighborhood, and they often made remarks and gave advices about public affairs in the neighborhood. 65.3% of men said they

113 were the same. According to the statistical analysis and the examinations, women are more concerned with public affairs in the neighborhood like men are, and there are no obvious differences between the participation of women and men[Pearson Chi-Square＝3.156，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) ＝.532]. More details are as table 4-2 shown. Table4－2 Participation in the Public Affairs of the Community of Male and Females

Participation in the public affairs of the neighborhood

Paying

attention

Being highly and Having no

concerned of and making Being aware interest in

often making remarks of, but rarely Only care the public

remarks and and making about one’s affairs in

giving advises giving remarks about own job, not one’s work

about public advises public affairs intending to unit/Village

affairs of the occasion of the meddle with /neighborho Total

neighborhood ally neighborhood other business od Sex Male 38 28 16 19 0 101 37.6% 27.7% 15.8% 18.8% 0% 100.0% Female 7 10 6 13 0 36 19.4% 27.8% 16.7% 36.1% .0% 100.0% Total 45 38 22 32 0 137 32.8% 27.7% 16.1% 23.4% 0% 100.0%

4.1.3 Women’s educational status

Among the 143 investigated eliminating default value, we get 578 available cases of six years old and above, including 297 men and 281 women .The condition of men cultural level: The number of primary school level and below is 86,accounting for 29%. The number of junior high school is 125, accounting for 42.1%. The number of senior high school is 51, accounting for 17.2%. The number of secondary, technical

114 schools or vocational schools is 20, accounting for 6.7%. The number of junior college and above is 15, accounting for 5.1%. The condition of women cultural level: The number of primary school level and below is 112, accounting for 30.6%. The number of junior high school is 99, accounting for 35.2%. The number of senior high school is 41, accounting for 14.6%. The number of secondary, technical schools or vocational school is 16, accounting for 5.7%. The number of junior college and above is 11, accounting for 3.9%. It is observed from the interviews the illiterate and semi-literate rates of female are higher than that of male, while the rate of finishing high school or above are lower than that of male. There is no statistical significant variance in receiving education between men and women( Pearson Chi-Square＝10.460，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)＝.107).

Table4-3 Education of Local Males and Females above 6 Years Old Secondary , technical Junior Junior Senior schools or college Illiterate of Primary high high vocational and semi-literate school school school school above Male Number 19 67 125 51 20 15 297 Percent 6.4 22.6 42.1 17.2 6.7 5.1 100.0 Fem Number 35 79 99 41 16 11 281 ale Percent 12.5 28.1 35.2 14.6 5.7 3.9 100.0 Total Number 54 146 224 92 36 26 578 Percent 9.3 25.3 38.8 15.9% 6.2 4.5 100.0

Such an educational situation used to be the result of traditional norms on social sex-roles. It is undergoing changes with economic development now. But it still influences educational idea and behavior orientation of people. It is observed from the interviews that parents pay more attention to their sons’ education investment and opportunities-offered. When they are put to such a question—if you are faced with financial difficulties and cannot afford all your kids’ education, will you prioritize your son’s

115 further studies, 45.9% of the investigated represent “accede or comparative accede”. But 54.1% of the investigated think that daughters should receive similar educations as sons. We further study and find that there is no statistical significant variance in this question between men and women.

But though depth interviews we find that most of families will try their best to afford their kids’ education if they can continue further studies. Especially after China's Family Planning from 1980s, most family has only one child, much less than before. As for family has two children, , parents normally depend on the standards of performance to decide who should continue to enjoy the right to education instead of the economic situation of a family.

It is found from the investigation that most children investigated can finish the 9 years compulsory education, but owing to the low quality of educational material facilities and teaching, limited teaching resource in rural areas, not too much graduates of junior high school can continue their high level education. After the graduation from junior high school, most young girls usually go to work outside their hometown with the help of relatives, or just by themselves, they would work for about 4 or 5 years before they have to think about their marriage.

4.1.4 Women’s Marriage Status

According to surveys, local women of different nationalities have more independence in choosing their spouses. Parents no longer arrange marriages for their children, and only provide more thoughts and concerns for their offspring’s own choices. There are basically three kinds of love matches of local youth.

First, falling love and getting married without any arrangements. Most cases of this kind occur among youth who go out to work. Mr. Liu, the

116 accountant of Qinglong Village, Longquan Town said, ‘most youth couples in my village fell in love and got married without any arrangements by other people. Most of the youth who work outside the village will bring girlfriends or boyfriends back.’

Second, being introduced to each other by others and getting married by their own decisions. Most local marriages are of this kind.

Third, knowing each other by themselves for a while and then getting their feelings and relationship confirmed by matchmakers. Some young people get to know and have some feelings for each other when they work or study together, and then get their feelings for each other and their relationship confirmed through another person, a matchmaker.

There are four types of housing and living patterns of married couples.

First, the couple lives by themselves. There are more and more couples choosing this life style.

Second, living with the husband’s parents for a temporary period after they get married, and then move out to live by themselves, which is the most popular local living pattern.

Third, live with the husband’s parents permanently. One third of local married women live like this.

Fourth, live with the wife’s parents due to the young couple’s incapability of housing for themselves or the need to take care of the aged parents.

The above living patterns increase independence level of local young married women.

117 4.2 Project Construction and Women’s participation

4.2.1The Impacts that the Construction of the Project May Have on Local Women’s Economic Participation

The construction of the project will have some positive and negative impacts on local women’s economic participation. They are in the following three aspects:

First, the construction of the project may have an impact on the women’s leading role in local agricultural productions. The construction of Project needs to occupy the land. 83.1% of the families of the respondents’ are going to be affected by the expropriation of the cultivated land in this area. 53.1% of their plant income and fishery income is going to be reduced, which accounts for 20.8% of the total family income. The decrease of cultivated land will reduce women’s contributions to the plant income and poultry income of the family, who are the main contributors of the planting income and poultry income of the family.

Second, the construction of the project may have an impact on local women in businesses and service Industries. Some villagers of Huanghuachang Village who will have to move away run buffets and restaurants on the roadside now. Moving away will infect the employment status of the women who are in these businesses and the main operators of these businesses.

Mrs. Ding from Huanghuachang Village said, ‘I am 43 years old, graduated from junior high school. We live in the town and the transportation is very convenient. Since 2000, we began to operate using our own house with three floors and about 750 square meters. We run a restaurant on the first floor. My husband and I deal with all the things in the restaurant. We earned about 100000 Yuan last year .We need to move

118 because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, so it is very difficult for us to maintain the restaurant. Although my family has land too, the income of land is very little.’ (Case No. 2)

Third, the construction of the project may provide local women with job opportunities of non-agricultural industries. 33.3% of female respondents think the construction of the project can provide them with job opportunities. The job opportunities could be created in the following forms:

(1) The non-agricultural job opportunities created by the construction of the project.

(2) Relocated villagers can take advantage of the location of their new houses, which will be situated nearby some main roads, and develop new businesses.

(3) The issued consideration money can be used as the startup money for them to create non-agricultural job opportunities.

(4) The women who cannot cultivate anymore will be liberated from the burdensome agricultural production and begin to make preparations for work of non-agricultural Industries.

The construction will have no impacts on local women’s economic status other than the above three effects.

4.2.2 The Impacts that the Construction of This Project Will Have on Local Women’s Political Participation

The construction of the project will mostly have positive impacts on local women’s political participation. They are in the following aspects:

First, women's rights awareness further awakening. Women are highly

119 concerned of their rights and duties in the big issues of land expropriation, house removal. From the interviews, it seems that women played an active part in gathering information on the issues of land expropriation and compensation for villagers’ house removal, and also made great efforts in achieving the most advantageous results.

Second, women’s awareness of participation has been enhanced more. The construction of the project enhanced women’s awareness of participation. Social critics discovered that local women were very active in the meetings and interviews of this social investigation.

If their wish of participation can not reach, some women expressed that they would take some actions to make protests (see table 4.5.2). The strong awareness of participation of local women can be seen from their responses.

Third, women pay more attention to local social public affairs. They are very active to inquire about information of the construction of the project from local village cadres. They are very concerned of government’s compensation for land expropriation and house removal project. Issues of social pubic affairs (including issues of construction of the project) have been their main topics in all their doings. They exert influences on public affairs through their casual talks, their informal visits in the rural community.

Fourth, women are more aware of the social supervision over local cadres. From media and some incidents of nearby villages, local women are conscious of that some cadres are only concerned of their own interests on the issues of land expropriation and house removal, so they are highly concerned of local cadres’ behaviors, especially on the issues of land expropriation and house removal. This kind of supervision will have a positive impact on the construction of grassroots-level governance in China.

120 4.2.3 The Impacts of the Construction of the Project on Local Women’s Education and Marriage Status

On the whole, the construction of the project has no negative impacts on local women’s education and marriage Status.

Generally speaking, the construction of the project will have some positive and negative impacts on local women’s economic participation. The negative impacts brought by the construction of project are mainly on women’s main role performing in agricultural production and in businesses and service industries as well. The positive impacts brought by the construction of project are mainly on non-agricultural employment opportunities for women, and the incentives for women’s engaging in non-agricultural activities. The employment pattern that women used to be in agricultural production will be changed owning to the project construction. Compared with men, the impacts to women is more. The construction of the project will mostly have positive impacts on local women’s political participation, but no negative impacts on local women’s education and marriage status. There is no positive relation between women’s economic participation and their political participation, family power structure, education status. The main reason is: in China the basic unit of society is family, not individual, especially in rural areas. The base for status differentiation is mainly more group (families) than individual. The role of women in economic activities in rural area is mainly the result of family strategy, and the goal of the strategy is for the family’s status upgrading as a whole. The logic of this kind of family strategy is also the reason that the poverty in rural china displays family poverty other than individual poverty (especially women and children).

121 4.2.4 Women’s Attitudes toward the Project and Its Impact

First, most female residents are willing to cooperate with local government in building Yichang-Badong expressway. 91.9% female residents surveyed express willingness to cooperate, 2.7% did not explicitly express their attitude, and 5.4% said directly that they were unwilling to cooperate.

Table 4-2 The Cooperation Willingness of Different Gender of the Respondents on the Construction of Project Willing to Unwilling to Do not corporate corporate know Total Sex Male 88 7 7 102 86.3% 6.9% 6.9% 100.0%

Female 34 2 1 37

91.9% 5.4% 2.7% 100.0% Total 122 9 7 139 87.8% 6.5% 5.0% 100.0%

Second, most female residents are willing to move. In answering “Will you be willing to move if the project need you to move?” 25.0% women said yes, and 69.4% said yes on the condition that they were properly compensated. Only 5.6% of the women said they did not wish to relocate very much.

Third, expecting for monetary compensation mainly but assisted by the social security and other compensation. In answering “what kind of compensation do you expect if the project needs your land?” 68.4% women expect money compensation, 26.3% expect land compensation, 15.8% expect money compensation combined with land for lowest welfare subsidy, and 10.5% expect money compensation combined with land and job.

122 Among people who want money compensation, a fairly large proportion wants to use the money for lowest welfare subsidy, which is mentioned by women in meetings and interviews.

Mrs. Li from Zhoujiashan under Gaoqiao Township of Xingshan County said, ‘The govenment need to construct the project, we people must support it. So I am willing to support the government to build this highway. If the construction of road occupied my field, I hope to get the compensation of land and social security with land compensation payments. Because the peasants have no social security, we still have security if our children don’t support us in the future. So having a social security is well.’ (Case No. 34)

Mrs. Liu from Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Town said, ‘I do not want build this expressway. I wish to acquire social security if occupied my land.’ (Case No. 4)

Fourth, hope open and transparent compensation standard and the sum. Mrs. Chen from Sixiangxi village under Xiakou Town of Xingshan County said, ‘as for compensation, if we are not fairly compensated, we will go to the government for resolution. If it does not work, I will appeal to the central government.’ (Case No. 64)

Mrs. Zhang from the same Village said, ‘we move here from the Three Gorges reservoir below in 2005. This house was built at that time, expending 11 thousand Yuan. It has three floors, and we lived comfortably. We do not want to move away because of tiredness. We feel uncomfortable for moving again. We are afraid that our compensation we deserved is intercepted by some apartments. For example, if the compensation is 10 Yuan, they took away 8 Yuan from 10. It occurred when we move for the first time, which violated regulations. I think that it is better that policies get more and more transparent. The compensation money of expressway should be remitted into our account directly, rather than the account of

123 local government, lest that the country makes up 100 a square Yuan, but we only get the payment of 70 Yuan, 50 Yuan.’ (Case No. 65)

Fifth, expecting self-built houses at geographically convenient sites. 74.3% of women surveyed expressed concern of reasonable compensation for bottomland. And they want the village to provide a convenient location for building their own houses.

Mrs. Peng from Huanghuachang Village, Huanghua Town, Yiling District said, ‘the main income of our family is from the restaurant. I wish to acquire reasonable compensation if my house is occupied. I hope that the new foundation for me is at the side of the road, and let me still run hotel. If the new foundation is arranged in a special remote place, I am sure that I will not remove firmly.’ (Case No. 1)

4.2.5 Possible Action Responses of Women When their Wills to Participate Was Not Satisfied

From the interviews and questionnaires, it is observed that when local women’s wills to participate was not satisfied, they were going to take actions to fight for their own best interests by attracting more attention and obtaining a better result.

There are seven kinds of actions taken by local women.

First, appeal to the higher authorities for help by oneself. 31.3% of female respondents said, if they were not satisfied with the results of land expropriation and removal, they would appeal to the higher authorities for help by themselves.

Mrs. Wang from Zhoujiashan Village under Gaoqiao Township of Xingshan County said,‘ If I was not satisfied with the compensation standards of resettlement and land requisition, I absolutely do not

124 tolerate it. I will directly find relevant government departments to solve the problem, or appeal to the higher authorities for help by myself. Even others are not satisfied with the compensation, I will not contact them, otherwise the government and the other will feel that I disturb the order. It is unconscionable to contact them, and it is not necessary in relation with other people, because I do not want excessive demands. If I have problems, I will report to the government the practical difficulties independent, I think they will not dodge the responsibility and do things as far as they could. Let they give me some suggestions, and I will choose a better one.’(Case No. 35)

Second, put up with the outcome. 25% of female respondents expressed that if they were unsatisfied with the handlings of land expropriation and house removal compensation, they would just put up with it.

Mrs. Wang from Jiangjunling Village under Xiqiuwan Township of Badong County said,‘ my family has 4 people, I mainly engage in working at home and raising pigs. My husband mainly dose part time job in Township earning money. My family has 3mou land, paddy field and dry farmland are about 1.5mou respectively. Building road will occupy my land, the paddy field and dry land are more than 1mou respectively. I wish to get the compensation of land lost. If the compensation did not meet my demand, I do not want to take any actions. It is only tolerance, as long as I can survive. Because land belongs to the country, we can’t willfully make trouble unreasonably troublesome.’(Case No. 47)

Third, appeal to the higher authorities for help by oneself. 12.5% of female respondents said, if they were not satisfied with the results of land expropriation and house removal, they would appeal to the higher authorities for help by themselves.

Mrs. Chen from Sixiangxi Village under Xiakou Town of Xingshan County said,‘ This road will pass through my house, I have to remove. My

125 house was built in 2002. There are 2 floors, 400 square meters. The house spent a total of more than 180,000 Yuan, most of which are loans. The government makes construction of the Three Gorges and gives me a total of 29,000 Yuan as resettlement expenses which paidfor two times. As for living conditions now, I feel very satisfied with it. If the project requires me to remove, I am willing to do. As for compensation, I only want the policy to be fair and open; if the policy is not fair, not open, I would appeal to the higher authorities for help. ’ (Case No. 64)

Fourth, make alliances with other people in appealing to the higher authorities for help. 12.5% of female respondents said, if they were not satisfied with the results of land expropriation and house removal, they would take this kind of actions. Mrs. Guo from Xinping Village under Huanghua Township of Yiling District said, ‘I am 43 years old this year, with an education of high school, reading some books. My husband graduated from high school too. The construction of Yi-Ba expressway needs us to remove. Our house was built in 2001 by ourselves. There are two half floors with the top floor, with 11 rooms and we spent nearly 60,000 Yuan. If compensation is suitable, I willing to remove; if compensation is inappropriate, I will appeal to the higher authorities for help together with other discontent persons. ’ (Case No. 9)

Fifth, make alliances to go to related government sectors and make protests. 6.3% of female respondents said, if they were not satisfied with the results of land expropriation and house removal, they would take this kind of actions.

Mrs. Liu from Fenghuangguan Village under Yaquqling County said, ‘I am 56 years old this year, and there are five people in my family. My wife and I mainly working at home, my son and daughter-in-law go to work outside, the grand-daughter is just three years old this year, taken care of by us. Our house was built in 1992 with two hundred square meters,

126 spending 20 thousand Yuan, and we live in the house very well. This highway construction may need us to remove. If I am required to remove, I am willing to remove as long as the compensation is reasonable, and if I am dissatisfied with land expropriation and the standard of removal compensation, I will go to service of government to solve the problem with others.’(Case No. 22)

Sixth, get the problems solved by legal approaches. 3.1% of female respondents said, if they were not satisfied with the results of land expropriation and house removal, they would like to get the problems solved by legal approaches.

Mrs. Xiang from Xibiantang Village under Yanduhe Township of Badong County said, ‘ Our family has 4 people, our house was built in 2001 by ourselves with 400 square meters of housing and 64 square meters of miscellaneous house, costing 80000 Yuan. Our houses are very spacious, I am very satisfied. The construction of road will occupy my house and our family needs to remove. If I am not satisfied with house removal and compensation standards of land expropriation, I will go to the relevant government departments or through judicial channels to resolve the problem. If compensation is appropriate for our benefit, then we will certainly support, but if the compensation is inappropriate for resolving the problem, we will not remove. If we have to remove, more attention must be paid on the value of house. The cost of materials is now higher than before and the standard of living is better than before too, so our standard of living must be better after compensation. If compensation is few and the standard of living is worse than before, it certainly can not do.’ (Case No. 53)

Seventh, insist on keeping the house. Two female respondents said, if the compensation is not satisfying, she will insist on keeping the house.

Mrs. Ding from Huanghuachang Village, Huanghua Town, Yiling County

127 said, ‘Our house was built by ourselves in 2000, with three floors and 750 square meters. We lived in the two higher floors and operated a restaurant on the first floor, from which we earn about 100000 Yuan. The construction of Yibin—Badong expressway through my house, we are willing to cooperate with the government work, and I believe the government will give us reasonable compensation. If I am not satisfied with the compensation, I will not remove resolutely. ’ (Case No. 2)

Table 4-4 If you are not satisfied with the handlings of land expropriation and house reconstruction, what kinds of actions will you take to protest? Item Male Female Total

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

To put up with the outcome 8 8.2 8 25.0 16 12.3 To appeal to the higher 9 9.2 4 12.5 13 10.0 authorities for help by myself To go directly to the related government sectors to get problems 58 59.2 10 31.3 68 52.3 solved by myself

To seek legal approaches 3 3.1 1 3.1 4 3.1 To make alliances with other people to appeal to the higher 3 3.1 4 12.5 7 5.4 authorities for help To make alliance with other people to go directly to related 11 11.2 2 6.3 13 10.0 government sectors to get problems solved

Go With pandemic 66.10 0 6 4.6 To insist on keeping the house 0 0 26.32 1.5 Others 0 0 1 3.1 1 .8 Total 98 100.0 32 100.0 130 100.0

In general, the most possible actions women expressed for the dissatisfaction are to go directly to the related government sectors to get

128 problems solved by themselves, to put up with the outcome, to appeal to the higher authorities for help by herself, and to make alliances with other people to appeal to the higher authorities for help.

There are significant differences between male and female in the expression of action. Compared with male, female mostly choose to put up with the outcome、to insist on keeping the house and to appeal to the higher authorities for help , but male mostly choose to go directly to the related government sectors to get problems solved by myself and to make alliance with other people to go directly to related government sectors to get problems solved .

4.2.6 Negative Impact Caused by the Project and Women’s

Reaction

As for the construction of the project bring socio-economic benefits to the villages, the Towns and urban communities, it inevitably has negative impact on villagers because of land expropriation and removing. Villagers in the affected area are facing a major challenge of how to maximize the positive effects and to minimize negative effects of roads construction. The survey found that facing the possible negative impact of the project, the possible actions in response taken by female villagers are mainly the following five categories:

Firstly, make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and intensively. Among the female villagers investigated, 41.2% represent that they will take this action. Mrs. Xue from Shujiacao Village under Yanduhe Town of Xingshan County said, ‘my family has 20mou land altogether, in which, vegetable land is 1.5mou, dry land is 9mou, forest land is 10mou. Because of construction of road, my lands will be expropriated and my house should be rebuilt as well. The expropriated land is 1mou dry land. My family will make full use of the

129 remaining land, intensively cultivate and manage, and strive for more opportunities of working out. These can reduce the negative impact of expropriated land as much as possible.’ (Case No. 60)

Secondly, try for more work opportunities and increase non-agricultural income. Among the female villagers investigated, 20.6% represent that they will take this action. Wang from Zhoujiashan Village under Gaoqiao Township of Xingshan County said, ‘ my family has 28.8mou contracted land, including 2mou of fruit orchard, 1mou of vegetable land, 2.2mou of paddy land, 15mou of mountain. The government informed me of the information of building Yi-Ba expressway. The construction of this road will occupy my house and 5.5mou of land including 3.2mou of cultivated land, 2.2mou of fruit orchard. We may use the compensation money to do some business and strive for more opportunities of working out at the same time, and using those methods can reduce the negative impact of expropriated land as much as possible.’ (Case No. 35)

Thirdly, take advantage of payments to do non-agricultural business, making up for the loss.

