Overview Psychology 460 I. Introduction Counseling & Interviewing II. Key Concepts III. Development of Personality IV. Therapeutic Process Sheila. K. Grant, Ph.D. V. Therapeutic Techniques & Procedures I. Introduction II. Key Concepts View of Human Nature: our behavior is A. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic system = determined by irrational forces, a model of personality development, unconscious motivations, a philosophy of human nature, & biological and instinctual drives, a method of psychotherapy as these evolve through key psychosexual B. Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial stages in the first six years of life development a. Libido- refers to sexual energy extends Freud's theory in several ways b. Death instincts- this accounts for the aggressive drive Structure of Personality Structure of Personality THE ID — The Demanding Child THE ID — The Demanding Child Ruled by the pleasure principle primary source of psychic energy THE EGO — The Traffic Cop illogical, Ruled by the reality principle amoral, & THE SUPEREGO — The Judge driven to satisfy instinctual needs Ruled by the moral principle 1 Structure of Personality Structure of Personality THE EGO — The Traffic Cop THE SUPEREGO — The Judge the "executive" that judicial branch of personality governs, includes a person's moral code controls, & (good or bad) regulates the personality Consciousness & Unconscious The Unconscious Unconscious Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious: cannot be studied directly; Dreams it is inferred from behavior Slips of the tongue Consciousness Posthypnotic suggestions according to Freud it is a thin slice of the Material derived from free-association total mind Material derived from projective techniques Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms Anxiety Ego-Defense Mechanisms Reality anxiety: Are normal behaviors which operate on fear of danger from the external world an unconscious level & tend to deny or Neurotic anxiety: distort reality fear that the instincts will get out of hand Help individual cope with anxiety & and cause one to do something for which prevent the ego from being one will be punished overwhelmed Moral anxiety: Have adaptive value if they do not fear of one's own conscious become a style of life to avoid facing reality 2 Ego-Defense Mechanisms Ego-Defense Mechanisms Repression: Projection: an involuntary removal of something from attributing to others one's own unacceptable consciousness desires and impulses Denial: Displacement: a way of distorting what the individual thinks, directing energy toward another object or person feels, or perceives in a traumatic situation. when the original object or person is inaccessible Reaction formation: Rationalization: one defense against a threatening impulse is to explaining away failures or losses (justifying) actively express the opposite impulse Ego-Defense Mechanisms Ego-Defense Mechanisms Sublimation: Identification: diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels, ones that are usually socially acceptable it can enhance self-worth and protect one and sometimes even admirable from a sense of being a failure Regression: reverting to a from of behavior that is not so Compensation: demanding (immature or that they had grown out masking perceived weaknesses or of) developing certain positive traits to make Introjection: up for limitations taking in and swallowing the values and standards of others III. Development of FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL Personality STAGES: ORAL STAGE First year Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalytic Psych.) Related to later mistrust and rejection issues Erik Erikson (Ego Psychology) ANAL STAGE Ages 1-3 Related to later personal power issues Carl Jung (Analytic Psychology) PHALLIC STAGE Ages 3-6 Margaret Mahler (Object Relations) Related to later sexual attitudes LATENCY STAGE Ages 6-12 Heinz Kohut (Self Psychology) A time of socialization GENITAL STAGE Ages 12-60 Sexual energies are invested in life 3 ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES: JUNG'S PERSPECTIVE: 1. Trust vs mistrust- Infancy Carl Jung's idea that nature of humans is 2. Autonomy vs shame & doubt- to be constantly developing, growing , & Early childhood moving toward a balanced & complete 3. Initiative vs guilt- Preschool age level of development 4. Industry vs inferiority- School age Process of self-actualization is oriented 5. Identity vs role confusion- Adolescence toward the future 6. Intimacy vs isolation- Young adulthood Also believes humans have constructive 7. Generativity vs stagnation- Middle age & destructive forces & we have to accept 8. Integrity vs despair- Later life the dark side of our nature CONTEMPORARY TRENDS: Object-Relations Theory: Margaret Mahler (Object-Relations Margaret Mahler) Theory) emphasized the observation of children & Heinz Kohut (Self Psychology) found different stages of development: a. First stage = normal infantile autism b. Second stage = symbiosis c. Third stage = separation/individuation process Self Psychology: Self Psychology: Heinz Kohut Alterego Needs Children need to have involvement with other Proposes that heakthy self-development proceeds from adequate responsiveness of being like themselves caregivers to the child’s vital emotional Idealizing Needs needs, including: Children need to feel attached to an emotionally stable caregiver who can soothe & calm them Alterego Needs Mirroring Needs Idealizing Needs Children need to feel understood & appreciated, Mirroring Needs that their feelings mean something 4 Self Psychology: Self Psychology: If these needs are not met in childhood, Stresses that individuals need relationships problems will occur throughout lifespan throughout life Relationships that serve to evoke & maintain the Neglectful parenting (physical/emotional or integrity & cohesiveness of self will always be worse—abuse) can result in derailments of self required development & impair individual’s ability to form Insufficient selfobject responsiveness may lead to healthy relationships fragmentation, a distressing affective & cognitive Adequate parental responsivenss to child’s affect state indicating threatening self-cohesion states (moods & feelings) is particularly vital if Fragmentation experiences range from mild child is to achieve affect differentiation (emotional dysphoria to a panicked sense of impending health & stability) & tolerance annihilation or disintegration C. J. Newton (1996) IV. Therapeutic Process IV. Therapeutic Process Therapeutic Goals: Client's Experience in Therapy: psychoanalysis is a long-term process and the therapist uses a variety of methods to bring out client’s unconscious material that client need to be willing to commit needs to be worked on Relationship between Therapist and Client: transference process is used Therapist's Function and Role: It allows clients to understand & resolve therapist needs to assume an anonymous "unfinished business" from past relationships stance also known as the blank screen What is known as the working-through process V. Therapeutic Techniques and V. Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures Procedures Maintaining the Analytic Framework: Interpretation: Therapist points out, explains and even teaches using a whole range of procedural & stylistic the client the meanings of behavior factors in sessions Important for the therapist to consider readiness (i.e., starting & ending the sessions on time) of the client Free Association: Dream Analysis: clients says whatever comes to mind (without Therapist uses the “royal road to the unconscious” to bring unconscious material to light censure), regardless of how painful, silly, trivial, Giving client insight of some unresolved problems illogical or irrelevant it may be latent content are hidden, symbolic, and unconscious This is one of the best tools for opening the door motives wishes, and fears to the unconscious manifest content which is the dream that appears to dreamer 5 V. Therapeutic Techniques and V. Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures Procedures Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance: Analysis and Interpretation of Transference: Refers to any idea, attitude, feeling, or action Clients often react to their therapist as they did to (conscious or unconscious) that fosters the status a significant person quo & gets in the way of change This helps them work on old conflicts that are Anything that works against the progress of keeping them fixated & stopping their emotional therapy & prevents the production of unconscious growth material Helps client to see that canceling appointments, However, client & therapist have to work past the fleeing from therapy prematurely, etc., are ways resistance & confront it of defending against anxiety These acts interfere with the ability to accept changes which could lead to a more satisfying life Transference and Countertransference Transference The client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE — allows the client to achieve insight into the influence of the past Countertransference The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity 6.