Overview

Psychology 460  I. Introduction Counseling & Interviewing  II. Key Concepts  III. Development of Personality

 IV. Therapeutic Process Sheila. K. Grant, Ph.D.  V. Therapeutic Techniques & Procedures

I. Introduction II. Key Concepts

 View of Human Nature: our behavior is

 A. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic system = determined by  irrational forces,  a model of personality development,  unconscious motivations,  a philosophy of human nature, &  biological and instinctual drives,  a method of psychotherapy  as these evolve through key psychosexual  B. Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial stages in the first six years of life development  a. Libido- refers to sexual energy  extends Freud's theory in several ways  b. Death instincts- this accounts for the aggressive drive

Structure of Personality Structure of Personality

 THE ID — The Demanding Child  THE ID — The Demanding Child

 Ruled by the pleasure principle  primary source of psychic energy

 THE EGO — The Traffic Cop  illogical,

 Ruled by the reality principle  amoral, &

 THE SUPEREGO — The Judge  driven to satisfy instinctual needs

 Ruled by the moral principle

1 Structure of Personality Structure of Personality

 THE EGO — The Traffic Cop  THE SUPEREGO — The Judge

 the "executive" that  judicial branch of personality

 governs,  includes a person's moral code

 controls, &  (good or bad)

 regulates the personality

Consciousness & Unconscious The Unconscious

 Unconscious  Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:  cannot be studied directly;  Dreams  it is inferred from behavior  Slips of the tongue  Consciousness  Posthypnotic suggestions  according to Freud it is a thin slice of the  Material derived from free-association total mind  Material derived from projective techniques

 Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms

Anxiety Ego-Defense Mechanisms

 Reality anxiety:  Are normal behaviors which operate on

 fear of danger from the external world an unconscious level & tend to deny or  Neurotic anxiety: distort reality

 fear that the instincts will get out of hand  Help individual cope with anxiety & and cause one to do something for which prevent the ego from being one will be punished overwhelmed  Moral anxiety:  Have adaptive value if they do not  fear of one's own conscious become a style of life to avoid facing reality

2 Ego-Defense Mechanisms Ego-Defense Mechanisms

 Repression:  Projection:

 an involuntary removal of something from  attributing to others one's own unacceptable consciousness desires and impulses

 Denial:  Displacement:

 a way of distorting what the individual thinks,  directing energy toward another object or person feels, or perceives in a traumatic situation. when the original object or person is inaccessible

 Reaction formation:  Rationalization:

 one defense against a threatening impulse is to  explaining away failures or losses (justifying) actively express the opposite impulse

Ego-Defense Mechanisms Ego-Defense Mechanisms

 Sublimation:  Identification:  diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels, ones that are usually socially acceptable  it can enhance self-worth and protect one and sometimes even admirable from a sense of being a failure  Regression:   reverting to a from of behavior that is not so Compensation: demanding (immature or that they had grown out  masking perceived weaknesses or of) developing certain positive traits to make  Introjection: up for limitations  taking in and swallowing the values and standards of others

III. Development of FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL Personality STAGES:

 ORAL STAGE First year  Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalytic Psych.)  Related to later mistrust and rejection issues  Erik Erikson (Ego Psychology)  ANAL STAGE Ages 1-3

 Related to later personal power issues  Carl Jung (Analytic Psychology)  PHALLIC STAGE Ages 3-6

 Margaret Mahler (Object Relations)  Related to later sexual attitudes  LATENCY STAGE Ages 6-12  Heinz Kohut (Self Psychology)  A time of socialization  GENITAL STAGE Ages 12-60

 Sexual energies are invested in life

3 ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES: JUNG'S PERSPECTIVE:

 1. Trust vs mistrust- Infancy  Carl Jung's idea that nature of humans is  2. Autonomy vs shame & doubt- to be constantly developing, growing , & Early childhood moving toward a balanced & complete