Among the female villagers investigated, 14.7% of them represent that they will take this action. Mrs. Zhang from Haiyun Village under Yaqueling Town said, ‘my family has 21.4 mou land, including 4mou of fruit orchard, 0.1mou of vegetable land, 4.6mou of paddy land, 3mou of fishpond, 9mou of mountain, 0.5mou of housing land, 0.2mou of miscellaneous land. There are 7 persons in my family. The construction of this road will occupy my mountain land and forest farm. From my family's view, we will strive for more opportunities of working out, and use the compensation money to do some businesses to minimize the negative impact of land expropriation.’ (Case No. 17)

130 Fourthly, trust to destiny without any ways to compensate for the loss. Among the female villagers investigated, 8.8% of them represent that they will take this action. Mrs. Liu from Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Township said, ‘my family has 7 people in household registration, now actually has three people. My family has 1.2mou fruit orchard, 2mou vegetable land, 60mou mountain land. The village cadres informed me of the information of building Yi-Ba expressway. This road will occupy my land and house and the exact number of land expropriated is not sure, because they don’t chalk the red line now. My family and I think of no means to make up for the losses suffered, only give hostages to fortune.’ (Case No. 4)

Fifthly, ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protests and methods. Among the female villagers investigated, 5.9% of them represent that they will take this action. Mrs. Li from Zhoujiashan Village under Gaoqiao Township of Xingshan County said,‘ as for the losses of land expropriated, if the compensation is reasonable and we can live and work in peace and contentment, we don’t protest; if the compensation is not reasonable, I will adopt the method of through various demurral actions and approaches to ensure compensation as many as possible.’(Case serial No. 34)

131 Table 4-4 How Will Your Families and You Lower the Loss？ Items Male Female Total Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency percent Make good use of the rest of the land and 49 51.0% 14 41.2% 63 48.5% cultivate it carefully and intensively Try for more work opportunities and 30 31.3% 5 14.7% 35 26.9% increase non-agricultural income Take advantage of payments to do 10 10.4% 7 20.6% 17 13.1% non-agricultural business, making up for the loss Trust to destiny without any ways to 3 3.1% 3 8.8% 6 4.6% compensate for the loss Ensure compensation as much as possible 4 4.2% 2 5.9% 6 4.6% through all kinds of protests and methods

Others 00 38.8%3 2.3% Total 96 100.0% 34 100.0% 130 100.0%

132 5. Analysis of the Impacts on Ethnic Minority

5.1 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of Hubei Province

According to the data from the Fifth National Census, Hubei is a province with multi-nationalities. There are 53 minorities except Uzbek and Deang nationalities, with the population of 2.6 million, which is 4.4% of total population. Minorities with population more than 10 thousand are those: the Tujia nationality(2.177 million people)、the Miao nationality (214 thousand) 、the Hui nationality(78 thousand )、the Dong nationality(70 thousand)、the Man nationality(15 thousand) and the Mongolian nationality(11 thousand). Minorities with population more than one thousand are those: the Zhuang nationality、the Bai nationality、the Korea nationality 、the She nationality、the Yi nationality、the Yao nationality、the Tibetan、the Weiwuer nationality and the Buyi nationality. Minorities in Hubei Province mainly live in Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture (1.992 million)、Yichang(435 thousand)、 Wuhan(54 thousand)、Jingzhou(33 thousand) and Jingmen(15 thousand). Table5.2-1 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics in Directly Affected Areas in 2000 Unit：person Nationality Yichang Zigui Xingshan Enshi Badong City County County Prefecture County Total 4149308 398043 182691 3775190 485338 Han 3714512 396075 182051 1783554 271630 Hui 3078 17 13 3385 55 Man 1052 16 4 804 39 Tu 128 0 0 22 2 Mongolian 543 34 9 3333 123 Zzhuang 385 3 4 431 7 Korea 50 10 2 1354 38 Miao 2289 18 7 205817 756 Weiwuer 189 9 1 326 58 Buyi 127 10 4 158 12 Tibetan 132 8 7 82 11

133 Tong 417 7 2 67440 46 Yi 231 9 8 544 13 Yao 96 0 0 225 13 Bai 148 0 1 6461 5 Tujia 425548 1819 571 1698703 212424 Xibo 22 0 0 0 0 Li 35 1 1 263 7 Se 34 4 0 1844 41 Da’er 3 1 0 0 0 Gaoshan 5 0 0 12 0 Naxi 10 0 0 8 0 Hani 16 0 0 77 14 Hasake 6 0 0 7 2 Mulao 12 0 0 2 0 Tai 11 0 0 38 2 Wa 9 0 0 2 0 Jingpo 3 2 0 0 0 Qiang 3 0 0 185 1 Lisu 11 0 0 1 0 Sala 6 0 0 4 0 Lagu 5 0 0 3 0 Bulang 1 0 0 1 0 Shui 6 0 0 16 1 Keer-kezhi 2 0 0 0 0 Dongxiang 0 0 0 67 0 Others 183 0 6 21 38 Source：《Collected Data of Fifth National Census of Hubei Province in Year 2000》，edited by Hubei Statistic Bureau，China Statistic Publisher，2002.

5.2 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of Affected area

The project of Yi-Ba expressway will through Yiling District, Zigui County, Xingshan County of Yichang City and Badong County of the state of Enshi,

Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of those areas

134 are as follows.

The city's total population of Yichang was 400 million by the end of 2006. The population is mainly Han nationality. According to the data from the fifth national census in 2000, the total population of Yichang City was 4149308 in 2000. There are 35 minority nationalities, with a total population of 434,796, accounting for 10.48% of the city's total population.

Among minority nationalities, the Tujia nationality(425548 people)、the Hui nationality(3078 ) 、 the Miao nationality(2289) 、 the Man nationality(1052) 、 the Mongolian nationality(543) and the Dong nationality(417) are prevalent. The population of other minority nationalities is small. There is no community for minority nationalities in Yichang City and minority nationalities scatter everywhere mixed with the Han population. Yiling District is the urban area of Yichang City and the distribution characteristics of minority nationalities are similar to general rehabilitation condition of Yichang City, so there is no information of minority population separate in Yiling District in the data from the fifth national census of Hubei province in 2000.

A total population of Zigui County was 3.882 million by the end of 2006, the population is mainly Han nationality. According to the data from the fifth national census in 2000, there are 16 ethnic minorities in the county, with a total population of 3,729, accounting for 0.49% of the county's total population. Among minority nationalities, the population of the Tujia nationality(1819) 、 the Mongolian nationality(34) 、 the Miao nationality(18) 、 the Hui nationality(17 )are comparative large. The population of other minority nationalities is small. There is no community of minority nationalities in Zigui County and minority nationalities scatter everywhere mixed with the Han population.

135 The population of Xingshan County is mainly Han and most of other ethnic minorities are the immigrants of foreign nationality, mixed with Han. Among minority nationalities, the Tujia nationality is comparative large. According to the data from the fifth national census in 2000, the total population of Xingshan County is 640, accounting for 0.35% of the county's total population. The main ethnic minorities are Tujia nationality (571) and Hui nationality (13).

Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture has a total population of 3.879 million people by the end of 2006. The population proportion of Tujia and Miao is large, so this regional became autonomous region in 2000. According to the data from the fifth national census in 2000, the total population of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture is 3775190, in which, 1783554 is Han, accounting for 47.24% of the prefecture 's total population and the population of ethnic minorities is 1991636, accounting for 52.76%. Among the population of ethnic minorities, Tujia (1698703), Miao (205,817) and Dong (67,440) are in main position.

Badong County subordinates to Enshi Prefecture in administration, with a total population of 485,500 people by the end of 2006. According to the data from the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Badong County was 485,338 people, in which, 271,630 people are Han, accounting for 56%. The population of ethnic minorities is 213,708, accounting for 46%. Among the population of ethnic minorities, Tujia (212424) and Miao (756) are in main position.

Generally speaking, the ethnic minorities and the Han nationality are mixed and live together in the project area. There is no significant difference in the normal production activities between ethnic minorities and Han nationality. Apart from fasting life of pork for Muslim, the customs are similar to the Han nationality, including "festivals" and eating the same foods as Han, such as dumplings, rice dumplings, the lantern and moon-cakes.

136 5.3 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of Villages and Towns

5.3.1 Nationality Characteristics of Villages and Towns

Table 5.3-1 is the nationality characteristics of the investigated Villages, of which four villages have relatively high proportion of minority population, i.e. Shujiacao Village（61.8%）、Xibiantang Village (37.5%) 、Jiangjunling Village (23%) 、Xiqiuwan Village (44%)， all are in Badong County. The proportion of minority population of Shujiacao Village is a little bit high than the average level（46%） of the County, The proportion of minority population of Xibiantang Village and Jiangjunling Village is lower than the average of the County, and the proportion of minority population of Xiqiuwan Village is quite similar to that of the average of the County.Basically , the minority population in villages are Tujia Nationality. Table 5.3-1 Nationality Characteristics of the investigated Villages

Nationality Characteristics of Villages Percentage of the population of minority Han Hui Tujia Miao Total nationalities in % % % % （person） investigated villages

Qinglong Village 100.0 36 0

Wanjiafan Village 100.0 38

Hanyun Village 100.0 26 0 Fenghuangguan Village 97.7 2.3 44 2 Huanghuachang Village 98.1 1.9 54 0.1 Xinping Village 100.0 30 0 Shujiacao Village 37.8 1.2 61.0 82 61.8 Xibiantang Village 38.2 1.3 60.5 76 37.5 Jiangjunling Village 64.3 35.7 84 23.0 Xiqiuwan Village 49.1 50.9 57 44.0 Shijiaba Village 88.9 3.7 7.4 27 0 Sixiangxi Village 100.0 9 0 Zhoujiashan Village 97.9 2.1 48 2 Total 73.3% 1.0 25.4 .3 611

137 Of the 611 person in 143 investigated households in 13 villages, the percentage of Tujia is 25.4%, Hui is 1 and Miao is 0.3%.The affected miniorty population are mainly in Shujiacao Village（61.0%）、 Xibiantang Village(60.5%) 、Jiangjunling Village(35.7%), and Xiqiuwan Village (50.9%).See table 5.3-1。

5.3.2 Indigenous Peoples in the guidance of staff of the World Bank and the miniorty population in the investigated areas

The terms "indigenous peoples," "indigenous ethnic minorities," "tribal groups,"

and "scheduled tribes" in the Guidance of the Worldbank OP4.10 describe social

groups with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that

makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process. For the

purposes of this directive, "indigenous peoples" is the term that will be used to

refer to these groups. Indigenous peoples can be identified in particular geographical areas by the presence in varying degrees of the following characteristics: (a) a close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in these areas;

(b) self-identification and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group;

(d) presence of customary social and political institutions; and

(e) primarily subsistence-oriented production.

If ethnic minorities with characters above are directed affected by the

138 project, special development plan for them are supposed to be established.

During the investigation and evaluation, the problem that experts were always caring about was whether special development plan was needed before the project in Badong County where the proportion of Tujia nationality was relatively high.

According to the investigation in Badong County and its affiliated xiangs and villages which were directed affected, the characters of Tujia nationality were as follows:

Ethnic Minorities Division After 1949, Chinese Communist Party and people’s government attached so great importance upon political, economic and cultural life of ethnic minorities that they organized experts to identify ethnic minorities. In Oct. 1956, Tujia nationality was officially recognized as a unique ethnic minority by the state council, which made Tujia nationality a member of the big family of ethnic minorities officially since then. In 1981, the regional party committee and united front work department of Enshi identified the people with the family name of Tan, Tan, Deng, Xiang, Tan, Liu, Chen and Zheng as Tujia nationality, but among Tan family, branches of Zu, De, Wu, Lian and Kui belong to Han nationality.

Living condition People of Tujia and Han live together instead of living separately.

Housing and living condition: among 36 households during the investigation, 34 are Tujia. The area of smallest house is 80 m² and the biggest is 800 m². The average area of household is 314 m² and the per capita area is 67.1 m². The average time of the house in use is 13.3 years. The average expense is 83,020 yuan with the highest 550,000 yuan and the lowest 1,700 yuan. There is no significant difference statistically, compared with the general situation.

139 Resources Possession As for farmers, the land is the most important resource. Compared with the general situation of the whole village, the level of ethnic minorities, among which Tujia is the biggest group, are a little higher than that of Han nationality in terms of paddy field, vegetable field, economic pond and hilly land, but a little lower in terms of wood land and orchard. There is no significant difference statistically between them. The details can be seen in the table 5.3-2.

Table 5.3-2 Situation of Land Procession as Productive Resourece unit: mu Type of land Nationality Per capita Minimum Maximunm Average of Household Woodland Whole sample 23 0.1 3.3 0.92 and Orchard Ethnic minorities 4 0.3 0.97 0.24 Paddy Land Whole sample 10 0.2 1.66 0.44 Ethnic minorities 6.8 0.5 1.9 0.43 Vegetable Whole sample 5.5 0.1 0.86 0.21 Land Ethnic minorities 4 0.2 1.0 0.24 Economic Whole sample 4 0.1 0.184 0.22 Pond Ethnic minorities 4 0.1 1.34 0.23 Hilly Land Whole sample 60 0.12 4.63 1.18 Ethnic minorities 18 1 5.49 1.07

Labor Division and Employment Mode The population within working age accounts for a relatively high proportion in ethnic minorities. Among labor forces, the number of those who are engaged in agricultural work indoors is higher than that of those who work outside and is also higher than general situation. There is no significant difference of working time of the male who are engaged in agricultural work between ethnic minorities and the whole village, while there is difference of that of those who are doing non-agricultural work. The agricultural working time of female is a little less than the general situation, but the non-agricultural working time is longer. The details can be seen in the table 5.3-3.

140

Table 5.3-3 Labor Division and Employment Mode

Ethnic minorities Ethnic minorities item

Proportion of People Within Working 71.5% 83.5% Age in the Whole Population (Male:16-59; Female:16-55)

The Proportion of Labor Force in the 90.42% 93.96% People With Working Age

Agricultural Worker 48.6% 74%

Non-agricultural Worker 8.7% 9.2%

Outside Worker 34.3% 13.8%

National Cadre 1.8% 0

Others 6.5% 2.8%

Agricultural Working Time 14.0％: less than 1 month in a year ； 11.1%: less than 1 month in a 19.6％: 1-4 months in a year ； year, 64.3％: over 4 months in a year . 25%: 1-4 months in a year ；

2.1％: working time unknown . 63.9%: over 4 months in a year.

Non-agricultural Working Time 34.3％: less than 1 month in a year ； 22.2%: less than 1 month in a

38.5%:1-4 months in a year ； year, 25.2%: over 4 months in a year. 44.4%: 1-4 months in a year ； 2.1％: working time unknown . 33.4%: over 4 months in a year 。

Average Time of Agricultural 174 days 175 days Working of Male Annually

Average Time of Non-agricultural 115 days 126 days Working of Male Annually

Average Time of Agricultural 211 days 178 days Working of Female Annually

Average Time of Non-agricultural 69 days 118 days Working of Female Annually

Average Income of Working Outside 14,863 yuan，accounting for 47.4% of 14,465 yuan，accounting for over of Per Householdin 2006 the whole famity income 50% of the whole famity income

141 Income Level and Structure Generally speaking, the income level of ethnic minorities is a slightly lower than the average level of the whole sample. It is not because the special situation of those households, but it is result of general income level of villages with ethnic minorities, which are relatively poorer than other villages. For example, in 2006 the per capita income of resident was 1,345 yuan annually in Jiangjunling Village, 1,750 yuan in Xiqiuwan Village, 1,856 yuan in Shujiacao Village and 1,680 yuan in Xibiantang Village. In our investigation, however, the income level of those households of ethnic minorities was higher than the average level of the whole village.

Table 5.3-4 Items of Annual Income of Household unit: yuan

Minimum Maximunm Average

Whole Ethnic Whole Ethnic Whole Ethnic sample minorities sample minorities sample minorities Planting 0 0 100000 40000 10406.18 6152.78 Fishery 0 0 10000 3000 483.09 252.78 Raise Poultry and 0 0 48000 25000 4822.35 5052.78 Livestock Industry 0 0 20000 9000 272.06 389.89 architecture 0 0 90000 50000 1231.62 1805.56 Commercial and 0 0 300000 100000 7919.12 4361.11 Service Communication and 15000 0 0 25000 753.68 1319.44 Transportation Working Outside 0 0 64000 60000 8743.38 8036.11 Salary 0 0 80000 11000 1248.53 416.67 Others 0 0 33500 33500 1382.35 3000 Sum 960.0 2500 300000.00 10000 37284.41 30786.11 Pure Income Without Cost of 960.0 1000 220000.00 10000 28266.02 21319.44 Business Per Capita Pure 200 200 35333.33 20000 6376.13 4375.11 Income Annually

142 Expenditure Level and Structure There is no significant difference of expenditure level between households of ethnic minorities and the whole sample, and the number of the previous one is 21,506 yuan, the number of the latter one 21,547 yuan. The educational expenditure is relatively high in families of ethnic minorities, ranking the top, while the food expenditure is highest in families of the investigative sample. Besides, expenditure of communications and fuel and the charges of water, electricity and telephone are relatively high in in families of ethnic minorities.

Table 5.3－5 Items of Annual Expenditure of Household unit: yuan

minimum maximunm average items of annual Whole Ethnic Whole Ethnic Whole Ethnic expenditure sample minorities sample minorities sample minorities

Food 100 100 50000 20000 4359.86 3897．22

Clothes 0 200 20000 10000 1951.42 1819.44

Education 0 0 50000 50000 3373.40 4281.94

Healthy Care 0 0 50000 25000 2240.85 1641.67

Communication 0 0 12000 12000 1055.74 1447.22 social intercourse 0 0 30000 15000 3256.38 3144.44

Attending the Old 0 0 20000 5000 888.65 869.44 entertainment 0 0 2000 2000 139.36 86.11 fuel 0 0 7000 3000 931.77 1104.17

Water and 0 0 15000 5500 726.03 785.28 Electricity

Phone 0 0 8000 8000 1163.83 1323.61

Other expenditure 0 0 100000 6200 1460.64 1105.56

Sum of life 1670 2500 305000 115000 21547.9 21506.11 expenditure

Sum of business 500 500 100000 30000 9524.26 9880.00 expenditure

Language and Letter Tujia nationality had its own language in the history which was an independent language, belonging to Hanzang

143 language branch Zangmian language group. It had no national letters, using Chinese characters its current letters and now Chinese is the universal language. According to statistics of the fifth national census, there were only 50,000 people who spoke Tujia language, accounting for 0.67% of the total population of Tujia nationality, and they are now mainly living in Xiangxi. In this investigation, all people of Tujia nationality in Badong County speak Chinese.

Cultural education School education of Tujia nationality began in Yuan Dynasty (1293-1307 A.D.), got better and better in the Ming Dynasty, and improved further in Qing Dynasty. Since then, the educational system had been improving, learning from the Chinese educational mode, so it could be said that the education of Tujia nationality inherited essence of Chinese culture. Meanwhile, the culture of Tujia nationality exerted positive and profound influence on Chinese cultural enrichment and development. Under the education of Chinese culture, the social life of Tujia nationality had been changing bit by bit all along. In order to communicate with the outside world better, it was a good way to learn Chinese language and life style. Moreover, it was necessary for governors of Han nationality to push forward their educational style in the old time to better rule ethnic minorities and strengthen their dominion.The trend of integration and learning from each other between Tujia and Han is inevitable, despite of some measures to preserve national characters taken by Chinese government after 1949. It is shown in this investigation that the integration develops further when children of Tujia, Hui, Han and other nationalities are learning together. What should be pointed out is that more and more children of ethnic minorities can get more education and development, thanks to favorable policies made by Chinese government in terms of getting higher educational opportunities (especially the opportunity of college education).

Consciousness of Ethnic Group The consciousness of ethnic group can be reflected in many ways, such as sense of national pride, inter-group

144 relationship, caring about policy, cultural inheritance, activities participation and so on. In the investigation, we found that two out of three of the population would realize they were Tujia nationalities when they get higher educational opportunities, and that only 6% of the population would often said that they were Tujia nationality, but we also found that one in the three felt pride as Tujia nationality. Almost all of them prefer to indentify their children as Tujia nationality because of those favorable policies about bearing and education. 80% of Tujia nationality would help neither side when people of the same nationality had fights with those of other nationalities, and 20% would help those who were doing right things. 50% of those who were investigated knew roughly about the dance of waving hand, the god of white tight and other relevant cultural customs of Tujia nationality. About 16% of interviewees actively paid attention to policies related to Tujia nationality, 50% paid some attention, and 34% did not care about them. Therefore, we can see that the consciousness of ethnic group exists without strong influence, and that it will be maintained as a result of those favorable policies made by Chinese government.

Social and Political Organization There was no traditional social and political organization.

Influence of the Project 36 households of ethnic minorities were investigated and 20 were involved with land occupation. The lowest level of land occupation in the household was 10%, and the highest was 100% with the average number 54.7%. 20% of households had their land occupied less than 20%, 34.7% of households between 20%-50%, and 45.3% of households more than 50%. The economic loss caused by the project was that the total income in the household was 16.3% less this year than that in the 2006 with annual income 34,050 yuan per household. There was no significant difference of the impact between ethnic minorities in ShujiacaoVillage, Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Vllage and the whole sample.

145 Nationalities and cooperative willing 34 villagers of Tujia nationality and 2 villagers of Hui nationality were investigated. All of them would cooperate with the project, and 92% of 103 villagers of Han nationality would cooperate too.

Nationalities and Ways of Expropriation Compensation Among villagers who were investigated of Han nationality, 77.2% of them would like monetary compensation, 21.9% land compensation, 21.0% the combination of monetary compensation and job opportunity, and 17.1% social insurance purchased by expropriation compensation. Among villagers of ethnic minorities, 97.2% of them would like monetary compensation, 19.4% land compensation, 16.7% the combination of monetary compensation and job opportunity, and 11.1% social insurance purchased by expropriation compensation. There was no significant difference among interviewees of various nationalities in terms of expectation on expropriation compensation.

Nationalities and Attitude on House Removal Among villagers who were investigated of Han nationality, 92.3% of them would remove with the appropriate compensation, while among villagers of ethnic minorities, the number was 90.4%. There was no significant difference among them.

