Actual State of Knowledge Regarding Research on Lime Tree in the World – Short Review
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Volume 21(3), 108- 114, 2017 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro Actual state of knowledge regarding research on lime tree in the world – short review Manea M. I.1*, Cântar I. C.2 1Banat University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara; 2National Institute for Research and Development for Forestry „Marin Drăcea”, Timişoara Station *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract Current paper aims to present and discuss on the principal Key words research works regarding lime trees in the word and especially in our country and in Europe. In the first part are presented the methods and materials used lime trees, reseach papers, for the elaboration of this review paper. The results succinctly present the short review, Tilia sp. most important research on the field related to lime trees. Firstly are presented relevant research from Romania in the fields of air pollution and usage of trees from Tilia genus as biomonitors and also in forestry terms. In Romania there where done also research regarding morphologichal differentiation of lime trees. At Europen level, research regarding lime tree where structured by the area where field work was done: central, northern, southern, eastern and western Europe. In the last part of the results and discussions were presented some research from outside of Europe, from Central America and Middle East. On conclusions, there are succinctly presented the most relevant aspects regarding lime trees research areas presented above. Species from Tilia genus are native in forests from oak, oak and other broad-leaved trees: in Banat, in northern hemisphere, both in Europe and Asia but also Romanian Plain, in Dobrogea and in the Moldavian in center and in the East of North America [16]. From Plateau [1]. more than 350 species of the Tilliaceae family, only Tilia species grow as mixed forest or four Tilia species are native on our continent: small- disseminated, in oak and sessile oak stands, in broad- leaved lime-Tilia cordata Mill., large-leaved lime-Tilia leaved forests on the plain, in riparian forests and on platyphyllos Scop., Caucasian lime-Tilia dasystyla hills, in sessile oak-beech forests and rarely, in beech Stev. and silver lime-Tilia tomentosa Moench., T. forests. The silver lime is the only species which forms cordata and T. platyphyllos cover the main area of pure stands in which, the small-leaved lime and the Europe, ranging from southern Finland to southern broad-leaved lime, participate only disseminated [1]. Italy and the Caucasus. T. cordata is more abundant A similar situation regarding his distribution is than T. platyphyllos and its core region is Central and also found in the Caransebeş Experimental Base of Eastern Europe. T. platyphyllos has a smaller range, I.N.C.D.S. "Marin Drăcea", where, along with other reaching slightly further south but only reaching species of the genus occupies an important percentage southern Sweden at its northern extent and having a in the hill areas of the experimental base, along with much more patchy occurrence in northern Central oak, sessile oak and beech. Europe. Neither species is present in the far west of Current paper aims to present and discuss on the Europe, with the western extent in North-West Spain principal research works regarding lime trees in the and Wales [26]. The other species of lime which occur word and especially in our country and in Europe. naturally in Europe, have regional distribution: T. tomentosa especially occurs in the Balkans and Material and Methods Hungary, while T. dasystyla is typical for the regions around the Black Sea [17, 23]. In Romania there are The main method used for substantiate and three native lime species: T. cordata Mill. (the most achievement of this study was the bibliographical common), T. tomentosa Moench. (the most drought research and documentation in order to study, to know resistant), and T. platyphyllos Scop. (the most water and to present aspects of researches on lime trees of the demanding) [28]. main areas of the Europe and with a geographical The highest density of lime, especially of silver dispersion as large as possible. lime, exists in four centers of the country, where the The analysis and synthesis were also used in order lime, forms pure stands or mixed forests with sessile to present in a comprehensive mode the principal 108 aspect and results for each paper and research work characteristic for each settlements and suggested some studied. important pollution factors. Was found a correlation The materials used are represented by the between dust chemical composition and the size of the international databases, studies, articles and books cities (characterized by the number of his residents). from specific literature, studied to achieve the proposed The method of sampeling was relatively simple and objectives, the results of this survey being presented