 3. Initiative vs guilt- Preschool age level of development  4. Industry vs inferiority- School age  Process of self-actualization is oriented  5. Identity vs role confusion- Adolescence toward the future  6. Intimacy vs isolation- Young adulthood  Also believes humans have constructive  7. Generativity vs stagnation- Middle age & destructive forces & we have to accept  8. Integrity vs despair- Later life the dark side of our nature

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS: Object-Relations Theory:

 Margaret Mahler (Object-Relations  Margaret Mahler)

Theory)  emphasized the observation of children &

 Heinz Kohut (Self Psychology) found different stages of development:  a. First stage = normal infantile autism

 b. Second stage = symbiosis

 c. Third stage = separation/individuation process

Self Psychology: Self Psychology:

 Heinz Kohut  Alterego Needs  Children need to have involvement with other  Proposes that heakthy self-development proceeds from adequate responsiveness of being like themselves caregivers to the child’s vital emotional  Idealizing Needs needs, including:  Children need to feel attached to an emotionally stable caregiver who can soothe & calm them  Alterego Needs  Mirroring Needs  Idealizing Needs  Children need to feel understood & appreciated,  Mirroring Needs that their feelings mean something

4 Self Psychology: Self Psychology:

 If these needs are not met in childhood,  Stresses that individuals need relationships problems will occur throughout lifespan throughout life  Relationships that serve to evoke & maintain the  Neglectful parenting (physical/emotional or integrity & cohesiveness of self will always be worse—abuse) can result in derailments of self required development & impair individual’s ability to form  Insufficient selfobject responsiveness may lead to healthy relationships fragmentation, a distressing affective & cognitive  Adequate parental responsivenss to child’s affect state indicating threatening self-cohesion states (moods & feelings) is particularly vital if  Fragmentation experiences range from mild child is to achieve affect differentiation (emotional dysphoria to a panicked sense of impending health & stability) & tolerance annihilation or disintegration  C. J. Newton (1996)

IV. Therapeutic Process IV. Therapeutic Process

 Therapeutic Goals:  Client's Experience in Therapy:  psychoanalysis is a long-term process and the  therapist uses a variety of methods to bring out client’s unconscious material that client need to be willing to commit needs to be worked on  Relationship between Therapist and Client:  transference process is used  Therapist's Function and Role:  It allows clients to understand & resolve  therapist needs to assume an anonymous "unfinished business" from past relationships

stance also known as the blank screen  What is known as the working-through process

V. Therapeutic Techniques and V. Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures Procedures

 Maintaining the Analytic Framework:  Interpretation:  Therapist points out, explains and even teaches  using a whole range of procedural & stylistic the client the meanings of behavior factors in sessions  Important for the therapist to consider readiness  (i.e., starting & ending the sessions on time) of the client  Free Association:  Dream Analysis:

 clients says whatever comes to mind (without  Therapist uses the “royal road to the unconscious” to bring unconscious material to light censure), regardless of how painful, silly, trivial,  Giving client insight of some unresolved problems illogical or irrelevant it may be  latent content are hidden, symbolic, and unconscious  This is one of the best tools for opening the door motives wishes, and fears to the unconscious  manifest content which is the dream that appears to dreamer

5 V. Therapeutic Techniques and V. Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures Procedures

 Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance:  Analysis and Interpretation of Transference:

 Refers to any idea, attitude, feeling, or action  Clients often react to their therapist as they did to (conscious or unconscious) that fosters the status a significant person

quo & gets in the way of change  This helps them work on old conflicts that are  Anything that works against the progress of keeping them fixated & stopping their emotional therapy & prevents the production of unconscious growth

material  Helps client to see that canceling appointments,  However, client & therapist have to work past the fleeing from therapy prematurely, etc., are ways resistance & confront it of defending against anxiety

 These acts interfere with the ability to accept changes which could lead to a more satisfying life

Transference and Countertransference

 Transference

 The client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other

 This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible

 ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE — allows the client to achieve insight into the influence of the past

 Countertransference

 The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity

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