Nationalities and Expectation on House Compensation Among villagers who were investigated of Han nationality, 82.1% of them would like to build houses by their own with compensation and distributive residential land, 14.1% preferred new houses, and 38% expected other ways. Among villagers of ethnic minorities, 95.2% of them would like to build houses by their own with compensation and distributive residential land and 4.8% preferred new houses. It was shown in statistics that Pearson Chi-Square=2.338，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)= .311. There is no significant difference between interviewees of ethnic minorities and Han nationality in terms of expectation on compensation of house dismantlement and removal.

146 Nationalities and Ways of Dealing With Negative Impact There was no significant difference among interviewees of various nationalities in terms of adopting ways to deal with negative impact caused by the project (Pearson Chi-Square=6.501，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)= .260).

Nationalities and Active Ways of expressing There was no significant difference among interviewees of various nationalities in terms of adopting ways to express their dissatisfaction on compensation of land expropriation and house dismantlement and removal (Pearson Chi-Square=9.291，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)= .318)

Generally speaking, during the long process of social and economic development, ethnic minorities had formed good inter-group relationships with other nationality (including Han) in the coexistence. As anthropologist Fei Xiaotong said, this pattern of coexistence was a unity with multiple characters which needs a long time to form. The process of forming was integration through contact and collection with fading through separation of many dispersive ethnic minorities. Then gradually, the unity with multiple characters came into being with deep integration and collection with each other.

According to analysis above, we believe that no significant difference exists between ethnic minorities and Han nationality, and the implementation of the project has no remarkable negative impact on the ethnic minorities of affected area, so there is no need to plan special program.

147 6. Influence of the Project and Social Risks

6.1 Understanding Status of Villagers about the Project

Revealed from the survey, all interviewees knew about the construction of Yiba highway, and they knew it in many ways, among which informed by the government and getting information from workers who did measuring job and media (broadcast, TV and newspaper) were the chief ways. Besides, others heard about it from neighbors and friends. These can be seen in table 6.1-1.

Table6.1-1 How major stakeholders get to know information about the projec Sources Frequency Order Broadcast, TV or newspapers 58 1 Government 40 2 Relatives and friends 14 5 Neighbors 24 4 Other people (surveyors) 31 3

Shown from seminars and investigation to the cadres of towns and villages, mobilization meetings about the project execution and some installment problems, such as dismantlement, expropriation, and dispensation etc, had been held in the towns and villages of the directly affected areas. The local TV station had reported some relevant issues several times, through which many villagers who had TV set got information about the project.

6.2 Attitude towards Expropriation and Migration

Revealed from the analysis of questionnaire, nearly all the villagers under investigation (93.5%) would like to cooperate on the highway construction, and foundation of support exits extensively in the populace.

148 The support could be seen as follows:

Firstly, villagers of different genders under investigation showed willing to cooperate positively. There were 93.1% of the males were willing to cooperate, as well as 94.6% of the females.

Secondly, villagers with different expected benefit under investigation showed willing to cooperate positively. Villagers who believed that the highway would bring them opportunities would support the construction absolutely, and 85% were willing to cooperate, even if among the 39 villagers who did not think so.

Thirdly, villagers of various nationalities under investigation showed willing to cooperate positively. Tujia and Hui nationalities are main ethnic minorities in the affected area. 34 villagers of Tujia and 2 villagers of Hui under investigation were all willing to cooperate, as well as 92% in 103 villagers of Han.

Fourthly, villagers of different level of education under investigation showed willing to cooperate positively. There were 92% of villagers with elementary school educational level and below, 94% of villagers with middle school educational level, and 97% of villagers with high school educational level and above willing to cooperate,

At last, nearly all villagers in different investigation spots showed willing to support the project. The ratio of supporters in each investigation spots respectively is: 100% in Qinglong Village, 92% in Wanjiafan Village, 100% in Haiyun Village, 79% in Fenghaunguan Village, 84% in Huanghuachang Village, 84% in Xinping Village, 100% in Shujiacao Village, 100% in Xibiantang Village, 100% in Jiangjunling Village, 100% in Xiqiuwan Village, 100% in Shijiaba County, 100% in Sixiangxi Village and 91% in Zhoujiashan Village.

149 6.3 Expectation of the Ways of Compensation for Expropriation

6.3.1 General Characters of the Ways of Compensation for Expropriation

Five ways of compensation has been advanced though interviews, seminars and questionnaire.

The first way is to be compensated by money, which is acceptable to 81.8% of villagers under investigation. As land is abundant, the families whose land was not expropriated too much basically expected monetary compensation. The villager Li of Haiyun County Yaqueling Yiling District said:

Both expropriation and dismantlement were required in the highway construction, and I hoped that compensatory payments for expropriation could be paid one time, which would make me feel the sense of security. (Case No.13)

The second way is to acquire land though conciliation in the county or group, reclamation and so on. Some farmers still hoped to own a piece of cultivated land, as soil is significant to their life, and 19.6% villagers under investigation would like the compensation of the land. The villager Li of Fenghuang County Longquan Town said:

There are five people in my family. My daughter-in-law and I mainly do farming,

my husband and son go out to work frequently, and my grandson is only 3 years old.

At present, I have 11 Mu orchards, 0.4 Mu vegetable land, 0.4 Mu paddy fields and 2 Mu hilly fields. Crops are usually reserved for families, the annual output of which is about 2,500 kg. Oranges are sold to dealers; with annual output about 50,000 kg. We raise 10 pigs, two of which are female, and one cow. I got news about the highway construction from

150 relatives, and both expropriation and dismantlement will be required, but the amount of expropriation is still unknown. I would like to be compensated in the way of soil, because farmers cannot get on without farmland.

Actually, shown in the seminars and interviews, villagers found that this way of compensation advanced by themselves were not practical, because the policy that contract of land is unchangeable within 30 years is carried out stably by the local government recently, and the per capita area of local farmers is relatively low. By bringing forward this way of compensation, farmers wanted to emphasize the meaning of the land to their life and to get enough compensation.

The third way is to get job opportunities offered by government and relative department, which is supported by 21% of villagers. Villager Wang (female) of Zhoujiashan Village Gaoqiaoxiang Xiang Xingshan County said:

I definitely support national construction and cooperate on the highway built. I want to get job opportunity as the compensation for expropriation. Different with the others, in my opinion, I think that money and land can only be possessed temporarily, and the land quality differs from good to bad, so only job opportunity could benefit in the long run. I, therefore, must make plan for the future. (Case No.35)

The fourth way is to transact endowment security for the affected villagers with compensatory payments, which is supported by 15.4% of villagers under investigation. Villager Li (female) of Zhoujiashan Village Gaoqiaoxiang Xiang Xingshan County said:

I hoped to be compensated in the way of money and social security with payments, if expropriation is needed. I think social security is good for us, because of which our life can get on without soil and support from children. (Case No.34)

151 Villager Liu (female) of Huanghuachang Village Huanghua Xiang said: I would not like the built of the highway, and I want to get social security if the land occupation is inevitable. (Case No.4)

The fifth way is the combination of money, soil and social security, and 10.5% villagers under investigation hope to combine various ways of compensation. Villeager Yuan of Haiyun Village Yaque Town said:

We have 19.8 Mu land and 15 Mu of which are orange orchards. Last year, the output was 40,000 kg. We kept 100 kg for our use, and sold the rest to dealers, gaining 54,400 yuan totally, with 1.4 yuan per kilogram. We have 0.2 Mu vegetable land, and the produce is consumed by ourselves. We also have 3 Mu paddy fields. The output was 1,500 kg last year, and the produce was not sold. We still have 1.5 Mu hilly fields, and raising 2 female pigs which did not generate last year. I got known about the built of the highway from the cadres of village, and I am willing to cooperate. If the land occupation is required, I would like to combine compensation of money, soil and social security together, and I do not mind whether the payments will be paid one time or not. (Case No.16)

Table6.3-1 if your cultivated land will be occupied, which

kind of compensation do you want to get?

Iterm Times Ratio

Money 117 81.8

Soil 30 19.6

Job opportunity offered by government 28 21.0

Social security transacted with payments 22 15.4

Combination of money, soil and social 15 10.5

security

Others 1 0.7

Note: the answer to this question is multinomial, so the percent can not be added.

152 6.3.2 Expectation to the Ways of Expropriation Compensation from Villagers with Various Characters

The expectation of villagers with various characters differs a little.

Genders and ways of compensation Among male villagers under investigation, 87.1% of them hope to be compensated in the way money, 19.4% hope for the way of soil, and 23.5% hope for the way of combination of compensatory payments and job opportunity. Among the females, that ratio is 68.4%, 26.3% and 10.5% respectively.

Nationalities and ways of compensation Among villagers of Han nationality under investigation, 77.1% of them would like monetary compensation, 21.9% would like soil compensation, 21.0% would like combination of payments and job opportunity, and 17.1% hope to transact social security with soil compensatory payments. Among villagers of ethnic minorities, that ratio is 97.2%, 19.4%, 16.7% and 11.1% respectively.

Income condition and ways of compensation Among relatively poor villagers who account for 20% of total population, 75.9% of them would like monetary, 24.1% would like soil compensation, 10.3% would like combination of payments and job opportunity, and 13.3% hope to transact social security with soil compensatory payments. Among relatively non-poor villagers, that ratio is 84.1%, 22.7%, 19.7% and 15.2% respectively.

153 Table 6.3-1 expectation of villagers of various characters to ways of compensation

Unit：%

Transacting

Combination of social security

money and job by compensatory

Money Land opportunity money

Female 68.4 26.3 10.5 15.8 Gender Male 87.4 19.4 23.5 15.5

Han 77.1 21.9 21.0 17.1

Nationality Ethnic minority 19.4 16.7 11.1 97.2

20% relative poor 75.9 24.1 10.3 13.8 population Income Relative non-poor 84.9 21.7 21.7 16.0 population

Agriculture 79.0 24.0 17.0 20.0

Occupation Non-agriculture 90.9 9.1 18.2 0

Work outside 83.3 5.6 38.9 11.1

Village Qinglong Village 70.0 20.0 50.0 30.0

Wanjiafan Village 83.3 25.0 16.7 16.7

Hanyun Village 85.7 14.3 0 14.3

Fenghuangguan Village 66.7 58.3 41.7 33.3

Huanghuachang Village 75.0 8.3 0 8.3

Xinping Village 66.7 50.0 16.7 0

Shujiacao Village 100.0 20.0 6.7 0

Xibiantang Village 94.1 29.4 29.4 23.5

Jiangjunling Village 84.2 5.3 10.5 5.3

Xiqiuwan Village 100.0 0 0 0

Shijiaba Village 66.7 0 66.7 16.7

Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0 0 0

154 Zhoujiashan Village 66.7 33.3% 25.0 41.7

Occupations and ways of compensation Among those who mainly do farming at home, 79.0% of them would like money as compensation, 24.0% would like soil, 17.0% would like combination of payments and job opportunity, and 20.0% hope to transact social security with soil compensatory payments. Among those who mainly do non-agriculture work at home, that number is 84.1%, 22.7%, 19.7% and 15.2% respectively.

Villages and ways of compensation In Shujiacao Village, Xiqiuwan Village and Sixiangxi Village, all those under investigation accept compensatory payments. In Fenghuangguan Village, Xinping Village, Xibiantang Village and Sixiangxi Village, most accept compensatory payments, and also expect compensation of soil. In Shijiaba Village and Qinglong Village, about half suggest compensatory payments and job opportunity should be combined. In Qinglong Village, Fenghuangguan Village, Zhoujiashan Village and Xibiantang Village, quite a few villagers hope to transact social security with soil compensatory payments.

6.4 Attitude towards Dismantlement and Removal

6.4.1 Basic Housing Condition of Those Who Need to Remove

Among 143 families under investigation in this social evaluation, 102 families need to remove. We got lots of information on villagers’ houses, dismantlement and removal, and expectation of compensation though seminars and interviews into houses.

Some villagers might remove because of the project, the basic housing condition as following:

155 House area The smallest house area is 28 km2, and the largest is 2,000 km2, with average area 309.74 km2. The smallest per capita house area is 10.89 km2, and the largest is 250 km2, with average area 72.31 km2.

Among families under investigation, 83 houses (81.4%) have non-residential sundry room. The smallest one is 4 km2, and the largest one is 800 km2, with average area 119.06 km2.

Time of house built Most of the houses were built in the early 90s of 20th century. The earliest one was built in 1960, and the latest one was built in 2007. The average building time of houses is 13.34 years, which means that they were built probably in 1993 or so.

House structure Built with brick and concrete is the chief structure of houses, accounting for 61.7%, houses built with brick and wood accounting for 13.8%, houses built with soil and wood accounting for 12.8%, and others accounting for 11.7%.

Expenditure of house built The lowest cost of house built is 1,700 yuan, and the highest is 1.1 million yuan, with average cost 83,084.04 yuan. The average cost of per square kilometer is 225.2 yuan.

A small number of farmers (11 households) deal in part of their houses.

Relatively poor population among the removers 102 families under investigation were ordered by per capita income, and relatively poor population (19 households), accounting for 20% were identified. In 2006, the lowest per capita income of the relatively poor population was 320 yuan, and the highest was 3,233.3 yuan, with average amount 2,026 yuan, as much as 24.3% of that of all removers.

Looking from the housing condition of the relatively poor population, their houses were built in 1991 or so. The average area is 313.2 km2, with per capita area 68.25 km2, and the average cost is 47,500 yuan, with the cost of per square kilometer 155 yuan. 58.8% of houses are built with brick and concrete. There is no significant difference in house area and

156 built time between poor and non-poor population, while the biggest difference exists in house quality (structure and cost), for most houses of the poor are bungalows, but the non-poor live in storied buildings.

Generally speaking, those under investigation are relatively satisfactory with the present housing condition. 89.2% of them are very content with it, while 10.8% are rather unsatisfactory. The needy families are also considerably satisfactory with housing condition, which is almost the same with the others.

6.4.2 Attitude towards Resettlement

Most families (90.1%) whose dismantlement and removal are required have showed willing to cooperate on the project and remove. But a few villagers (9.9%) are unwilling to remove.

According to statistics, no remarkable distinction exists in the attitude to removal between different genders, nationalities, income situation, occupation and villages.

According to data from questionnaire, deep indoor interviews and seminars, it is necessary to give attention to the distinction of the attitude to removal of villagers from different investigation spots.

Generally, villagers of 7 villages (Qinglong Village, Wanjiafan Village, Haiyun Village, Shijiaba Village, Sixiangxi Village, Zhoujiashan Village and Shujiacao Village) will entirely cooperate and will remove when needed. In Huanghuachang Village and Jiangjunling Village, 90% of villagers are willing to remove, while in Fenghuangguan Village and Xinping Village, the level of cooperation is comparatively low.

The detailed situation can be seen in table 6.4-1.

157

Table 6.4-1 attitude of differently characteristic villagers to removal

Unit：%

Willing if

compensation is Asymp.

satisfactory Unwilling to Pearson Sig.

% remove% Chi-Square (2-sided)

Female 90.5 9.5 Gender .073 .787 Male 92.3 7.7

Han 92.3 7.7 Nationality .740 .390 Ethnic minority 90.4 9.6

20% relative poor 84.2 15.8 population Income .699 .403 Relative non-poor 90.8 9.2 population

Agriculture 90.9 9.1

Occupation Non-agriculture 88.9 11.1 2.063 .724

Work outside 100.0

Village Qinglong Village 100.0 0 12.831 .381

Wanjiafan Village 100.0 0

Hanyun Village 100.0 0

Fenghuangguan Village 72.7 27.3

Huanghuachang Village 76.9 23.1

Xinping Village 80.0 20.0

Shujiacao Village 100.0 0

Xibiantang Village 91.7 8.3

Jiangjunling Village 90.9 9.1

Xiqiuwan Village 90.0 10.0

Shijiaba Village 100.0 0

Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0

158 Zhoujiashan Village 100.0 0

The main reason why some villagers of Fenghuangguan Village are unwilling to remove is the impact of some historical issues. Jingyi highway (Jingmen- Yichang), built from 2003, passed through this village, causing expropriation and dismantlement. The relatively low compensation standard brought difficulty to the affected residents’ resettlement and negative impact to the recovery of their life. Because of these previous experiences, villages doubt about the level of compensation this time. In the investigation of social evaluation, some villagers are unwilling to remove.

The reason why some villagers of Huanghuachang Village are unwilling to remove is that the government of Huanghua Xiang is located in this village, and some villagers’ houses are close to streets with good position. Therefore, some villagers took advantage of this, made some reformation on a large scale, and did business and catering service, gaining substantially. In Huanghuachang Village, four families, living house to house, gaining substantially from catering, all expressed opinions not to move.

The chief reason why some villagers of Xinping Village are unwilling to remove is that land is deficient in this village, with the per capita land area 0.45 Mu, and few land of good position could be used to build houses. Besides, villagers are all content with their newly-built houses.

Some villagers of Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village suggested that the course of Yiba highway should be optimized, in order to reduce or avoid dismantlement and removal as much as possible.

159 6.5 Expectation of the Ways of Compensation for Dismantlement and Removal

Revealed from questionnaire and indoor interviews, most villagers emphasized that construction owner of the project or towns/xiang/village should offer appropriate places to build houses, and then they can build houses with payments by themselves. We could find in the questionnaire that 85% families hoped for this way of compensation. Mr. Li, one representative of them in Huanghuachang Village Huanghua Xiang Yiling District, said:

There are 8 people in my family, and they are my elder son and his wife, my junior son and his wife, my husband and I. My house is storied house, with 370 km2, built in 1998. It cost us 30,000 yuan to buy the groundsill, and more than 60,000 yuan to build the house. Village cadres told us that the highway would pass through my house. We certainly support national construction, but the biggest problem is where to settle our house. Because land is in lack here, it is difficult to find comfortable groundsill. Removal and rebuilding is acceptable under the precondition of getting suitable places. Could we enjoy the policy the same as migrants of the Three Gorges, and find suitable places to move in? There is No. 710 war industry near to our village, which expropriated 410 Mu land here for national construction without compensation. I get an idea that we could use the idle rooms and space of the factory to build our houses.

We also find in the investigation that about 12% of families hope that construction owner of the project or village cam offer new houses. Villager Huang of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town said:

I was informed about Yiba highway construction from broadcast and cadres of governments of various levels. Even if both occupation and removal are needed, I will still cooperate with government with pleasure, as long as compensatory standard is suitable. I hope that government

160 make integral plan and build housing-estate for us.

Shown in the questionnaire, few families (3%) look forward to low-cost houses to rent or other means as compensation.

The statistical analysis below is about compensatory methods expected by villagers of different genders, nationalities, income condition, occupation and location. The basic conclusion is that no significant difference of the expectation of compensatory methods exists in the villagers of different genders, nationalities, income condition, occupation and villages. Detailed data can be seen in table 6.5-1

Table 6.5-1 Expectation of Compensatory Methods from Villagers with Different Character

Unit：%

Compensate with money and offer appropriate places to offer Pearson Asymp. build houses new Chi- Sig. independently houses Others Square (2-sided)

Female 86.5 10.8 2.7 Gender 2.385 .665 Male 80.0 16.0 4.0

Han 82.1 14.1 3.8 Nationality 2.338 .311 Ethnic minority 95.2 4.8 0

20% relative poor population 77.8 22.2 0 Income 2.695 .260 Relative non-poor population 88.0 9.3 2.7

Agriculture 86.4 12.1 1.5

Occupation Non-agriculture 88.9 0 11.1 5.151 .741 Work outside 86.7 6.7 6.7

Village Qinglong Village 57.1 28.6 14.3 29.129 .215 Wanjiafan Village 100.0 0 0

Hanyun Village 66.7 33.3 0 Fenghuangguan Village 90.9 9.1 0 Huanghuachang Village 83.3 0 16.7 Xinping Village 100.0 0 0

161 Shujiacao Village 100.0 0 0 Xibiantang Village 84.6 15.4 0

Jiangjunling Village 100.0 0 0 Xiqiuwan Village 75.0 25.0 0 Shijiaba Village 66.7 33.3 0 Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0 0

Zhoujiashan Village 70.0 30.0 0

6.6 Expectation to the Compensatory Level for Dismantlement and Removal

Compensatory standard should be open and clear. Ms. Chen, a villager of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town Xingshan County, said: I will be content with the compensatory policy as long as it is fair and open, and I will appeal to the higher authorities for help if it is not that. (Case No. 64)

Ms. Zhang, another villager of the same village, said:

We moved from the area of the Three Gorgers reservoir up to here just in 2005, when our three-storey house was built with 110,000 yuan. We live here happily and are unwilling to move. We just settle down and have not recovered yet from tiredness of the last removal, so it is unpleasing to move again. I am afraid that some departments would intercept part of our payments, for example, we are compensated 10 yuan, and they take away 8 yuan out of it. This situation, out of regulation, happened during the first removal. In my opinion, the clearer the policy is, the better it is, and we should get how much we deserve. Compensation for the highway built ought to be paid directly into our account, rather than governmental account. Otherwise, for instance, we are finally compensated 70 or 50 yuan of per square kilometer, while the actual number is 100 yuan, according to the policy. (Case No. 65)

Payments for house could be used to build a new one at the same

162 level of the previous. Villager Chen of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town Xingshan County said:

I have to move because the highway will pass through my house, and I am willing to move as far as government compensate me money, so I can build my house by myself. But I think that integral plan about the housing-estate choosing should be made, for it is difficult to find suitable place and be warranted by government. The compensatory standard should be 1,000 yuan for per square meter, or I will suffer great loss. I have moved once, because I was migrated from the Three Gorges. In the first removal, everyone was happy, for our previous houses were old and the national policy was good. We hope, therefore, that this compensation can be better. We now live in storied houses, rather than the previous earthy ones, so the price for removal now must be much higher. My house was built 4 years ago, with more than 1,000 yuan per square meter. If we have to move again, the government ought to warrant homestead, compensate for every square meter, and fit water and electricity for the new houses. (Case No.64)

Mr. Ma, a villager of Xiqiuwan Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County, said:

Now I have known that the Yiba highway will pass through my house, and I will cooperate on national construction. I hope to get compensation of cash payment, choose place freely, and build house with the payments by myself. The compensatory level should be at least as much as that of the Three Gorger migrants. I will not move before I get payments. The point is that compensatory level must be fair, and it dose not matter if the level is a little low. (Case No.54)

Compensatory standard should take market prices into account. Villager Li of Huanghuachang Village Huanghua Xiang said:

We now are worried that the market price is too high now while the

163 compensatory standard could be too low, so it is hard for us to rebuild house. We expect that compensatory standard could take current market prices into account.