on chemical analysis and also statistical evaluation can be below. extende to the geographical area of the focal settlements. By the inclusion of a further background Results and Discussions (e.g. meteorologic, economic,epidemiologic) variables, the model can be enhanced for a more realistic The results of bibliographical research conducted description for observing the differences[27]. are structured on European areas and countries being Regarding research on forestry field about lime presented geographical grouped as follows. trees, PURCELEAN et al. (1970), in the paper "Typological research in lime tree stand and mixed Research on lime trees in Romania stands with the participation of lime trees"(" Cercetări Species from Tilia genus (linden trees) in terms of tipologice în teişuri şi arborete amestecate cu ornamental trees own an important position on participarea teiului ") shows that in linden stands, the European history, mythology, traditions and culture productivity of the derived type in few cases and this may be a cause of their abundance on urban corresponds to the productivity class of the basic type, areas. In general, lime trees are very resistant species to but is usually lower. Another phenomenon that become biotic and abiotic stress, but some sanitary problems, at evident during the typological researches on lime trees the same time may occur (different pests). Also, lime stand and lime mixed stands is the hornbeam tendency trees are good accumulator and also bioindicator, of to gradually replace the lime, because of possessing heavy metals (Alina Tenche, Tilia spp. – Urban Trees greater seed regeneration capacity and better support for Future, 2014). Accumulations of heavy metals Pb, for reduced consistency in derived linden stands. Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe in leaves of lime trees in green Another significant fact is the localization of the areas (urban and periurban) of West part of Romania, derived types in the south and south-east of Romania considering different conditions of traffic, were studied and to a lesser extent in the Central Moldavian Plateau by ȚENCHE-COSNTANTINESCU Alina et al. and in the Banat and Crişana Hills. The thermophilia of (2014), using the method of atomic absorption linden species is the primary cause of this situation spectrophotometry. The study confirmed the strong [22]. correlation between intensity of the trafic and the CAMBIR et al. (1970), in the paper "Researches accumulation of Pb in lime leaves. By mitigating the about suitable seasons for lime culture" ("Cercetări effects of air pollution and especially regarding heavy privind staţiunile apte pentru cultura teiului ") shows metals, Tilia spp. should promoted in the future as that the lime species in our country have the widest urban trees[28]. spread in the forest area of the plain and the hills, In the same direction, of foliar response reactions partly in the forest steppe zone and quite rarely in the induced by atmospheric pollutants, ŞOLTUZU, B. D. mountain area. The same author concludes that all lime et al. (2012), present the foliar response reaction species achieve superior productivity on smooth or induced by atmospheric pollutants on the Aesculus slightly sloping terrains, high non-flooded plains, hippocastanum L. and T. tomentosa species situated narrow valleys and shady bases, the lower part of the around Iaşi city`s air quality monitoring stations. They shaded slopes; on brown-evolved alluvial soils, emphasized that the large amount of dry leaves is not reddish-brown, brown-rusty, or brown forest soil [2]. always related to necrotic leaf surface. It was found In Romania, T. tomentosa grows, where the that the amount of chlorophyll a and b and the intensity species reaches the northern most limit of its European of photosynthesis aren`t always correlated, as already range (on southern and western slopes) up to 1,000 m known from literature[25]. elevation as in the south of the country. In Romania the Also, regarding the monitoring of the optimum elevation for silver lime forests is between environment, a pilot study from Transilvania, 150-450 m (RADOGLOU, K. et al. citing Haralamb, Romania, using lime tree leaves, as natural traps for 1967; Stanescu et al., 1997). T. tomentosa is a average atmospheric deposition,was conducted by TOTH M. intolerant and climax species, that can be found in even B., et al. (2007). A study including 16 locations from age stands of eitherpure lime trees (like in south- Romania was made in order to establish the main eastern Romania) or in mixed stands together with characteristics and the main sources of air pollutants. other broadleaved tree species as Carpinus betulus, Linden leaves Quercus robur, Acer campestris, Ulmus campestris, (T. cordata, T. platyphyllos, T. tomentosa) were etc. It can be also found in mixed stands from the forest collected and after that, were used for the analyzes.The steppe together with Fraxinus ornus, Quercus analysis of data regarding the concentration of heavy pubescens, etc.