Compensatory payments should be paid directly to families, as soon as possible. Many villagers think that it is better to open an account for each family, and pay the compensation directly into it. Villager Fu of Fenghuangguan Village Longquan Town said:

I would like compensatory payments, the level of which reaches the highest limit of national policy, and I hope government open accounts for us, so that the payments can directly go into our accounts, without through towns and villages government. (Case No.26)

Compensation should take the cost of house decorating into account. Villager Huang of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town said: I was informed about Yiba highway construction from broadcast and cadres of governments of various levels. My family needs to move. Personally, I feel that compensatory standard was relatively low before, for the payments could merely be used to build new house without decorating. I hope that this compensation can take the cost of house decorating into account, as the amount of it is really high. (Case No.18)

6.7 Willingness of Choosing Places for Houses Rebuilt

Revealed from questionnaire, 32% of families look forward to integral program and collective rebuilt, and 68% hope to choose places to resettle freely.

Statistically, no significant difference in the willingness of choosing places to resettle exists among those of different genders, nationalities, income condition and occupations.

164 The willingness, however, differs among those of various villages under investigation. In Jiangjunling Village and Xiqiuwan Village, 100% of those under investigation are willing to choose places freely to settle down, and in Fenghuangguan Village and Wanjiafan Village, the percentage reaches 90%. But in Qinglongcun Village, Sixiangxi Village and Shujiacao Village, more villagers want village collective to make

integral plan and to build housing-estate for resettlement. Table 6.7-1 Willingness of Choosing Places for Houses Rebuilt from Villagers of Different Character

Unit：%

Integral program and collective Resettle Pearson Asymp. Sig.

rebuilt freely Chi-Square (2-sided)

Female 27.4 72.6 Gender 3.083 .079 Male 46.2 53.8

Han 29.5 70.5 Nationality 1.352 .245 Ethnic minority 42.9 57.1

20% relative poor 26.3 73.7 population Income .163 .686 Relative non-poor 31.1 68.9 population

Agriculture 30.3 69.7

Occupation Non-agriculture 25.0 75.0 2.567 .633 Work outside 26.7 73.3

Village Qinglong Village 71.4 28.6 23.538 .023 Wanjiafan Village 12.5 87.5

Hanyun Village 33.3 66.7

Fenghuangguan 9.1 90.9 Village

Huanghuachang 27.3 72.7 Village

165 Xinping Village 40.0 60.0

Shujiacao Village 60.0 40.0

Xibiantang Village 38.5 61.5

Jiangjunling Village 0 100.0

Xiqiuwan Village 0 100.0

Shijiaba Village 50.0 50.0

Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0

Zhoujiashan Village 40.0 60.0

6.8 Negative Impact Caused by the Project and Villagers’ Reaction

6.8.1 General Ways of Villagers’ Reaction to the Negative

Impact

Shown in the investigation, faced with the possible negative impact caused by the project, villagers may take five ways of response:

Firstly, make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and intensively, which is supported by 48.1% of those under investigation.

Villager Huang of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town said:

There are three people in my family, and I am the householder. I am 52 years old, the Han nationality, and a registered agricultural resident. My wife is 50, also the Han nationality, and a registered agricultural resident. She began to do farming after graduating from elementary school. We do farming for about over 300 days yearly and my son works outside. We have 15 Mu orange orchards. Last year, the output of orange was 25,000 kg, and we sold them to dealers at a price of one yuan per kilogram, gaining 25,000 yuan totally. We still have 0.5 Mu vegetable land and 3 Mu paddy-fields, the produce of which were reserved for our use. Besides, we farmed 15 pigs, and we sold 14 to dealers at a price of 5.4 yuan per kilogram. We just earned 7,280 yuan, for the pork price was

166 pretty low, which is a little higher this year. Generally, agriculture brought us in 32,280 yuan last year. The land occupation will not be so much this time. So in order to maintain agricultural income, the most important method is to make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and intensively to raise output. (Case No.15)

Ms. Xue, a villager of Shujiacao Village Yanduhe Town Xingshan County, said:

I have 1.5 Mu vegetable land, 9 Mu dry plough and 10 Mu woodland. Owning to the highway built, both occupation and removal will be needed to me, and one Mu dry plough will be occupied. My families and I will make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and intensively, and in the meanwhile, we will try for more work opportunities, which will reduce the negative impact as much as possible. (Case No.60)

Secondly, try for more work opportunities and increase non-agricultural income, which is supported by 27.5% of those under investigation.

Villager Chen of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town Xingshan County said:

There are 4 people in my family. I am 50 years old now and graduated from middle school. I work outside most of the time. My wife is also 50 years old now and graduated from high school. She mainly does farming at home. I have two daughters. The elder one began to work outside after graduating technical secondary school, and the other also began to work outside after graduating middle school. I have 0.5 Mu orchards, 0.2 Mu vegetable land and 0.3 Mu paddy fields. Basically, the produce just can be eaten by ourselves, while all cash income is chiefly brought in by working outside. In my mind, I think that if a family wants to get rich, the most important factor is working outside. Cadres of village told us that the course of the highway has not been confirmed yet, but occupation of my land and house is probably. Someone has measured them already.

167 After occupation, only trying for more work opportunities is available to us, and doing some non-agricultural business is also feasible. (Case No.40)

Ms. Zhang, a villager of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town, said:

The construction needs to occupy my hilly land and woodland. As for my family, we will try to get more work opportunities and to do some non-agricultural business. (Case No.17)

Thirdly, take advantage of payments to do non-agricultural business, making up for the loss, which is supported by 13.0% of those under investigation.

Villager Li of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town Yiling District said:

I hope the compensation for expropriation is money, and then I can use it to deal in transport. (Case No.13)

A villager of the same village said:

We have 7 Mu orange orchards, and we harvested 15,000 kg oranges last year. We sold them to dealers with 1.34 yuan per kilogram. We have 4 Mu paddy fields, and we harvested 2,250 kg rice last year and ate them up. We still have 1.3 Mu ponds. We grew lotus and farmed fry just from last year and gained nothing. We also farmed 10 pigs. We ate one on festivals and sold the rest to dealers at a price of 700 or 800 yuan per one. I do farming for 3 months or so a year, and raise bees in the leisure, gaining about 10,000 yuan annually. My wife is the same with me. I am 61 years old, and just live with my wife. The construction needs to occupy my land ， and I hope for compensatory payments to improve my bee-raising business, which can reduce the loss to the least. I believe that the government will not let we farmers suffers big losses, and they will compensate us. (Case No.21)

Fourthly, ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of

168 protests and methods, which is supported by only 4.6% of those under investigation. Ms. Li of Zhoujiashan Village Gaoqiao Xiang Xingshan County said:

I will not protest if compensation for the loss of occupation is reasonable, so that we can live and work contently, and it is really probably that I will ensure the compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protest and methods, if the situation is opposite. (Case No.34)

Fifthly, trust to destiny without any ways to compensate for the loss, which is supported also by 4.6% of those under investigation.

Table 6.8-1 How Will Your Families and You Lower the Loss?

Valid Cumulated

Frequency Percent percent make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and 63 48.1 48.1 intensively try for more work opportunities and 36 27.5 75.6 increase non-agricultural income take advantage of payments to do non-agricultural business, making up 17 13.0 88.5 for the loss trust to destiny without any ways to 6 4.6 93.1 compensate for the loss ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protests 6 4.6 97.7 and methods

Others 3 2.3 100.0

Sub total 131 100.0

System Missing 12

Total 143

169

It can be seen that the general response of villagers under investigation to reduce the negative impact are relatively positive. Based on family, they will make good use of the rest land resource and opportunities in the

market.

6.8.2 General Ways of Response to the Negative Impact from Villagers of Different Characters

Villagers of different character respond to the negative impact differently. Detailed data can be seen in table 6.8-2

Genders and ways of response to the negative impact Significant difference exists in the ways of response to the negative impact between those of different genders under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is 15.44, and the significance is 0.009). Compared with the male villagers, the females prefer to make good use of the rest land and cultivate it carefully and intensively (51.0%), and to try for more work opportunities to gain non-agricultural income (31.3%). The ratio of those who will just trust to destiny without any methods is 3.1%, and the ratio of those who will ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protests and methods is 4.2%, both of which are relatively low.

Nationalities and ways of response No significant difference exists in the ways of response to the negative impact among those of different nationalities under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is 6. 501, and the significance is 0.260).

Income condition and ways of response Significant difference exists in the ways of response to the negative impact among those of different Income condition under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square

170 is 24.063, and the significance is 0.000). The largest difference is: 18.5% of the compared poor population (20% of the total) can not think out ways to lower loss and merely choose to trust to destiny, the ratio of which is relatively high, while among the others, the ratio of those who choose to use payments to deal in non-agricultural business to make up the loss is 17.2%, which is relatively high.

Occupations and ways of response Significant difference exists in the ways of response to the negative impact among those of various occupations under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is 36.70, and the significance is 0.013). The chief difference is: outside workers prefer to try for more work opportunities to gain non-agricultural income (50%), make good use of the rest land and cultivate it carefully and intensively (31.3%), and use payments to deal in non-agricultural business to make up the loss (18.8%). While among those who mainly do farming at home, they prefer to make good use of the rest land and cultivate it carefully and intensively (63.6%), try for more work opportunities to gain non-agricultural income (18.2%), and ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protests and methods (18.2%). The ways of those who mainly do farming at home are relatively dispersive.

Villages and ways of response In Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village, the first choice of villagers is to use payments to deal in non-agricultural business to make up the loss (33.3%), the second choice is to make good use of the rest land and cultivate it carefully and intensively, and the next one is to try for more work opportunities to gain non-agricultural income. What should be paid attention to is that considerable villagers under investigation there choose to ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protests and methods (16.7%).

In Shijiaba Village, Shujiacao Village and Qinqlong Village, the first

171 choice of villagers is to try for more work opportunities to gain non-agricultural income.

In Sixiangxi Village, Whanjiafan Village, Haiyun Village, Jiangjunling Village, Xibiantang Village, Xiqiuwan Village and Zhoujiashan Village, the first choice of villagers is to make good use of the rest land and cultivate it carefully and intensively.

Table 6.8-2 ways of response to the negative impact from villagers of various characters in different villages take advantage ensure make good of payments compensati use of the rest try for more to do on as much of the land work non-agricult trust to destiny as possible and cultivate opportunities ural without any through all it carefully and increase business, ways to kinds of and non-agricultur making up compensate for protests and intensively al income for the loss the loss methods Others

Female 51.0 31.3 10.4 3.1 4.2 ０ Gender Male 41.2 14.7 20.6 8.8 5.9 8.8 Han 44.3 25.8 15.5 5.2 6.2 3.1 Nationality Ethnic minority 60.6 30.3 6.1 3.0 20% relative poor 48.1 25.9 0 18.5% 3.7 3.7 population Income Relative non-poor 48.5 28.3 17.2 0 5.1 1.0 population Agriculture 51.1 27.2 9.8 5.4 3.3 3.3

Occupation Non-agriculture 63.6 18.2 0 0 18.2 0 Work outside 31.3 50.0 18.8 0 0 0 Qinglong Village 22.2 44.4 11.1 11.1 11.1 0 Village Wanjiafan Village 70.0 20.0 10.0 0 0 0 Hanyun Village 66.7 0 33.3 0 0 0 Fenghuangguan 41.7 25.0 25.0 0 0 8.3 Village Huanghuachang 25.0 16.7 33.3 8.3 16.7 0 Village Xinping Village 16.7 16.7 33.3 0 16.7 16.7

172 Shujiacao Village 50.0 50.0 0 0 0 0 Xibiantang Village 58.8 29.4 5.9 0 0 5.9 Jiangjunling 60.0 26.7 6.7 6.7 0 0 Village Xiqiuwan Village 54.5 18.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 0 Shijiaba Village 33.3 50.0 16.7 0 0 0 Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 Zhoujiashan 45.5 27.3 0 18.2 9.1 0 Village

6.9 Ways of Reaction to the Discontent with Compensation for Occupation and Dismantlement

6.9.1 General Action Ways

Shown in the investigation, villagers will express their opinions officially or unofficially on compensatory way, standard and level for land occupation, house dismantlement and removal. There are 8 ways to express them:

The first way is to call on relevant administrative department of government directly to solve problem by their own. 52.7% of villagers under investigation said that they would take this way to solve problem, if they were not content with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal.

Villager Li of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town said:

I was informed about Yiba highway construction from cadres of village. If removal is needed, I will cooperate with government as long as compensatory standard is suitable. I hope to choose place freely to settle down and build house with compensatory payments by my own. The land of each family locates differently, so it is inconvenient to live together. I will appeal to relevant administrative department of government to solve

173 problem by their own, if I am not content with the compensation. (Case No.15)

Villager Huang, another one of the same village said:

I will appeal to cadres of village directly to solve problem, if I am not content with the compensation. (Case No.18)

Ms. Wang of Zhoujiashan Village Gaoqiao Xiang Xingshan County said:

I will never tolerate my discontent if I am dissatisfactory with the compensation. I will appeal to relevant department of government directly to solve problem, or appeal to higher authority for help by myself. I think it is unreasonable and unnecessary to collect some others in the same situation, and I will be regarded as an order destroyer by government and others if I do so. I do not expect excessive compensation. If I have difficulty indeed, I will report the actual situation to government alone. I believe that they will help me as possible as they can instead of putting it off, and I think they could propose several suggestions from which I could pick a favorable one. (Case No.35)

The second way is to tolerate discontent as much as possible. 12.2% of villagers under investigation said that they can do nothing but to tolerate discontent with the compensation.

Mr. Li of Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County said:

I got known about the highway construction from newspaper and cadres of village. Both occupation and removal is required to me. The area of occupation is 6.3 Mu plow, 2.1 Mu orchards and one Mu pond. I am willing to cooperate on the construction. I will tolerate my discontent with the compensation as much as possible, and I will appeal to the relevant department of government for solution, if I really cannot get on. (Case No.44)

Another villager Wang said:

174 I have 3 Mu land. One half is paddy field, the other is dry land, and land occupation is over one Mu respectively. I hope to be compensated by soil, and I will tolerate my discontent with the compensation as long as I can get on. Because the land belongs to the country, I cannot get it unreasonably. (Case No.47)

The third way is to appeal to higher authority for help alone. 9.9% of villagers under investigation said that they would take this way to solve problem, if they were not content with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal.

The husband of villager Kou in Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County said:

If I am dissatisfactory with the compensation, I will appeal to relevant department of government directly to solve problem by myself. I cannot prevent national construction, but government will certainly help us to live on. If I cannot live on, I will absolutely to appeal to higher authority for help, and will not stop appealing to the highest until my problem is solved. No one has done this before here. I have seen successful appeals through TV, and I get known that this way is feasible. I think that it is efficient to appeal even by one alone, as far as unreasonable facts exist. Nevertheless, I will keep on appealing to ensure my family’s life and maintain justice for our farmers. I will prosecute those for appropriation and corruption to have them got punished, as long as I discover these illegal behaviors, and then get my money back. (Case No.43)

Another villager Wang said:

I heard of this project from neighbors. I know that the construction will occupy at least my 2 Mu paddies. I think that the project is beneficial to me, like convenient communications. We could wait my son and daughter at home, and they could get back directly. I am willing to cooperate on the project and will move if necessary. I think that the compensatory

175 price and policy should be open, so that I can appeal if cadres do not conform to the policy, and I also will appeal alone if I am dissatisfactory with the compensation. (Case No.45)

Ms. Chen, a villager of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town Xingshan County said:

I am willing to move if necessary. I will not appeal unless the compensatory policy is open and fair. (Case No.64)

The fourth way is to collect others to call on the relevant department of government for help. 9.9% of villagers under investigation said that they would take action in this way, if they were not content with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal.

Villager Wang in Xiqiuwan Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County said:

I was informed about the project by cadres of village. My 0.5 Mu dry cultivated land will be occupied. I hope that the compensation would be suitable. I will collect others to ask the relevant department of government for help, if I am not content with the compensation, but I will go with the stream if others do not do so, for it is not worthy for my little loss. (Case No.58)

A villager of Xinping Village Huanghua Xiang said:

I was informed about the project by cadres of village. The construction will occupy my orchards and need us to move, but the final amount is still unknown. I am willing to cooperate on the construction with government and relevant department. I hope that the compensation for soil could be paid off only one time, and I will move as long as the compensation is suitable. I will collect others to appeal or call on the relevant department of government for help. (Case No.11)

176

Villager Chen of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town Xingshan County said:

I will collect others affected by the project to ask the relevant department of government for help, or will solve problems by law, if I am dissatisfactory with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal. In my opinion, I think that those of the same condition should unite to solve problem. I have no interest in appeal. I moved from the area of reservoir to my wife’s hometown, for my previous unit did not supply me with house. Government did not give me expense for migration because I was not registered as agricultural resident, and nobody paid attention to me. Lots of people, including me, appealed to higher authority, and we even went to the Tiananmen Square, but it was useless. I think, therefore, that it is useless to appeal for solution. It may be helpful to call on the relevant department of government or higher authority to solve problems, and I will forget it if it is still useless. (Case No.40)

The fifth way is to collect others to appeal. 5.3% of villagers under investigation said that they would take action in this way, if they were not content with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal.

Villager Xiong in Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang said:

I know about the highway built, which will occupy my land and need us to move. Generally, we will get together to appeal to government, if all of us are dissatisfactory with the ways of dismantlement. Because I think that problems of only one family will not be settled, while it can be different when most in the same condition. (Case No.49)

177

Ms. Guo, a villager of Xinping Village Huanghua Xiang Yiling District, said:

The highway built needs us to remove. My two and a half-storey house with 11 rooms was built in 2001 with about 60,000 yuan. I will move if the compensation is suitable, and I will appeal with others in the same situation, if the compensation is unreasonable. (Case No.9)

The sixth way is to go with the stream. 4.6% of villagers under investigation said that they would solve problem in line with others, if they were not content with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal.

Villager Li of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town Yiling District said:

Occupation of my land is inevitable, but the final amount has not confirmed yet. I believe that the government will not leave us farmers suffering, and will compensate us suitably. But when the compensation is too low, I will take action in line with others. (Case No.14)

The seventh way is to solve problem by law. 3.1% of villagers under investigation said that they would solve problem by law, if they were not content with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal.

Villager Zhang of Xibiantang Village Yanduhe Town Xingshan County said:

My three-storey house was built in 2004 with 98,000 yuan. I have 15 Mu land, and they are 0.4 Mu orchards, 0.4 Mu vegetable land, 2 Mu dry

178 land, 8.5 Mu hilly land and 4 Mu residential land. Both occupation and expropriation are needed for the construction. I am willing to cooperate on the construction. I want to be compensated for soil by cash and to be paid off only one time. I do not want to move, for I am costumed to my newly-built house. But if removal is inevitable, I would like to get compensatory payments to build a new one by myself. It would be better to make an integral plan about the choosing residential place. I support national construction as long as everything goes on by regulation, and I will solve problem by law if I am not content with the compensation (Case No.51)

The eighth way is to refuse to move insistently. 1.5% of villagers under investigation said that they would refuse to move insistently, if they were not content with the compensation.

Villager Xiong in Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang said:

There are 5 people in my family. We lived in the village nearby originally, and moved here according to the government’s requirement, as slide of mud and stone often happened on the foot of the mountain. I bought the residential place and spent about 30,000 yuan to build the two-storey house, which is over 200 km2, so I live here contently, reluctant to move, and worry about the compensation. I consider that the compensation must be paid according to national standard and regulation, different from last time when compensation was just 2,000 yuan. If the compensatory standard is not open and the compensation is too low, we will get united and refuse to move. (Case No.46)

Ms. Ding, a villager of Xinping Village Huanghua Xiang Yiling District, said:

179 My three-storey house was built in 2000, which is 750 km2. We live in second and third floors, and deal in catering in the first floor, gaining about 100,000 yuan last year. The highway will pass through my house, and I will cooperate with the government. I believe that the government will not leave us farmers suffering, and will compensate us suitably. But when the compensation is too low, I will refuse to move insistently. (Case No.2)

To sum up, the dominant way of response to discontent with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal is “call on the relevant department of government directly for help alone” (52.7%); the second way is “tolerate discontent as much as possible” (12.2%); the third are “collect others to call on the relevant department of government for help” (9.9%) and “appeal to higher authority for help alone” (9.9%).

Table 6.9-1 How will you express your discontent if you are dissatisfactory with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal?

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent percent

Tolerate discontent as much as 16 12.2 12.2 possible Appeal to higher authority for help 13 9.9 22.1 alone Call on relevant administrative department of government directly to 69 52.7 74.8 solve problem by their own

Solve problem by law 4 3.1 77.9

Collect others to appeal 7 5.3 83.2

180 Collect others to call on the relevant 13 9.9 93.1 department of government for help

Go with the stream 6 4.6 97.7

Others 1 .8 98.5

Refuse to move insistently 2 1.5 100.0

Sub-total 131 100.0

System Missing 12

Total 143 100.0

6.9.2 Ways of Expressing Discontent with Compensation from Villagers of Different Characters

Data in the table 6.9-1 reveals general characters of possible ways taken by villagers under investigation when they are dissatisfactory with the compensation. So, dose difference in choosing ways exist among villagers of various characters?

Table 6.9-2 Action ways of expressing discontent from villagers of different characters

Gender Nationality Income

Han Ethnic 20% relative Relative

minority poor non-poor

Male Female population population

tolerate discontent as much as 8.2 25.0 11.5 14.7 15.4 11.0 possible

appeal to higher authority for 9.2 12.5 11.5 5.9 7.7 11.0 help alone

181 call on relevant administrative department of government 59.2 31.3 52.1 52.9 53.8 52.0 directly to solve problem by their own solve problem by law 3.1 3.1 1.0 8.8 7.7 2.0 collect others to appeal 3.1 12.5 5.2 5.9 0 6.0 collect others to call on the relevant department of 11.2 6.3 9.4 11.8 15.4 9.0 government for help go with the stream 6.1 0 6.3 0 0 6.0

Others 0 3.1 1.0 0 0 1.0 refuse to move insistently 0 6.3 2.1 0 0 2.0

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Genders and action ways of expressing Significant difference exists in action ways of expressing discontent with the compensation between those of different genders under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is 25.155, and the significance is .001). For both men and women under investigation, though the first choice of action way is to call on the relevant department of government directly for help alone, but the number of the men who chooses this way is much higher than that of women. The next way of men is to collect others to call on the relevant department of government for help, while women choose to tolerate discontent as much as possible. Women choose to collect others to appeal to higher authority more than men do. Generally speaking, in the way of individual action, men under investigation settle problem though institutionalized method more than women do, while in way of collective

action, women choose to appeal to higher authority more than men do.

Nationalities and action ways of expressing No significant difference exists in action ways of expressing discontent with the compensation among those of different nationalities under investigation. (The value of

182 Pearson Chi-Square is 9. 291, and the significance is .318).

Income condition and action ways of expressing No significant difference exists in action ways of expressing discontent with the compensation among those of different income condition under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is 7.387, and the significance is .496). Both the relative poor population (20% of the total) and non- poor population firstly choose to call on the relevant department of government directly to settle problems alone.

Occupations and action ways of expressing Significant difference exists in action ways of expressing discontent with the compensation among those of different occupations under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is 100.342, and the significance is .000). Those who mainly do farming at home firstly choose to call on the relevant department of government directly to settle problems alone, accounting for 48.9%. Those who mainly do non-agricultural work at home and who work outside also firstly choose to call on the relevant department of government directly to settle problems alone, but the ratio is 70% and 75% respectively, much higher than the first one. Besides, among those who work outside, the ratio of those who refuse to move reaches 25%, and the ratio of those who choose to collect others to appeal to higher authority is comparatively high, reaching 12.5%.

Villages and action ways of expressing Significant difference exists in action ways of expressing discontent with the compensation among those of different villages under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is 149.057, and the significance is .000).

In Qinglong Village Longquan Town, 75% of villagers said that they will call on the relevant department of government directly to settle problems, if they are dissatisfactory with the compensation, while the others will either tolerate discontent as much as possible or go with the stream.

183 In Wanjiafan Village Longquan Town, in the ways of response to the discontent with the compensation, the first choice is to “call on the relevant department of government directly to settle problems alone”, but about one in fifth of villagers will collect others to call on the relevant department of government.

In Haiyun Village and Fenghuangguan Village Yaqueling Town, the number of those who choose to “appeal to higher authority alone” is relatively high.

In Huanghuachang Village and Huanghua Xiang, the ratio of those who refused to move insistently is the highest. In Xinping Village, 40% of villagers choose to “collect others to appeal to higher authority” to express possible imparity.

What should be mentioned is that, in Sixiangxi Village, 100% of those under investigation will appeal to higher authority to solve problems when they are dissatisfactory with the compensation.The details can be seen in table 6.93

Table 6.9-3 Action ways of expressing discontent from villagers of different villages

tolerate call on relevant collect go with Other collect others disconte appeal to administrative others to the s to call on the nt as higher department of appeal stream solve problem relevant much as authority government refuse to by law department of possible for help directly to solve move government alone problem by insistent for help own ly Qinglong 12.5 0 75.0 0 0 0 12.5 0 0 Village Wanjiafan 18.2 9.1 45.5 0 9.1 18.2 0 0 Village Hanyun Village 0 16.7 50.0 0 0 0 33.3 0 0 Fenghuangguan 0 25.0 41.7 0 0 16.7 16.7 0 0 Village Huanghuachang 16.7 8.3 50.0 0 8.3 0 0 0 16.7 Village

184 Xinping Village 0 0 60.0 0 40.0 0 0 0 0 Shujiacao 20.0 0 73.3 0 0 6.7 0 0 0 Village Xibiantang 5.9 5.9 41.2 23.5 0 23.5 0 0 0 Village Jiangjunling 22.2 5.6 55.6 0 11.1 5.6 0 0 0 Village Xiqiuwan 0 0 77.8 0 11.1 11.1 0 0 0 Village Shijiaba Village 0 16.7 50.0 0 0 16.7 0 16.7 0 Sixiangxi 0 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Village Zhoujiashan 27.3 27.3 27.3 0 0 9.1 9.1 0 0 Village

There are two reasons that cause the differences in choosing action ways among villagers.

The first reason is the manner of villages’ formation and social structure. Villages formed mainly in three manners: formed naturally, formed through migration and development and construction. Basically, the villages affected by the project formed in the first manner, that is they formed through single family’s or several families’ continuous generation. Villagers may have kindred between each other more or less, so they can be relative easy to get united to protect their benefit. Taking the 13 villages under investigation for example, they generally formed naturally, according to some family names.

The other reason is the influence of similar events happened to villagers before.

Which action way villagers would choose has a close collection with

185 experiences of previous action. Jingyi highway built began in 2003, which occupy some villagers’ land and residential places in Haiyun Village and Fenghuanggaun Village. The compensatory standard for expropriation was 9,000 yuan per Mu, and 30% of the compensation was paid to villagers individually, the rest reserved to the collective. Villagers did not understand the compensatory policy and were not content very much. They appealed for hundreds of times, and blocked traffic collectively time after time. The negative influence of migrants’ installation had formed a historical memory and action poor for villagers.

7. Analysis of the Project’s Social Effects

7.1 Effects of communications improvement

7.1.1 Improvement of National Highway Network and Hubei’s Main Road Network

At 17th Dec. 2004, State Department approved “National Highway Network Program”, in order to adapt to rapid development of national economy, improve communicative capability of roads to save space time, and ensure to use land resources reasonably and intensively. The highway network in the program spans 85,000 km, which is at the highest level of China’s road network. It serves political stability, economic development, social improvement and military modernization, reflecting the national demand of strengthening country, raising people’s life, ensuring security and stability, establishing composite transport system and accelerating transport modernization. The national highway network chiefly connects big and mid-sized cities, including centers of national and regional

186 economy, and important ports for foreign trade. It undertakes speedy transport across regions, provinces and big and mid-sized cities, offering efficient, convenient, secure and comfortable service to ensure transport security for abrupt incidence like natural disaster.

The highway from Shanghai to Chengdu is one of eighteen east-to-west highways, according to “National Highway Network Program”, and the stretch of it in the west of Hubei extends about 800 km. Its building condition is like this: the project of highway built from Changlingguan (boundary of Hubei and Anhui) to Changlinggang (Wuhan) has been reported to the Development and Reformation Committee; the project of highway built from Changlinggang to Xinji has been in the stage of design; the highway from Xinji to Dongxihu (the outside circular road of Wuhan) has been built; the highway from Dongxihu to Jingmen has been appealed to the Development and Reformation Committee for approval; the highway from Jingmen to Yichang is under built, and the project of highway from Wushan to Wanzhou in Chongqing City, which is expected to work before 2009, has been in the stage of design. As very important to improve national highway network, the construction of the project has no time to delay.

The Yiba highway is an important stretch of the highway from Huangmei to Badong, one of the “five transverse roads” of “six lengthwise, five transverse and one circular roads” in the main roads program of 2020 in Hubei. As an important role of link, it will make the west, middle (Wuhan), and east parts of Hubei connected closely and accelerate the development of regional economy hugely, therefore, the construction of the project is actually helpful to form provincial main road network and make it work practically as soon as possible.

187 7.1.2 Connection with Road Network out of the Region

In Hubei Province, the Yiba highway is the west stretch of the highway from Shanghai to Chengdu, which is one of eighteen east-to-west highways, according to “National Highway Network Program”, and it is “the third transverse road” of “six lengthwise, five transverse and one circular roads” in the main road program in Hubei. It undertakes communications across the province and long-distance transport in the province, so that the original ordinary roads can only undertake mid and short-distance transport in counties, and it collects and disperses vehicles getting in and out of the highway through crossroads. Considering the function of road network, a number of crossroads should be built in suitable positions, so that the Yiba highway can efficiently join national road No.209, Yixing highway, Baoxing highway, Bawu highway, and so on.

7.1.3 Join with Waterways out of the Region

In the project area, the chief waterways are Yangtze River, Xiangxi River, Shennongxi River and reservoir of the Three Gorgers Dam. After improving the channels condition, ships from Yangtze Rive can reach Xiakou Port (III-level channel), Pingyikou Port (IV-level channel), and Yandihe Port (IV-level channel) directly. After the construction of the project, a three-dimensioned communications network will be formed, which make the carriage by water and land complementary, and make the interchange between each other conveniently.

188 7.1.4 Join with Railways and Airways out of the Region

The present railway in this region is the north-to-south Jiaozhi railway in the east of Yichang City. The stations of Quanhe Temple and Yuquan Temple of Dangyang City lie near the place where the project begins. Besides, there is Yi (chang) wan (zhou) railway under built, which extends in the direction almost the same with the highway in the project. The highway in the project will join the Yiwan railway in Yichang and Yesanguan via local road network, in order to transfer cargos and passengers. Joining with the railways out of the regional will inevitably arouse huge influence to economic and social development of the regions above. There are Yichang airport and Enshixujiaping airport in Yichang City, and the connection between each other through Yiba highway and relative roads is convenient. So the Yiba highway built is helpful to form a modernized three-dimensioned communications network.

7.2 Socially Economic Effects except Communications

7.2.1 Helpful to Execute Strategies of “Central Rise” and “Western Development”

The middle part in China includes six provinces: Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan. In 2005, the land area is 1.02 million km2, the population is 352 million, and the GDP is 3,723 trillion yuan, accounting for10.7%, 27.4% and 18.8% of the total of the country respectively. The middle part is the main region of exporting power resources and raw materials. The details could be seen in table 7.2-1.

Table 7.2-1 main indexes of national economy and social development

divided by region (2005)

189 Eastern part Middle part Western part Northeast part

Proportion Proportion Proportion Total in the Actual Proportion in Actual Actual Actual Index in the in the in the country number the country number number number country country country

(%) (%) (%) (%)

.Area of land （ 10 960.0 91.6 9.5 102.8 10.7 686.7 71.5 78.79 8.2 thousand km2） Population of a 130756 46388 36 35202.0 27.4 35976 28.0 10757 8.4 year(10 thousand) Employment of a 75825 24810 36 19065 28.0 19448 28.6 4704 6.9 year(10 thousand) GDP(100 million 183084.8 109924.6 55.6 37230.3 18.8 33493.3 16.9 17140.8 8.7 yuan) First industry 23070.4 8681.8 37.7 6204.6 27.0 5924.6 25.8 2192.6 9.5 Second industry 87046.7 56673.2 58.5 17412.7 18.0 14331.6 14.8 8505.8 8.8 Third industry 72967.7 44569.7 57.2 13613.1 17.5 13237.1 17.0 6442.4 8.3 Local finance revenue(100 million 14884.2 8955.0 60.2 2263.7 15.2 2464.8 16.6 1200.6 8.1 yuan) Local finance outlay(100 million 25154.3 11564.4 46.0 4713.9 18.7 6252.7 24.9 2623.3 10.4 yuan) Total value of imports and exports (100 14219.1 12781.6 89.9 415.1 2.9 451.3 3.2 571.1 4.0 million dollar) Total output of main agricultural

produce(10 thousand tons) Grain 48402.2 12766.2 26.4 14778.3 30.5 13438.7 27.8 7419.0 15.3 Cotton 571.4 185.5 32.5 176.4 30.9 209.1 36.6 0.4 Oil crop 3077.1 906.4 29.5 1252.5 40.7 766.3 24.9 151.9 4.9 Total output of main

industrial products Raw coal (100 22.1 2.9 12.9 9.2 41.8 8.1 36.9 1.9 8.4 million ton) Amount of generating electricity (100 million 25002.6 11281.9 45.1 5682.8 22.7 6104.3 24.4 1933.7 7.7 kw/h) Raw steel (10 35324.0 19497.2 55.2 7502.5 21.2 4555.4 12.9 3768.8 10.7 thousand ton) Cement (10 106884.8 55137.0 51.6 24078.9 22.5 22055.1 20.6 5613.8 5.3 thousand ton) Communications and

transportation Mileage of railways in 75437.6 16998 23 17457 23.1 27594 36.6 13388 17.7 working order (km) Mileage of rods(km) 1930543 515791 27 463507 24.0 780339 40.4 170906 8.9 Highway 41005 16724 41 10476 25.5 10530.0 25.7 3273.0 8.0 per capita annual 190 disposable income of 10493 13375 8809 8783 8730 urban households （Yuan） Source :State Statistic Bureau,2006.Chinaese Statistic Year Book,Electronical Press.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2006/indexch.htm

The west part in China includes Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongqing Municipality, Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, Yunnan Province, Shanxi Province, Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In 2005, the total land area is 6.867 million km2, the population is 3.6 million, and the GDP is 3.34933 trillion yuan, accounting for71.5%, 28.0% and 16.9% of the total of the country respectively. The west part is also the main region of exporting power resources and raw materials.

Research and experience show that partial policy and institution are the important causes of the slow development of the economy in the middle part. “Central Rise” reflects that the central government thinks highly of the development of the middle part, so that it will say goodbye to the pains of the former slow development.

The construction of the project is beneficial to establish the composite communications and transport system and to exert connective function to advance industry, capital, technology and human resource transferring from the east to the west, and it also useful to realize “Central Rise” and to form a new pattern that the middle part and the west part interact with complementary advantages and develop together with mutual help.

The west part has broad land with little population. There are border areas, old revolutionary regions and several ethnic minorities. Owning to influence of historical, natural, regional factors and so on, there is a big gap between social and economic development of the west part and the

191 east part, and the gap has not been narrowed in the recent 10 years. For example, in 1995, the per capita GNP of the country was 5,173 yuan, and number of the east part was the 2.59 times of the number of the west. In 2005, the per capita GNP of the country was 14,040 yuan, and number of the east part was 23,768, the 2.55 times of the number of the west, which was 9,338.

The program of accelerating economic development in the middle and the west part has been arranged as development guidelines of national economy and society in the beginning of the 21st century by the central government, and the first item of the corresponding five important measures is “increase financial support and construction investment to the middle and the west part step by step, arrange resources development and infrastructure built with priority”. According to the strategy, Ministry of Communications has planed to spend 20 years to keep on promoting to build national arteries in one hand, and focus on executing great communications project.

Conformed to the central government’s policy of accelerating economic development in the middle and west part, this project is a practical action to execute the policy, and it plays an important role in “Western Development”. The highway from Shanghai to Chengdu collects big cities closely, such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, Chengdu and so on, and the west part and the developed regions in southeast are linked through it. The construction of the project meets the demand of “Western Development”.

192 7.2.2 Constructive to the Development of Chinas’ Yangtze River Economic Belt

The Yangtze River economic belt, one of Chinese main economic development zones, primarily includes seven provinces and two cities (Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province, Hubei Province, Hunan Province, Sichuan Province, Yunan Province, Shanghai City and Chongqing City). In 2005, the land area was accounting for 15% of the total area of the country, the population was 471.8 million, 36.8% of the total, and the GDP was 6.37327 trillion yuan, 32.4% of the total. At present, it is the economic belt of internal rivers’ valley, with the largest area that can be developed and the widest influence.

The Yangtze River is a dragon, so the delta is the head, Shanghai is the pearl, the middle reaches is the body, and Chongqing is the tail. In order to wave the dragon magnificently and forcefully, the key point is the good coordination of the dragon’s head, body and the tail. The head, body and the tail has its respective advantage: as an international big city, Shanghai’ economy is strong; Wuhan, communicating with nine provinces and lying on the course of Jingjiu railway, has geographical superiority; Chongqing, the economic center of up reaches region of the Yangtze River and also the center of shipping in China’s southwest, was a grand commercial town in history, and has huge potential now. The gigantic dragon will definitely fly to sky, as long as the three parts coordinate well.

In 21st century, four big industrial cycles will form in China, the cores of which are Shnanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing. The four central cities will be the leaders of economic development and opening to

193 outside, the forerunners of institutional reformation and structural adjustment, the spreader of advanced culture, the repository of intellective economy, and the creative paradise of new and high-tech industry. They also take the responsibility to flourish the economy of the whole Yangtze River’s valley. The Yangtze River economic belt is like a chain, each part cannot be broken. Some capital cities and regional central cities, like Hefei, Yichang, etc, undertake the task of transferring information, communications, and culture & education. Other cities, like Huangshi, Jingzhou, Jiujiang, etc, also should connect its respective towns and villages to exert mutual function of collection and spread. In the Yangtze River economic belt, the formation of city network and the separation and coordination of different industrial categories need the support of communications network.

The construction of the project is helpful to boost the cooperation within the economic belt to realize the complement of predominance and good interaction, and it is still useful to “introduce from the east”, “enter the west” and “connect the middle”. Besides, it also can promote the flow of industries, capital, technology and human resource, which is helpful to accelerate the structural adjustment of economy and industrial upgrade, and drive the cooperation and interchange of economy and technology in the belt.

7.2.3 Beneficial to Develop and Take Use of Resources and Boost Regional Economy

The Yiba highway built plays an important part to develop and take use of resources, like water power, minerals, tourism, etc, and to boost regional economy.

194

The areas, at the boundary of Hubei and Chongqing, contain the main migration area of the Three Gorges, and have fertile land resources, biologic resources, water power resources, minerals resources and tourism resources. But owning to the blocked communications and close hilly area, precious resources has not been developed and utilized. The main affected areas of the project are rich in agricultural and special products. The reserve of live trees, the rate of forest coverage and the reserve of wood layers are on top of Hubei Province; the developed capability of water power is the top of county-level in the country; 57 kinds of minerals have been proved up. The reserve of phosphorus reaches more than 1.8 billion tons and the content of phosphorus reaches 30%, which is the highest of six mines in the country. The reserves of mercury, graphite, iodine, chromium, iron, zinc, manganese, silicon, silver, alum etc are ranked first in the province. Shennongjia forest, Zhaojun’s hometown, scene of Fenglan, Sanyoudong natural limestone cave groups and Shennongxi the first drift are all world famous tourist attractions. This construction can provide good condition of communicative facilities to develop and utilize these resources, and accelerate the development of migrants’ areas of the Three Gorgers and this project. Tourism will became a new factor of economic increase. This project has definite and practical meaning in promoting Yichang City to become a regional center of communications and a world famous tourism city of water power.

7.2.4 Beneficial to Reinforce Social and Economic Relations and Relations between Regions

Social and economic development only can be realized in interaction, so isolation and closing can both prevent internal development and limit

195 opportunities that other regions benefit from. Presently, economic relations and communications of the affected areas are largely limited because of the inconvenient traffic, so that the flows of materials, people and information are not smooth.

In the project areas, the ratio of the high-level roads is low at present. The present roads of concrete in Yichang are 5,204.4 km long, among which village and xiang-level roads are 4,562.6 km long, accounting for 87.7%, nation-level roads are 78.4 km long, accounting for 1.5%, provincial-level roads are 213.3 km long, accounting for 4.1%, and county-level roads are 255 km, accounting for 4.9%. Among all the present roads of concrete, the roads of levels are 354 km long, accounting for 6.8%, and among the roads with levels, I, II and III-level roads are 9.6 km, only accounting for 2.7%.

Generally, in the affected areas, although xiangs and towns connect with counties and counties connect with Yichang City and Wuhan City by roads, the level of the roads is pretty low, which prevent economic and social communications greatly. The relations and communications between the affected areas and other areas is also restricted by the road condition, for example, Yichang is connected with Wuhan by railway, but the schedule is rather rigid, which cannot meet the flexible demand of social and economic interchange. Under the precondition that the road quality has got ensured, the biggest merit of road is flexibility and rapidity. Apparently, the project of Yiba highway built is very important to reinforce the relation between regions.

The construction of the project will improve the traffic condition thoroughly, and the capital, technology and information drawn by the

196 highway built will promote a series of procedures of industrial development. Make sure that resources can get out of the area and information can enter, and transform the predominance of potential resources to practical advantage to develop economy and improve people’s life.

7.3 Social Effects of the Project

7.3.1 Level of Social Support to the Project

The analysis of questionnaire shows that most villagers under investigation (93.5%) will cooperate on the Yiba highway construction, and the ratio of supporters in each investigation spots respectively is: 100% in Qinglong Village, 92% in Wanjiafan Village, 100% in Haiyun Village, 79% in Fenghaunguan Village, 84% in Huanghuachang Village, 84% in Xinping Village, 100% in Shujiacao Village, 100% in Xibiantang Village, 100% in Jiangjunling Village, 100% in Xiqiuwan Village, 100% in Shijiaba County, 100% in Sixiangxi Village and 91% in Zhoujiashan Village. Generally speaking, the project enjoys extensive popular support.

7.3.2 Influence of Benefit to Main Correlates

The construction of the Yiba highway will bring influence to different individuals and organizations, and these are the main stakeholders Residents, specialized carriers, dealers, wood and orchard contractors and enterprises affected by occupation, dismantlement and removal are the direct beneficial correlates. Government’s department of various levels and other residents in the affected area are indirect beneficial correlates. The content below is the brief analysis on the affection of the highway to

197 the main beneficial correlates, according to the investigation of social appraisal.

For the main stakeholders, the influence of the highway built is:

(1) Residents affected by occupation, dismantlement and removal. Revealed from the investigation, the average ratio of land occupation is 52.51%. Three main items of family’s income which maybe decrease because of land occupation are crops planting, fishery and poultry & livestock farming, and the reduced income will make up approximately 20.8% of the entire family’s income. Among ethnic minorities, the average ratio of land occupation is 54.87%, and the reduced income because of land occupation will make up approximately 16.03% of the entire.

The structures of income sources of the families affected by occupation, dismantlement and removal are various, 42.14% of the income from agriculture (28% from crops planting), and 57.86% from non-agriculture. Villagers’ loss of crops planting, fishery and poultry & livestock farming can be compensated by job opportunities in the first and the second industry, so that their income could reach at least as much as that before the construction.

In the light of the investigation, villagers who need to move will be resettled in back of the original houses and assigned residential places firstly, so that they will not suffer the physical, mental and social pressure of losing native land and adjusting to new environment. The migrants’ social relation network, cultural resources, historical tradition etc. will not disappear.

198

(2) Specialized carriers. Both in seminars and indoor interviews, almost all the people regard specialized carriers as the biggest beneficiaries, when talking of the benefit brought by the highway built. There are quite a few specialized carriers in the investigation spots, and the number in each spot is: 40 in Qinglong Village, 50 in Wanjiafan Village, 10 in Haiyun Village, 15 in Fenghaunguan Village, 169 in Huanghuachang Village, 45 in Xinping Village, 8 in Shijiaba County, 32 in Sixiangxi Village, 10 Shujiacao Village, 25 in Xibiantang Village 100%, and 25 in Jiangjunling Village 100%. Villager Li of Huanghuachang Village Huanghua Xiang Yiling District said:

Our householder deals in transportation. The time and cost of transport will be greatly saved and the frequency will be increased, if only the highway has been built, so we can definitely earn much more than before. (Case No.8)

(3) Dealers. After exerting the project, it is beneficial for dealers and specialized carriers to transfer local produces to the outside rapidly to increase their income. The information from questionnaire, interviews and seminars reveals: in 2006, the average family’s crops harvest of local villagers was 2,660.5 kg, 977.5 kg of which was sold out; the average family’s vegetable harvest was 648.5 kg, 223.5 kg of which was sold out; the average family’s orange harvest was 6,225.5 kg, 5,984 kg of which was sold out; the average family’s pig was 815 kg, 452.5 kg of which was sold out. Sold to dealers, then transported by all means and processed, the produces above would be seen in the market of Wuhua City and even the whole country. Dealers play important part in the connection on villagers and market, and will benefit most directly from the highway built. It is just like what a villager of Qinglong Village Longquan Town Yiling District said in a seminar:

After the highway built, it will be more convenient for dealers to purchase our produces, and more rapidly to convey them to the outside,

199 so dealers will get the most benefit from the project. (Record of seminar in Qinglong Village)

(4) Contactors of wood and orchard. The highway built will benefit some contactors of wood and orchard a lot. Villager Zhang of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town said:

A short time before, I have contacted for 60 Mu wood land, where I plant fruit trees, poplars and rape and raise fish, and I also grow yellow ginger as medicine medicinal material. Except planting crops, I spend most of the rest time in this wood land. The cost of managing the wood land is really high, including spraying pesticide, weeding and guarding, about 5,000 yuan annually. I have invested 200,000 yuan to the fish pond and fruit trees, but have gained nothing till now. The rape planting is the program of supporting the poor in the county, but nobody has come here to buy rape while they have been mature now. I plant yellow ginger for about 40 Mu, and there is also no one coming here to buy them. Maybe I will gain mainly from the over 4,000 poplars, for the rest are unprofitable now. I hope that dealers could come here to buy my rape and ginger. (Case No.17).

(5) Ordinary villagers. The highway built is beneficial for villagers to go out to work and do business in one hand, and to open stores and restaurants at the highway exit in the other hand.

Villager Wang of Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County said:

Our village is about 39 km away from the county, and there are 5 regular buses and some private taxis here. It will cost 30 yuan and nearly one hour to go to and back from the county. I go to the county only two or three times a year to buy some products, fertilizer, pesticide and seeds. I am dissatisfied with the traffic condition, the roads here is bad, unlike other places, and I do not know why it is like this. As an old revolutionary area, there is still garrison here. I got known about the project from

200 neighbors, it will occupy at least 2 Mu of my paddy fields. I think that the project is beneficial for me to go out, and for my son and daughter to go home directly. (Case No.45)

Another villager Xiong said:

I have known the highway built, and I think that it will bring grand economic future to common people and huge advantage to our offspring. I have planed to do business because of the convenient communications. (Case No.49)

Villager Zhang of Fenghuangguan Village Longquan Town said out the profit that common villagers may gain:

After the highway built, those who engage in transportation will gain most, because we will ask them to convey our oranges, watermelons and vegetables frequently. Those who have sense and ways of business can do business and will also gain a lot. Those who manage stores can go far away to buy goods more cheaply. The outside workers can go out and back home more conveniently. In the end, those has redundant rooms can rent them to other dealers or use them to do business by their own.

(5) Enterprises. Improvement of the communications condition will reduce the cost of materials flow and benefit enterprises’ long-term development, for the good communications condition can improve the local investing environment. For example, local transport of oranges and processing firms will increase their competitive advantages in the market for the good road condition.

The indirect and potential beneficiaries mainly are:

(1) Women and children. In the affected area, women take over most agricultural productions so that they are relatively intensive in this field, while the female ratio of the non-agricultural workers is relatively low.

201 Because of these reasons and the principle of male priority of employment, sexual gap of engagement has formed to some extent. The highway built will help part of women affected by occupation to transfer from planting crops to engaging in the second and the third industry. It will offer them opportunities to engage in business, service and catering, so the local sexual gap will be narrowed somewhat. After executing the project, local information will flow faster and women’s view will be substantially widened. As women take most responsibility of raising children, and women’s life condition will directly influent children’s education and welfare, so increasing women’s benefit will directly benefit children.

(2) Urban and country residents in the project areas. The construction and reformation of the project will need large amount of labor force, so urban and country residents can increase income by join in the construction. In the meanwhile, they can benefit indirectly from composite effects like transportation, tourism etc, caused by the Yiba highway construction. But some villagers, like those in Qinglong Village and Wanjiafan Village of Longquan Town, said that the close highway will decrease their benefit, so in order to increase the benefit, the highway is expected to have more exits.

(3) Governments of various levels in cities (districts), counties and xiangs (towns). After executing the project, more outside investment will be drawn into the area, so the financial tax income of governments of various levels will increase, and the project will promote construction in villages and towns to accelerate urbanization. More tourists will be attracted, so that financial tax income of governments of various levels will increase too.

202 7.3.3 Influence to social stability

During the highway built, areas where social stability is affected are the villages where expropriation and dismantlement are relatively centralized. Yiba highway was designed with the same conception of Shiman highway, which prefers to increase investment to reduce expropriation and migration as much as possible. At present, in the villages, where social apprise was involved, the amount of expropriation and migration has largely reduced, so that the potential problems of social stability decrease greatly.

What should be pointed out is that, as expropriation and migration receive wide attention in the recent four years, definite policy and regulation has been made in the country, and instructions on compensatory standard, compensatory level and compensatory method are extensively known and accepted by common people. Therefore, migrants’ removal and perpetual expropriation will not arouse problems of social stability, as far as compensation and working ways are suitable.

Where the problems of social stability will be easily taken place are the villages where the amount of individual expropriation and dismantlement is relatively high. Problems of disturbing of social stability will not arise, if villagers get substitutable income sources, even though the land expropriation is large, while the situation can be opposite, if villagers can not get substitutable income sources. Talking about house dismantlement and removal, social stability issues will not arise, if the new position is as good as the previous one and the payments is enough for rehousing. But issues will probably break out if the new position is

203 much worse than the previous, even residential place can not be acquired for the land shortage in the village.

Whether the issues will arise is also related to the previous experience about expropriation, dismantlement and removal and negative effect in the villages. Looking from questionnaire and interviews in this social assessment, it is not likely for villagers to be assigned ideal places for the land shortage in Huanghauchang Village and Xinping Village of Huanghua Xiang, so they will probably take collective actions when they are dissatisfied with compensation and installment. Besides, in Haiyun Village and Fenghuangguan Village, villagers will also probably take collective actions when they are dissatisfied with compensation, for they live mainly on orange planting, and for the compensatory influence of Jingyi highway in 2003.

What should also be pointed out is that, in ZhoujianshanVillage Gaoqiao Xiang Xingshan County, 7 households need to move again, because they are migrants from the Three Gorgers. Their houses were built a short time before, so they will resist moving if compensatory level is lower than that of migrants from the Three Gorgers, although they have showed willing to support and cooperate on the highway built.

Therefore, policy of expropriation, dismantlement and removal should be made according to local fact of society and economy, and how to reduce negative impact to village is the most important job for unit owners. The conception of “unit owners’ social responsibility” will be emphasized in the practice of expropriation, dismantlement and removal, which is a guarantee of stability of project’s construction and local

204 society.

7.3.4 Analysis on Employment Effects

(1) Job opportunities during the construction period.

A large amount of job opportunities will be provided during the 4.5 years construction period of the project. a) Constructers on the complex project.

b) Service workers for the constructors.

c) Migration and resettlement in the affected area. The highway built needs some residents to removal and rebuild, so workers are needed for the construction of new houses. According to estimation of local residents, it will take 200 workdays to build a house of 100 m2. Calculated by 309.74 m2 per household, the same with the original, it will take 618 workdays.

d) Personnel in charge of project designing, supervising and management and scientific researchers for the Yiba highway construction.

(2) Job opportunities after the construction of the project is completed.

a) The Managing Company is going to be established after the construction and personnel in charge of management, service and road maintenance will be needed.

b) As the construction of the project promotes the economic development of surrounding areas, the economic development will provide more job opportunities.

(3) Optimizing social labor force structure

205 The development of the second and the third industry is comparatively slow in the four districts and counties of affected area. In 2006, the proportion of employment rate of the first, the second and the third industry in Yiling District was respectively 35.3 percent, 18.85 percent and 45.80 percent; the proportion in Zigui County was respectively 67.28 percent, 12.79 percent and 19.93 percent; the proportion in Xingshan County was respectively 55.08 percent, 11.02 percent and 33.90 percent; the proportion in Badong County was respectively 60.16 percent, 1.82 percent and 38.02 percent. Except Yiling District of Yichang City, the employment rates in the second and the third industry of the other counties were all much lower than that of provincial average level (52.3 percent) and national average level (55.3%).

The highway built is going to promote local development of construction, transportation, business and restaurant business. With the deepening of local commercialization and marketization, commerce, financial business and consultation business will gain development as well. The development of tourism will promote development of related service industries. All factors above will bring active impacts on optimizing industry structure of the cities and towns of the affected area.

7.3.5 Promoting the Process of Local Urbanization

Overall, the urbanization level in the affected area is comparatively low. Revealed from the statistical data in 2006, the agricultural population of Yiling District accounted for 76.3% of the total population, and the number was 83.4% in Zigui County, 78% in Xingshan County and 88.5% in Badong County. The ratios in these places were all higher than

206 average level of the country, while the urbanization levels were lower. Looking from the statistical data in 2005, national urban population was 562.12 million, 43% of the total, and agricultural population was 745.44 million, 57% of the total.

Alex Inkeles, a famous American expert on modernization, held up ten general standards for modernization. One of them is, as a modern country, the urbanization level should be over 50 percent. From this angle, the proportion of residents in the four cities and towns of the affected area is far behind modernization. The construction of Yiba highway will promote the process of local urbanization by making a part of rural population become city and town population.

7.3.6 Promoting the Development of Local Education and Governance

(1) Promoting local education development

Firstly, the improvement of rural roads will certainly promote the local educational and social development. Firstly, it will be more convenient for kids and the youth to further their studies. In the investigated areas of the sub-project, most villagers think it convenient to go to school since the school is in the village. But when it is time for their children to go to town or the county, or even the capital of their province and other provinces to pursue their further education, the improvement of the road will greatly shorten the distance and provide more convenience for them. Progress in education will in return play a positive role in the sustainable improvement of poverty-stricken families and will help relieve poverty in rural areas.

207 Secondly, it will promote villagers to realize the importance of culture & education. At present, the development level of culture & education is not high. Among those under investigation, the ratio of illiteracy is 9.3% of the population above 6, which is higher than that of the countrywide population (9.08%), according to the fifth census in 2000 in China. Quite a few people will work outside, do farming at home, or do non-agricultural work after graduation from middle school, rather than studying further. Under the condition that social and economic development demand higher level of education to labors, it is not enough to only graduate from middle school. Besides, Chinese elementary education ignores the content of labor and skill seriously. The construction and the opportunities offered by it will promote some locals to aware the importance of culture & education, and promote them to put the awareness into action.

Thirdly, improvement of roads will increase the flows of people, materials and information. Outsiders will have easier access to villagers and insiders can more easily get out. Such a communication not only has positive effect on the economic development but also widens local people’s horizons and changes their ideas as well as lifestyle gradually. Under this influence they can gradually depart from the traditional rural way of life. Such a change has far-reaching influence on villagers.

(2) Promoting the improvement of local management

This construction is a big project with huge investment for the local, which involves knowledge about geology, hydrology, aerography, sediment, protection of cultural relics, environmental effects, land expropriation，migrants’ resettlement, investment estimation, economic assessment and assessment of social influence. The comprehensive utilization of knowledge of all the areas is a new experience for local

208 governors. Owning to the construction of the project, people of different departments and groups are going to be mobilized and coordinated; human resource, material resources and financial resources are going to be planned and optimized; all of these will promote the level of social and economic management of local government.

(3) Promoting the innovation of construction ideas of local governors.

World Band Loan Project’s concerns for social equity, participation and equality will impact and renovate construction ideas of local governors and constructers. These new construction ideas will have impacts on the practice of loan projects in china and gain attention to humane concerns during the construction process of projects so that people of all walks of life can benefit from projects that aim at promoting local socioeconomic development.

Actually, local managers have updated some conceptions, according previous experiences. For example, in the design of Shiman highway built, expropriation of farmland was reduced to the least amount and 2,500 Mu land was reclaimed along the route, so that the tension of people and land was alleviated and sustainable development of society and economy along the route was promoted. In the project of Xiaoxiang highway, in order to protect tomb group of Zhanguo era in Jiuliandun Zaoyang, the original design of road was changed to bridge, which cost nearly 20 million yuan. In the project of Shiman highway built, in order to protect the fossil of dinosaur’s egg which had a history of 65 million years, investment was increased to move the highway’s main route to south twice. In 2004, two roads—— Changshi and Tunban—— in the village of Enshi City were commended by the World Bank as models to other developing countries for their high quality. The project of Yiba highway has not only continued the conception above, but also firstly

209 emphasized the conception of “Owners’ social responsibility”, which is helpful to migrants’ installment, and promote sustainable development of migrants and harmonious built of the local society.

210 8. Conclusions and suggestions of social appraisal

8.1 Chief Conclusions

● In Hubei Province, the Yiba highway is the west stretch of the highway from Shanghai to Chengdu, which is one of eighteen east-to-west highways, according to “National Highway Network Program”(network No.7918). The highway, extending 173 km, begins in Bahe, connecting Jingyi highway, and ends up in Badong County in the joint of Hubei and Chongqing, joining Wufeng highway in Chongqing. The area, where the high way will pass though, is administratively belong to Yiling District Yichang City, Zigui County, Xingshang County and Badong County of Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture. The project of Yiba highway with the total loans of 150 million dollars from the World Bank has been arranged into the World Bank’s program from 2007 to 2009.

● The World Bank Project Office of Hubei Communication Department entrusts the Social Survey Research Center of Peking University to form an expert group who will be in full charge of the social assessment of the project.

● The aim of this social assessment is to evaluate the social impacts brought by the project and provide suggests on how to handle these impacts under the quides of the World Bank polcies. At the same time, a monitoring and evaluation system is established on the base of survey research.

● The goals of this social assessment are: to understand the possible

211 social influence to local residents and their attitude; to understand the special influence to women and their attitude and participation to the project; to analyze the relationship between influenced migrants’ attitude to expropriation, dismantlement and resettlement and their chose actions, and discuss and attend migrants’ acceptable resettlement plan to avoid social risks like collective appeals or other action ways because of unsuitable resettlement plan; to ensure main and secondary stakeholders analyze social effects to the beneficiaries, and commend measures to amplify their benefits as much as possible.

● A method combining quick participative rural appraisal (PRA) and fieldwork in anthropology as well as the questionnaire survey in sociology is adopted for this social appraisal.

● There are various landforms in the project impacted area, with mountains and hills taking the dominant place. Yiling District, Zigui County and Xiangshan County locate at the joint of Exi mountainous districts and Hanjiang Plain. Badong County locates in the northeast of Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and three mountains (Daba Mountain, Wu Mountain and Wuling Mountain) lie in it.

● The development level of project-impacted area varies greatly, and the level of economic development in Yiling District ranks relatively high. In 2006, the GDP was 7.466 billion yuan, with per capita GDP 14,438 yuan. The structure of the output value of the three major industries was 18.9:40:41.1. The employment structure was 35.3:18.9:45.8. Per capita net income of rural residents was 4,072 yuan. Per capita disposable income of residents in cities and

212 towns was 8,812 yuan, a little higher than the average provincial level. The level of economic development in Xingshan Village was ranked in the middle place. In 2006, the GDP was 1.975 billion yuan, with per capita GDP 10,816 yuan. The structure of the output value of the three major industries was 23.3: 21.5:55.2. The employment structure was 55.1:11.0:33.9. In Zigui Village and Badong Village, the levels of economic development were relatively low, and they both are state identified poor counties. In 2006, the GDP was 1.975 and 4,682 billion yuan respectively.

● Since 1980s, employment model for urban residents in Xiangfan has been transiting to pluralized providers, contracted employment, and flexible relationship. These changes mean the end of permanent employment. Provision of job Post has been taken place by providing job opportunities, which has dramatic impacts on job allocation model for those who need to be resettled.

● Since 1980s, non-agricultural sectors in Chinese rural areas have developed rapidly. Yichang and Enshi city is no exception. Development of non-agricultural sectors, free floating space for peasants and increase of resources has made peasant become an identity, not an occupation any more. Among the laborers who are called peasant in Xiangfan, 42.5% are engaged in business in the second and third industry, and in Xingshan Village, Zigui Village and Badong Village, the ratio is 30%, 28% and 34.6% respectively. A large amount of rural laborers are part-time laborers, who cultivate land, raising poultry and livelihood and do odd jobs in nearby towns and villages. Among the villages surveyed, the proportion of laborers engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery only accounts for less than 20% of the total laborers in Qinglong village and Jiangjunling village, the ratio is

213 less than 45% in Wanjiafan Village and Huanghuachang Village, the ratio is about 50% in Xiqiuwan Village, Xinping Village, Zhoujiashan Village, and Shujiacao Village, and the ratio is relatively high in Haiyu Village, Fenghuangguan Village, Shijiaba Village, Xibiantang Village and Sixiangxi Village, about 60%-80%.

● Developments of non-agricultural sectors and diversified employment patterns in rural areas have drastically changed income structure of rural residents. According to the income structure of the surveyed families, in 2006 average household plant income was 10,406.18 yuan, which is the main part of household income, accounting for 27.91% of the total. Manual work income was 8,743.38 yuan, accounting for 23.45%. Business and service income was 7,919.12 yuan, accounting for 21.24%. Income from poultry and livestock breeding was 4,822.35 yuan, accounting for 12.93%. Generally, agricultural income still accounted for an important proportion of household income, but the importance was gradually decreasing. Among the household income, agricultural income accounted for 42.41% of total income, while Non-plant income accounted for 57.86%.

● As for the prioritization of reasons for family’s richness, the order is like this: “knowledge, mind and sense of business” (46%) which is the most important reason, some members in the family worked outside (20.1%),“hard work” (13.3%), “lots of land and forest” (10.8%), “setting up shops, having a stable occupation and growing characteristic plants” (7.2%), and “convenient communications” (1.4%). As for the prioritization of reasons for family’s poverty, the order is like this: “no culture, no specialty and limited living capability” as primary reasons (52.6%), “inconvenient

214 communications and difficulty of relating to outside economy” (39.4%),“lack of funds and accesses to latest information” (38.0%),“illness of family members and few or no laborers” (32.1%),“few production resources”, “employment opportunities”, “bad financial condition of family”, “lazy and content with present condition” and “many kids leading to heavy burden”. All above has revealed a faction that the factor of human resource is more important than that of land resource.

● Land expropriation will have negative impacts on household income of local residents of rural area. According to questionnaire survey to 143 households, only land occupation will be needed in the 18.9% of households (27), only removal will be needed in the 11.2% of households (16), both land occupation and removal will be needed in the 60.1% of households (86), neither occupation nor removal will be needed in the 6.0% of households, and information about occupation and removal is unclear in the 5.6% of households. Among all the valid samples (135), the land of 83.1% of households (113) will be affected. The least land occupation of household is 0.46 Mu, the most is 14.8 m, with average number is 3.59 m. The average level of land occupation is 53.51% of the household’s total. The household with the occupation level under 20% accounts for 25% of the total households, the level between 20% and 50% accounts for 27.8%, the level between 50% and 75% accounts for 15.4%, and the level above 75% accounts for 31.8%. In the affected households, the income of crops planting, fishery and poultry/livestock farming will decrease for the occupation. Taking average household’s income of in 2006 34,895.83 yuan as standard, the possible amount of decreased income will be 20.8% of the total.

215

● Among 36 families of ethnic minorities under investigation, 20 families’ land occupation is involved. The least percentage which occupied land account for of the family’s total land is 10%, and the most is 100%, with the average percent is 54.87%. The household with the occupation level below 20% accounts for 20% of the total households, the level between 20% and 50% accounts for 34.7%, and the level above 50% accounts for 45.3%. Taking average household’s income of in 2006 34,050 yaun as standard, the possible amount of decreased income will be 16.03% of the total.

● Generally, faced with the possible negative impact caused by the project, villagers under investigation will response actively. Based on family, they will reclaim, develop and take use of the rest land and seize market opportunities. The main responses are: “make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and intensively” (48.1%), “try for more work opportunities and increase non-agricultural income” (27.5%), “take advantage of payments to do non-agricultural business, making up for the loss” (13.0%), “ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protest and methods” (4.6%), and “trust to destiny without any ways to compensate for the loss” (4.6%). Villagers’ loss of crops planting, fishery and poultry & livestock farming can be compensated by job opportunities in the first and second industry, so that their income could reach at least as much as that before the construction.

● Villagers under investigation will express their opinions officially or unofficially on compensatory ways, standard and level for land

216 occupation, house dismantlement and removal. There are 8 ways to express them: to call on relevant administrative department of government directly to solve problem by their own (52.7%), to tolerate discontent as much as possible (12.2%), to appeal to higher authority for help alone (9.9%), to call on the relevant department of government for help (9.9%), to collect others to appeal (5.3%), to go with the stream (4.6%), to solve problem by law (3.1%), and to refuse to move insistently (1.5%).

● Sexual gap will not widen in the impacted communities. In impacted areas, women take more responsibilities in agricultural production. As a result of that, local women are comparatively concentrated in planting business, while there are a comparatively small percentage of women working in non-agricultural industries. Also due to the traditional practice of male preference in distributing job opportunities, sexual separation in occupation is, to some degree, observable. The construction of the project will give opportunities for local women to break away from agricultural production, and engage in business in the second and the third industry. As a result of that, it will mitigate local sexual separation in occupation. As far as women’s practical political participation is concerned, the construction of the project mainly has positive impacts on women’s political status. Duos to the construction of the project, women’s awareness of political participation, awareness of participation in social activities and awareness of social supervision over local cadres have all been raised further. As far as education participation and status in the family are concerned, the local sexual gap is narrowing, and the construction of the project has no negative impact on these issues.

● Most female residents are willing to cooperate with local

217 government on the construction of the project (91.9%) and are willing to move (67.4%). Women’s attitudes towards compensation for land expropriation and rehousing are expecting monetary compensation, accompanied with social security and so on. They also hope that open and transparent compensatory standard and sum should be open and clear, and expect to build houses by themselves at convenient position. When local women’s willingness to participate can not be not satisfied, they are going to take actions to fight for their own best interests by attracting more attention and obtaining a better result. Four ways most possibly taken by local women are: to call on relevant administrative department of government directly to solve problem by their own (31.3%), to tolerate discontent as much as possible (25%), to appeal to higher authority for help alone (12.5%), and to collect others to call on the relevant department of government for help (12.5%).Significant difference exists in action ways of expressing discontent between those of different genders. [Pearson Chi-Square ＝25.155，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) ＝.001 ]. Compared with men, women more choose to tolerate discontent as much as possible, refuse to move and appeal to higher authority for help, while men more choose to call on relevant administrative department of government directly to solve problem by their own and to collect others to do this.

● Faced with the possible negative impact caused by the project, female villagers may take five ways of response. The first way is to make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and intensively (41.2%); the second way is to take advantage of payments to do non-agricultural business, making up for the loss (20.6%); the third way is to try for more work opportunities and increase non- agricultural income (14.7%); the fourth way is to

218 trust to destiny without any ways to compensate for the loss (8.8%), and the last way is to ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protest and methods (5.9%).

● 90% of residents in Yiling District are of Han nationality and only a few are ethnic minorities, such as Tuijia, Hui and Miao. 99.56% of residents in Xingshan County are of Han, and 99.51% of residents in Zigui County are also of Han, with the few ethnic minorities of Tuijia and Hui. Badong County is administratively subjected to Shien State. The population of ethnic minorities in Badong is relatively big, which was 213,708, 46% of the total population, according to the data of the fifth census in 2000. Among the ethnic minorities, the population of Tuijia (212,424) and Miao (756) are relatively big. Although the population of ethnic minorities is relatively big, they are living mixed with the Han, and there is no apparent difference of daily production between them. Except most the Hui believe in Islam and do not eat pork, life style of the minorities is quite similar to that of the Han, they also eat jiaozi, zongzi, yuanxiao and moon cake on festivals.

● This social assessment conducted questionnaire investigation in 13 villages of directly affected area, 143 households and 650 persons were involved. Among them, there are 448 persons of Han nationality, accounting for 73.1%, 155 of Tujia, accounting for 25.4%, 6 of Hui, accounting for 1%, and 2 of others, accounting for 0.3%. Those of ethnic minorities under investigation relatively concentrated in Shujiacao Village of Yanduhe Town and Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Village of Xiqiuwan Xiang in Badong County. During the questionnaire investigation, affected villagers of ethnic minorities were especially chosen as investigating objects

219 to understand the project’s influence to them and their attitude.

● In the indoor interview and questionnaire investigation, nationality is an important variable. Large amount of information was collected on ethnic minorities’ household and marriage, occupational condition, housing and living, communications and travels, production and labor division, income and outlay, social support network, project’s influence, expectation and so on. In the sections of project’s social and economic influence, project’s influence, social risks and so on, overall analysis has been made, taking nationality as an independent variable. No significant differences of project’s influence are found among nationalities and no significant differences of expressing expropriation, dismantlement and benefit are found between ethnic and Han nationality.

● Revealed from the investigation in towns, Xiangs and administrative villages of Badong County, no significant difference of the negative impact brought by the project exists between ethnic minorities and Han nationalities in Shujiacao Village, Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Village. So special program for ethnic minorities’ development has no need to make.

● The construction of the Yiba highway will bring influence to different individuals and organizations, and these are the main beneficial correlates. Residents, specialized carriers, dealers, wood and orchard contractors and enterprises affected by occupation, dismantlement and removal are the direct beneficial correlates. Government’s department of various levels and other residents in

220 the affected area are indirect beneficial correlates.

● The construction of the Yiba highway will improve communications apparently. The appearances are like this: (1) improving national highway network and promoting to form provincial main road network and make it work practically as soon as possible; (2) strengthening the connection with road network out of the region, and joining national road No.209, Yixing highway, Baoxing highway, Bawu highway, and so on efficiently; (3) relating to waterways out of the region, and making carriages by

water and land complementary to form a three-dimensioned communications network; (4) strengthening the joint with railways and airways out of the region to form a three-dimensioned communications network.

● The construction of the Yiba highway has apparent socially economic benefit except communications. (1) It is beneficial to execute strategies of “Central Rise” and “Western Development” ; (2) it is beneficial to promote the development of China Yangtze River Economic Belt; (3) it is beneficial to develop and take use of resources, and boost regional economy; (4) it is beneficial to reinforce social and economic relations and relations between regions.

● The construction has apparent social effects. (1) The effect of employment will be significant. Firstly, job opportunities will be provided during the construction period, including constructers on the complex project, service workers of the third industry, personnel in charge of project designing, supervising and

221 management, and scientific researchers. The second is job opportunities after the construction of the project is completed. Thirdly, social labor force structure will be optimized. (2) The process of local urbanization will be promoted. (3) Development of local education and governance will be promoted.

● During the highway built, areas where social stability is affected are the villages where expropriation and dismantlement is centralized. Yiba highway was designed with the same conception of Shiman highway, which prefers to increase investment to reduce expropriation and migration as much as possible. At present, in the villages, where social apprise was involved, the amount of expropriation and migration has largely reduced, so that the potential problems of social stability decrease greatly.

● Where the problems of social stability will be easily taken place are the villages where the amount of individual expropriation and dismantlement is relatively high. Disturbing problems of social stability will not arise, if villagers get substitutable income sources, even though the land expropriation is large, while the situation can be opposite, if villagers can not get substitutable income sources. Talking about house dismantlement and removal, social stability issues will not arise, if the new position is as good as the previous one and the payments is enough for rehousing. But issues will probably break out if the new position is much worse than the previous, even residential place can not be acquired for the land shortage in the village.

● Whether the issues will arise is also related to the previous

222 experience about expropriation, dismantlement and removal and negative effect in the villages. Looking from questionnaire and interviews in this social assessment, it is not likely for villagers to be assigned ideal for the land shortage in Huanghauchang Village and Xinping Village of Huanghua Xiang, so they will probably take collective actions when they are dissatisfied with compensation and installment. Besides, in Haiyun Village and Fenghuangguan Village, villagers will also probably take collective actions when they are dissatisfied with compensation, for they live mainly on orange planting, and for the compensatory influence of Jingyi highway in 2003.

● What should also be pointed out is that, in ZhoujianshanVillage Gaoqiao Xiang Xingshan County, 7 households need to move again, because they are migrants from the Three Gorges. Their houses were built a short time before, so they will resist moving if compensatory level is lower than that of migrants from the Three Gorgers, although they have showed willing to support and cooperate on the highway built.

● Therefore, policy of expropriation, dismantlement and removal should be made according to local fact of society and economy, and how to reduce negative impact to village is the most important job for unit owners. The conception of “unit owners’ social responsibility” will be emphasized in the practice of expropriation, dismantlement and removal, which is a guarantee of stability of project’s construction and local society.

● Overall, the project of Yiba highway built enjoys great social

223 support. It is not only supported by most experts and all levels of local governments, but also supported by the majority of the villagers whose land will be expropriated and who will be resettled. According to the questionnaire investigation to 143 households of local rural residents, 93.5% of residents showed they are willing to cooperate with the construction. 90.1% of the households that will be rehoused showed that they are willing to move if it is necessary

for the construction of the project.

8.2 Villagers’ Suggestions

8.2.1 Land Expropriation and Compensation

● Villagers under investigation hope for various compensation ways for soil, among which monetary compensation takes up the greatest part. 81.8% of villagers under investigation would like monetary compensation, 21.0% hope to get job opportunities offered by government and relative department, 19.6% want to be compensated by soil, 15.4% want to transact endowment security for the affected villagers with compensatory payments, and 10.5% would like the combination of money, soil and social security.

● Female expectation of compensation for expropriation is a little different with that of the male. Among male villagers under investigation, 87.1% of them hope to be compensated in the way money, 19.4% hope for the way of soil, and 23.5% hope for the combination of compensatory payments and job opportunity. Among the females, that ratio is 68.4%, 26.3% and 10.5% respectively.

● No significant difference of expectation of compensation for soil

224 exists between Han nationality and ethnic minorities. Among villagers of Han nationality under investigation, 77.1% of them would like monetary compensation, 21.9% would like soil compensation, 21.0% would like the combination of payments and job opportunity, and 17.1% hope to transact social security with soil compensatory payments. Among villagers of ethnic minorities, that ratio is 97.2%, 19.4%, 16.7% and 11.1% respectively.

● Among relatively poor villagers who account for 20% of total population, 75.9% of them would like monetary, 24.1% would like soil compensation, 10.3% would like the combination of payments and job opportunity, and 13.3% hope to transact social security with soil compensatory payments. Among relatively non-poor villagers, that ratio is 84.1%, 22.7%, 19.7% and 15.2% respectively

● Among those who mainly do farming at home, 79.0% of them would like money as compensation, 24.0% would like soil, 17.0% would like combination of payments and job opportunity, and 20.0% hope to transact social security with soil compensatory payments. Among those who mainly do non-agriculture work at home, that number is 84.1%, 22.7%, 19.7% and 15.2% respectively. Among those who work outside, the number is 83.3%, 5.6%, 38.9% and 11.1% respectively.

● As for compensatory methods and standards, they should be made via consultation between government and villagers. Compensation should vary according to specific conditions.

● All kinds of compensatory standards are demanded to be opened so that assignment of compensation can be supervised by all, and villagers’ rights and interests can be ensured.

225

● Villagers are generally worried about compensation for land and resettlement will be intercepted and embezzled by different levels of governments. Therefore, they appeal to the direct grant of all the money to villagers, after confirmation of compensatory amount and standard. Some of them even suggest that each family should be issued a savings account so that all the money can be directly put into individual account to avoid interception and embezzlement. Local women particularly pointed out that compensatory amount and standard should be open and clear.

● If some individual land occupation is too much, offering job opportunities and suitable training should be taken into account, so that affected villagers can live on non-agricultural work.

● Many villagers express such idea as more local villagers had better been employed as an indirect compensation way, they also hope that the government will permit villagers to organize some working units themselves to provide services and make full use of laborers in the village. On this base they prefer that projects will start during the leisurely season since they have enough time participating construction and implementation of the projects. Women express the similar wish as men.

8.2.2 Dismantlement and Removal and Compensation

● Compensatory standards should be fair, justice, open and clear, so that assignment of compensation can be supervised by all, and villagers’ rights and interests can be ensured.

226 ● Compensation for houses is expected to combine money with bases for building new houses, and the money may cover that was used on the old house. Women also showed the similar participation, and they hope to be offered good position to build house by their own.

● Compensation for supplementary houses should be taken into account. Supplementary houses are usually used for raising pigs as well as poultry, which add more income to the whole family. Old supplementary houses will be no use, if the main houses are dismantled, and they will need to be rebuilt after removal.

● Compensatory standard should take market prices into account. The structural materials was relatively cheap before, and the cost for hiring workers was relatively low, so compensation should take market prices into account, as the market price rose rapidly in the recent five years.

● Compensation should take the cost of house decorating into account. Many villagers said that they spent much in the previous house decorating, and the cost also should be compensated suitably.

● Compensation should be paid directly into households as soon as possible.

● The date and address of dismantlement should be confirmed and the payments should be paid as soon as possible, so that time of removal can be saved. It would better that dismantlement and removal can be executed after China’s New Year’s Day, so

villagers could spend the New Year with ease.

227 8.2.3 Infrastructure and Compensation

● Irrigation facilities affected during the highway construction is expected to be compensated.

● Infrastructure in the new installment spots should be established, such as electricity, water and communications. If they can not be supplied, villagers should be compensated for that and built them

by themselves.

8.2.4 Suggestions to Highway Construction

● Add more passages beneath the highway. Villagers generally demand that more passages should be built at entrances to villages and where cultivated fields are compacted to provide convenience for villagers’ farming and traveling.

● Some villagers think that close highway will not bring them convenience and opportunities, so they hope to increase exits as many as possible.

● Environmental and noise pollution. Some villagers think that construction of the highway will pollute environment and make noise. In this sense they suggest regulations should be made by some branches of the government. For example, those vehicles with lots of tail gas and noise should be forbidden to run on the highway and there should be no toting at midnight.

228 ● Some villagers think that houses which are near the highway and far from noise are obstructed and thus should be pulled down too. They hope such villagers’ interests also should be taken into consideration.

● Routine of the highway is expected to be optimized to avoid intensively resident villages. Villagers expect this more in

Huanghauchang Village and Xinping Village of Huanghua Xiang.

● Routine of the highway should be informed to villagers as soon as possible for the convenience of the examination and the approval

of their bases for houses.

● Pay attention to environmental protection and avoid soil erosion.

8.2.5 Safety, Public Security and Other Issues during the Construction of the Project

● During the construction of the highway, pay attention to influence exerted on local public order. For example, set more strict regulation to the management of immigrant workers and care about villagers’ properties.

● During the execution of the projects, pay attention to safety of man as well as animals along the line.

229 ● When cannons are needed to bomb hills, villagers should be informed in advance.

● Entrances should be made more for convenience of villagers’ traveling if possible.

● Pay attention to civilized construction. Villagers proposed that, during the construction, their opinions should be respected about the use of water and electricity and temporary occupation, and compulsion will not be allowed. If conflicts arise, they should be settled by government’s mediation, rather than extreme measures and violence. The construction should avoid uncivilized phenomenon, which ever happened in the Yijing highway built.

● Cadres should persuade rather than instruct villagers to cooperate with the construction of the projects. If necessary, legal methods can be used to avoid direct conflict. And administrative ones had better be used as less as possible.

● Some villagers propose that both time and scope of the project

construction should be limited to affect people’s daily life.

8.3 Suggestions of Government of Xiangs (Towns)

8.3.1 Land Expropriation and Compensation

● Compensatory standards and payments for soil are expected to

230 increase to make up the loss of villagers.

● Compensatory standards for fruit trees should be high, taking their output and important role in farmers’ families into account.

● Compensatory payments for soil must be provided in advance for the convenience of their cooperation on the construction of the projects, or else their cooperation cannot get on well to ensure the built.

● Pay attention to villagers’ present interest as well as long-run interest. Some village cadres said that it is better for land compensation be combined money with social security. Lump compensation may give villagers startup capital for creating employment opportunity，but many villagers lack the ability of self employment in non-agriculture. Once villagers spend all the money and cannot make a living any more, their life will be in severe difficulty, and if there is such kind of arrangement of social security or the minimum living standard security , villagers’ life will be at least safe. Therefore, some village cadres proposed that whether the plan that part of land compensation is given to farmers and the rest is saved to transact social security can be taken into account. But the difficulty is that there is no relevant policy, and no relevant policy has been made in the province.

● Deal in non-agricultural industry collectively. Some cadres brought forward that land payments (about 70%) should be controlled by the village collective to develop collective economy and purchase

231 collective production materials, so that the collective can operate processing industries, pig farming fields and cattle farming fields, which can be the basic of further development. But the biggest problem is how to get villagers’ trust, how to and who manage the industries, and how to dispose the profit.

● Compensation for temporary occupation. Some cadres pointed that temporary occupation should be compensated, and should not last long.

● Priority of opportunity. Some cadres proposed that it was difficult for them to arrange jobs for affected villagers. The national land policy made land adjustment impossible, so units conducting the construction are advised to give business opportunities to the affected villages with priority. For example, some small projects suitable for local units should be conducted by them, more farmers should be hired during the construction, and more present equipments in the villages (road rollers and bulldozers) should be used. Capturing these chances, the villagers could earn more to make up the loss.

● The use of the rest land of the construction. Local cadres said that the rest land of the construction should be used by the villagers unconditionally. A cadre of Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County said: the general method to install the villages whose land is occupied is to install them in the original spot, for they are unwilling to move. Another method of transferring outside workers’ land to those whose land is occupied is practical, but acceptors should pay a certain amount of crops or cash. Besides,

232 they could go to towns to do some business. Wild land in the village could be reclaimed but the cost will be very high. Villagers still could consult with those who conduct the construction, and ask them to put soil to the place where reclamation is agreeable, and villager committee could lead and organize villagers to find out more suitable land.

8.3.2 Dismantlement and Removal and Compensation

● Compensatory standard should be fair, justice, open and clear. Standard of all kinds of compensatory payments should be opened, and be executed strictly.

● Compensatory standard for resettlement is expected to rise to some extent, so that villagers can build new houses with enough money.

● In the affected villages and towns of Xingshan County, the migrants who need to move again hope that compensatory standard of the Three Gorgers’ migrants could be executed. Cadre of Shijiaba Village said: migrants will compare the two compensatory standards, for here is near to the area of the Three Gorgers reservoir, and our work will be difficult if this standard is not as good as the other.

● The solution of residential places is a big problem. Some cadres proposed several suggestions, including: (1) separating a part of basic farmland for affected villagers to build houses (proposed by cadres of Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village in

233 Huanghua Xiang). This suggestion refers to the issue of alteration of land quality, which should be solved by allround coordination, rather than village’s strength; (2) executing the policy the same as the Three Gorgers migrants’. The policy is that construction units and local government work together to arrange installment spots for villagers, and then villagers can move in. This suggestion also needs coordination between government and relevant department; (3) combining dismantlement and resettlement with socialistic new country built. Liushenlin, a cadre of Qinglong Village Longquan Town, pointed that, they would take the measure of exchanging land for land. That is to exchange residential places for programmed land, and that also is to divide a lot from protected area of farmland for affected villagers to build houses by themselves, combining socialistic new country built. The adoption of this suggestion depends on higher department’s sanction of the measure of exchanging residential places for programmed land; (4) cadres of XinpingVillage said that, there was No. 710 war industry near to their village, which expropriated 410 Mu land there for national construction without compensation. Whether the idle rooms and space of the factory could be used by villagers without residential places to build their houses? (5) villagers without residential places could buy from those who had, and the general cost was about 20, 000 yuan, so compensation for houses should take buying residential places into account.

● Compensation should be paid directly to villagers in time.

234

8.3.3 Infrastructure and Compensation

● The affected infrastructure should be compensated. Both the directly and the indirectly affected infrastructure should be compensated. Some cadres said that, part of the roads surrounding the villages were built by villagers’ own with their own money, and the roads will be blocked for the close highway and will need rebuilt, so the loss should be considered.

● Infrastructure should be protected during the construction. Some cadres pointed that, considering the influence to the infrastructure of the village, over loading should be managed strictly during the construction, or else the road will be broken badly.

● Infrastructure of power and communications should be recovered. The construction will exert negative influence to the normal use of the infrastructure and farmers’ normal life. Recovery of the infrastructure should be considered in the construction and after the

main project of the highway.

● Supplementary roads in the village are expected to be improved. Some cadres pointed that supplementary roads, linking to the highway, were very important to farmers’ production and life, and they can be improved this time.

235 8.3.4 Suggestions to Road Built

● Exits of the highway should increase, so that villagers could share benefit from the highway built. Nearly at every investigation spots, experts of social assessment learnt cadres’ suggestion about increasing exits of the highway. Cadres highlighted that close highway will only bring limited convenience, and only exits increase, can local economy be efficiently promoted to develop.

● The routine of the highway is expected to be optimized to avoid intensively resident villages. Villagers expect more in

Huanghauchang Village and Xinping Village of Huanghua Xiang.

● The route of the highway and the date of construction should be decided soon. The construction should be executed early to avoid agriculturally busy season. It is best to begin after August, and villagers will suffer the lowest loss.

● Benefit of many departments will be involved in the highway built, so relations must be dealt with well, avoiding disputes and conflicts. Some local governments respect farmer’s opinions and farmers are willing to cooperate. There are still some local governments, however, leaving some historical issues to villagers. So during the working process, villagers would demand to settle the old issues first, causing a lot of problems. The local people have bad memories about road built mainly because of the deficient compensation during the Jingyi highway built. The compensatory standard for expropriation was 9,000 yuan per Mu. According to the lowest living standard——300 yuan per Mu——at that tine in

236 Hubei, it was multiplied by 30 years. 30% of the compensation was paid to villagers individually, and the rest was reserved to the collective. Villagers did not understand the compensatory policy and were not content very much. They appealed for the compensation for hundreds of times, and blocked traffic collectively time after time, but the problem had not been settled yet. The negative influence had formed a historical memory and action poor for villagers. In the light of this experience, cadres advised that special organization must be established for coordination, if coordination with cities and towns was needed.

● It should be a civilized construction. Pay attention to security, social order and other issues.

8.4 Expert Panel’s Suggestions

8.4.1 Taking Peasants’ Interest into Serious Consideration

● We should listen to voices from different villagers and take their suggestions into comprehensive consideration. Peasants nowadays are no longer that they used to be in the 1980s. They have been differentiated into different social groups. Some focus on agricultural production while some are not at all farming and still some take up non-agricultural work. Some peasants became rich in late 1980s and are leading a well-off life while some can only have adequate food and clothing. Different peasants have their own demands and attentions. Although the project of Yiba highway built cannot benefit everyone specifically, it touches some common interests of the peasants. Generally speaking peasants are much

237 concerned their immediate interests and real life. Even most peasants agree to the construction of the project of Yiba highway buil, those who have solved their food and clothing issue are more concerned with whether their interests will be reasonably and definitely guaranteed. This is the general background of our understanding about Chinese peasants. Or we may have unpractical expectations and demands from peasants.

● Pay attention to peasants’ immediate as well as long-run interest, especially their sustainable development. Township and village governments should play an active role in leading peasants to grow characteristic plants and stocks develop secondary and tertiary industries to absorb more labor forces. They should also instruct local people to combine the use of compensation money with their future production and life.

● Protection of Poverty-stricken People and Women’ Interests. The poorer families, the more fragile groups in this competitive society, the higher expectations they will have when opportunities come before them to improve their lives. More attentions should be paid to those poor people who may hold too high expectations and may act irrationally. If Governments should make use of those commercial opportunities and at the same time provide vocational training to increase employment opportunities for those poor people and women, which may reduce some villagers’ irrational acts.

● Pay attention to the peasants’ interests with a gender perspective. For example, the design and implementation of resettlement action plan should take women’s voice into consideration. Their opinions, attitudes and advices about project and resettlement should be

238 taken into account.

● Promote propaganda of the projects. Especially, it is important to set up information channels for women to know the project construction.

8.4.2 Compensation for Expropriation, Dismantlement and Removal

● Take World Bank’s policy and conception about migrants’ installment as guidance, strictly conform to relevant policies of the country about land occupation and house dismantlement, and make plans of migrants’ installment that is suitable to local facts.

● The key point of migrants’ installment plans is the compensation for land occupation and house dismantlement and the execution of it. The precondition of making acceptable compensatory standard is based on the overall assessment to affected villagers’ social and economic life and their possible problems.

● Compensation for expropriation, dismantlement and removal should be able to maintain the level and the quality of the affected villagers’ life.

● The compensatory standard for expropriation and dismantlement should reflect the principle of equality, justness and open. Compensatory policies for soil and houses, the resettlement processes as well the finance should be fair and open. For example,

239 compensation standards, various standards, different classes and specific number should be published to all villagers so that they may participate and supervise the whole process. We should also listen to different voices from peasants and get to know their difficulties (especially the opinions of women), to make adjustments if necessary.

● Compensation for land expropriation must be paid in time, leading to cooperation of villagers and cadres. Disposition of compensatory payments among villagers and village collectives should be decided via democratic discussion in the villagers’ conference. The method that part of compensatory payments is used to transact social security can be considered, and the adoption of it should be decided through villagers’ discussion. With the villagers’ willingness, government should cooperate with units’ owners, if coordination is needed.

● If some individual land occupation is too much, offering job opportunities and suitable training should be taken into account, so that affected villagers can live on non-agricultural work.

● In the highway built, it should be better to take use of local labor forces, structural materials and equipments to increase the affected villagers’ income.

● Temporary occupation should be compensated, and should not last long.

240 ● Villagers’ suggestions should be adopted about using the rest land of the construction unconditionally.

● Compensation should take market price, cost of acquiring residential places, function of supplementary houses, and cost of house decorating into account.

● Compensation should vary according to specific conditions. When compensating for dismantlement and removal, units’ owners should consider the special situation of migrants’ second removal in the affected area.

● Choosing installment spots and acquiring residential places are vital to smooth removal. If cooperation of units’ owners and relevant government is needed on the problem of acquiring residential places, units’ owners should assume the relevant responsibility, and coordinate among villagers, towns and

governments of various levels.

8.4.3 Establish and Encourage the Participation System of Benefactors

● Compensatory standard and method of expropriation, dismantlement and removal should be discussed via conference of villagers’ representatives. To form a panel made up of villagers representatives through democratic selection to make compensation standards and issue compensation fees. It is important to make sure that at least one women be in the villagers representative group,

241 and the women’s voice be heard by the decision-maker through this way.

● To establish channels for information request as well as feedback. For example, install exclusive phones and information box.

● To establish negotiating systems. Seminars should be often held among township governments, village committees as well as ordinary villagers to negotiate questions concerned. For example, when measurable standards or calculating standards vary from each other a lot, seminars are indispensable until a final agreement has been reached. It is necessary that at least two women be present at different kind of seminars related to the project and resettlement, and the opinions of the women should be taken into account.

● To make channels for appeals unblocked. Unblock channels for villagers’ reflection and appeals of opinions and problems to avoid deterioration of problems and conflicts.

● Pay attention to the inform channels of spreading news. When there is any new information, it should be published to villagers to avoid negative effects brought by gossips. In the informer chains of information flow in the countryside, women often play an important part, so attention should be paid to opinions expressed in the social interaction between women, like chatting, dropping around, etc.

8.4.4 Suggestions to Highway Built and Development

● The possibility of optimizing the program further should be thought about, like avoiding intensively resident villages to reduce

242 removal. It is worthy to consider whether the routine of the highway could be redesigned to decrease removal in

Huanghauchang Village and Xinping Village of Huanghua Xiang.

● With the permission of the construction, exits of the highway should be increased as many as possible, so that more villagers and villages could share benefit brought by the highway.

● Some important fundamental facilities should be rebuilt in advance. Those key facilities which are highly related with local people’s production and life, different from ordinary fields, forests and fruit gardens, should be put on the top of the list of reconstruction. More efforts should be paid to repair or rebuild pools and ponds, ditches and other irrigating facilities, power facilities vital to migrants’ life and production, damaged rural roads and other traffic facilities to reduce effects to the least. Other facilities should also be identified on the base of extensive investigation.

● During the construction of the highway, priority should be given to relevant construction companies in the affected area under the same term.

● Enhance the Propaganda of production safety to avoid the loss of personnel during construction as less as possible

8.4.5 Pay Attention to and Promote Propaganda of the Projects

● Propagate extensively the significance of the highway and make it known to everyone in affected areas. From the survey we find that

243 in some affected areas villagers know little about the forthcoming projects. Some villagers get the information from non-governmental sources like relatives and neighbors, which indicate that governments have their own limitations. We suggest making use of broadcast, television, newspaper, bulletin and regular meeting to spread relative information about the projects and make villagers get to know it. At the same time, keep a close eye to the spread channels of informal information and guide villagers with formal and official one to reduce negative effects brought by gossips and misleading information.

8.4.6 Pay Attention to Effects on the Implementation of Projects by the Past Cadre-ordinary Villagers’ Relationship in Rural Community and Some Historical Issues

8.4.7 Highlight the Social Responsibility of the Project Owner

● Unit owners’ social responsibility means it is an extensively human-oriented construction. During the process of planning compensatory standards for expropriation, dismantlement and removal and migrants’ installment, the construction and migrants’ life and development should be combined harmoniously, making sure of migrants’ existence.

244 Appendix One Member of Social Appraisal Team

Liu Aiyu Social Survey Research Center of Peking Professor, PhD. University Sociology Department, Peking University Wang The World Bank Financed Project Office, Director Yanghong Hubei Provincial Wang Fan The World Bank Financed Project Office, Director of Demolition Hubei Provincial Department Guo Chenglin The World Bank Financed Project Office, Director of Demolition Hubei Provincial Department Xie Zijuan Social Survey Research Center of Peking Staff member，Master University Sociology Department, Peking University Liu Juli Social Survey Research Center of Peking Staff memberr University Lang Lang Social Survey Research Center of Peking Staff member University Social Survey Research Center of Peking Staff member，Master Yan University Zhenyong Social Survey Research Center of Peking Staff member，Master Liu Jiangbo University Social Survey Research Center of Peking Staff member，Master Qi Lili University Social Survey Research Center of Peking Staff member，Master Wang Yao University

245 Appendix Two Guidelines for the Social Assessment Work on Yiba Highway Project

Objects of Appraisal:

1. The primary objective of the Social Assessment (SA) is to ensure, through an extensive and structured effort, that social issues are adequately understood and addressed, particularly those related to resettlement, cultural property and heritage, low income groups, women and elderly people, and ethnic minority groups. 2. The SA should assess the likely social impacts of the project and propose measures to address these impacts in line with Bank policies (OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement, OP 4.20 on Indigenous People, OP. 4.11 on Culture Property). The SA should also propose a monitoring and evaluation system which will provide up to date information concerning social development outcomes, including the effectiveness of mitigation plans. Scope of Work:

The objective of this social assessment is to understand the direct and potential influence of the investment of the project on the social and cultural characteristics in the directly and indirectly affected areas. The assessment mainly concerns the topics as below: Project impact analysis. The proposed project would create a run-off reservoir that would require inundation of farmland and relocation of households, institutions and enterprises. On the basis of the project impact inventory to be conducted by the design consultants, the social assessment consultant will carry out further impact analysis, particularly of farmland acquisition, through analyzing of employment patterns and income structures of the affected households. This is important as the project lies in a suburban area. It would help understand more accurately the economic impact of land acquisition upon the affected farming households and plan necessary resettlement measures.

246 Gender aspects of the project preparation. Women are a major stakeholder group of the project. It is important to identify the various women groups, carry out separate consultations with them, bring out their perspectives of the project and enable them to participate in the project preparation and implementation process. It is important that the social assessment bring out their particular concerns and needs, their views and understandings of the impact, their views of rehabilitation measures, and necessary measures to enable their participation in the project. Impacts of the Project and Social Risk. Analyze the relationship

between the attudes of the resettlers’ on land acquisition、dismantle、 resettlement and the action choice they will make, and discuss the acceptable resettlement plan for the resettlers, and avoid the social risk such as collective action resulted by the inappropriate resettlement plan. Ethnic minority communities. The project area is generally known not to have ethnic minority communities. The social assessment team will review relevant data and documents, and confirm this general understanding. If the assessment turns out otherwise, the social assessment team would need to recommend necessary measures under the project in line with government and the World Bank policies on indigenous people. Beneficiary assessment. The proposed project is expected to have broad social, economic and environment benefits. The social assessment will identify the potential project beneficiaries, evaluate the expected project impacts upon them and recommend measures to maximize project benefits for different project beneficiaries. Specified Activities and Procedures:

1. The SA will be conducted on a sample of farming teams and other communities, by using rapid participatory appraisal methodologies. Given the wide geographical extent of the project, it is neither practical nor necessary to cover every impacted production teams and all the communities. However, the production teams selected for the

247 social assessment be representative of all major categories of communities with different socioeconomic settings.

2. Major factors to be considered in the selection include: resources structure and regional characteristics, income levels (poor vs. prosperous), occupation (agriculture vs. non-agriculture), means of production, livelihood patterns (cultivation vs. fishing, transport), land ownership (state vs. private), ethnicity and impacts (direct and indirect). The focus will be laid on directly affected production teams.

3. Some sample teams will also be selected outside the direct impact areas for their feedback on the project. Stakeholders include the following four groups: village/township cadres (government), private owners and entrepreneurs, peasants, special groups (women, children, the elderly, ethnic minorities, handicapped people, etc.).We should get to know their interests and their attitudes towards the projects.

4. The social assessment process mainly includes the following four phases: preparation, field interview and survey, arrangements of materials and analyses of data, writing of the report. Preparation activities Preparation activities will include the following: • Categorization of the targeted areas based on social, ethnic and economic characteristics. Collect and analyze the secondary socioeconomic data in the targeted areas. HPCD and other Hubei Provincial Government Departments and Agencies, local governments and transport departments, office of minority nationalities, leading group for poverty alleviation, and statistics bureaus are the main sources of the data. • Standards for the choice of regions of investigation mainly include locality, social, ethnic and economic characteristics, out of which some representative samples will be picked out; • Prepare guidelines for fieldwork which include objects, scopes, methods, organizations as well as time of the appraisal. • Preparation of a framework for focus discussions and interviews with stakeholders, and design household questionnaire.

248 Field investigation

（1）Ways of Data Collection. ● Field investigation will be carried out in the form of questionnaire survey, focus-group meetings, individual interviews and participant observation. Individual in-depth interviews will be the main source of data used in the analysis. The interviews will mainly consist of open-ended questions and include a standard set of questions to develop a socio-economic and demographic profile on each informant. In each selected production team, separate focus groups will be formed for women, the elderly and for different ethnic groups in mixed communities. （2）For production teams , villages and towns which are likely to be impacted, information to be collected will cover: • Village and production team profile, including demographics, ethnicity distribution, resource base; • Land tenure (household contract system, land leasing and collective reserved resources, possibility of land redistribution etc.); • Means of production, especially the structure of output, employment patterns (farm and non-farm activities, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing and other activities); development of township enterprises, general situation of the mobility of labor force, average income per capita, working force which may be possibly affected by the implementation of the projects, possible settlement method of residents in affected areas. • Formal and informal institutions within the village and production team, their role in decision-making and the nature of relationships among them; • Village infrastructure (schools, hospitals, water supply and sanitation, roads etc.); （3）For families which are likely to be affected, information to be collected will cover: • Information about family members, land, watery areas and forestry of peasants, agricultural incomes and expenditures, non-agricultural income, domestic finance and debts, heads of families’ attitudes towards land, employment situation, agricultural income and technology. • Residents’ (head of family of family member) perception of project impacts, such as land acquisition, restriction of access to resources, potential employment opportunities, improvement of traffic conditions, improvement of

249 water supply and sanitation and participation; • Farmers' perception of resettlement strategies (cash compensation, land redistribution, land in kind); （4）If ethnic minority groups are impacted in the project area, the following additional information should be collected on them: • Brief account of their history; • Review of the Chinese legal framework for ethnic minority people; • Distinctive characteristics in their livelihood patterns, resources sharing, customs and traditions; • Interactions with other ethnic groups; • Possible community impacts on ethnic minority groups; • Need for special measures for the livelihood rehabilitation of the affected ethic minority groups, their participation in the project and their sharing of the project benefits;

Data Clear up and Analysis After the field interviews, staff members should collect and select relevant materials, design forms and analyze them. Computerize materials from the questionnaire and individual interviews and build a database. Report Writing

On the base of controlling and understanding all these materials and according to the requirements of the World Bank, we will start to write the appraisal report and make necessary amendment and supplementation if necessary. The final Chinese version of the report will be submitted to the World Bank on September 17.

250 Appendix Three: Guidelines for the Interviews of Cadres on Yiba Highway Project

One General Situation of Affected Villages

1. How many production teams are there in the village? 2. Population (number, sex, nationality, religion, number of agricultural population and non-agricultural one and their ratio); 3. Major crops in villages; 4. Major mineral, land and forestry resources and their exploration;

Two Social and Economic Situations of the Villages

1. What was the GDP of the village last year? (Agricultural as well as non-agricultural one) Developments of major non-agriculture (including the secondary industry), individual economy and private enterprises; 2. Structure of working force (number of laborers and laborers in the agriculture, industry and the tertiary industry ); 3. What is the average per capita income of a village? And what is the income of a laborer? 4. Is your village rich or poor compared with other villages in the county? 5. What are the major causes of the poverty of your village? 6. Labor division based on sex. 7. How many women cadres are there in your village? 8. Does there exist any collective economy (township enterprise)? What are the main products? Where are they sold out? 9. How many cars, trucks, motor cars, bicycles and agricultural vehicles are there in your village? 10. How many hospitals are there in your village? 11. How many schools (primary schools as well as junior high schools) are there in your village? 12. Are there any dropouts? What is the reason behind it? Are there more girls or boys among the dropouts? 13. How many outgoing laborers are there in your village? Where do

251 they work? How many women and men among outgoing laborers? 14. How many roads are there in your village? And what is the traffic flow? 15. How far it is from the village government to the township/town government? What are the major traffic tools? How long does it take the major traffic tool to get to the county? 16. Is there any railway through your village? How far it is from your village to the nearest railway station? 17. Is there any road in your village? How many? Are there any buses across your village? What is the pavement of the best roads in your village? (Pitch, stone or mud?) 18. How far is it from the center of the village to the nearest road? Are there any buses across the village? How many vehicles run through your village? 19. Are there any important historical and cultural heritages in your village? Will the construction of the road exert any influence on them? 20. How many ditches are there in your village? Are there any reservoirs or hydroelectric stations? 21. Do villagers drink running water or well water or river water? 22. Have phones been installed in your village? When? And how many phones are in your village? 23. Is there any clan power in your village? What is its function then? Three Potential influences of the implementation of the projects on villages

1. Types, quantities and attributes of land expropriated? How many people, especially those laborers will be affected? 2. What measures have been taken to resettle those affected people if their lands are expropriated? 3. Are there any buildings on the expropriated land? When were they built? What are their structures? How much did they cost? 4. Will the village government redistribute the land (cultivated land)? 5. Is it possible for land reclamation? 6. If we have a plan for land reclamation (to make use of the extra land from the projects and transform those wasteland), what form should be taken to carry

252 out such an action? Do you prefer that peasants do it by themselves or the constructing unit assign work and the village government supervise the process? 7. What do you require and expect as far as compensation is concerned? Four Opinions of Building Roads

1. What benefits will villagers enjoy from the construction of the highway in your opinion? 2. How will your village cooperate with the provincial government on the construction of this highway? 3. What difficulties are there in the cooperation? 4. Do you think that the construction of the highway will exert negative effects on the original ecological environment in your village? 5. Who do you think will benefit the most from the construction of the roads? 6. What opportunities will women in your village get from the construction of the roads? 7. Are there any specific policies and measure which may restore livelihood of resettled people at least to their situation before the project? 8. During the lease period of land, will land be re-distributed and adjusted? If it is to be adjusted, then what are the standards? How much land has been lost to the construction? And how much income will peasants lose correspondingly? Will the loss be compensated with other opportunities？ 9. What influences will the project exert on the long-run production and life? 10. .Do you have any other questions and expectations relevant to the projects?

(Note: This guideline for individual interviews also applies for group and cadre interviews. Specific topics may vary in different cases. It aims at understanding social, economic and cultural backgrounds and cadres’ opinions of the projects.)

253 Appendix Four: Guidelines for Individual Interviews on Yiba Highway Project

1.Basic Information of Respondent’s household Family member 、sex、age、education、nationality、children Number of receiving education currently 2.Production and Operation Total land of the household Type of land，main production mode Crops that the household grew in 2006 Products and income Family expenditure on operation in 2006 Type and structure of expenditure？ Work and leisure time arrangement of the respondent in 2006 Work and leisure time arrangement of the respondent’s wife/husband in 2006 Division of labor among family members Type of employment of family members Family income and its components in 2006 Income from planting, and who engaged in planting activities? Incomes from non-agriculture in 2006? How could these incomes possible? Who engaged in non-agriculture activities? Information about family member’s working outside （where did she/he worked? How could it possible? Who mainly worked outside？What about the income？What did the income from outgoing labours contribute to the family？etc.） Expenditure on consumption of the whole family in year 2006

3、Living arrangement Time of house building Areas of house Cost of building House structure Business use or rent about the house？ Distance from town and count, or city

254 Evaluation about the living environment 4、Household property and production materials Main properties Main production materials 5、Division of Labor and Decision-making in your Family Division of labor in your household who has the last say in following matters (Domestic finance、What plants should be grown、Choice of house /Building of house、Division of labor、Purchase of expensive goods/large production tools、Further studies and occupations of kids、 Attending committee meetings、Investments and loans、Attending weddings and burial ceremonies) 6、Social Ties When you are faced with some difficulties, whom would you resort to at first? What about their education and where do they live? 7、Project impacts and respondents attitude Have you got to know the construction plan of Yiba Highway Project? Will you cooperate with the government on the construction of Yiba Highway Project？ How many lands will your family being expropriated during the construction of Yiba Highway Project, and what about the type of the lands? Do you know the compensation policy for lands? If your land is expropriated, what is your request for compensation? What kind of action will you resort to if you feel unsatisfied? How will you use the compensation money？ What methods are reasonable during the resettlement? What are the impacts to your family brought by the construction of Yiba Highway Project? If you should move, what are your requests about compensation? Who will be benefited from the construction of Yiba Highway Project？

Do you think your village will benefit from the construction of Yiba Highway Project? What is the benefit? Do you think the construction will increase the village’s income? What will be the impacts to the women if the Yiba Highway Project in process？Do you have any special request and suggestions about the construction of Yiba

255 Highway Project?(only ask women respondents)? What will be the impacts to minorities? Do you have any special requests and suggestions?（if the respondent is minority） Have you ever got any assistance for alleviating poverty? What are the assistances? What do you think about the effects of the government policy to poverty population? Do you think that villagers have engaged actively in the activities initiated by government to alleviate the poverty?

Appendix Five：Guidelines for Seminar Discussions on Yiba Highway Project

One Map Drawing 1. Roads map in the village 2. Distribution map of households in the village

Two Problems in Public Services Facilities and Housing Arrangements (prioritization) 1. Emergent problems 2. Possible solutions 3. Kinds of help needed

Three How Well You Know about the Projects

1. Whether you get to know relevant facts about the projects, how do you know it and how much you know about it(for example, quantity and time of pulling down houses) 2. Whether villagers know the re-settlement plan about the pulling down of the houses, which includes such detailed questions as location, quality and time for re-settlement. And how well they know about it. 3. What are the questions they most concern about? List and prioritize all of them. As far as compensation issue is concerned, what are they worried about? Due to administrative factors the compensation standards may be reduced and even some money will be embezzled; then what measures should be taken to avoid this? 4. Will the construction affect children’s going to school and villagers’ traveling? 5. Are there any cultural spots affected by the construction? What customs should the constructor observe and respect? What the municipal governments have done

256 to solve these problems? 6. How your village will cooperate with the government to carry out the projects? 7. Who do you think will benefit most from the projects? 8. What do you suggest on the construction of the projects (choice of project, time and locality)? If you have any suggestion how will you give them to people concerned? (prioritization of organizations you identify with) 9. The choice about wills of re-settlement—why land should be adjusted in the village? Why should we cultivate more land? Which method will be better to cultivate land? How much will it cost to cultivate one mu of land?

257